2592:
324:
313:
2568:
238:
49:
433:
441:
2604:
2580:
31:
109:
512:
Melanism, meaning a mutation that results in completely dark skin, does not exist in humans. In humans, the amount of melanin is determined by three dominant alleles (AABBCC), and different ethnicities have varying amounts. Melanin is the primary determinant of the degree of skin pigmentation and
499:
that contribute to the yellow spots of some sub-species are called xanthophores. It appears that the fully-black phenotypes do not ever develop these xanthophores. Alpine salamanders produce a toxin from their skin, and both fully melanistic, black salamanders and spotted individuals produce the
423:
alone ranged from about 1,100 years to about 100,000 years. Melanism in leopards has been hypothesized to be causally associated with a selective advantage for ambush. Other theories are that genes for melanism in felines may provide resistance to viral infections, or a high-altitude adaptation,
222:
against polluted backgrounds. When pollution was later reduced, lighter forms regained the advantage and melanism became less frequent. Other explanations have been proposed, such as that the melanin pigment enhances function of immune defences, or a thermal advantage from the darker coloration.
503:
Studies done that traced DNA histories have suggested that the original alpine salamander phenotype was black with some yellow spots, meaning that the fully black color evolved over time and was thus selected for over many generations.
521:
in skin, so lighter colored skin â less melanin â is an adaptation related to the prehistoric movement of humans away from equatorial regions, as there is less exposure to sunlight at higher latitudes. People from parts of Africa,
460:
is an uncommon and relatively modern breed of chicken from
Indonesia. They have a dominant gene that causes hyperpigmentation (Fibromelanosis), making the chicken entirely black; including feathers, beak, and internal organs.
1079:
Kawanishi, K.; Sunquist, M. E.; Eizirik, E.; Lynam, A. J.; Ngoprasert, D.; Wan
Shahruddin, W. N.; Rayan, D. M.; Sharma, D. S. K.; Steinmetz, R. (2010). "Near fixation of melanism in leopards of the Malay Peninsula".
908:
Mikkola, K., & Rantala, M. J. (2010). Immune defence, a possible nonvisual selective factor behind the industrial melanism of moths (Lepidoptera). Biological
Journal of the Linnean Society, 99(4), 831â838.
88:
Pseudomelanism, also called abundism, is another variant of pigmentation, identifiable by dark spots or enlarged stripes, which cover a large part of the body of the animal, making it appear melanistic.
850:
Majerus, M. E. (2009). Industrial melanism in the peppered moth, Biston betularia: an excellent teaching example of
Darwinian evolution in action. Evolution: Education and Outreach, 2(1), 63â74.
886:
Brakefield, P. M., Liebert, T. G., 2000. Evolutionary dynamics of declining melanism in the peppered moth in the
Netherlands. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Biology 267:1953â1957.
419:, where the non-melanistic morph was never photographed. These data suggest the near fixation of the dark allele in the region. The expected time to fixation of this recessive allele due to
495:
There are four other subspecies of this salamander, and they have varying levels of melanin pigmentation. The subspecies have yellow spots in different concentrations or proportions. The
895:
Grant, B. S., Cook, A. D., Clarke, C. A., & Owen, D. F. (1998). Geographic and temporal variation in the incidence of melanism in peppered moth populations in
America and Britain.
1350:
Burgon, James D.; Vieites, David R.; Jacobs, Arne; Weidt, Stefan K.; Gunter, Helen M.; Steinfartz, Sebastian; Burgess, Karl; Mable, Barbara K.; Elmer, Kathryn R. (April 2020).
1134:
794:
2179:
2113:
2388:
1726:
407:
relative to the spotted form. Pairings of black animals have a significantly smaller litter size than other possible pairings. Between
January 1996 and March 2009,
2040:
2108:
132:
to survive and reproduce in their environment as they are better camouflaged. This makes some species less conspicuous to predators, while others, such as
868:
Cook, L. M., Saccheri, I. J., 2013. The peppered moth and industrial melanism: evolution of a natural selection case study. Journal of
Heredity 110:207â12
2384:
859:
McIntyre, N. E. (2000). Ecology of urban arthropods: a review and a call to action. Annals of the
Entomological Society of America, 93(4), 825â835.
