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near the middle of the gardens, was the large "Central
Pavilion" whose construction has been dated to 956 or 957. Very little of its remains have been preserved in comparison to other structures like the Salón Rico and as a result it is still being investigated (as of 2018). It consisted of a rectangular building divided into three naves or parallel halls, aligned roughly north-to-south, with its main entrance facing the Salón Rico. The building stood on a platform one meter higher than the surrounding walkways, and on all four sides was a small water basin which rose to the same height as the platform. The water basins may have been designed and placed so that any observer looking out from inside the pavilion would have seen the reflection of the sky in the water, while an observer from outside would have seen the pavilion reflected in the water. Likewise, the placement of the pavilion in relation to the Salón Rico meant that both buildings would have been reflected in the larger northern water basin. These pools of water would have also reflected light into both buildings through their front archways. They might also have given the impression to observers inside them, when looking out, that the buildings were "floating" on water, since every main entrance was fronted by water.
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parallel chambers, which actually made the openings between the columns narrower for the central chamber than for the others. The three middle chambers are also each connected to each other though a wide central door flanked by triple archways with columns, while the two outermost chambers at the sides are connected to the inner chambers through three simple doors. During official receptions, the caliph likely sat in the middle of the back wall of the central chamber. Antonio
Vallejo Triano argues that the overall design of the building suggests that the two outermost chambers, along with the southern chamber at the front, formed a U-shaped space around the three central chambers and that the latter formed a privileged space for the caliph's audience. He also adds that there is archeological evidence that the spaces of the two outermost chambers were actually divided into two stories. Felix Arnold, in a slightly different interpretation, suggests that visitors entered the building from the sides and then entered the central chamber by moving from the outermost chambers to the central one, with each wall of doors and archways acting as a "screen" through which they passed closer to the caliph.
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rectangular buttresses at regular intervals. On its east side was the Lower Garden and on its west side was the congregational mosque. The latter was reached via a covered path along the terrace wall, and to the south is another large unexcavated garden. The eastern wall of the terrace is aligned with the portico of Bab al-Sudda while its north and south borders are aligned with those of the older Lower Garden to the east. Although it may have been initially intended to have a perfectly square layout, which would have measured 133 by 133 meters, the western side of the garden was extended on top of the Lower Garden, giving it a final width of 153.5 meters instead. The final width corresponds to the base of an equilateral triangle whose summit could be placed at the center of the Salón Rico's façade, similar to the proportions found inside the caliph's reception hall. Felix Arnold suggests that these dimensions are therefore a deliberate part of the design.
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the side of the mountain in an expression of clear preeminence over the urban hamlets and the congregational mosque spread across the plains below. Following the terraces, the first corresponds to the residential area of the caliph, next comes the official area including the houses of the viziers, the guard-room, administrative offices and gardens. Next is the city proper, with housing, crafts, and the great mosque of the two lower terraces separated by another wall in order to isolate the upper palace complex. Archaeological research has revealed an urban morphology characterized by the existence of large areas of undeveloped land, which serves to empty the entire southern front of the fortress, ensuring privacy and maintaining an open, idyllic country landscape. The only spaces built on the lowest level are two broad bands: the western, with an urban management orthogon, and the eastern, with less rigid planning.
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door, which was aligned with the middle doors of the other two halls. Each hall was also flanked on both sides by small square (or nearly square) chambers. The first main hall may have served as an entrance hall, the second one may have been a reception room, and the third hall may have been a private sitting area whose side rooms served as bedrooms. The second and third halls have been partly reconstructed today, but the first (southernmost) hall has been lost. It stood at the very edge of the terrace, 15 meters above the ground of the next level below. In front of the eastern corner of this hall, however, are the remains of a staircase that led down to the terrace below. On the east side of the main structure is another apartment consisting of a courtyard, a portico of arches, and a hall, which was built over a former
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1196:-type structure to the north adjoined to a large open courtyard to the south. Visitors to the city reached this area by walking up a ramped street that started on the central axis of the Bab al-Sudda gate and climbed its way to the terrace above, bending 180 degrees several times along the way. The ramp was wide enough and its slope gentle enough to allow visitors to remain on horseback, and was even lined with benches where they could sit and wait their turn to enter. It ended at a small porticoed court, where the visitors were possibly assigned to new guides, and from which they then entered into the courtyard of the Dar al-Jund along its middle axis. Felix Arnold suggests that this overall layout had a precedent in the older
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larger lower level was for the common people and the army. This design expressed the social and political hierarchy of the caliphate through the topography of the city itself. In practice, however, the division between levels was not so clear-cut as there were also many differences in elevation within each level. There also appears to be a division between the eastern and western sectors of the Alcázar, separated by a north-south axis that was aligned with the northern gate of the city. The eastern zone comprised the "official" sector, occupied by administrative and reception buildings, and the western zone served as the "private" sector, occupied by private residences of the caliph and his court.
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various archways. Each chamber is about 20 meters long (from north to south) and 6.8 meters wide, with the exception of the central chamber which is about 7.5 meters wide. Each hall opens onto a sixth chamber to the south, perpendicular to the others, which is about 30 meters long (from east to west) and 6.9 meters wide, with a smaller square chamber located at either end. This south hall opens onto the courtyard to the south through five broad archways. Other auxiliary rooms are present nearby. The decoration of the building was plain in comparison with other royal edifices in the city. The walls were made of stone and plastered, with little ornamentation other than a red
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created during the first phase of construction at
Madinat al-Zahra, shortly after its foundation. The garden was originally 125 meters long from north to south and 180 meters wide from east to west, but when the Upper Garden was built to the east its width was reduced by 22 meters. It was surrounded by a walkway 4 meters wide, and two more walkways intersected in the middle of the gardens. The gardens in between the walkways were sunken, as with other examples in the city. It is not clear what they were planted with, but limited evidence suggests once again that they were planted with herbs and shrubs similar to those of the Upper Garden, as well as
1414:, while another gave access to the other parts of the house. These other areas were accessed by passing through a smaller square courtyard in the northeast part of the house which had a circular water basin at its center. On the north side of this courtyard was a private apartment, occupying the northeast corner of the house. On the west side of the courtyard was a larger rectangular courtyard, surrounded by rooms, which served as a service area used by servants and staff. Antonio Vallejo Triano has argued that the plan of the house indicates that it was not a family dwelling but rather designed for a single high-ranking occupant.
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located to the south of the palaces above, was occupied by gardens and orchards. The eastern zone, about 700 meters wide, was an urbanized area that housed the general population and including the main congregational mosque and the markets. Recent excavations have also uncovered the remains of a smaller neighborhood mosque in the southeastern part of the city. Aside from the North Gate which led to the palaces, at least two other gates in the city's outer wall are known: the Bab al-Qubba ("Gate of the Dome") in the middle of the southern wall and the Bab al-Shams ("Gate of the Sun") in the eastern wall.
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dignitaries on their way to the caliph's audience chamber, which was fronted by gardens and pools with vistas over the rest of the city and the valley below. The caliph himself would appear seated at the back and center of his audience chamber, surrounded by courtiers and officials, with the architecture designed to focus on his position. While the caliph increasingly took on an air of aloofness during this period, the protocols did not evolve to the point of hiding him completely from view – by contrast with the
Fatimid caliphs in Africa, who were kept hidden behind a veil.
1801:. Work continued under Félix Hernández Giménez between 1923 and 1936 and between 1943 and 1975, then under Rafael Manzano Martos between 1975 and 1982, under Antonio Vallejo Triano between 1985 and 2013, and under José Escudero Aranda since 2013. The Salon Rico, the most richly decorated building, was excavated by Rafael Castejón and Félix Hernandez Giménez in 1946. Thanks to the partially preserved walls and many preserved fragments of decoration, it was reconstructed under the supervision of Félix Hernandez Giménez. Restoration of the hall's ornamentation continues today.
623:. For example, some of Abd ar-Rahman III's emissaries to the Byzantine emperor brought back with them gilded bronze sculptures, marble fountain basins decorated with animal figures, and other decorative architectural elements. This growing awareness of other imperial courts and Abd ar-Rahman's desire to match them may explain an increase in the complexity of the ceremonies and court protocols surrounding the caliph around this time, to which historical sources of the time attached great importance, along with an increase in the architectural scale of the new buildings.
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basilical form with some general similarities to the Upper
Basilical Hall. Behind the front arcade is a transversal entrance hall, which in turn leads to the central hall. The central hall is 17.5 meters long and 20.4 meters wide and is divided into three naves by two arcades of six horseshoe arches resting on slender columns. The two side naves are 5.9 meters wide while the central nave is slightly wider at 6.5 meters. Each nave can be accessed from the entrance hall at the front through arcades of two or three arches. The back wall is marked with three decorative
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excavated and restored, although this area includes the main palaces. The highest point of the city was at the centre of its northern wall (near the palaces), which is 215 meters above sea level, while the lowest point, to the south and nearer to the river, is 70 meters lower. Most of the site slopes gradually down towards the river except in the central northern zone where there were three distinct levels or terraces built into the hillside, with height differences of 10 meters or more between them. The two upper levels were known as the "Alcázar" (
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ibn 'Abdallah as the architect of the city, but it is unclear how large his role was or how much of the city he actually designed. Major construction might not have actually started until 940, and evidence suggests that it occurred in stages, with the overall plan changing as further work was executed. The mosque on the site was completed in 941–942 or in 944–945. By 945, the caliph was already living in the city. The road between the new city and Córdoba was paved in 946. Finally, in 947 the apparatus of state, including the
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path was moved south to its current position in order to accommodate the creation of the
Central Pavilion. This change would also explain why the east-west path of the garden is not aligned with the east-west path of the Lower Garden to the east or with the location of a possible pavilion on that side of the garden. The gardens were sunken about 50 to 70 centimeters below the level of the walkways so that the low-growing plants did not impede views. The area has been replanted in modern times, which has impeded
1464:. This central hall is flanked on either side by a square chamber and a rectangular chamber, which were separated from the central hall by solid walls pierced by a single door. Two other doors on either side were later blocked up and turned into decorative niches. The entrance hall to the south is also flanked by square chambers on either side. The building today is covered by sloped wooden roofs built by Félix Hernandez Giménez, but it is not known exactly what kind of roofing or ceiling it originally had.
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745:) came to power. Less politically able than his father and brother, he tried to appropriate for himself the inheritance of the caliphate from Hisham, which aroused serious opposition. In an attempt to avoid these problems, he set out for a military campaign to the Christian north almost right away. When he crossed the border into Christian territory in February 1009, his opponents broke into the old Alcázar and forced Hisham II to abdicate to another member of the Umayyad family,
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759:. Between 1010 and 1013 Córdoba was besieged by Berber factions, and by the end of this period Madinat al-Zahra, the city of Abd ar-Rahman III, had been pillaged and left in ruins. For many years afterwards the city continued to be looted by people for its building materials, which nearly erased it from existence. Over time its remains were buried and its location was not identified again until the 19th century, with excavations beginning in 1911.
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971:(sometimes referred to as the Aljama Mosque) was located on the lower level just east of the Upper Garden and Salón Rico complex. It could be reached from the palaces via a covered ramp passage in the eastern wall of the Upper Garden's terrace. Other roads led to the mosque from the rest of the city around it. Like the Great Mosque of Córdoba, a private passage allowed for the caliph to enter the mosque directly into the
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528:. Many scholars argue that the motives for the construction of a new palace-city must have included a desire to create a capital and residence that would reflect the dignity and grandeur which Abd ar-Rahman III wanted to project around his new caliphate. The creation of such palace-cities also had precedents because both the Abbasids caliphs and the Fatimid caliphs had previously built such cities for themselves.
