452:
20:
485:
which can become toxic if not metabolized quickly enough, which is one contraindication of attapulgite. Usual mild side-effects are nausea, slowed down absorption of nutrients from food (in excess dosage of medicinal clay) and constipation. It has been found that prolonged exposure to bentonite in humans can actually have harmful effects.
376:. It is common to see as many as 75 different trace minerals in Montmorillonite clays. Specific trace minerals that various clays possess vary very widely. Also, the amount of any particular trace mineral in any specific clay varies a lot among clays from different locations. For example, the amount of
529:
or attapulgite is a very absorbent clay, somewhat similar to bentonite. When used in medicine, it physically binds to acids and toxic substances in the stomach and digestive tract. For this reason, it has been used in several anti-diarrheal medications, but studies of such have since been rejected by
102:
The first recorded use of medicinal clay is on
Mesopotamian clay tablets around 2500 BC. Also, ancient Egyptians used clay. The Pharaohs’ physicians used the material as anti-inflammatory agents and antiseptics. It was used as a preservative for making mummies and is also reported that Cleopatra used
484:
and their main side-effects are that of neutral excipients, which is to impair and slow down absorption of antibiotics, hormones and heart medication amongst others by coating the digestive tract and this slowed down absorption can lead to increased toxicity of some medication (e.g. citrate salts)
141:
if rubbed under the eyes, it moderates pain and watering from the same, and prevents the flow from the lachrymal ducts. In cases of haemorrhage it should be administered with vinegar. It is used against complaints of the spleen and kidneys, copious menstruation, also against poisons, and wounds
351:
Medicinal clay is typically available in health food stores as a dry powder, or in jars in its liquid hydrated state – which is convenient for internal use. For external use, the clay may be added to the bath, or prepared in wet packs or poultices for application to specific parts of the body.
1004:
308:(1517–1564) was interested in investigating the mystery of the Lemnian clay. In 1543, he visited Constantinople where, after making enquiries, he encountered 18 types of different products marketed as Lemnian Earth (he was concerned about possible counterfeits).
311:
He then made a special journey to Lemnos, where he continued his investigation, and tried to find the source of the clay. He discovered that it was extracted only once a year (on 6 August) under the supervision of
Christian monks and Turkish officials.
1182:
343:
Too much processing, likewise, may reduce the clay's therapeutic potential. In particular, Mascolo et al. studied 'pharmaceutical grade clay' versus 'the natural and the commercial herbalist clay', and found an appreciable depletion of
358:
In the
European health spas, the clay is prepared for use in a multitude of ways – depending on the traditions of a particular spa; typically it is mixed with peat and matured in special pools for a few months or even up to two years.
339:
Clay gathered from its original source deposit is refined and processed in various ways by manufacturers. This can include heating or baking the clay, since the raw clay tends to contain a variety of microorganisms.
413:, each tablet containing 600 (or 750 mg) of this component along with inert materials or adjuvants. However, since April 2003, attapulgite medication was discontinued due to lack of evidence according to the
274:, green in color like verdigris, is smoked together with almond bark to serve as food when it will turn red and assume a good flavor; it is but rarely eaten without being smoked—also called 'Argentiera',
363:"The majority of spas … use artificial ponds where the natural ("virgin") clay is mixed with mineral, thermo-mineral, or sea water that issues in the vicinity of the spas or inside the spa buildings."
501:, and by ingesting it. Bentonite has been prescribed as a bulk laxative, and it is also used as a base for many dermatologic formulas. Dermatologically, it is used as part of a treatment for
393:
Many types of skin conditions have been treated by the application of medicinal clay. Montmorillonite has shown its effectiveness in this area. It has also been used as a base ingredient for
175:, a medicinal red clay compressed into round cakes and stamped with the image of the goddess Diana. This clay, which came from the island of Lemnos, was known throughout the classical world.
331:, "very like to terra sigillata" that English surgeons and physicians found to be of the same kind "of vertue and more effectuall" than the contemporary European sort.
1327:
1341:
Thieu, Nguyen Quang; Ogle, Brian; Pettersson, Hans (2008). "Efficacy of bentonite clay in ameliorating aflatoxicosis in piglets fed aflatoxin contaminated diets".