2624:
2123:
2103:
2098:
1806:
2495:
2300:
2629:
2490:
2325:
2315:
2093:
1719:
1535:
1432:"Evolution of the melanistic colour in the Alpine salamander Salamandra atra as revealed by a new subspecies from the Venetian Prealps"
2320:
2240:
1138:
789:
2634:
2025:
1969:
1679:
1655:
835:
730:
365:
for this allele. A 24-base pair deletion causes the incompletely dominant allele for melanism in the jaguarundi. Sequencing of the
1282:"Sex-specific estimates of dispersal show female philopatry and male dispersal in a promiscuous amphibian, the alpine salamander (
1959:
1906:
2443:
2199:
1712:
1555:"Mystery behind labial and oral melanotic macules: Clinical, dermoscopic and pathological aspects of Laugier-Hunziker syndrome"
2305:
1954:
2216:
492:) that is completely black. The pigment comes from a specific cell called a melanophore, which produce the compound melanin.
254:
2035:
1901:
943:
De Jong, P. W., Verhoog, M. D., Brakefield, P. M., 1992. Sperm competition and melanic polymorphism in the 2-spot ladybird,
1159:
415:
in a sampling effort of more than 1000 trap nights. Of 445 photographs of melanistic leopards, 410 were taken south of the
2405:
2364:
2310:
1669:
2558:
2272:
921:
around the Gulf of
Finland as an industrial phenomenon (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae). Annales Zoologici Fennici 25:177â85.
877:
Grant, B. S., Wiseman L. L., 2002. Recent history of melanism in American peppered moths. Journal of Heredity 93:86-90.
2639:
2608:
2359:
2379:
2045:
690:
539:
2221:
2169:
1926:
1921:
1645:
366:
2174:
2128:
2235:
1871:
2262:
2118:
1964:
246:
171:
1234:
1184:
2596:
1801:
1780:
1735:
614:
514:
266:
37:
2374:
934:(ColCoccinellidae) and its relationship to atmospheric pollution. Journal of Applied Ecology 2:451â464.
323:
669:, a partial loss of pigmentation that results in animals with pale or white skin, hair and/or feathers
2398:
2290:
2226:
1829:
1363:
1297:
661:
401:
332:
211:
141:
2020:
1785:
1632:
983:
Eizirik, E.; Yuhki, N.; Johnson, W. E.; Menotti-Raymond, M.; Hannah, S. S.; O'Brien, S. J. (2003).
655:
408:
274:
195:
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2267:
2194:
1994:
1911:
1881:
1641:
1627:
1516:
1459:
1407:
1329:
1061:
1014:
771:
82:
1999:
312:
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1916:
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1204:
1053:
1006:
831:
726:
595:
553:
481:
378:
215:
183:
129:
154:
Adaptive melanism has been shown to occur in a variety of animals, including mammals such as
2567:
2184:
1747:
1576:
1566:
1490:
1443:
1381:
1371:
1305:
1246:
1196:
1089:
1045:
996:
825:
763:
696:
602:
545:
390:
206:
1235:"Pigmentary System of the Adult Alpine Salamander Salamandra atra aurorae (Trevisan, 1982)"
237:
2526:
2246:
2204:
2189:
2159:
2133:
2030:
1876:
798:
598:
412:
404:
397:
270:
48:
1367:
1301:
253:
species and reaches high population frequency in some cases but never achieves complete
92:
The morbid deposition of black matter, often of a malignant character causing pigmented
2584:
2545:
2538:
2516:
2438:
2004:
1944:
1834:
1693:
Fryer, G. 2013. How should the history of industrial melanism in moths be interpreted?
1688:
1581:
1554:
1250:
1200:
684:
644:
587:
573:
527:
179:
136:, use it as a foraging advantage during night hunting. Typically, adaptive melanism is
113:
34:
1281:
1001:
984:
432:
393:, suggesting that melanism arose independently at least four times in the cat family.