1306:, which has been reconstructed and kept at the site today. The building itself was built over what were initially two smaller houses. Its construction may date to the 950s, either at the same time as or after the construction of the Salón Rico. To the north of this building is another residential complex, and east of that (close to the north gate) are two other courtyard houses separated by a ramp between them.
607:, and different basilical layouts. These new structures were often built over older, relatively more modest structures, and were thus designed to increase the impression of the caliph's magnificence through the architecture of his city. Vallejo Triano notes that this period would also coincide with a major reorganization of the state by Abd ar-Rahman III in 955, which is reported by historical sources such as
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Vallejo Triano notes is an innovation that treats the carved stone panels like a "skin" for the hall. The carved panels are mostly made of limestone, while the columns are marble and the floor is paved in marble. The ornamentation is generally divided into three zones: the lower parts of the walls are covered with large panels; the middle zone is occupied primarily by the arches of the arcades, which have
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1443:("Rich Hall"), is the most richly decorated structure discovered at Madinat al-Zahra. It was part of a larger palace complex which was built to the south of the Upper Basilical Hall. Its construction has been dated to between 953 and 957, thanks to several inscriptions found in its decoration. The supervisor of the hall's construction was Abdallah ibn Badr, the
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luxury objects, the residences of high officials, and – on the lower levels of the city – markets and residential districts for the common workers. The city had a manager, a judge, and a police chief. Under the cultured caliph Al-Hakam II in particular, there was also a library which by some accounts contained hundreds of thousands of volumes in Arabic,
1018:) to the northwest and an interior prayer hall to the southeast. The mosque was entered via three gates that led into the courtyard and were located on the courtyard's central axes: two lateral gates (to the northeast and southwest) and one on the main central axis of the mosque itself (to the northwest). The latter gate was flanked on one side by a
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story may have also existed here, as suggested by the presence of a staircase. On the east side of the courtyard is an elaborately decorated portico, reconstructed since 1996, which led to three rectangular receptions rooms on the other side. Behind these rooms were smaller square rooms. One of those rooms included a
713:(vizier) and who adopted the regnal title "al-Mansur" (or Almanzor in European sources). In 978 or 979 (368 AH), after he had secured the monopoly of power, he ordered the construction of a new palace city for himself which rivaled Madinat al-Zahra in beauty. Al-Mansur called his palace with a very similar name:
721:, in order to draw the focus of power away from the earlier Umayyad palaces. The new palace took only two years to build. When it was ready Al-Mansur moved the center of government there, leaving the old Madinat al-Zahra in disuse and confining the young caliph Hisham to the old Alcázar in Córdoba instead.
1770:, built by Abd ar-Rahman I near Córdoba in 777, has not been fully studied but probably also featured gardens and pavilions with elevated views. This suggests that there were precedents for this tradition among the Umayyad emirs of Al-Andalus. Courtyards with symmetrically-divided gardens, later known as
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To the north of the House of Ja'far is a complex of rooms and houses which have been classified as a service area, although little is known of how the palace servants were organized. There appear to be two main buildings that make up the complex. The presence of kitchens is indicated by the discovery
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The building consists of three areas which each had their own internal courtyard. The first, the larger southern portion, is believed to have been dedicated to official business and receptions. It was entered from the west and was centered around a square courtyard paved in violet limestone. A second
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The courtyard of the house was occupied by two symmetrical sunken gardens and by a water basin at the middle of the courtyard's western side, after which the house is named. The gardens were surrounded by raised walkways that ran around the edge of the courtyard and were split by another walkway down
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The function of all these courtyard buildings, which were not typical of other structures in
Madinat al-Zahra, is uncertain. They may have been the residences of state officials or they may have been used as guesthouses for important visitors. Art historian Susan Calvo Capilla has also suggested that
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Located on a lower level southeast of the Dar al-Mulk, the Court of the
Pillars is a structure centered around a large square courtyard which is ringed with a portico on all sides. On three sides of the courtyard, behind the portico, are wide rectangular halls. A staircase in the northwest corner led
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The courtyard of the Dar al-Jund measures 54.5 meters wide and 51 meters deep. Its northern side is occupied by the broad entrance façade of the main hall, its western and eastern sides were occupied by narrow porticos, and its southern side was closed by a simple wall. The main hall stood 1.2 meters
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is mentioned in historical sources as an assembly hall for the officers of the caliph's army. Felix Arnold, an archeologist and scholar on the topic of
Islamic palace architecture in the region, suggests that the building's size means that it must have been the main audience hall of Madinat al-Zahra,
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with a square base. This is the earliest evidence of such a minaret being used in the architecture of al-Andalus, as it is older even than the minaret Abd ar-Rahman III later built for the Great Mosque in Córdoba. The base of the minaret measures 5 meters per side, and according to historical sources
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Its location in the foothills of Sierra Morena made it possible to design an urban program in which the location and physical relationships between the various constructions were expressive of the role of each in the setting. The palace was located at a higher level, and staggered its buildings along
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The palaces housed the caliph's household, including a large number of concubines. The residents were served by a large body of slaves, including eunuchs, of mostly
European origin. The city also contained a throne hall or audience chamber (the Salón Rico), government offices, workshops that produced
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Vallejo Triano has also argued that the construction of the House of Ja'far took place slightly later than the other structures of the 950s because its decoration appears to be more evolved. This tentatively supports an earlier hypothesis by Félix Hernández Giménez that this large residence was built
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Several of the major structures that have been excavated and identified on the site were built over earlier structures and thus appear to belong to a different construction phase after the initial construction of the city. The structures known today as the House of Ja'far and the Court of the Pillars
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According to historical sources the new palace-city was founded in 936. It was located about 5 km west of Córdoba. Abd ar-Rahman III's son, al-Hakam, the crown prince and his future successor, was entrusted to oversee the construction. The 16th-century writer Al-Maqqari cites a man named Maslama
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At the middle of the garden's northern side is a large water basin measuring 19 by 19 meters and 2 meters deep. The gardens slope gently from north to south so that this water basin could be used to irrigate them. Water channels ran along the walkways to distribute water. To the south of this basin,
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The Salón Rico faced south across the gardens and stood on a platform that was elevated above the adjoining walkways. It was accessed via ramps on either side. The building's front façade features an arcade of five arches which was aligned with the water basin in front. The building's interior has a
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The large "House of Ja'far" was built over what were originally three smaller houses. It is located between the Court of the Pillars to the northwest and the Salón Rico to the southeast. Because of its more evolved decoration its construction has been dated to after 961, during the reign of al-Hakam
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According to historical Arabic sources, the three levels of the city had distinct functions: the uppermost level housed the private palaces of the caliph and his closest associates, the middle terrace housed the buildings of the state administration and the residences of high officials, and the much
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At the middle of the garden's eastern edge, along the wall of the Upper Garden, was a rectangular buttress that is much larger than the other buttresses along the Upper Garden wall. At the base of this buttress was a water basin into which water from the Upper Garden probably cascaded from above. A
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in the Persian tradition. Around its edge ran a walkway 4 meters wide. Two other walkways split the garden into four quadrants of slightly unequal size (the northern ones being larger). This evidence suggests that the original garden was divided into perfectly equal quadrants but that the east-west
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The central hall is notable for its outstanding ornamentation, which is carved onto stone panels or slabs attached to the surfaces of walls. As a result of this technique, the stone used for the decoration does not correspond to the stone used for the structure of the building itself, which Antonio
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The official and ceremonial entrance to the palace areas, however, was located further east and was known as Bab al-Sudda ("Forbidden Gate" or "Gate of the Threshold"). This gate formed one end of the long road which led between the palaces and the city of Córdoba to the east, and it is believed to
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The new caliphate also developed an increasingly elaborate culture of court protocols around the figure of the caliph. Lavish festivals and receptions were hosted to impress foreign ambassadors. The organisation of the city seems to have included a specific path to be followed by foreign guests and
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The palaces were furnished with silks, tapestries, and various luxury objects. Many objects produced in the caliph's official workshops were given as gifts and have made their way into the collections of museums and Christian cathedrals. Among the wonders reported by historical chronicles about the
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The ruins of the city were excavated starting in 1911. Only about 10 hectares of the 112 hectares (0.43 sq mi) of the city have been excavated and partially restored, but this area includes the main palaces. A dedicated archeological museum, located on the edge of the site, was opened in 2009.
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in Spanish) stretches out in front of the Salón Rico and occupies an elevated terrace that is 10 meters higher than the surrounding areas on the east, south, and west. The terrace is artificial, though the builders probably used an existing spur of the hills to start. Its walls are reinforced with
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and highest-ranking official under the caliph at that time. The decoration was executed under the supervision of the caliph's eunuch servant Shunaif, although it's unclear if he was also involved in the design of the hall. It was excavated by Rafael Castejón and Félix Hernandez Giménez in 1946 and
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When Abd ar-Rahman III came to power as emir in 912, he began to systematically re-establish Umayyad authority over rebel regions within his realm and reinforce his own authority across Al-Andalus through military and diplomatic means. In 929, after years of constant campaigning, Abd ar-Rahman III
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The main reason for its construction was politico-ideological: Abd ar-Rahman III had declared himself "caliph" in 929 and the dignity of this new title required the establishment of a new city, a symbol of his power, imitating other eastern Caliphates. It sought to demonstrate his superiority over
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The Lower Garden and Upper Garden of Madinat al-Zahra are the earliest archeologically-attested examples of a symmetrically-divided garden in the western Islamic world, and among the earliest examples in the Islamic world more generally. They are also the earliest example in the region to combine
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On either side of the Salón Rico was a long line of various buildings that ran along the northern edge of the Upper and Lower Gardens. Beneath the buildings on the west side was an underground passage, known today as the Camino de Ronda, which may have served as the substructure for the buildings
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while his brothers and highest officials stood or sat on either side. Other court officials would have been lined up along the arcades on either side of the central hall. The dimensions of the central hall conform to that of an equilateral triangle whose summit is placed at the center of the back
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in Spanish) is a structure located south of the Court of the Pillars. It was part of a complex of residences which stood between the Dar al-Mulk and the Salon Rico. The house is believed to date from the first years of construction at Madinat al-Zahra, although parts of the floor plan were likely
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The topography played a decisive role in shaping the city. Taking full advantage of the uneven terrain, the palace city of Madinat az-Zahra was distributed in three terraces. Unlike the labyrinthine and chaotic character typical of Muslim urbanism, the site of the city adopted a rectangular shape
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Various members of the caliph's family, or other wealthy elites, also built their own villas and palaces in the countryside around Córdoba during this period of prosperity in the 10th century. This was a tradition which had existed since the early days of the Emirate and possibly derived from the
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for a highly complex system of small channels carrying away rain and waste water. Many food and ceramic remains have been found here. In addition to the aqueducts, several new bridges were built (of which two survive today) in order to serve the new roads between the new palace-city and Córdoba.