709:
250:(1197–1248), a Muslim scholar born at Malaga, Spain, and author of a famous work on pharmacology, discusses eight kinds of medicinal earth. The eight kinds are:
1741:
397:. Clay is used in many dermatological over-the-counter remedies, such as in acne treatments (this information may not be mentioned on the label specifically).
1103:
Lee, YH; Chen, BY; et al. (2008). "Cytotoxic assessment of L-ascorbic acid/montmorillonite upon human dermal fibroblasts in vitro: MTT activity assay".
1388:
110:
of about 1550 BC (but containing the tradition going back many centuries earlier) is an important medical text from ancient Egypt. It describes the use of
1142:
Zheng, JP; Wang, CZ; et al. (2007). "Preparation of biomimetic three-dimensional gelatin/montmorillonite-chitosan scaffold for tissue engineering".
131:. Its use continued until the 19th century, as it was still listed in an important pharmacopoeia in 1848 (the deposits may have been exhausted by then).
644:"Soil, including kaolinitic and montmorillonitic clays, contains considerable amounts of organic material, including many live microorganisms."
1856:
409:(Upjohn), Rheaban (Leeming Div., Pfizer), and Diar-Aid (Thompson Medical Co.). The labels on all of these showed the active ingredient to be
1861:
497:-type clay has been used to treat infections, indigestion, and other medical problems by both applying wet clay topically to the skin as a
1278:
1851:
548:. This clay is also known as 'white cosmetic clay'. Clay, in the form of kaolin, was a common ingredient in western medicines such as
1724:
Healing Earths: The Third Leg of
Medicine : A History of Minerals in Medicine with Rare Illustrations from 300 to 1000 Years Ago
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A wide variety of clays are used for medicinal purposes—primarily for external applications, such as the clay baths in health spas (
1452:
1180:, Chu, Pochen & Garwood, William E., "Zeolite-clay composition and uses thereof", published 7 January 1992
146:
Lemnian clay was shaped into tablets, or little cakes, and then distinctive seals were stamped into them, giving rise to its name
405:
There are many over-the-counter remedies for internal (oral) use that contained clay before discontinuation. Examples included
355:
Often, warm packs are prepared; the heat opens up the pores of the skin, and helps the interaction of the clay with the body.
1434:
456:
1866:
1041:
Saary, J; Qureshi, R; et al. (November 2005). "A systematic review of contact dermatitis treatment and prevention".
731:
1846:
1002:, Ramaekers, Joseph C., "Compositions for treating animal diseases and syndromes", published 8 November 2005
962:
Carretaro, MI; Gomes, CSF; et al. (2006). "Clays and human health". In
Bergaya, F; Theng, BKG; et al. (eds.).
531:
1406:
862:
541:
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1841:
927:
Mascolo, N; Summa, V; et al. (1999). "Characterization of toxic elements in clays for human healing use".
545:
348:
in the pharmaceutical grade clay. On the other hand, certain clays are typically heated or cooked before use.
560:, but is no longer present in them nor in similar preparations, as it is considered ineffective by the USFDA.
1836:
480:
and diarrhea medication, until official studies by the USFDA disproved these views. Clays are classified as
86:
1384:
1009:(US patent). See: Table 1: Montmorillonite Components; Average Nutrient Content. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
682:
167:, recorded numerous cases of the internal and external uses of this clay in his treatise on clay therapy.
1297:
1568:"Kaolin Information | Evidenced-Based Supplement Guide on MedicineNet.com - How does Kaolin work?"
509:, but some bentonite may contain variable amounts of respirable crystalline silica, a human carcinogen.
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Maxim LD, Niebo R, McConnell EE (2016). "Bentonite toxicology and epidemiology - a review".
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662:"Hot application is recommended in geotherapy, pelotherapy or paramuds in beauty therapy..."
244:(980–1037 CE), the 'Prince of Doctors', wrote about clay therapy in his numerous treatises.
451:
171:
Galen... used as one of his means for curing injuries, festering wounds, and inflammations
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292:), salutary in cases of bubonic plague, being administered both externally and internally,
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Immunization Safety Review
Committee, Board on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention,
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Guin, JD (2001). "Treatment of toxicodendron dermatitis (poison ivy and poison oak)".
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345:
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219:) - this clay, yellow in colour, appears to have been famous later in medieval times.
107:
43:
1755:
1518:
1370:
820:. Translated by Temkin, Owsei (reprint ed.). JHU Press. 1991. pp. 239–40.