2618:
2464:
2393:
2354:
1949:
1520:
1411:
1309:
1185:"Pigmentary System of the Adult Alpine Salamander Salamandra atra atra (Laur., 1768)"
1093:
631:
496:
420:
298:
258:
175:
1704:
1463:
1352:"Functional colour genes and signals of selection in colour-polymorphic salamanders"
1333:
1018:
775:
2231:
2155:
1665:
1065:
610:
601:
holding that dark-skinned humans are the original people from which those of other
440:
374:
362:
137:
74:
609:
has been used in this context as early as the mid-1990s and was promoted by some
2521:
2459:
746:
Osinga, N.; Hart, P.; van VoorstVaader, P. C. (2010). "Albinistic common seals (
557:
457:
453:
416:
370:
293:, coloration varies from dark brown and gray to light reddish. Melanic forms of
286:
278:
167:
2511:
2482:
2428:
2164:
1983:
1891:
1824:
1763:
1739:
1495:
1478:
1447:
672:
523:
386:
358:
290:
219:
125:
53:
1571:
1504:
1455:
1395:
1317:
1258:
1208:
767:
2073:
1854:
1431:
701:
649:
638:
561:
518:
354:
336:
232:
201:
148:
97:
62:
1590:
1512:
1403:
1325:
1183:
Trevisan, Pierluigi; Pederzoli, Aurora; Barozzi, Giancarlo (October 1991).
1010:
2603:
1604:
1477:
Beukema, Wouter; Speybroeck, Jeroen; Velo-AntĂłn, Guillermo (August 2016).
1266:
1216:
1057:
182:
is offered as a classic instructional tool for teaching the principles of
1863:
1772:
678:
626:
465:
340:
155:
133:
1386:
2423:
2295:
2211:
2151:
2068:
1849:
1752:
1049:
666:
549:
382:
343:. Melanistic animals were found to carry at least one copy of a mutant
335:
mode of inheritance of melanism in jaguars was confirmed by performing
317:
306:
262:
159:
78:
17:
1376:
1351:
2533:
583:
469:
449:
350:
302:
294:
282:
144:
27:
Congenital excess of melanin in an organism resulting in dark pigment
681:, a skin condition which causes areas of the skin to lose its colour
30:
530:, and Australia may have very dark skin, but this is not melanism.
517:. The same ultraviolet radiation is essential for the synthesis of
108:
1121:
Smithsonian Q & A: the ultimate question and answer book. Cats
439:
431:
322:
311:
250:
236:
163:
107:
93:
47:
29:
971:
Melanism in the Felidae, with special reference to the Genus Lynx
985:"Molecular Genetics and Evolution of Melanism in the Cat Family"
591:
345:
1708:
1032:
Robinson, R. (1970). "Inheritance of black form of the leopard
357:
inframe deletion. Ten unrelated melanistic jaguars were either
930:
Muggleton, J., Lonsdale, D., Benham, B. R., 1975. Melanism in
801:. C. & G. Merriam Co. Springfield, Massachusetts. Page 910
947:(Coleoptera, Coccinellidae). Journal of Heredity 70:172â178.
723:
The Guinea Pig : Healing, Food, and Ritual in the Andes
564:), as well as benign polyps in the gastrointestinal tract.
128:
is called adaptive. Most commonly, dark individuals become
1605:"Sundiata, AFROCENTRISM: THE ARGUMENT WE'RE REALLY HAVING"
377:. These variants were absent in melanistic individuals of
147:, which is entirely or nearly entirely expressed in the
824:
Begon, M.; Townsend, C. R. & Harper, J. L. (2006).
373:
coding region revealed a 2-base pair deletion in black
151:, is responsible for the excessive amount of melanin.
2556:
1280:
Helfer, V.; Broquet, T.; Fumagalli, L. (2012-08-30).
1233:
Pederzoli, Aurora; Trevisan, Pierluigi (March 1990).
830:(Fourth ed.). Malden, Oxford: Wiley Publishing.
810:
King, R.C., Stansfield, W.D., Mulligan, P.K. (2006).