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The main structure consisted of three parallel rectangular halls oriented east-west. The halls were entered from the south: the southern walls of the first two halls each had three openings or doorways of equal size aligned in a row. The third hall, at the back, was much smaller and had only one
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The main hall itself is the largest interior space ever documented in the historic palace architecture of the western Islamic world, being large enough to accommodate up to 3000 people. The hall is composed of five parallel rectangular chambers, placed side-by-side and open to each other through
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The city's lower level was much larger than the Alcázar area and occupied most of the space within the perimeter wall. It was further divided into three zones. The western zone, about 200 meters wide from east to west, housed the army and its barracks. The central zone, about 600 meters wide and
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and that a statue of her stood over the entrance. Although statuary was present in the city, scholar Marianne Barrucand argues that the existence of this particular statue is unlikely. Scholar Felix Arnold argues that a simpler explanation is that the city's name, which also means the "Flowering
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The building is laid out along an east-west axis and is centered around a square courtyard. Its original entrance was on the north side and led directly into the courtyard. On both the west and east sides were two rectangular chambers, one behind the other, whose entrances were aligned with the
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in Spanish) stood on a lower level on the east side of the Upper Garden and south of the Dar al-Mulk. It has not been completely excavated but it is known to have had an equal four-part division much like the Upper Garden's initial design. It was one of the largest in the city and was probably
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of false windows above. Felix Arnold notes that because the doorways of the three halls were aligned with each other and faced outwards from the edge of the palace terrace, they would have offered views of the distant horizon across the valley, but not onto a private garden or courtyard as was
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The city covered an almost rectangular area measuring 1.5 km long (roughly from east to west) and 750 wide (roughly from north to south). Its perimeter was protected by a thick stone wall with square bastions. Today only about 10 of the 112 hectares (0.43 sq mi) of the city have been
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modified afterwards. Antonio Vallejo Triano has proposed that this house was a residence of al-Hakam II before he became caliph in 961. The site was excavated by Félix Hernández Jiménez and Rafael Manzano Martos between 1975 and 1982 and, as of 2018, was still being examined by archeologists.
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The precise intentions of the hall's design are ambiguous, as the chambers are all connected to each other but in slightly different ways. The central chamber is wider than the others and its entrance from the south is marked by a triple archway instead of a double archway like the other four
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The whole city was surrounded by a fortified wall with towers. However, there is evidence that only the palaces were protected by a wall at first and that the outer city wall was added after residential areas had already begun to develop outside the palace. Abd ar-Rahman III also arranged for
557:), was transferred here from Córdoba. Construction in the city nonetheless continued throughout the remaining years of Abd ar-Rahman III's reign (up to 961) and throughout Al-Hakam II's reign (961–976). High-ranking officials under both caliphs were often involved in the construction as well.
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The Dar al-Mulk or "Royal House" is a palace described in historical sources. Archeologists have identified it, tentatively, with the structure located on the highest terrace of the city, in the northwest extremity of the excavated area today. It is believed to have been one of the earliest
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A new archeological museum dedicated to Medina Azahara was opened in 2009, located on the edge of the site. The museum building was built low, with much of the space underground, to minimize disruption to the views of the landscape from the ruins. The museum, which was designed by the firm
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and philosophers, may indicate that the space was used for education and intellectual activities, with the sculptures placed here as a deliberate reference to ancient sciences. The Court of the Clocks, located to southeast near the Salón Rico, was similarly decorated with Roman sculptures.
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The exact function of this large structure is uncertain, but scholars and archeologists have traditionally assumed that it had an administrative or official (semi-public) function, such as a reception chamber for ceremonies and for ambassadors on their way to see the caliph. The
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layout and was defended by a tower. Today it acts as the main entrance to the site for visitors and tourists. To the west of the gate was the caliph's private palace (the Dar al-Mulk) and to the east was the administrative district and the Upper Basilical Hall (the Dar al-Jund).
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near the base, while the floors were paved in brick instead of stone. Only the capitals of the columns were ornately carved. However, the walls may have originally been covered with ornamental furnishings such as tapestries and curtains may have been draped across the arches.
717:("the Shining City"). The location of the palace, which has never been excavated, is still debated: it may have been between Córdoba and Madinat az-Zahra to the west, but the most common hypothesis is that it was built a short distance east of Córdoba, near the banks of the
1706:, which had also appeared in the Great Mosque of Córdoba already, became further ubiquitous in Madinat al-Zahra and consolidated its distinctive form: the arch consisted of about three quarters of a circle and was usually contained within a rectangular frame known as an
1698:), as well as establishing a more particular "caliphal" style of the 10th century. The congregational mosque of Madinat al-Zahra bears close resemblance to the Great Mosque of Córdoba (at least prior to the latter's expansion by Al-Hakam II), and replicated its rows of
866:, used for the primary construction, though other stones from an area 50 km around were also used. The city's construction led to a road, water and supply infrastructure partly preserved until today in the form of remains of roads, quarries, aqueducts and bridges.
1216:
above the level of the courtyard. Stairs and ramps leading to its platform were located at the northern corners of the courtyard – the stairs were for those on foot, the ramps for horses. The remains of the courtyard were converted into a garden in the 1960s.
870:
comprising an area of 112 hectares. It extended 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) per side from east to west and about 750 metres (2,460 ft) from north to south, just warped on the north side by the need to adapt to the difficult topography of the terrain.
1804:
Excavation and restoration continues, dependent upon funding by the Spanish government. In 2020, archaeologists discovered a gateway that marked the eastern entrance to the 10th-century palace and which had been missing for more than a thousand years.
585:
gallery (the Court of the Pillars). Antonio Vallejo Triano, who led archeological work at the site between 1985 and 2013, has argued that the Court of the Pillars likely dates from the 950s. Likewise, the large Upper Basilical Hall, also known as the
5548:
1254:
structures built on the site and it was one of the first to be excavated in 1911. Historical sources also record that the Dar al-Mulk was repurposed in 972 to serve as a venue where prince Hisham, the future successor of al-Hakam II, was educated.
4538:
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602:
Based on the evidence of these constructions, Vallejo Triano has argued that a fairly significant remodelling of the palace complex took place in the 950s. It followed a trend of larger and more monumental buildings which made use of porticos,
1382:
filled with carved vegetal ornamentation. D. Fairchild Ruggles, a scholar of historic Islamic gardens, indicates that the garden of this house is also known as the "Prince's Garden" and may have been enjoyed by elite residents of the palaces.
1676:
to Córdoba ran, but this was several metres below the palace, so a new spur was constructed further back to bring permanent running water to the higher levels. In turn, the section of the old Roman aqueduct now diverted was used as a main
1057:
The northern gate of the city, Bab al-Jibal ("Gate of the Mountains"), was located at the highest point of the city and granted access directly into the middle of the Alcázar or palace area of the city. It is also known as the North Gate
1406:(chamberlain) of Caliph al-Hakam II between 961 and 971. It was excavated in 1970 by Hernandez Giménez. The decorated portico of the main courtyard has been reconstructed since 1996 under the direction of Antonio Vallejo Triano.
633:(chamberlain) of Al-Hakam II between 961 and 971, and for whom the structure is currently named. This also makes it the only major structure in Madinat al-Zahra that has been identified as belonging to the reign of Al-Hakam II.
1756:) that existed far to the east and were imported to the west by Umayyad patrons. Among other things, this eastern Umayyad origin is evidenced by the existence of similar gardens discovered at the palace-villa in Syria known as
1812:
in 2005, the local government in Córdoba was not enforcing a law passed in 1995 that expanded protections for the site against development. As a result, construction companies are putting up houses on these unexcavated areas.
1506:
wall and whose base corresponds to the total width of the hall. Felix Arnold notes that these proportions are frequently used in Islamic architecture and are also found in the audience hall of one of the Fatimid palaces in
1106:. It would have hosted public ceremonies, military parades, and executions. On top of the gate's portico structure was a viewing platform where the caliph could sit and observe events on the plaza below. Inside the gate, a
598:
and highest-ranking official under the caliph at that time. The decoration was executed under the supervision of the caliph's eunuch servant Shunaif, although it's unclear if he was also involved in the design of the hall.
681:
Roman villa tradition. The caliph even kept some family members in such villas in order to distance them from the center of power in Madinat al-Zahra, providing them with a generous stipend so they wouldn't cause trouble.
5523:
505:
felt confident enough to declare himself "caliph", a title equal to the Abbasid rulers in Baghdad (whose own power had significantly weakened by this time). This move may also have been in response to the rise of the
2847:
1510:. These proportions had the practical benefit of allowing the caliph sitting at the back of the hall to be able to see the entire width of the hall within his field of vision without having to turn his head.
594:, or Reception Hall of Abd ar-Rahman III, has been dated to between 953 and 957 thanks to several inscriptions featured in its decoration. The supervisor of the hall's construction was Abdallah ibn Badr, the
853:. It was chosen for its outstanding landscape values, allowing a hierarchical construction program so the city and the plains beyond its feet were physically and visually dominated by the buildings of the
4662:
345:. The city was built near Córdoba, the existing capital of al-Andalus under Umayyad rule. Construction began in 936–940 and continued in multiple phases throughout his reign and the reign of his son,
1027:". Archeological evidence has shown that the arches were double-tiered, emulating the same design feature seen in the Great Mosque of Córdoba. The middle nave, in front of what would have been the
577:
were both built over two or three smaller structures which occupied the same spaces. In addition to being larger than their predecessors, they also feature very different layouts, such as a semi-
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4412:
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and Islamic culture thrived in Al-Andalus during this period, it was still a relatively decentralized realm and the emir in Córdoba often struggled to keep different factions under control.
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1423:
of stone ovens in some of the rooms. Private latrines have also been discovered in the eastern building, which suggest that it belonged to a higher-status residence within the complex.
1285:
typical in many Islamic palaces in the history of the region. He notes, however, that such elevated halls with distant views had precedents in the old Alcázar of Córdoba as well as at
4364:
5421:
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1808:
The unexcavated portions of the site, which comprise around 90 percent of its total area, are threatened by the illegal construction of housing. According to a report from the
1732:
royal reception hall, as seen in the Salon Rico, is another novel creation which became a distinctive feature of palace architecture in this region, as it contrasted with the
4500:
997:
changed over time in this part of the Islamic world. Outside the mosque, on its northwest side and near the entrance, is a set of facilities which provided for the ritual of
4015:
Vallejo Triano, Antonio (2023). "The Ceremonial Ensemble of the Umayyad Caliphate at Madīnat al-Zahrāʾ". In Monferrer-Sala, Juan Pedro; Monterroso-Checa, Antonio (eds.).
1534:
that run just below the ceiling. In general, the motifs are predominantly vegetal arabesques. The larger lower panels frequently feature elaborate representations of the
4705:
1352:
the middle between them. Water channels also ran along the edges of the courtyard and brought water to the basin. The gardens were planted with low-growing plants like
421:
also notes that the name may have been chosen as a riposte to Abd ar-Rahman's main rivals, the Fatimids, because the Fatimids claimed descent from Muhammad's daughter
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5148:
5043:
1172:("House of the Army" in Arabic), a name mentioned in literary sources. It was probably built in the 950s during a new program of construction and state reform.
673:
which reflected light and could be stirred to create dazzling ripples of light, although the location of this hall has not been found by modern archeologists.
1431:
569:(despite it being under Fatimid control at the time), to be reused for construction here. Al-Hakam II also reportedly procured many Roman statues and carved
4057:, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Medina Azahara (see index)
4835:
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central axis of the courtyard. Smaller chambers were also located along the sides of the building. Behind the eastern chambers was a private bathhouse or
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1192:
The building is located near the northeastern corner of the excavated area today, on a terrace west of the Bab al-Sudda entrance. It consists of a large
4601:
4515:
1023:(Al-Maqqari in particular) it originally stood approximately 20 meters high. The mosque's prayer hall was divided by rows of arches into five parallel "
5533:
5513:
4940:
4934:
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611:. Additionally, Abd ar-Rahman III was likely becoming better-informed about the rich palaces and elaborate court ceremony in the new Fatimid capital,
881:
at the centre of a large agricultural estate, later given to the state treasurer. The other, Turruñuelos, was a huge rectangular building, perhaps a
5543:
1660:
pavilion may have also existed on top of it, with views over the Lower Garden from above, but not enough remains have been preserved to prove this.