710:"'Healing clays' hold promise in fight against MRSA superbug infections and disease"
1733:
Medicinal Use of earths and minerals from
Hippocrates to Sir Hans Sloane and beyond
738:. Translated by Ebbell, B. Copenhagen: Levin & Munksgaard. 1937. Archived from
526:
305:
1502:
758:
Essentials of medical geology: Impacts of the natural environment on public health
327:
of the mid–Atlantic region of North
America treated various sores and wounds with
1177:
999:
788:
653:
An example of this is the medieval 'Argentiera' clay, mentioned in this article.
520:
473:
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324:
153:
62:
55:
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around the start of the 20th century. An early proponent was German physician
406:
179:
Clay was prescribed by the Roman obstetrician, gynecologist, and pediatrician
46:
goes back to prehistoric times. Indigenous peoples around the world still use
1402:
1246:
1199:"Antidiarrheal Drug Products for Over-the-Counter Human Use; Final Monograph"
201:
Samian earth: Pliny in c. 50 AD (Nat. Hist.) details two distinct varieties,
198:(Cimolean earth): these were both white earths and considered of great value.
1696:
1679:
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494:
481:
477:
74:
19:
1819:
1595:
The
Healing Clay: The Centuries-old Health & Beauty Elixir Rediscovered
1510:
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127:
This was a clay used in
Classical Antiquity. It was mined on the island of
1705:
1531:
1468:
502:
498:
448:
Bentonite has the ability to reduce the adverse effects of aflatoxicosis.
241:
70:
51:
1301:
782:
580:
553:
421:
216:
191:
The other types of clay that were famous in antiquity were as follows.
1680:"Detoxification and mineral supplementation as functions of geophagy"
575:
557:
537:
469:
128:
66:
114:
for a wide variety of ailments, including for intestinal problems.
712:(Press release). The Biodesign Institute: Arizona State University
450:
164:
111:
31:
24:
18:
1387:. Medicinenet.com. Are there any interactions with medications?.
1221:"Kaolin in the Treatment of Asiatic Cholera: Its Action and Uses"
540:
is not as absorbent as most clays used medicinally (it has a low
1624:
Wild Health: Lessons In Natural Wellness From The Animal Kingdom
377:
54:. The first recorded use of medicinal clay goes back to ancient
47:
1105:
Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications
1021:"Iron content and reducing capacity of granites and bentonite"
1641:
Ferrell, RE (2008). "Medicinal clay and spiritual healing".
732:"The Papyrus Ebers: The Greatest Egyptian Medical Document"
270:
Cimolean earth or pure clay (cimolite), soft earth, called
321:
A Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia
1556:"Kaopectate reformulation and upcoming labeling changes."
864:
A Brief and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia
459:, Arizona. The white bands represent pure bentonite clay.
1753:
Root-Bernstein, Robert; Root-Bernstein, Michele (1997).
1129:
986:
964:
Handbook of Clay Science, Developments in Clay Science
847:. Chicago: Field Museum Press – via Archive.org.
966:. Vol. 1. Amsterdam: Elsevier Ltd. p. 723.
683:"Attacking MRSA with metals from antibacterial clays"
227:
The earth which did not stain the hands was known as
380:
in various bentonite clays can vary from 2.5 to 3%.
209:, which was used as a soap as well as in medicines.
1754:
1592:
223:All the above seem to have been bentonitic clays.
436:It has been used as a scientifically unsupported
1306:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
315:In 1588 the English ethnographer and translator
1735:. Vol. XVIII. Vesalius. pp. 2, 93–98.
1303:Immunization Safety Review: Vaccines and Autism
1208:. Vol. 68, no. 74. pp. 18869–81.
85:. However, their use is declining, and modern
1776:Williams, LB; Haydel, SE; et al. (2009).
1715:The Clay Cure – Natural Healing From the Earth
1197:Food and Drug Administration (17 April 2003).
1757:Honey, Mud, Maggots and Other Medical Marvels
1420:Adamis, Zoltán; Williams, Richard B. (2005).
806:. Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill. p. 82.
8:
1326:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1281:. American Heart Association. Archived from
1225:Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine
751:
749:
183:, who practiced medicine around 100–140 AD.
1742:"French muck: Is this the new penicillin?"
612:(in French). Vol. II. pp. 421–7.