2504:
2481:
2452:
2414:
2347:
2338:
2281:
2255:
2142:
2086:
2067:
2058:
2013:
1982:
1937:
1890:
1862:
1847:
1815:
1794:
1771:
1760:
1746:
1430:Bonato, Lucio; Steinfartz, Sebastian (2005-01-01).
339:-transmission analysis in a 116-individual captive
2180:Inherited patterned lentiginosis in black persons
917:Mikkola, K., Albrecht, A., 1988. The melanism of
277:on the slopes of some African mountains, such as
2389:Eczematid-like purpura of Doucas and Kapetanakis
788:Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913).
170:. Adaptive melanism can lead to the creation of
424:since black fur absorbs more light for warmth.
958:Comparative Genetics of Coat Colour in Mammals
285:also has melanistic forms in certain areas of
245:Melanistic coat coloration occurs as a common
214:. Darker pigmented individuals are favored by
60:) are rare, and are used in rituals by Andean
2041:Yemenite deaf-blind hypopigmentation syndrome
1720:
204:effect in insects such as the peppered moth,
8:
2109:Reticular pigmented anomaly of the flexures
1536:"the genetics and evolution of human color"
675:, patchy absence of melanin-producing cells
468:was spotted on the Mediterranean island of
2344:
2083:
2064:
1859:
1768:
1757:
1727:
1713:
1705:
1689:Melanism and disease resistance in insects
1636:(TV-Series and book). United Kingdom: BBC.
687:, an unusual yellow colouration in animals
1580:
1570:
1494:
1385:
1375:
1000:
704:, hyperpigmentation via increased melanin
2385:Doucas and Kapetanakis pigmented purpura
2114:NaegeliâFranceschettiâJadassohn syndrome
241:Melanistic and normally coloured jaguars
2563:
2124:X-linked reticulate pigmentary disorder
2104:Reticulate acropigmentation of Kitamura
2099:Pigmentatio reticularis faciei et colli
1135:"Rare black flamingo spotted in Cyprus"
1119:Seidensticker, J., Lumpkin, S. (2006).
973:. Journal of Mammalogy 22 (3): 285â288.
827:Ecology: From individuals to ecosystems
713:
548:is characterized by the development of
464:In April 2015, an extremely rare black
396:Melanism in leopards is inherited as a
2496:Dyschromatosis universalis hereditaria
2301:Familial progressive hyperpigmentation
2491:Dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria
2326:Transient neonatal pustular melanosis
1425:
1423:
1421:
1345:
1343:
1228:
1226:
754:) rehabilitated in the Netherlands".
411:were photographed at 16 sites in the
218:, apparently because they are better
174:, the most notable example being the
7:
2316:Photoleukomelanodermatitis of Kobori
2094:Dermatopathia pigmentosa reticularis
178:, whose evolutionary history in the
120:) compared to a normal-colored adder
305:were trapped alive in sub-tropical
301:. In 1938 and 1940, two melanistic
124:Melanism related to the process of
2321:Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation
2241:Poikiloderma vasculare atrophicans
1251:10.1111/j.1600-0749.1990.tb00326.x
1201:10.1111/j.1600-0749.1991.tb00432.x
814:, 7th ed., Oxford University Press
25:
2026:Postinflammatory hypopigmentation
1970:Progressive macular hypomelanosis
1110:Oxford University Press, New York
81:in an organism resulting in dark
2602:
2590:
2578:
2566:
1960:Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis
1310:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05742.x
1094:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00731.x
327:Melanistic eastern gray squirrel
2444:Titanium metallic discoloration
2200:Partial unilateral lentiginosis
1559:World Journal of Clinical Cases
1137:. The Telegraph. Archived from
725:. University of Arizona Press.
693:, dark patches on the lips etc.
513:protects the body from harmful
297:are common in certain parts of
2625:Genetic disorders with no OMIM
2217:Erythema dyschromicum perstans
1133:Krol, Charlotte (2015-04-09).
1108:Melanism: evolution in action.
1:
2406:Hemosiderin hyperpigmentation
2365:Pigmented purpuric dermatosis
2311:Periorbital hyperpigmentation
1807:VogtâKoyanagiâHarada syndrome
1671:Melanism: Evolution in Action
1534:Scheneider, Patricia (2004).