5320:
5315:
4928:
4051:, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Medina Azahara (see index)
4244:
3695:
1566:
The garden itself was for purely aesthetic purposes. Along with the Lower Garden, it is among the earliest examples of the traditional four-part
361:. Water was supplied through aqueducts. After al-Hakam II's death, however, the city ceased to act as the center of government under the rule of
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4755:
4688:
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4315:
1197:
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74:
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The next few years were chaotic and resulted in multiple violent confrontations and regime changes between different factions, known as the
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1513:
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in Arabic). Most of the modern excavations have focused on the Alcázar and its palaces, and these are the areas visitors can access today.
5164:
5138:
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1542:
above and which linked the Salón Rico with the Lower Garden. The structures to the east of the Salón Rico included a large bath complex.
1448:
has since been reconstructed. The hall was fronted by the Upper Garden and by a large water basin, with which it formed a unified design.
4259:
4086:
4159:
5479:
5416:
5235:
4124:
1327:
The reconstructed remains of the House of the Water Basin, showing the two porticos that stood on either side of the central courtyard
1280:. The exterior façade of the building, which faced south over the edge of the terrace wall, had three decorated doorways as well as a
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790:
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1302:, were also discovered in this building. Among the notable finds are the fragments of a sarcophagus known as the Sarcophagus of
5133:
1835:
1472:
749:. At the same time, Madinat al-Zahira, the palace built by Al-Mansur and the center of government, was pillaged and destroyed.
1400:
II, which may support a hypothesis by Félix Hernández Giménez that this large residence was built for the eponymous Ja'far, a
1219:
5325:
4622:
3982:
3655:
3115:"The Reuse of Classical Antiquity in the Palace of Madinat al-Zahra' and Its Role in the Construction of Caliphal Legitimacy"
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During audiences the caliph sat at the middle of the back wall, in front of the central blind arch. He would have sat on a
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The building was richly decorated. The doorways, some rectangular and some arched, were framed with geometric and vegetal (
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4811:
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4144:
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5117:
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3685:
D. F. Ruggles, “Historiography and the Rediscovery of Madinat al-Zahra',” Islamic Studies (Islamabad), 30 (1991): 129-40
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5335:
5179:
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4194:
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Vallejo Triano, Antonio (1992). "Madīnat az-Zahrā': The Triumph of the Islamic State". In Dodds, Jerrilynn D. (ed.).
1200:, where visitors coming from the main public entrance to the west arrived into a courtyard or garden in front of the
198:
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Before the creation of Madinat al-Zahra, the residence and centre of government for the Umayyad emirs had been the
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932:
783:
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A Companion to Late Antique and Medieval Islamic Cordoba: Capital of Roman Baetica and Caliphate of al-Andalus
1130:
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5372:
5300:
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1763:
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734:
318:
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studies, but there is evidence that herbs and shrubs were originally planted, including: myrtle, lavender,
5451:
5386:
5077:
4958:
4801:
4580:
4441:
4299:
4284:
845:(meaning Bride Hill), and facing the valley of the Guadalquivir river, is Madinat az-Zahra, billed as the
738:
665:. The main congregational mosque and one or more small neighbourhood mosques provided religious services.
649:, one of the luxury items produced in the workshops of Madinat al-Zahra, dated to 968 and now kept at the
272:
114:
4426:
4149:
1786:
1376:
with three horseshoe arches resting on columns, partly reconstructed today. The arches are framed by an
1373:
968:
604:
350:
5225:
5112:
4786:
4294:
1554:
The Upper Garden in front of the Salón Rico (the current trees and shrubs were planted in modern times)
1004:
834:
494:
1538:, which may draw on models from Abbasid art in the east while adapting them to local Andalusi styles.
5391:
5310:
4716:
4678:
4214:
4164:
2774:
1737:
1695:
1691:
1031:(wall niche symbolizing the direction of prayer), was wider than the other four naves of the mosque.
846:
4060:
3750:
3671:
Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P., eds. (2012). "Būstān".
1310:
the presence of Roman sculptures in the Court of the Pillars, which included representations of the
517:
caliphs of Baghdad and also presented a threat to the interests of the Umayyad state in Al-Andalus.
5295:
5062:
5052:
4908:
4856:
4657:
4559:
4431:
4373:
1771:
1229:
753:
646:
562:
461:" signified the political and spiritual leader of the whole Muslim world. In 750 the Umayyads were
405:
City" or "Radiant City", emulated the style of other caliphal cities founded by the Abbasids (e.g.
377:
366:
284:
126:
3799:
Bariani, Laura (2002). "Al-Madîna al-Zâhira según el testimonio de las fuentes árabo-andalusíes".
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1168:
The structure known today as the "Upper Basilical Hall" has been identified, tentatively, as the
983:. The mosque had a rectangular floor plan aligned northwest to southeast, in accordance with the
742:
462:
5441:
5208:
2765:
King, David A. (1995). "The Orientation of Medieval Islamic Religious Architecture and Cities".
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1207:
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Bab al-Sudda, the great eastern portico which served as the ceremonial entrance to the Alcazar
1076:
be the entrance where ambassadors or guests were received. The gate consisted of a monumental
993:
orientation of the much older Great Mosque of Córdoba, which reflects that conceptions of the
959:
670:
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478:
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61:
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Archeological excavations on the site began in 1911 under the direction of Spanish architect
1348:
system under its marble floors. Marble decoration was added to the bath by Ja'far in 961-62.
1084:
running roughly north-to-south. It was fronted by a large open esplanade, known today as the
5265:
4845:
4740:
4575:
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4406:
3993:
3126:
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697:, who was 14 or 15 years old at the time and had little political experience. Consequently,
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1821:
1748:
such gardens with a system of terraces. This type of garden probably drew its origins from
1245:
4986:
4616:
4551:
4129:
2303:
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palaces, Al-Maqqari described a domed hall in the palace which contained a pool of liquid
641:
550:
474:
446:
354:
306:
263:
1344:
which consisted of three chambers of decreasing size, heated using the traditional Roman
485:. Although independent from the Abbasids, the new Umayyad rulers in Al-Andalus, based in
3998:
Revisiting al-Andalus: perspectives on the material culture of Islamic Iberia and beyond
2778:
5285:
5260:
4970:
4898:
4885:
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1703:
1669:
1567:
1211:
Present-day gardens occupying the former courtyard in front of the Upper Basilical Hall
1107:
1081:
658:
620:
418:
5472:
This section includes the royal palaces of the Christian and Muslim medieval kingdoms
3648:
La médina de Marrakech: Formation des espaces urbains d'une ancienne capitale du Maroc
1690:
Artistically, Madinat al-Zahra played a great role in formulating a distinct Andalusi
1136:
The ramped street leading from Bab al-Sudda to the terrace of the Upper Basilical Hall
5492:
5396:
4670:
4588:
2794:
1781:
s), would go on to become a typical feature of later Andalusi palaces, including the
1673:
1063:
838:
289:'the radiant city') was a fortified palace-city on the western outskirts of
5381:
4830:
4730:
1741:
1535:
1281:
825:
718:
590:("House of the Army"), is believed to date from this time. The construction of the
510:
450:
334:
5245:
4071:
3844:
Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1800
3376:"Salón de Abd al-Rahman III - Detalle - Conjunto arqueológico de Madinat al-Zahra"
3930:
3884:
3863:
737:, also known as Sanchuelo ("Little Sancho", as his mother Abda was a daughter of
5305:
5082:
5006:
4773:
4596:
4342:
1299:
1049:
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772:
514:
346:
298:
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989:(direction of prayer). This orientation is notably different from the southern
5275:
4767:
3130:
1491:
1461:
855:
608:
541:
489:, did not reclaim the title of "caliph" at this time. Instead, they ruled as "
482:
314:
17:
1298:
to a second story with a similar layout. Various Roman sculptures, including
353:, administrative and government offices, aristocratic residences, gardens, a
89:
76:
4643:
4119:
1713:
1594:
1353:
1345:
1273:
863:
694:
458:
401:
310:
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Remains of the North Gate, the main entrance to the site for visitors today
1439:
The Reception Hall of Abd ar-Rahman III, known by its Spanish name as the
44:
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4962:
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330:
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marble columns to be procured or imported from other sites, mostly from
369:
and thereafter abandoned, with many of its materials re-used elsewhere.
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4978:
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4950:
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1411:
1099:
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1019:
1008:
Remains of the ablutions facilities on the northwest side of the mosque
797: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
733:
succeeded to power. When al-Muzaffar in turn died in 1008, his brother
582:
470:
422:
342:
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1939:
176:
5549:
Bien de Interés Cultural landmarks in the Province of Córdoba (Spain)
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4420:
1758:
1717:
1590:
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2848:"Puerta Norte - Detalle - Conjunto arqueológico de Madinat al-Zahra"
877:
There were two complexes outside but close by the city, one a large
469:, who took on the title of caliphs and established a new capital at
3781:
Islamic Palace Architecture in the Western Mediterranean: A History
3696:"Lost gateway of fabled Medina Azahara unearthed in southern Spain"
3114:
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Reconstructed portico in the main courtyard of the House of Ja'far
1390:
1378:
1365:
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1311:
1289:, an older Umayyad palatial estate in the countryside of Córdoba.
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958:
878:
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493:", a lower title designating local Muslim rulers, as heads of the
414:
349:(r. 961–976). The new city included ceremonial reception halls, a
294:
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Restoration project in the Salón Rico by the World Monuments Fund
2736:
2734:
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2209:
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across many wall surfaces, demonstrates historic influences from
1092:(open area), probably originally serving a similar function as a
963:
The remains of the congregational mosque, seen from the northwest
2101:
2099:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1733:
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Carved stone panel in the Salón Rico with a "tree of life" motif
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The exterior façade of the reconstructed Salón Rico (2013 photo)
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490:
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street then led up to the terrace of the Upper Basilical Hall.
3932:
Gardens, Landscape, and Vision in the Palaces of Islamic Spain
3805:(in Spanish). Fundación El legado andalusì. pp. 327–341.
2069:
2067:
938:
Major excavated structures in the Alcazar (upper palace areas)
766:
581:
plan (in the House of Ja'far) and a courtyard surrounded by a
380:
with the inscription name "Caliphate City of Medina Azahara".
3802:
II Congreso Internacional la Ciudad en Al-Andalus y el Magreb
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
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2047:
1893:
1891:
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1530:; and the upper areas of the walls are covered by horizontal
4458:
3977:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 27–39.
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Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus
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2504:
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1876:
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705:, a strongman who appropriated for himself both the post of
5524:
Buildings and structures in the Province of Córdoba (Spain)
3510:
3508:
3506:
1204:("Perfect Hall"), the main audience chamber of the palace.
1012:
The mosque building was divided between an open courtyard (
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3194:
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3906:"Historiography and the Rediscovery of Madinat al-Zahra'"
2818:
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2523:
2521:
2155:
2153:
1526:
of alternating colours and motifs, framed by a decorated
1372:. The main halls on either side were accessed through an
693:
When Al-Hakam II died in 976 he was succeeded by his son
365:(Almanzor). Between 1010 and 1013 it was sacked during a
3751:"Madinat al Zahra Museum | Aga Khan Development Network"
3738:
Museum and research centre by Nieto Sobejano Arquitectos
3457:
3455:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3419:
2326:
2324:
2128:
2126:
1223:
Interior of the central nave of the Upper Basilical Hall
4045:(virtual tour hosted through Google Arts & Culture)
3290:
3288:
3286:
3181:
3179:
3154:
3152:
3023:
3021:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2964:
2962:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
1914:"Madinat Al Zahara Museum / Nieto Sobejano Arquitectos"
1088:(a later Spanish term) but referred to in sources as a
409:, "City of Peace", now Baghdad) and the Fatimids (e.g.
388:
Popular legend, recorded by historical writers such as
3996:. In Anderson, Glaire D.; Rosser-Owen, Mariam (eds.).