505:. Bentonite itself is not classified as a
65:). Among the clays most commonly used are
1809:
1695:
1254:
1236:
1187:. (US Patent). Retrieved 20 October 2017.
903:
867:. University of Nebraska Digital Commons.
689:(Press release). Arizona State University
515:is the main constituent of bentonite and
34:, i.e., a mixture of sand, clay, and silt
1423:Bentonite, Kaolin, and Selected Minerals
1279:"Chelation Therapy: AHA recommendations"
673:
596:
519:loess. A medical preparation is called
163:Another physician famous in antiquity,
1319:
631:
1778:"Bentonite, Bandaids, and Borborygmi"
1429:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
1343:Tropical Animal Health and Production
1164:10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2006.12.002
784:The Mystery and Art of the Apothecary
7:
623:(in French). Vol. II. pp.
756:Selinus, Olle; Alloway, BJ (2005).
708:Coulumbe, Margaret (7 April 2008).
187:Other clays used in classical times
1678:Johns, T; Duquette, M (Feb 1991).
1391:from the original on 28 July 2016.
288:Armenian earth (also known as the
103:clays to preserve her complexion.
14:
1740:Rodgers, Paul (27 October 2007).
1409:from the original on 26 May 2016.
476:were formerly considered gastric
415:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
137:reports about the Lemnian earth:
89:has ended the use of many types.
1144:Reactive and Functional Polymers
468:Substances discontinued such as
1722:Reinbacher, W. Rudolph (2002).
760:. Academic Press. p. 446.
372:Clays contain large amounts of
156:also commented upon the use of
1130:Carretaro, Gomes et al. (2006)
987:Carretaro, Gomes et al. (2006)
681:Harth, Richard (17 May 2013).
457:Petrified Forest National Park
440:for heart disease and autism.
420:Kaolin was also used to treat
215:(Strigian earth, derived from
16:Use of clay for health reasons
1:
1626:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
1503:10.1080/08958378.2016.1240727
1019:Torstenfelt, B (April 1983).
949:10.1016/S0169-1317(99)00037-X
861:(1588). Royster, Paul (ed.).
787:. London: John Lane. p.
213:Terra sigillata strigoniensis
98:Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia
1857:Biologically based therapies
1599:. Brooklyn, NY: Swan House.
1459:from oregonstate.edu website
1219:Walker, R. R. (April 1921).
878:Callahan, GN (August 2003).
617:Baron Carra de Vaux (1921).
532:Food and Drug Administration
50:widely, which is related to
1862:History of ancient medicine
603:For further discussion see:
152:—Latin for 'sealed earth'.
1883:
1852:Alternative detoxification
1532:Information from Drugs.com
1471:from www.drugs.com website
1238:10.1177/003591572101402210
1055:10.1016/j.jaad.2005.04.075
1028:SKBF - KBS Teknisk Rapport
1802:10.2113/gselements.5.2.99
1663:10.1346/CCMN.2008.0560613
1591:Abehsera, Michel (1979).
1355:10.1007/s11250-008-9144-3
1231:(Ther_Pharmacol): 23–29.
1117:10.4015/s1016237208000957
841:Laufer, Berthold (1930).
802:Van Der Loos, H. (1965).
464:Side effects of ingestion
196:Terra chia, Terra cymolia
1726:. W. Rudolph Reinbacher.
1713:Knishinsky, Ran (1998).
546:cation exchange capacity
1643:Clays and Clay Minerals
620:Les Penseurs de L'islam
285:from Seleucia in Syria,
87:evidence-based medicine
23:German medicinal clay (
896:10.3201/eid0908.ad0908
781:Thompson, CJS (1929).
544:). Also, it has a low
489:Common medicinal clays
460:
365:
277:earth of vines called
177:
144:
35:
1717:. Healing Arts Press.
1697:10.1093/ajcn/53.2.448
1622:Engel, Cindy (2003).
1298:Institute of Medicine
804:The Miracles of Jesus
542:shrink–swell capacity
455:A mountain of clay —
454:
432:Heavy metal chelation
361:
169:
139:
22:
1867:Traditional medicine
1761:. Houghton Mifflin.
1403:"Attapulgite Tablet"
929:Applied Clay Science
742:on 26 February 2005.