1002:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00128-3
750:) and melanistic grey seals (
456:commonly exhibit this trait.
2630:Disturbances of pigmentation
2273:Shiitake mushroom dermatitis
2360:Iron metallic discoloration
2036:Vagabond's leukomelanoderma
1674:. Oxford University Press.
2656:
2306:PallisterâKillian syndrome
1955:Albinismâdeafness syndrome
1553:Broomfield, Denis (2018).
1436:Italian Journal of Zoology
1106:Majerus, M. E. N. (1998).
632:Albino and white squirrels
571:
537:
230:
200:Industrial melanism is an
193:
2222:Lichen planus pigmentosus
2170:Centrofacial lentiginosis
1927:Griscelli syndrome type 3
1922:Griscelli syndrome type 2
1902:HermanskyâPudlak syndrome
1647:The Evolution of Melanism
1496:10.1016/j.cub.2016.03.045
1448:10.1080/11250000509356680
367:agouti signalling peptide
2635:Dermatologic terminology
2175:Generalized lentiginosis
1907:ChĂ©diakâHigashi syndrome
1572:10.12998/wjcc.v6.i10.322
812:A Dictionary of Genetics
768:10.1163/157075610x516493
2236:Poikiloderma of Civatte
1872:Oculocutaneous albinism
497:pigment-producing cells
2380:GougerotâBlum syndrome
2263:Incontinentia pigmenti
2119:Dyskeratosis congenita
2046:WendeâBauckus syndrome
1965:Phylloid hypomelanosis
1736:Pigmentation disorders
691:PeutzâJeghers syndrome
652:, reddish pigmentation
540:PeutzâJeghers syndrome
534:PeutzâJeghers syndrome
488:, has one subspecies (
445:
437:
328:
320:
242:
121:
67:
45:
1802:Alezzandrini syndrome
1781:Quadrichrome vitiligo
1239:Pigment Cell Research
1189:Pigment Cell Research
960:. Logos Press, London
956:Searle, A. G. (1968)
615:Frances Cress Welsing
572:Further information:
515:ultraviolet radiation
443:
435:
326:
315:
267:equatorial rainforest
240:
111:
51:
38:eastern grey squirrel
33:
2609:Evolutionary biology
2399:Angioma serpiginosum
2291:Acanthosis nigricans
1830:Waardenburg syndrome
969:Ulmer, F. A. (1941)
721:Morales, E. (1995).
662:Heterochromia iridum
605:originate. The term
444:Black Silkie rooster
436:White Silkie rooster
409:Indochinese leopards
316:Pseudomelanism on a
212:industrial pollution
210:in areas subject to
42:Sciurus carolinensis
2129:GalliâGalli disease
2021:Nevus depigmentosus
1650:. Clarendon Press.
1642:Kettlewell, Bernard
1633:The Life of Mammals
1368:2020MolEc..29.1284B
1302:2012MolEc..21.4706H
1123:. Collins, New York
932:Adalia-bipunctata L
897:Journal of Heredity
448:The chicken breeds
275:tropical rainforest
265:, is common in the
196:Industrial melanism
190:Industrial melanism
2640:Animal coat colors
2375:Majocchi's disease
2268:Scratch dermatitis
2195:Mucosal lentigines
1995:Vasospastic macule
1912:Griscelli syndrome
1628:David Attenborough
1160:"Salamandre noire"
1082:Journal of Zoology
1050:10.1007/BF00958904
797:2013-07-29 at the
752:Halichoerus grypus
658:, lowered melanism
641:, lack of melanism
446:
438:
329:
321:
243:
122:
68:
46:
2554:
2553:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2434:Arsenic poisoning
2370:Schamberg disease
2334:
2333:
2227:Café au lait spot
2054:
2053:
1978:
1977:
1917:Elejalde syndrome
1843:
1842:
1489:(15): R696âR697.
1377:10.1111/mec.15411
1356:Molecular Ecology
1296:(19): 4706â4720.
1290:Molecular Ecology
945:Adalla bipunctata
919:Adalia-bipunctata
899:, 89(5), 465â471.