3273:
3271:
3269:
2925:
2923:
2709:
2707:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2394:
2392:
2390:
1980:
1978:
481:
in the far western part of the Muslim world, known as
301:
site today. The city was built in the 10th century by
3994:"Madinat Al-Zahra; Transformation of a Caliphal City"
3935:. Philadelphia: Pennsylvania State University Press.
3715:"Growth in Spain Threatens a Jewel of Medieval Islam"
2362:
2360:
2358:
2356:
1995:
1993:
1855:
1853:
1851:
524:
in the heart of Córdoba, across from which stood the
477:, managed to re-establish the dynasty's power in the
2343:
2341:
2339:
2010:
2008:
400:
in Spanish), came from Abd ar-Rahman III's favorite
277:
5369:
5216:
5157:
5126:
5070:
5059:
4884:
4844:
4754:
4687:
4529:
4470:
4397:
4324:
4308:
4237:
4110:
1728:, but also notable differences in its details. The
1623:
Remains of the Central Pavilion in the Upper Garden
1261:
Portico in the eastern apartment of the Dar al-Mulk
237:
229:
221:
213:
205:
196:
182:
172:
157:
149:
141:
133:
124:
110:
105:
68:
57:
3956:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
1611:View over the main water basin of the Upper Garden
1494:arch at the back of the hall, where the caliph sat
1189:("Western Hall") mentioned in historical sources.
729:On the death of Al-Mansur in 1002, his eldest son
4387:For official site names, see each article or the
3865:Kingdoms of Faith: A New History of Islamic Spain
544:(958 or 959 CE), in the name of Abd ar-Rahman III
5519:Populated places established in the 10th century
3592:
3568:
3398:
3170:
2834:
2740:
2698:
2422:
2215:
2171:
1969:
1427:Salón Rico (Reception Hall of Abd ar-Rahman III)
1181:which might identify it instead with either the
5422:Palacio de los Capitanes Generales de Guatemala
4706:Catalan Romanesque Churches of the Vall de Boí
3538:
3362:
3260:
3236:
3212:
3143:
3012:
2885:
2807:
2647:
2635:
2570:Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia
2454:
2261:
2230:
2192:
2117:
2105:
2073:
1897:
1643:View of the Lower Garden from a nearby terrace
5037:
4358:
4087:
1276:) decoration, and the floors were paved with
1152:Exterior view of the Upper Basilical Hall or
357:, workshops, barracks, service quarters, and
27:Archeological site of Moorish palace in Spain
8:
3820:Barrucand, Marianne; Bednorz, Achim (1992).
1766:(early 8th century). Another villa known as
30:
5457:Palacio de los Gobernadores de Nuevo México
5149:Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas
4836:Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin
4736:Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin
4631:Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin
4506:Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin
1668:The palace was built where the 1st century
841:, oriented north-to-south on the slopes of
573:, which were used to decorate the grounds.
513:around the same time, which challenged the
5417:Palacio de los Capitanes Generales de Cuba
5067:
5044:
5030:
5022:
4365:
4351:
4343:
4094:
4080:
4072:
637:Life and government within the palace-city
373:On July 1, 2018, the site was listed as a
43:
29:
4043:Conjunto Arqueológico de Madinat al-Zahra
1546:The Upper Garden and the Central Pavilion
1478:The central hall and its decorated arches
1293:Court of the Pillars and nearby buildings
813:Learn how and when to remove this message
5564:Architecture of the Caliphate of Córdoba
4055:The Art of medieval Spain, A.D. 500-1200
1249:Decorated archway inside the Dar al-Mulk
926:Overall outline and division of the city
540:Coins minted at Madinat al-Zahra in 347
5452:Palacio del Gobernador de las Filipinas
5442:Palacio Virreinal de Santa Fé de Bogotá
4602:Heritage of Mercury. Almadén and Idrija
3609:
2604:
2592:
2551:
2539:
2527:
2495:
2478:
2026:
1999:
1880:
1847:
1825:Interior of the museum and its exhibits
1740:halls found in the eastern part of the
473:. In 756 Abd ar Rahman III's ancestor,
195:
4491:Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain
4413:Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain
3673:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
3650:. Paris: L'Harmattan. pp. 69–75.
3633:
3621:
3526:
3514:
3497:
3485:
3473:
3461:
3446:
3429:
3410:
3347:
3335:
3323:
3306:
3294:
3248:
3224:
3200:
3185:
3158:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3093:
3081:
3069:
3057:
3042:
3027:
3000:
2983:
2968:
2953:
2941:
2914:
2902:
2870:
2725:
2671:
2659:
2623:
2512:
2466:
2439:
2410:
2381:
2366:
2330:
2290:
2273:
2249:
2144:
2132:
2090:
2038:
2014:
1984:
1164:Floor plan of the Upper Basilical Hall
833:Located 4 miles (6.4 km) west of
4389:List of World Heritage Sites in Spain
3580:
3277:
2929:
2822:
2752:
2713:
2683:
2398:
2347:
2159:
1908:
1906:
1859:
829:Aerial view of Medina Azahara in 2020
236:
228:
220:
212:
204:
181:
171:
156:
148:
140:
132:
123:
7:
5113:Alcázar of Seville: Upper Apartments
4899:Risco Caído and the Sacred Mountains
4612:Monastery of Saint Mary of Guadalupe
4516:San Millán Yuso and Suso Monasteries
4049:Al-Andalus: the art of Islamic Spain
3974:Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain
3555:. Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques.
2767:Journal for the History of Astronomy
795:adding citations to reliable sources
4676:University and Historic Precinct of
3553:L'architecture musulmane d'Occident
267:
5432:Palacio del Fuerte de Buenos Aires
4697:Archaeological Ensemble of Tarraco
4626:, a landscape of Arts and Sciences
4539:Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests
4480:Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests
1940:"Caliphate City of Medina Azahara"
1686:Architectural influence and legacy
1144:Upper Basilical Hall (Dar al-Jund)
317:. It served as the capital of the
25:
5499:Archaeological sites in Andalusia
5231:Alcázar of the Caliphs of Córdoba
5165:Casita del Príncipe (El Escorial)
4552:Archaeological Ensemble of Mérida
3823:Moorish Architecture in Andalusia
1762:, which belonged to the reign of
5534:Tourist attractions in Andalusia
5514:Former populated places in Spain
5474:
5473:
5236:Alcázar of the Catholic Monarchs
5207:
4228:
3992:Vallejo Triano, Antonio (2007).
1616:
1604:
1483:
1471:
1129:
1117:
931:
919:
771:
209:Delimitación de Madinat al-Zahra
137:Caliphate City of Medina Azahara
5544:Archaeological museums in Spain
5447:Palacio del Gobernador de Agaña
5134:Convent of Las Descalzas Reales
4636:Route of Santiago de Compostela
4511:Route of Santiago de Compostela
4437:Route of Santiago de Compostela
4125:Alcázar de los Reyes Cristianos
1938:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage.
1836:Aga Khan Award for Architecture
1035:The upper levels (palace areas)
977:, the privileged area near the
782:needs additional citations for
701:political power was assumed by
449:, which had formerly ruled the
5170:Casita del Príncipe (El Pardo)
4496:Mudéjar Architecture of Aragon
3953:Islamic Gardens and Landscapes
3950:Ruggles, D. Fairchild (2008).
3929:Ruggles, D. Fairchild (2000).
3904:Ruggles, D. Fairchild (1991).
3713:McLean, Renwick (2005-08-16).
1331:The House of the Water Basin (
1071:Bab al-Sudda (eastern portico)
392:, holds that the city's name,
321:and its center of government.
1:
5559:World Heritage Sites in Spain
5504:Moorish architecture in Spain
4793:General Archive of the Indies
4571:with its Extra-mural Churches
4170:Plaza de Toros de los Califas
3113:Capilla, Susan Calvo (2014).
5402:Edificio de las Casas reales
4145:Hospital of Cardenal Salazar
3593:Barrucand & Bednorz 1992
3569:Barrucand & Bednorz 1992
3399:Barrucand & Bednorz 1992
3171:Barrucand & Bednorz 1992
2835:Barrucand & Bednorz 1992
2741:Barrucand & Bednorz 1992
2699:Barrucand & Bednorz 1992
2423:Barrucand & Bednorz 1992
2304:"Pyxide au nom d'al-Mughira"
2216:Barrucand & Bednorz 1992
2172:Barrucand & Bednorz 1992
1970:Barrucand & Bednorz 1992
1793:Archaeology and conservation
1435:Floor plan of the Salón Rico
1156:, partly reconstructed today
532:Construction and development
5336:Royal Palace of Tordesillas
5195:Colegio de Doncellas Nobles
5180:Pantheon of Illustrious Men
4711:Palau de la Música Catalana
4265:San Juan y Todos los Santos
4112:Historic centre of Córdoba
4021:. Brill. pp. 271–303.
3841:Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020).
3784:. Oxford University Press.
2568:. In Meri, Josef W. (ed.).
2542:, p. 111–113, 123–125.
862:There was also a quarry of
305:(912–961), a member of the
278:
5580:
5346:Palacio Real de Valladolid
5103:La Granja de San Ildefonso
4904:San Cristóbal de La Laguna
4865:, Biodiversity and Culture
4812:Historic Centre of Córdoba
2787:10.1177/002182869502600305
2572:. Routledge. p. 176.
1832:Nieto Sobejano Arquitectos
1098:(a term later used in the
297:. Its remains are a major
127:UNESCO World Heritage Site
5470:
5331:Royal Palace of Pedralbes
5326:Royal Palace of Perpignan
5256:Castle Alcázar of Segorbe
5205:
5139:Convent of La Encarnación
4917:
4854:Cultural Landscape of the
4802:Dolmens Site of Antequera
4741:Silk Exchange in Valencia
4456:
4384:
4226:
4210:Hospital de San Sebastián
4155:Mills of the Guadalquivir
3868:. New York: Basic Books.
3862:Catlos, Brian A. (2018).
3847:. Yale University Press.
3646:Wilbaux, Quentin (2001).
3551:Marçais, Georges (1954).
3131:10.1163/22118993-00311P02
955:The congregational mosque
413:, "Victorious City", now
249:
245:
199:Spanish Cultural Heritage
192:
120:
42:
35:
5529:Persian gardens in Spain
5462:Royal Palace of Brussels
5361:Valldemossa Charterhouse
4822:Renaissance Monuments of
4501:Pirineos - Monte Perdido
4000:. Brill. pp. 3–26.
3380:www.museosdeandalucia.es
2852:www.museosdeandalucia.es
2564:Fierro, Maribel (2005).
1319:House of the Water Basin
837:in the foothills of the
731:Abd al-Malik al-Muzaffar
425:, who was also known as
187:Europe and North America
36:
5351:Royal Alcázar of Madrid
5316:Royal Palace of Estella
5301:Palacio de la Magdalena
5190:Convent of Santa Isabel
4586:Historic Walled Town of
4427:Kingdom of the Asturias
4290:San Nicolás de la Villa
4245:Juramento de San Rafael
3636:, p. 18-20, 69-70.
3350:, p. 39-40, 88-89.
1799:Ricardo Velázquez Bosco
1764:Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik
889:Architecture and layout
725:Decline and destruction
526:Great Mosque of Córdoba
5387:Royal Palace of Naples
5185:Convent of San Pascual
5144:Convent of Santa Clara
4959:Bosnia and Herzegovina
4557:Archaeological Site of
4464:
4442:Santiago de Compostela
4316:Alcázar of the Caliphs
3883:Kennedy, Hugh (1996).
3778:Arnold, Felix (2017).
