723:
62:
940:
951:, London, where a library and meeting rooms are available to fellows and other interested parties. The society represents the interests of astronomy and geophysics to UK national and regional, and European government and related bodies, and maintains a press office, through which it keeps the media and the public at large informed of developments in these sciences. The society allocates grants to worthy causes in astronomy and geophysics, and assists in the management of the
397:
2421:
850:
53:
2433:
698:
Specialist discussion meetings are held on the same day as each highlight meeting. These are aimed at professional scientists in a particular research field, and allow several speakers to present new results or reviews of scientific fields. Usually two discussion meetings on different topics (one in
470:
was the first woman to attempt election as a fellow of the RAS, being nominated (unsuccessfully) by her father and two other fellows. All fellows had been male up to this time and her nomination was withdrawn when lawyers claimed that under the provisions of the society's royal charter, fellows were
730:
The Royal
Astronomical Society has a more comprehensive collection of books and journals in astronomy and geophysics than the libraries of most universities and research institutions. The library receives some 300 current periodicals in astronomy and geophysics and contains more than 10,000 books
731:
from popular level to conference proceedings. Its collection of astronomical rare books is second only to that of the Royal
Observatory in Edinburgh in the UK. The RAS library is a major resource not just for the society but also the wider community of astronomers, geophysicists, and historians.
688:
in London on the afternoon of the second Friday of each month from
October to May. The talks are intended to be accessible to a broad audience of astronomers and geophysicists, and are free for anyone to attend (not just members of the society). Formal reports of the meetings are published in
620:. Fellowship is open to anyone over the age of 18 who is considered acceptable to the society. As a result of the society's foundation in a time before there were many professional astronomers, no formal qualifications are required. However, around three quarters of fellows are professional
655:
In 2009 an initiative was launched for those with an interest in astronomy and geophysics but without professional qualifications or specialist knowledge in the subject. Such people may join the
Friends of the RAS, which offers popular talks, visits and social events.
699:
astronomy and one in geophysics) take place simultaneously at different locations within
Burlington House, prior to the day's highlight meeting. They are free for members of the society, but charge a small entry fee for non-members.
2395:
1593:
1840:
706:
aimed at a general, non-specialist, audience. These are mostly held on
Tuesdays once a month, with the same talk given twice: once at lunchtime and once in the early evening. The venues have varied, but are usually in
372:, engages in public outreach and advises the UK government on astronomy education. The society recognises achievement in astronomy and geophysics by issuing annual awards and prizes, with its highest award being the
677:, a major conference of professional astronomers. It is held over 4–5 days each spring or early summer, usually at a university campus in the United Kingdom. Hundreds of astronomers attend each year.
2488:
2240:
739:
The society promotes astronomy to members of the general public through its outreach pages for students, teachers, the public and media researchers. The RAS has an advisory role in relation to UK
2493:
1833:
1931:
2463:
2424:
1826:
496:
1985:
1425:
1876:
1559:
579:
2436:
326:. The society has over 4,000 members, known as fellows, most of whom are professional researchers or postgraduate students. Around a quarter of Fellows live outside the UK.
836:
were elected a record four times each. Baily's eight years in the role are a record (Airy served for seven). Since 1876 no one has served for more than two years in total.
2498:
2250:
1946:
1551:
2040:
2035:
1891:
1484:
1166:
551:
503:
342:
2468:
2173:
868:, which can be awarded for any purpose but most frequently recognises extraordinary lifetime achievement. Among the recipients best known to the general public are
714:
The society occasionally hosts or sponsors meetings in other parts of the United
Kingdom, often in collaboration with other scientific societies and universities.
2390:
2084:
1990:
2369:
2153:
2045:
1901:
759:
The RAS sponsors topical groups, many of them in interdisciplinary areas where the group is jointly sponsored by another learned society or professional body:
1849:
1588:
865:
854:
373:
2385:
2349:
1453:
815:
2106:
2030:
2000:
1966:
1951:
1886:
1535:
1527:
931:. Each year, the society grants a handful of free memberships for life (termed honorary fellowship) to prominent researchers resident outside the UK.
35:
2483:
2055:
2018:
1448:
1418:
617:
2089:
1995:
1764:
1311:
2050:
2220:
1136:
2258:
2208:
1980:
1956:
1936:
1926:
824:, though he never chaired a meeting, and since then the post has been held by many distinguished astronomers. The post has generally had a
31:
680:
More frequent smaller 'highlight' meetings feature lectures about research topics in astronomy and geophysics, often given by winners of
2458:
2318:
1911:
1411:
2101:
1881:
2143:
1492:
571:
509:
348:
2473:
2308:
2303:
1759:
1744:
974:
444:
377:
189:
1749:
1729:
789:
764:
711:
or another nearby location in central London. The lectures are free, though some popular sessions require booking in advance.