582:has been used on
554:hyperpigmentation
482:alpine salamander
216:natural selection
184:natural selection
16:(Redirected from
2647:
2607:
2606:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2571:
2570:
2562:
2345:
2185:Ink spot lentigo
2084:
2065:
1860:
1786:Vitiligo ponctué
1769:
1758:
1729:
1722:
1715:
1706:
1685:
1666:Majerus, Michael
1661:
1637:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1584:
1574:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1498:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1427:
1416:
1415:
1389:
1379:
1362:(7): 1284â1299.
1347:
1338:
1337:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1230:
1221:
1220:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1130:
1124:
1117:
1111:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1004:
980:
974:
967:
961:
954:
948:
941:
935:
928:
922:
915:
909:
906:
900:
893:
887:
884:
878:
875:
869:
866:
860:
857:
851:
848:
842:
841:
821:
815:
808:
802:
786:
780:
779:
743:
737:
736:
718:
697:Ocular melanosis
596:African-American
556:on the lips and
546:genetic disorder
391:Asian golden cat
207:Biston betularia
35:Melanistic black
21:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2601:
2591:
2589:
2579:
2577:
2565:
2557:
2555:
2550:
2500:
2469:
2448:
2416:
2410:
2355:Hemochromatosis
2340:
2330:
2283:
2277:
2251:
2247:Riehl melanosis
2205:PUVA lentigines
2190:Lentigo maligna
2160:Lentigo simplex
2144:
2138:
2134:Revesz syndrome
2077:
2072:
2050:
2031:Pityriasis alba
2009:
2000:Woronoff's ring
1987:
1974:
1933:
1894:
1886:
1877:Ocular albinism
1853:
1839:
1817:
1811:
1790:
1762:
1751:
1742:
1733:
1682:
1664:
1658:
1640:
1626:
1623:
1618:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1565:(10): 322â334.
1552:
1551:
1547:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1483:Current Biology
1476:
1475:
1471:
1429:
1428:
1419:
1349:
1348:
1341:
1284:Salamandra atra
1279:
1278:
1274:
1232:
1231:
1224:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1168:
1166:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1144:
1142:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1118:
1114:
1105:
1101:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1034:Panthera pardus
1031:
1030:
1026:
989:Current Biology
982:
981:
977:
968:
964:
955:
951:
942:
938:
929:
925:
916:
912:
907:
903:
894:
890:
885:
881:
876:
872:
867:
863:
858:
854:
849:
845:
838:
823:
822:
818:
809:
805:
799:Wayback Machine
787:
783:
745:
744:
740:
733:
720:
719:
715:
711:
623:
599:social movement
588:internet forums
576:
570:
542:
536:
510:
486:Salamandra atra
478:
430:
413:Malay Peninsula
405:recessive trait
353:, bearing a 15-
261:, a melanistic
235:
229:
198:
192:
106:
58:Cavia porcellus
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2653:
2651:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2599:
2597:Earth sciences
2587:
2575:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2546:Depigmentation
2543:
2542:
2541:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2519:
2517:Skin whitening
2514:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2487:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2439:Lead poisoning
2436:
2431:
2426:
2420:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2362:
2357:
2351:
2349:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2287:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2238:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2148:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2090:
2088:
2081:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2005:Nevus anemicus
2002:
1997:
1991:
1989:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1945:Cross syndrome
1941:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1909:
1904:
1898:
1896:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1868:
1866:
1857:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1835:Tietz syndrome
1832:
1827:
1821:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1777:
1775:
1766:
1755:
1744:
1743:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1691:
1686:
1680:
1662:
1656:
1638:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1596:
1545:
1526:
1469:
1442:(3): 253â260.
1417:
1339:
1272:
1222:
1195:(4): 151â157.
1175:
1151:
1125:
1112:
1099:
1088:(3): 201â206.
1071:
1044:(1): 190â197.
1024:
995:(5): 448â453.
975:
962:
949:
936:
923:
910:
901:
888:
879:
870:
861:
852:
843:
836:
816:
803:
781:
762:(3): 273â281.