1826:
1716:decoration, carved in
1644:
1555:
1518:
1456:
1436:
1396:
1333:Vivienda de la Alberca
1328:
1262:
1250:
1224:
1212:
1165:
1157:
1062:in Spanish). It had a
1054:
1009:
964:
830:
653:
545:
363:Ibn Abi Amir al-Mansur
325:his great rivals, the
5437:Palacio Real de Quito
5321:Royal Palace of Olite
4746:Works of Antoni Gaudí
4594:Monastery and Site of
4462:
4275:Santa María Magdalena
1824:
1787:Moroccan architecture
1694:(also referred to as
1642:
1553:
1516:
1454:
1434:
1394:
1326:
1260:
1248:
1222:
1210:
1163:
1151:
1080:: a long row of huge
1052:
1007:
969:congregational mosque
962:
828:
644:
539:
351:congregational mosque
5554:Islamic art of Spain
5539:Museums in Andalusia
5392:Palazzo dei Normanni
5311:Palacio de la Ribera
4870:Prehistoric Sites of
4807:Doñana National Park
4717:Hospital de Sant Pau
4374:World Heritage Sites
4165:Palacio de la Merced
2956:, p. 22, 75-77.
1696:Moorish architecture
1692:Islamic architecture
1664:Water infrastructure
1185:("Eastern Hall") or
791:improve this article
445:was a member of the
319:Caliphate of Córdoba
5296:Palace of Charles V
5063:Patrimonio Nacional
5053:Spanish Royal sites
4909:Teide National Park
4857:Serra de Tramuntana
4581:Old Town of Cáceres
4432:Roman walls of Lugo
4066:Columbia "briefing"
3539:Vallejo Triano 2007
3363:Vallejo Triano 1992
3261:Vallejo Triano 1992
3237:Vallejo Triano 1992
3213:Vallejo Triano 2007
3144:Vallejo Triano 2007
3013:Vallejo Triano 1992
2886:Vallejo Triano 2007
2808:Vallejo Triano 1992
2779:1995JHA....26..253K
2648:Vallejo Triano 2007
2636:Vallejo Triano 2007
2455:Vallejo Triano 1992
2262:Vallejo Triano 2007
2231:Vallejo Triano 2007
2193:Vallejo Triano 2007
2118:Vallejo Triano 2007
2106:Vallejo Triano 2023
2074:Vallejo Triano 1992
1898:Vallejo Triano 2007
1585:, oleander, basil,
1040:Gates and entrances
647:Pyxis of al-Mughira
378:World Heritage Site
225:Archaeological site
86: /
32:
5427:Palacio de Pizarro
5407:Palacio del Virrey
5356:Torre de la Parada
5291:Monastery of Yuste
5251:Buen Retiro Palace
5226:Alcázar of Segovia
5175:Casita del Infante
5060:Royal sites of the
4921:Shared with other
4547:Cultural Landscape
4465:
4104:Córdoba, Andalusia
3719:The New York Times
3595:, p. 103-104.
2755:, p. 128-129.
2607:, p. 125-132.
2595:, p. 124-125.
2515:, p. 115-117.
2481:, p. 110-111.
2469:, p. 142-143.
2384:, p. 139-141.
2041:, p. 139-140.
1883:, p. 152-153.
1827:
1647:The Lower Garden (
1645:
1558:The Upper Garden (
1556:
1519:
1457:
1437:
1397:
1329:
1278:geometric patterns
1263:
1251:
1225:
1213:
1198:Alcázar of Córdoba
1166:
1158:
1055:
1010:
965:
831:
719:Guadalquivir River
709:(chamberlain) and
654:
546:
495:Emirate of Córdoba
238:Reference no.
173:Reference no.
49:Reception hall of
5486:
5485:
5409:(present-day the
5341:Palau Reial Major
5261:Castle of Bellver
5203:
5202:
5019:
5018:
4726:Palmeral of Elche
4679:Alcalá de Henares
4485:Caves of Altamira
4450:Tower of Hercules
4407:Caves of Altamira
4340:
4339:
4180:Puerta del Puente
4028:978-90-04-52415-6
4007:978-90-04-16227-3
3413:, p. 69, 83.
2579:978-1-135-45603-0
1768:al-Qasr ar-Rusafa
1700:two-tiered arches
1672:running from the
1386:
1183:Majlis ash-Sharqi
823:
822:
815:
715:Madinat Az-Zahira
687:Madinat az-Zahira
507:Fatimid Caliphate
479:Iberian Peninsula
455:Umayyad Caliphate
443:Abd ar-Rahman III
429:("the Radiant").
411:Madinat al-Qahira
303:Abd ar-Rahman III
288:
276:
253:
252:
51:Abd ar-Rahman III
16:(Redirected from
5571:
5477:
5476:
5281:Madinat al-Zahra
5266:Castle of Burgos
5211:
5068:
5046:
5039:
5032:
5023:
4877:
4871:
4866:
4855:
4846:Balearic Islands
4829:
4823:
4817:Madinat al-Zahra
4798:
4791:
4779:
4772:
4722:
4715:
4702:
4677:
4669:
4668:Historic City of
4656:
4650:
4642:
4627:
4621:
4595:
4587:
4576:Burgos Cathedral
4572:
4566:
4558:
4548:
4489:
4446:
4425:
4419:
4411:
4367:
4360:
4353:
4344:
4332:Madinat al-Zahra
4232:
4160:Mosque–Cathedral
4140:Episcopal Palace
4096:
4089:
4082:
4073:
4032:
4011:
3988:
3967:
3946:
3925:
3916:(1/2): 129–140.
3900:
3879:
3858:
3837:
3816:
3795:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3747:
3741:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3702:. 13 March 2020.
3692:
3686:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3643:
3637:
3631:
3625:
3619:
3613:
3612:, p. 45-47.
3607:
3596:
3590:
3584:
3578:
3572:
3566:
3557:
3556:
3548:
3542:
3536:
3530:
3529:, p. 85-86.
3524:
3518:
3517:, p. 69-70.
3512:
3501:
3500:, p. 94-95.
3495:
3489:
3488:, p. 93-95.
3483:
3477:
3471:
3465:
3459:
3450:
3444:
3433:
3427:
3414:
3408:
3402:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3372:
3366:
3360:
3351:
3345:
3339:
3333:
3327:
3326:, p. 88-92.
3321:
3310:
3309:, p. 83-95.
3304:
3298:
3292:
3281:
3275:
3264:
3258:
3252:
3251:, p. 98-99.
3246:
3240:
3234:
3228:
3222:
3216:
3215:, p. 12-19.
3210:
3204:
3203:, p. 71-73.
3198:
3189:
3183:
3174:
3173:, p. 63-64.
3168:
3162:
3156:
3147:
3146:, p. 19-23.
3141:
3135:
3134:
3110:
3097:
3096:, p. 95-97.
3091:
3085:
3079:
3073:
3072:, p. 67-68.
3067:
3061:
3060:, p. 65-68.
3055:
3046:
3045:, p. 68-69.
3040:
3031:
3025:
3016:
3010:
3004:
2998:
2987:
2986:, p. 80-81.
2981:
2972:
2966:
2957:
2951:
2945:
2944:, p. 79-80.
2939:
2933:
2927:
2918:
2917:, p. 79-82.
2912:
2906:
2900:
2889:
2883:
2874:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2844:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2825:, p. 53-54.
2820:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2744:
2738:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2702:
2696:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2674:, p. 62-63.
2669:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2516:
2510:
2499:
2493:
2482:
2476:
2470:
2464:
2458:
2452:
2443:
2437:
2426:
2425:, p. 66-68.
2420:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2396:
2385:
2379:
2370:
2364:
2351:
2345:
2334:
2328:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2300:
2294:
2288:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2234:
2228:
2219:
2213:
2196:
2195:, p. 13-25.
2190:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2162:, p. 55-56.
2157:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2121:
2120:, p. 12-13.
2115:
2109:
2103:
2094:
2093:, p. 60-61.
2088:
2077:
2071:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2029:, p. 98-99.
2024:
2018:
2012:
2003:
1997:
1988:
1982:
1973:
1967:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1910:
1901:
1895:
1884:
1878:
1863:
1857:
1785:, as well as in
1712:. The extensive
1635:The Lower Garden
1620:
1608:
1579:archaeobotanical
1570:, also known as
1487:
1475:
1418:The service area
1187:Majlis al-Gharbi
1133:
1121:
1082:horseshoe arches
967:The city's main
935:
923:
913:Plan of the city
818:
811:
807:
804:
798:
775:
767:
685:Construction of
407:Madinat as-Salam
283:
281:
279:Madīnat az-Zahrā
271:
269:
256:Madinat al-Zahra
168:
115:Madinat al-Zahra
101:
100:
98:
97:
96:
91:
90:37.888°N 4.867°W
87:
84:
83:
82:
79:
47:
33:
31:Madinat al-Zahra
21:
5579:
5578:
5574:
5573:
5572:
5570:
5569:
5568:
5489:
5488:
5487:
5482:
5466:
5411:National Palace
5371:
5365:
5271:Del Real Palace
5218:
5212:
5199:
5153:
5122:
5061:
5055:
5050:
5020:
5015:
4987:North Macedonia
4913:
4880:
4875:
4869:
4864:
4853:
4840:
4827:
4821:
4796:
4789:
4777:
4770:
4750:
4720:
4713:
4700:
4683:
4675:
4667:
4654:
4648:
4640:
4625:
4619:
4617:Paseo del Prado
4593:
4585:
4570:
4564:
4556:
4546:
4525:
4487:
4466:
4454:
4444:
4423:
4417:
4409:
4393:
4380:
4371:
4341:
4336:
4320:
4304:
4233:
4224:
4190:Roman mausoleum
4150:Malmuerta Tower
4130:Calahorra Tower
4106:
4100:
4039:
4029:
4014:
4008:
3991:
3985:
3970:
3964:
3949:
3943:
3928:
3910:Islamic Studies
3903:
3897:
3882:
3876:
3861:
3855:
3840:
3834:
3819:
3813:
3798:
3792:
3777:
3774:
3769:
3768:
3759:
3757:
3749:
3748:
3744:
3736:
3732:
3723:
3721:
3712:
3711:
3707:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3684:
3680:
3670:
3669:
3665:
3658:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3632:
3628:
3620:
3616:
3608:
3599:
3591:
3587:
3579:
3575:
3567:
3560:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3541:, p. 8-12.