304:A French naturalist
281:(Pliny XXXV, 56) or
240:In medieval Persia,
205:- an eye salve, and
1847:Dietary supplements
1794:2009Eleme...5...99W
1655:2008CCM....56..751F
1495:2016InhTx..28..591M
1156:2007RFPol..67..780Z
1078:Skin Therapy Letter
941:1999ApCS...15..491M
818:Soranus' gynecology
608:Leclerc, L (1881).
438:chelation treatment
335:Preparation of clay
142:caused by serpents.
1731:Retsas, S (2012).
1455:2009-08-01 at the
1043:J Am Acad Dermatol
610:Traite des Simples
571:Diatomaceous earth
461:
395:tissue engineering
300:Renaissance period
295:earth of Nishapur.
181:Soranus of Ephesus
36:
1570:. Medicinenet.com
1285:on 19 April 2008.
736:www.macalster.edu
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261:Egyptian earth,
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991:
989:, p. 724.
979:
972:
954:
919:
870:
859:Hariot, Thomas
850:
833:
826:
809:
794:
773:
766:
745:
723:
700:
672:
670:
667:
665:
664:
655:
646:
637:
635:
634:
614:
595:
593:
590:
589:
588:
586:Fuller's earth
583:
578:
573:
566:
563:
562:
561:
535:
524:
510:
490:
487:
465:
462:
445:
442:
433:
430:
402:
399:
390:
387:
385:
382:
374:trace minerals
369:
368:Trace minerals
366:
346:trace elements
336:
333:
317:Thomas Harriot
301:
298:
297:
296:
293:
286:
275:
268:
265:
262:
259:
237:
236:Medieval times
234:
233:
232:
221:
220:
210:
199:
188:
185:
124:
121:
119:
116:
99:
96:
94:
91:
83:Fuller's earth
73:clays such as
40:medicinal clay
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1879:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
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1840:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1788:(2): 99–104.
1787:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1768:9780395822982
1764:
1759:
1758:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1690:(2): 448–56.
1689:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1633:0-618-34068-8
1629:
1625:
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1616:
1612:
1608:
1606:0-918282-10-1
1602:
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1525:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1483:Inhal Toxicol
1477:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1446:
1443:
1438:
1432:
1425:
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1416:
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1405:. Drugs.com.
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1337:
1334:
1329:
1323:
1315:
1313:0-309-53275-2
1309:
1305:
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1299:
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1226:
1222:
1215:
1212:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1190:
1179:
1173:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1150:(9): 780–88.
1149:
1145:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1111:(6): 337–43.
1110:
1106:
1099:
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1087:
1083:
1079:
1072:
1069:
1064:
1060:
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1037:
1034:
1029:
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1015:
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992:
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983:
980:
975:
973:0-08-044183-1
969:
965:
958:
955:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
923:
920:
915:
911:
906:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
880:"Eating dirt"
874:
871:
866:
865:
860:
854:
851:
846:
845:
837:
834:
829:
827:0-8018-4320-0
823:
819:
813:
810:
805:
798:
795:
790:
786:
785:
777:
774:
769:
767:0-12-636341-2
763:
759:
752:
750:
746:
741:
737:
733:
727:
724:
711:
704:
701:
688:
684:
677:
674:
668:
659:
656:
650:
647:
641:
638:
633:
632:Laufer (1930)
626:
622:
621:
615:
611:
606:
605:
600:
597:
591:
587:
584:
582:
579:
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569:
568:
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533:
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504:
500:
496:
493:
492:
488:
486:
483:
479:
475:
471:
463:
458:
453:
449:
444:Aflatoxicosis
443:
441:
439:
431:
429:
427:
426:Julius Stumpf
423:
418:
416:
412:
408:
400:
398:
396:
388:
383:
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375:
367:
364:
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356:
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347:
341:
334:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
313:
309:
307:
299:
294:
291:
290:Armenian bole
287:
284:
280:
276:
273:
269:
266:
264:Samian earth,
263:
260:
257:
253:
252:
251:
249:
248:Ibn al-Baitar
245:
243:
235:
230:
226:
225:
224:
218:
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211:
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159:
155:
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132:
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117:
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113:
109:
108:Ebers Papyrus
104:
97:
92:
90:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
59:
57:
53:
49:
45:
44:folk medicine
41:
33:
29:
26:
21:
1785:
1781:
1756:
1745:
1732:
1723:
1714:
1687:
1683:
1646:
1642:
1623:
1594:
1572:. Retrieved
1562:
1550:
1538:
1527:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1464:
1445:
1422:
1415:
1397:
1379:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1302:
1291:
1283:the original
1273:
1228:
1224:
1214:
1205:
1192:
1172:
1147:
1143:
1137:
1125:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1027:
1014:
994:
982:
963:
957:
932:
928:
922:
887:
883:
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863:
853:
843:
836:
817:
812:
803:
797:
783:
776:
757:
740:the original
735:
726:
714:. Retrieved
703:
691:. Retrieved
686:
676:
658:
649:
640:
619:
609:
599:
527:Palygorskite
516:
467:
447:
435:
419:
404:
401:Internal use
392:
371:
362:
357:
354:
350:
342:
338:
328:
320:
314:
310:
306:Pierre Belon
303:
282:
278:
271:
255:
246:
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206:
202:
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190:
178:
172:
170:
162:
157:
147:
145:
140:
133:
126:
123:Lemnian clay
105:
101:
60:
39:
37:
27:
1544:Final rule.