756:Animal Biology
748:Phoca vitulina
738:
731:
712:
710:
707:
706:
705:
699:
694:
688:
685:Xanthochromism
682:
676:
670:
664:
659:
653:
647:
645:Black squirrel
642:
636:
635:
634:
622:
619:
574:Melanin theory
569:
568:Socio-politics
566:
538:Main article:
535:
532:
528:Southeast Asia
509:
506:
477:
474:
429:
426:
379:Geoffroy's cat
228:
225:
194:Main article:
191:
188:
180:United Kingdom
114:European adder
105:
102:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2652:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2598:
2588:
2586:
2576:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2560:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2466:
2465:Tar melanosis
2463:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2394:Lichen aureus
2392:
2390:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2337:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2145:circumscribed
2141:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1988:hypomelanosis
1985:
1981:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1950:ABCD syndrome
1948:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1730:
1725:
1723:
1718:
1716:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1701:(2): 15 - 22.
1700:
1696:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1681:0-19-854982-2
1677:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1657:0-19-857370-7
1653:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1606:
1600:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1473:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1285:
1276:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1179:
1176:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1152:
1141:on 2015-04-25
1140:
1136:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1075:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1003:
998:
994:
990:
986:
979:
976:
972:
966:
963:
959:
953:
950:
946:
940:
937:
933:
927:
924:
920:
914:
911:
905:
902:
898:
892:
889:
883:
880:
874:
871:
865:
862:
856:
853:
847:
844:
839:
837:9781405151986
833:
829:
828:
820:
817:
813:
807:
804:
800:
796:
793:
792:
785:
782:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
742:
739:
734:
732:0-8165-1558-1
728:
724:
717:
714:
708:
703:
700:
698:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
648:
646:
643:
640:
637:
633:
630:
629:
628:
625:
624:
620:
618:
616:
612:
611:Afrocentrists
608:
604:
600:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
575:
567:
565:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
541:
533:
531:
529:
525:
520:
516:
507:
505:
501:
498:
493:
491:
487:
483:
476:In amphibians
475:
473:
471:
467:
462:
459:
455:
451:
442:
434:
427:
425:
422:
421:genetic drift
418:
414:
410:
406:
403:
399:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
375:domestic cats
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
347:
342:
338:
334:
331:In 2003, the
325:
319:
314:
310:
308:
304:
300:
299:South America
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
259:black panther
256:
252:
248:
239:
234:
226:
224:
221:
217:
213:
209:
208:
203:
197:
189:
187:
185:
181:
177:
176:peppered moth
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
152:
150:
146:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
119:
115:
112:A melanistic
110:
103:
101:
99:
95:
90:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
65:
64:
59:
55:
50:
43:
39:
36:
32:
19:
2232:Poikiloderma
2156:Lentiginosis
2078:
1698:
1694:
1670:
1646:
1631:
1621:Bibliography
1608:. Retrieved
1599:
1562:
1558:
1548:
1539:
1529:
1486:
1482:
1479:"Salamandra"
1472:
1439:
1435:
1387:10261/234500
1359:
1355:
1293:
1289:
1283:
1275:
1245:(2): 80â89.
1242:
1238:
1192:
1188:
1178:
1167:. Retrieved
1164:www.karch.ch
1163:
1154:
1143:. Retrieved
1139:the original
1128:
1120:
1115:
1107:
1102:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1027:
992:
988:
978:
970:
965:
957:
952:
944:
939:
931:
926:
918:
913:
904:
896:
891:
882:
873:
864:
855:
846:
826:
819:
811:
806:
790:
784:
759:
755:
751:
747:
741:
722:
716:
656:Isabellinism
606:
579:
577:
543:
511:
502:
494:
490:S. atra atra
489:
485:
479:
463:
447:
395:
363:heterozygous
344:
330:
249:in 11 of 37
247:polymorphism
244:
205:
202:evolutionary
199:
168:coral snakes
153:
123:
118:Vipera berus
117:
96:, is called
91:
87:
70:
69:
61:
57:
41:
2573:Environment
2460:Carotenosis
2087:Reticulated
1818:development
1764:melanocytes
1695:The Linnean
594:to mean an
558:oral mucosa
458:Ayam Cemani
454:Ayam Cemani
417:Kra Isthmus
371:agouti gene
287:East Africa
279:Mount Kenya
220:camouflaged
54:guinea pigs
52:Melanistic
2619:Categories
2512:Skin color
2483:Dyschromia
2429:Chrysiasis
2165:Liver spot
1984:Leukoderma
1892:Melanosome
1825:Piebaldism
1816:Melanocyte
1740:Dyschromia
1610:2007-06-23
1169:2022-11-30
1145:2015-05-16
709:References
673:Piebaldism
613:, such as
603:skin color
544:This rare
524:South Asia
500:compound.