3537:
3533:
3525:
3521:
3513:
3504:
3496:
3492:
3484:
3480:
3472:
3468:
3460:
3453:
3445:
3436:
3428:
3417:
3409:
3405:
3397:
3393:
3384:
3382:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3361:
3354:
3346:
3342:
3334:
3330:
3322:
3313:
3305:
3301:
3293:
3284:
3276:
3267:
3259:
3255:
3247:
3243:
3235:
3231:
3223:
3219:
3211:
3207:
3199:
3192:
3184:
3177:
3169:
3165:
3157:
3150:
3142:
3138:
3112:
3111:
3100:
3092:
3088:
3080:
3076:
3068:
3064:
3056:
3049:
3041:
3034:
3026:
3019:
3011:
3007:
2999:
2990:
2982:
2975:
2967:
2960:
2952:
2948:
2940:
2936:
2928:
2921:
2913:
2909:
2901:
2892:
2884:
2877:
2869:
2865:
2856:
2854:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2833:
2829:
2821:
2814:
2806:
2802:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2751:
2747:
2739:
2732:
2724:
2720:
2712:
2705:
2697:
2690:
2682:
2678:
2670:
2666:
2658:
2654:
2646:
2642:
2634:
2630:
2622:
2611:
2603:
2599:
2591:
2587:
2580:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2550:
2546:
2538:
2534:
2526:
2519:
2511:
2502:
2494:
2485:
2477:
2473:
2465:
2461:
2453:
2446:
2438:
2429:
2421:
2417:
2409:
2405:
2397:
2388:
2380:
2373:
2365:
2354:
2346:
2337:
2329:
2322:
2313:
2311:
2308:Musée du Louvre
2302:
2301:
2297:
2289:
2280:
2272:
2268:
2260:
2256:
2248:
2237:
2229:
2222:
2214:
2199:
2191:
2178:
2170:
2166:
2158:
2151:
2143:
2139:
2131:
2124:
2116:
2112:
2104:
2097:
2089:
2080:
2072:
2045:
2037:
2033:
2025:
2021:
2013:
2006:
1998:
1991:
1983:
1976:
1968:
1957:
1948:
1946:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1923:
1921:
1912:
1911:
1904:
1896:
1887:
1879:
1866:
1858:
1849:
1844:
1819:
1795:
1750:Persian gardens
1688:
1666:
1637:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1621:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1548:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1488:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1429:
1420:
1389:
1387:House of Ja'far
1321:
1295:
1243:
1202:Majlis al-Kamil
1146:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1073:
1047:
1042:
1037:
957:
948:
946:The lower level
943:
942:
941:
940:
939:
936:
928:
927:
924:
915:
914:
896:
891:
819:
808:
802:
799:
788:
776:
765:
727:
691:
639:
534:
475:Abd ar-Rahman I
453:as head of the
447:Umayyad dynasty
440:
435:
386:
339:Abbasid Caliphs
327:Fatimid Caliphs
307:Umayyad dynasty
293:in present-day
201:
162:
129:
94:
92:
88:
85:
80:
77:
75:
73:
72:
53:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5577:
5575:
5567:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5509:Ruins in Spain
5506:
5501:
5491:
5490:
5484:
5483:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5378:
5376:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5286:Miramar Palace
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5222:
5220:
5214:
5213:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5200:
5198:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5161:
5159:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5130:
5128:
5124:
5123:
5121:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5085:
5080:
5074:
5072:
5065:
5057:
5056:
5051:
5049:
5048:
5041:
5034:
5026:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5013:
4971:Czech Republic
4943:
4937:
4931:
4925:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4912:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4890:
4888:
4886:Canary Islands
4882:
4881:
4879:
4878:
4867:
4859:
4850:
4848:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4838:
4833:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4780:
4760:
4758:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4708:
4703:
4693:
4691:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4681:
4673:
4665:
4660:
4646:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4591:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4562:
4554:
4549:
4541:
4535:
4533:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4523:
4521:Vizcaya Bridge
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4482:
4476:
4474:
4468:
4467:
4457:
4455:
4453:
4452:
4447:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4415:
4403:
4401:
4395:
4394:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4362:
4355:
4347:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4334:
4328:
4326:
4325:Outlying sites
4322:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4241:
4239:
4235:
4234:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4222:
4220:Torre de Belén
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4175:Public Library
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4135:Caliphal Baths
4132:
4127:
4122:
4116:
4114:
4108:
4107:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4091:
4084:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4068:by Prof. Dodds
4063:
4058:
4052:
4046:
4038:
4037:External links
4035:
4034:
4033:
4027:
4012:
4006:
3989:
3983:
3968:
3962:
3947:
3941:
3926:
3901:
3895:
3880:
3874:
3859:
3853:
3838:
3832:
3817:
3811:
3796:
3790:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3742:
3730:
3705:
3687:
3678:
3663:
3656:
3638:
3626:
3614:
3597:
3585:
3573:
3558:
3543:
3531:
3519:
3502:
3490:
3478:
3466:
3451:
3434:
3415:
3403:
3391:
3367:
3352:
3340:
3328:
3311:
3299:
3282:
3265:
3253:
3241:
3229:
3227:, p. 100.
3217:
3205:
3190:
3175:
3163:
3148:
3136:
3098:
3086:
3074:
3062:
3047:
3032:
3017:
3005:
2988:
2973:
2958:
2946:
2934:
2919:
2907:
2890:
2875:
2863:
2839:
2827:
2812:
2800:
2773:(3): 253–274.
2757:
2745:
2730:
2718:
2703:
2688:
2676:
2664:
2652:
2640:
2638:, p. 4-5.
2628:
2609:
2597:
2585:
2578:
2556:
2554:, p. 329.
2544:
2532:
2530:, p. 114.
2517:
2500:
2483:
2471:
2459:
2444:
2427:
2415:
2403:
2386:
2371:
2352:
2335:
2333:, p. 141.
2320:
2295:
2278:
2266:
2254:
2235:
2220:
2197:
2176:
2164:
2149:
2137:
2135:, p. 140.
2122:
2110:
2108:, p. 274.
2095:
2078:
2043:
2031:
2019:
2004:
1989:
1974:
1955:
1944:whc.unesco.org
1930:
1902:
1885:
1864:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1818:
1815:
1810:New York Times
1794:
1791:
1704:horseshoe arch
1687:
1684:
1670:Roman aqueduct
1665:
1662:
1636:
1633:
1622:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1568:Islamic garden
1547:
1544:
1489:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1428:
1425:
1419:
1416:
1388:
1385:
1320:
1317:
1294:
1291:
1242:
1239:
1145:
1142:
1135:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1086:Plaza de Armas
1072:
1069:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
956:
953:
947:
944:
937:
930:
929:
925:
918:
917:
916:
912:
911:
910:
909:
895:
892:
890:
887:
821:
820:
779:
777:
770:
764:
761:
741:, the king of
726:
723:
690:
683:
638:
635:
627:for Ja'far, a
621:Constantinople
533:
530:
439:
436:
434:
431:
419:Jonathan Bloom
385:
382:
309:and the first
299:archaeological
260:Medina Azahara
251:
250:
247:
246:
243:
242:
239:
235:
234:
231:
227:
226:
223:
219:
218:
215:
211:
210:
207:
203:
202:
197:
194:
193:
190:
189:
184:
180:
179:
174:
170:
169:
159:
155:
154:
151:
147:
146:
143:
139:
138:
135:
131:
130:
125:
122:
121:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
103:
102:
95:37.888; -4.867
70:
66:
65:
59:
55:
54:
48:
40:
39:
37:Medina Azahara
26:
24:
18:Medina Azahara
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5576:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5496:
5494:
5481:
5469:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5412:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5397:Palazzo Regio
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5368:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5219:Royal Palaces
5215:
5210:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5156:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5125:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5093:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5071:Royal Palaces
5069:
5066:
5064:
5058:
5054:
5047:
5042:
5040:
5035:
5033:
5028:
5027:
5024:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4942:
4938:
4936:
4932:
4930:
4926:
4924:
4920:
4919:
4916:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4887:
4883:
4874:
4868:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4847:
4843:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4826:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4794:
4788:
4784:
4781:
4775:
4769:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4757:
4753:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4718:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4690:
4686:
4680:
4674:
4672:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4653:
4647:
4645:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4624:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4592:
4590:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4569:
4563:
4561:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4528:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4469:
4463:Flag of Spain
4461:
4451:
4448:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4422:
4416:
4414:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4390:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4368:
4363:
4361:
4356:
4354:
4349:
4348:
4345:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4323:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4307:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4250:San Bartolomé
4248:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4236:
4231:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4195:Royal Stables
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4102:Landmarks of
4097:
4092:
4090:
4085:
4083:
4078:
4077:
4074:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4056:
4053:
4050:
4047:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4036:
4030:
4024:
4020:
4019:
4013:
4009:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3990:
3986:
3980:
3976:
3975:
3969:
3965:
3963:9780812207286
3959:
3955:
3954:
3948:
3944:
3942:9780271042725
3938:
3934:
3933:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3902:
3898:
3896:9781317870418
3892:
3889:. Routledge.
3888:
3887:
3881:
3877:
3875:9780465055876
3871:
3867:
3866:
3860:
3856:
3854:9780300218701
3850:
3846:
3845:
3839:
3835:
3833:9783822896327
3829:
3825:
3824:
3818:
3814:
3812:9788493205171
3808:
3804:
3803:
3797:
3793:
3791:9780190624552
3787:
3783:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3771:
3756:
3752:
3746:
3743:
3739:
3734:
3731:
3720:
3716:
3709:
3706:
3701:
3697:
3691:
3688:
3682:
3679:
3674:
3667:
3664:
3659:
3653:
3649:
3642:
3639:
3635:
3630:
3627:
3624:, p. 70.
3623:
3618:
3615:
3611:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3589:
3586:
3583:, p. 57.
3582:
3577:
3574:
3571:, p. 68.
3570:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3554:
3547:
3544:
3540:
3535:
3532:
3528:
3523:
3520:
3516:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3482:
3479:
3476:, p. 94.
3475:
3470:
3467:
3464:, p. 69.
3463:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3449:, p. 85.
3448:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3432:, p. 87.
3431:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3407:
3404:
3401:, p. 67.
3400:
3395:
3392:
3381:
3377:
3371:
3368:
3365:, p. 33.
3364:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3344:
3341:
3338:, p. 92.
3337:
3332:
3329:
3325:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3303:
3300:
3297:, p. 88.
3296:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3280:, p. 55.
3279:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3263:, p. 38.
3262:
3257:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3242:
3239:, p. 36.
3238:
3233:
3230:
3226:
3221:
3218:
3214:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3188:, p. 71.
3187:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3167:
3164:
3161:, p. 97.
3160:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3140:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3090:
3087:
3084:, p. 68.
3083:
3078:
3075:
3071:
3066:
3063:
3059:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3030:, p. 65.
3029:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3015:, p. 31.
3014:
3009:
3006:
3003:, p. 83.
3002:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2971:, p. 77.
2970:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2950:
2947:
2943:
2938:
2935:
2932:, p. 54.
2931:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2908:
2905:, p. 79.
2904:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2888:, p. 23.
2887:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2873:, p. 76.
2872:
2867:
2864:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2837:, p. 65.
2836:
2831:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2810:, p. 35.
2809:
2804:
2801:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2749:
2746:
2743:, p. 64.
2742:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2728:, p. 64.
2727:
2722:
2719:
2716:, p. 53.
2715:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2701:, p. 63.
2700:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2686:, p. 52.
2685:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2665:
2662:, p. 61.
2661:
2656:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2629:
2626:, p. 63.
2625:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2586:
2581:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2460:
2457:, p. 34.
2456:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2442:, p. 81.
2441:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2416:
2413:, p. 95.
2412:
2407:
2404:
2401:, p. 58.
2400:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2296:
2293:, p. 98.
2292:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2276:, p. 74.
2275:
2270:
2267:
2264:, p. 24.
2263:
2258:
2255:
2252:, p. 93.
2251:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2233:, p. 14.
2232:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2218:, p. 66.
2217:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2174:, p. 62.
2173:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2147:, p. 62.
2146:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1987:, p. 60.
1986:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1972:, p. 61.
1971:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1931:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1862:, p. 51.