521:diosmectite
474:attapulgite
411:Attapulgite
325:Algonquians
283:pharmakitis
154:Dioscorides
63:mud therapy
56:Mesopotamia
38:The use of
1831:Categories
1574:2012-10-07
1436:9241572310
1178:US 5079201
1084:(7): 3–5.
1049:(5): 845.
1000:US 6962718
716:20 October
693:20 October
669:References
550:Kaopectate
507:carcinogen
482:excipients
478:demulcents
407:Kaopectate
1671:129110656
1450:Bentonite
1322:cite book
1247:0035-9157
630:Cited in
530:the U.S.
495:Bentonite
319:wrote in
279:ampelitis
75:bentonite
1820:20607126
1782:Elements
1615:12094673
1519:28266051
1511:27809675
1469:Calamine
1453:Archived
1407:Archived
1389:Archived
1385:"Kaolin"
1371:21846519
1363:18975130
1300:(2004).
1265:19982160
1090:11376396
1063:16243136
1030:. 83–36.
914:12971372
844:Geophagy
565:See also
517:Heilerde
503:pruritus
499:poultice
242:Avicenna
203:colyrium
71:smectite
69:and the
52:geophagy
28:Heilerde
1811:2895274
1790:Bibcode
1706:1989412
1651:Bibcode
1491:Bibcode
1256:2152614
1152:Bibcode
937:Bibcode
905:3020602
687:ASU Now
581:Zeolite
554:Rolaids
422:cholera
272:al-hurr
229:rubrica
217:Silesia
93:History
1818:
1808:
1765:
1704:
1669:
1630:
1613:
1603:
1517:
1509:
1433:
1369:
1361:
1310:
1263:
1253:
1245:
1184:
1088:
1061:
1006:
970:
912:
902:
824:
764:
576:Peloid
558:Maalox
538:Kaolin
470:kaolin
329:wapeih
129:Lemnos
81:, and
67:kaolin
1748:. UK.
1667:S2CID
1515:S2CID
1427:(PDF)
1367:S2CID
1202:(PDF)
1024:(PDF)
592:Notes
323:that
207:aster
165:Galen
135:Pliny
112:ochre
32:loess
25:Luvos
1816:PMID
1763:ISBN
1702:PMID
1628:ISBN
1611:OCLC
1601:ISBN
1554:FDA
1542:FDA
1507:PMID
1431:ISBN
1359:PMID
1328:link
1308:ISBN
1261:PMID
1243:ISSN
1086:PMID
1059:PMID
968:ISBN
910:PMID
822:ISBN
762:ISBN
718:2017
695:2017
627:–96.
556:and
472:and
384:Uses
378:iron
254:the
106:The
48:clay
1806:PMC
1798:doi
1692:doi
1659:doi
1499:doi
1351:doi
1251:PMC
1233:doi
1160:doi
1113:doi
1051:doi
945:doi
900:PMC
892:doi
625:289
42:in
1833::
1814:.
1804:.
1796:.
1784:.
1780:.
1744:.
1700:.
1688:53
1686:.
1682:.
1665:.
1657:.
1647:56
1645:.
1609:.
1513:.
1505:.
1497:.
1487:28
1485:.
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1080:.
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886:.
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720:.
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