387:pampas cat
359:homozygous
291:jaguarundi
231:See also:
126:adaptation
104:Adaptation
77:excess of
75:congenital
63:curanderos
2284:ungrouped
2074:Melanosis
2014:Ungrouped
1882:in humans
1855:amelanism
1795:Syndromic
1521:235611059
1505:0960-9822
1456:1125-0003
1412:212664862
1396:0962-1083
1318:0962-1083
1259:0893-5785
1209:0893-5785
791:Melanosis
702:Melanosis
650:Erythrism
639:Amelanism
578:The term
562:melanosis
519:vitamin D
508:In humans
402:monogenic
398:Mendelian
355:base pair
349:sequence
337:phenotype
289:. In the
233:Black cat
156:squirrels
149:phenotype
138:heritable
98:melanosis
2505:See also
2341:pigments
2143:Diffuse/
2079:Melanism
1895:transfer
1864:Albinism
1848:Loss of
1773:Vitiligo
1668:(1998).
1644:(1973).
1630:(2002).
1591:30283795
1540:ProQuest
1513:27505235
1464:83504324
1404:32159878
1334:22175429
1326:22934886
1038:Genetica
1019:19021807
1011:12620197
795:Archived
776:84554567
679:Vitiligo
627:Albinism
621:See also
607:melanism
580:melanism
466:flamingo
428:In birds
341:pedigree
333:dominant
273:and the
255:fixation
142:dominant
134:leopards
71:Melanism
2585:Ecology
2559:Portals
2539:removal
2527:Sunless
2522:Tanning
2424:Argyria
2296:Freckle
2212:Melasma
2152:Lentigo
2069:Melanin
1850:melanin
1761:Loss of
1753:leucism
1582:6163135
1364:Bibcode
1298:Bibcode
1267:2385569
1217:1816547
1066:5446868
1058:5480762
667:Leucism
550:macules
383:oncilla
369:in the
318:cheetah
307:Florida
303:bobcats
263:leopard
227:In cats
158:, many
83:pigment
79:melanin
73:is the
18:Melanic
2534:Tattoo
2417:metals
2282:Other/
2256:Linear
2060:Hyper-
1678:
1654:
1589:
1579:
1519:
1511:
1503:
1462:
1454:
1410:
1402:
1394:
1332:
1324:
1316:
1265:
1257:
1215:
1207:
1064:
1056:
1017:
1009:
834:
774:
729:
584:Usenet
470:Cyprus
450:Silkie
351:allele
295:jaguar
283:serval
281:. The
271:Malaya
257:. The
172:morphs
166:, and
164:canids
145:allele
130:fitter
94:tumors
2453:Other
2415:Other
2339:Other
1938:Other
1748:Hypo-
1517:S2CID
1460:S2CID
1408:S2CID
1330:S2CID
1062:S2CID
1015:S2CID
772:S2CID
592:blogs
552:with
251:felid
2348:Iron
1676:ISBN
1652:ISBN
1587:PMID
1509:PMID
1501:ISSN
1452:ISSN
1400:PMID
1392:ISSN
1322:PMID
1314:ISSN
1263:PMID
1255:ISSN
1213:PMID
1205:ISSN
1054:PMID
1007:PMID
832:ISBN
727:ISBN
590:and
480:The
452:and
389:and
346:MC1R
162:and
160:cats
140:: A
1986:w/o
1577:PMC
1567:doi
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