1861:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1823:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1800:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1745:
1743:
1742:Islamic world
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1675:
1674:Sierra Morena
1671:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1655:
1650:
1641:
1634:
1632:
1619:
1607:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1561:
1552:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1515:
1511:
1509:
1504:
1493:
1486:
1474:
1465:
1463:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1433:
1426:
1424:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1393:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1325:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1269:
1259:
1255:
1247:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1221:
1217:
1209:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1173:
1171:
1162:
1155:
1150:
1143:
1132:
1120:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1064:bent entrance
1061:
1051:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1006:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
987:
982:
981:
976:
975:
970:
961:
954:
952:
945:
934:
922:
908:
904:
902:
893:
888:
886:
884:
880:
875:
871:
867:
865:
860:
858:
857:
852:
848:
844:
843:Jabal al-Arus
840:
839:Sierra Morena
836:
827:
817:
814:
806:
796:
792:
786:
785:
780:This section
778:
774:
769:
768:
762:
760:
758:
756:
750:
748:
744:
740:
736:
735:Abd ar-Rahman
732:
724:
722:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
688:
684:
682:
678:
674:
672:
666:
664:
660:
652:
651:Louvre Museum
648:
643:
636:
634:
632:
631:
624:
622:
618:
615:, and in the
614:
610:
606:
600:
597:
593:
589:
584:
580:
574:
572:
568:
564:
561:thousands of
558:
556:
552:
543:
538:
531:
529:
527:
523:
518:
516:
512:
508:
502:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
457:. The title "
456:
452:
451:Islamic world
448:
444:
437:
432:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
403:
399:
395:
391:
383:
381:
379:
376:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
286:
280:
274:
268:مدينة الزهراء
265:
261:
257:
248:
244:
241:RI-55-0000379
240:
232:
224:
216:
208:
206:Official name
200:
191:
188:
185:
178:
175:
166:
160:
152:
144:
136:
134:Official name
128:
119:
116:
113:
109:
104:
99:
71:
67:
63:
60:
56:
52:
46:
41:
34:
19:
5382:Castel Nuovo
5373:Sub-national
5280:
5118:La Almudaina
4945:Shared with
4939:Shared with
4933:Shared with
4927:Shared with
4816:
4731:Poblet Abbey
4658:its Aqueduct
4418:Monuments of
4386:
4331:
4280:Santa Marina
4200:Roman temple
4185:Roman bridge
4017:
3997:
3973:
3952:
3931:
3913:
3909:
3885:
3864:
3843:
3822:
3801:
3780:
3772:Bibliography
3758:. Retrieved
3755:www.akdn.org
3754:
3745:
3733:
3722:. Retrieved
3718:
3708:
3699:
3690:
3681:
3672:
3666:
3647:
3641:
3629:
3617:
3610:Ruggles 2008
3588:
3576:
3552:
3546:
3534:
3522:
3493:
3481:
3469:
3406:
3394:
3383:. Retrieved
3379:
3370:
3343:
3331:
3302:
3256:
3244:
3232:
3220:
3208:
3166:
3139:
3122:
3118:
3089:
3077:
3065:
3008:
2949:
2937:
2910:
2866:
2855:. Retrieved
2851:
2842:
2830:
2803:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2748:
2721:
2679:
2667:
2655:
2650:, p. 5.
2643:
2631:
2605:Kennedy 1996
2600:
2593:Kennedy 1996
2588:
2569:
2559:
2552:Bariani 2002
2547:
2540:Ruggles 2000
2535:
2528:Kennedy 1996
2496:Bariani 2002
2479:Kennedy 1996
2474:
2462:
2418:
2406:
2312:. Retrieved
2307:
2298:
2269:
2257:
2167:
2140:
2113:
2034:
2027:Kennedy 1996
2022:
2000:Kennedy 1996
1947:. Retrieved
1943:
1933:
1922:. Retrieved
1920:. 2013-04-06
1917:
1900:, p. 3.
1881:Ruggles 2008
1828:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1789:and beyond.
1778:
1772:
1767:
1757:
1753:
1746:
1724:and Abbasid
1707:
1689:
1667:
1658:
1648:
1646:
1629:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1557:
1540:
1536:tree of life
1527:
1520:
1500:
1490:The central
1462:blind arches
1458:
1440:
1438:
1421:
1408:
1401:
1398:
1377:
1350:
1338:
1332:
1330:
1308:
1296:
1286:
1282:blind arcade
1271:
1264:
1252:
1235:
1226:
1214:
1201:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1153:
1103:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1074:
1060:Puerta Norte
1059:
1056:
1028:
1013:
1011:
994:
990:
984:
978:
972:
966:
949:
905:
900:
897:
876:
872:
868:
861:
854:
842:
832:
809:
800:
789:Please help
784:verification
781:
754:
751:
728:
714:
710:
706:
703:Ibn Abi Amir
698:
692:
686:
679:
675:
667:
655:
628:
625:
601:
591:
587:
575:
559:
555:dar al-sikka
554:
547:
519:
511:North Africa
503:
441:
426:
410:
406:
397:
393:
387:
371:
335:North Africa
323:
259:
255:
254:
5306:El Quexigal
5127:Monasteries
5083:El Escorial
5007:Switzerland
4663:Siega Verde
4649:Old Town of
4641:Old City of
4623:Buen Retiro
4607:Las Médulas
4597:El Escorial
4565:Old Town of
4270:San Lorenzo
4255:Santa Clara
4205:Roman walls
3826:. Taschen.
3634:Arnold 2017
3622:Arnold 2017
3527:Arnold 2017
3515:Arnold 2017
3498:Arnold 2017
3486:Arnold 2017
3474:Arnold 2017
3462:Arnold 2017
3447:Arnold 2017
3430:Arnold 2017
3411:Arnold 2017
3348:Arnold 2017
3336:Arnold 2017
3324:Arnold 2017
3307:Arnold 2017
3295:Arnold 2017
3249:Arnold 2017
3225:Arnold 2017
3201:Arnold 2017
3186:Arnold 2017
3159:Arnold 2017
3094:Arnold 2017
3082:Arnold 2017
3070:Arnold 2017
3058:Arnold 2017
3043:Arnold 2017
3028:Arnold 2017
3001:Arnold 2017
2984:Arnold 2017
2969:Arnold 2017
2954:Arnold 2017
2942:Arnold 2017
2915:Arnold 2017
2903:Arnold 2017
2871:Arnold 2017
2726:Arnold 2017
2672:Arnold 2017
2660:Arnold 2017
2624:Arnold 2017
2513:Arnold 2017
2467:Catlos 2018
2440:Arnold 2017
2411:Arnold 2017
2382:Catlos 2018
2367:Arnold 2017
2331:Catlos 2018
2291:Arnold 2017
2274:Arnold 2017
2250:Arnold 2017
2145:Arnold 2017
2133:Catlos 2018
2091:Arnold 2017
2039:Catlos 2018
2015:Catlos 2018
1985:Arnold 2017
1754:chahar bagh
1649:Jardin Bajo
1573:chahar bagh
1560:Jardín Alto
1241:Dar al-Mulk
1178:Dar al-Jund
1170:Dar al-Jund
1154:Dar al-Jund
859:(citadel).
851:Middle Ages
757:(civil war)
689:by Almanzor
619:capital of
588:Dar al-Jund
347:Al-Hakam II
233:1 July 2003
217:Non-movable
93: /
69:Coordinates
5493:Categories
5276:Generalife
4768:Generalife
4472:North East
4445:(Old Town)
4399:North West
4309:Demolished
4285:San Miguel
4260:Santa Cruz
3984:0870996371
3760:2021-05-05
3724:2010-05-12
3657:2747523888
3581:Bloom 2020
3385:2021-05-12
3278:Bloom 2020
2930:Bloom 2020
2857:2021-05-10
2823:Bloom 2020
2753:Bloom 2020
2714:Bloom 2020
2684:Bloom 2020
2399:Bloom 2020
2348:Bloom 2020
2314:2021-05-05
2160:Bloom 2020
1949:2018-07-01
1924:2021-05-05
1860:Bloom 2020
1842:References
1834:, won the
1587:alexanders
1441:Salón Rico
1300:sarcophagi
1045:North Gate
847:Versailles
609:Ibn Idhari
592:Salón Rico
571:sarcophagi
483:Al-Andalus
463:overthrown
438:Background
390:al-Maqqari
315:Al-Andalus
230:Designated
158:Designated
106:Site notes
78:37°53′17″N
5246:Aljafería
4894:Garajonay
4873:Talayotic
4783:Cathedral
4721:Barcelona
4701:Tarragona
4644:Salamanca
4560:Atapuerca
4300:San Pedro
4295:San Pablo
4215:Synagogue
4120:Albolafia
3700:The Times
2795:117528323
2566:"Cordoba"
1918:ArchDaily
1838:in 2010.
1759:ar-Rusafa
1730:basilical
1722:Sassanian
1714:arabesque
1583:hackberry
1524:voussoirs
1346:hypocaust
1287:ar-Rusafa
1274:arabesque
1268:bathhouse
999:ablutions
864:limestone
763:Geography
695:Hisham II
617:Byzantine
583:porticoed
579:basilical
402:concubine
394:az-Zahra'
367:civil war
273:romanized
81:4°52′01″W
5480:Category
5241:Alhambra
5098:Aranjuez
5092:Zarzuela
5088:El Pardo
5003:Slovenia
4999:Slovakia
4963:Bulgaria
4941:Portugal
4935:Slovenia
4923:region/s
4774:Albaicín
4764:Alhambra
4544:Aranjuez
4238:Churches
3922:20840030
3675:. Brill.
3125:: 1–33.
3119:Muqarnas
1783:Alhambra
1358:oleander
1354:lavender
1304:Meleager
1194:basilica
1095:mechouar
894:Overview
883:barracks
803:May 2021
747:Muhammad
699:de facto
567:Ifriqiya
497:. While
467:Abbasids
427:az-Zahra
337:and the
331:Ifriqiya
222:Criteria
150:Criteria
145:Cultural
58:Location
5108:Riofrío
5011:Ukraine
4995:Romania
4979:Germany
4967:Croatia
4955:Belgium
4951:Austria
4947:Albania
4876:Menorca
4797:Seville
4787:Alcázar
4778:Granada
4652:Segovia
4424:and the
2775:Bibcode
1738:vaulted
1595:heather
1532:friezes
1412:latrine
1102:) or a
1100:Maghreb
1078:portico
1020:minaret
974:maqsura
901:al-Qasr
856:Alcázar
849:of the
835:Córdoba
743:Navarre
671:mercury
605:arcades
563:antique
522:Alcázar
487:Córdoba
471:Baghdad
465:by the
433:History
423:Fatimah
398:Azahara
343:Baghdad
291:Córdoba
287:
275::
165:session
153:iii, iv
111:Website
64:, Spain
62:Córdoba
5478:
5370:Former
5217:Former
5078:Madrid
4991:Poland
4975:France
4929:France
4671:Toledo
4589:Cuenca
4531:Centre
4421:Oviedo
4025:
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1817:Museum
1718:relief
1702:. The
1593:, and
1591:jujube
1508:Mahdia
1445:vizier
1374:arcade
1370:celery
1368:, and
1362:myrtle
1342:hammam
1108:ramped
1104:maydan
1029:mihrab
980:mihrab
739:Sancho
661:, and
613:Mahdia
596:vizier
499:Arabic
459:caliph
375:UNESCO
311:caliph
264:Arabic
183:Region
163:(42nd
5375:seats
5158:Other
4983:Italy
4862:Ibiza
4831:Baeza
4825:Úbeda
4756:South
4568:Ávila
4378:Spain
3918:JSTOR
2791:S2CID
2310:. 968
1773:riyad
1734:domed
1709:alfiz
1679:sewer
1528:alfiz
1503:divan
1492:blind
1403:hajib
1379:alfiz
1366:basil
1312:Muses
1090:ḫaṣṣa
1025:naves
995:qibla
991:qibla
986:qibla
879:villa
755:Fitna
711:wazir
707:hajib
663:Latin
659:Greek
630:hajib
515:Sunni
491:emirs
415:Cairo
359:baths
295:Spain
161:2018
5009:and
4689:East
4023:ISBN
4002:ISBN
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3958:ISBN
3937:ISBN
3891:ISBN
3870:ISBN
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3807:ISBN
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1779:riad
1777:(or
1736:and
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1654:flax
1230:dado
1015:sahn
645:The
551:mint
396:(or
384:Name
355:mint
285:lit.
214:Type
177:1560
142:Type
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4790:and
4771:and
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4376:in
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793:by
509:in
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341:in
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