2111:
1364:
969:
39:
1906:
1858:
1754:
1194:
501:
One of the major activities of the RAS is publishing refereed journals. It publishes three primary research journals: the
108:
2478:
2178:
2163:
793:
722:
2313:
2193:
2148:
1916:
1662:
1508:
908:
768:
690:
595:
519:
993:
61:
2298:
2293:
2225:
2198:
2183:
1921:
1807:
1739:
1631:
924:
782:
674:
665:
514:
330:
1289:
1775:
1734:
1626:
1500:
1458:
916:
587:
529:
361:
240:
939:
2235:
2138:
1667:
1131:
537:
475:
and as such had to be men. A Supplemental
Charter in 1915 opened up fellowship to women. On 14 January 1916,
2023:
1786:
1161:
964:
299:
122:
1896:
2405:
2339:
2094:
1781:
1359:
740:
2268:
2168:
1057:
839:
The current president is Mike
Lockwood, who began his term in May 2024 and will serve for two years.
775:
614:
2158:
1688:
1672:
1621:
1543:
1245:
900:
748:
644:
436:
952:
928:
904:
463:
338:
1818:
2203:
1157:
1108:
879:
Other awards are for particular topics in astronomy or geophysics research, which include the
799:
The
Magnetosphere Ionosphere and Solar-Terrestrial group (generally known by the acronym MIST)
629:
459:
455:
307:
439:' rather than professionals. It became the Royal Astronomical Society in 1831 on receiving a
2334:
1961:
1802:
1098:
1065:
948:
896:
821:
708:
685:
484:
476:
451:
369:
315:
228:
157:
67:
2230:
1973:
1769:
1611:
880:
873:
869:
641:
381:
295:
112:
1384:
1061:
895:. Beyond research, there are specific awards for school teaching (Patrick Moore Medal),
2273:
1616:
884:
825:
703:
524:
357:
849:
820:
The first person to hold the title of President of the Royal Astronomical Society was
396:
17:
2452:
2364:
2263:
2215:
2116:
1652:
1223:
888:
829:
637:
625:
480:
440:
334:
1126:
2359:
30:
This article is about the British organisation. For the Canadian organisation, see
2354:
2344:
1941:
1657:
892:
833:
828:
of two years, but some holders resigned after one year e.g. due to poor health.
633:
621:
467:
1644:
1103:
1086:
912:
858:
319:
311:
170:
137:
1403:
1112:
1070:
1045:
726:
The Royal Astronomical Society at the University of London History Day, 2016.
536:
The history of journals published by the RAS (with abbreviations used by the
204:
191:
920:
432:
303:
133:
523:
for research methods in those disciplines. The society also publishes a
329:
The society holds monthly scientific meetings in London, and the annual
52:
1019:
1333:
323:
222:
174:
71:
450:
Between 1835 and 1916 women were not allowed to become fellows, but
2400:
938:
848:
721:
647:
status through the society. The fellowship passed 3,000 in 2003.
314:
and closely related branches of science. Its headquarters are in
744:
1822:
1407:
591:(A&G): 1997–present (volume numbering continues from QJRAS)
1312:"Winners of the 2015 awards, medals and prizes - full details"
391:
2241:
North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers
1765:
Magnetosphere Ionosphere and Solar-Terrestrial physics group
1385:
RAS Website "Grants for Studies in Astronomy and Geophysics"
1267:
613:
Full members of the RAS are styled Fellows, and may use the
575:(GeoJI): 1989–present (volume numbering continues from GeoJ)
864:
The highest award of the Royal Astronomical Society is its
670:
The Society organises an extensive programme of meetings:
1398:
487:
were the first five women to be elected to Fellowship.
408:
261:
1932:
Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
1162:"Editorial: Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society"
2489:
Professional associations based in the United Kingdom
1986:
List of UK government scientific research institutes
907:(Agnes Mary Clerke Medal). Lectureships include the
2378:
2327:
2286:
2249:
2127:
2075:
2064:
2009:
1877:
Chief Scientific Adviser to the Ministry of Defence
1865:
1722:
1681:
1643:
1604:
1581:
1574:
1519:
1476:
1469:
1441:
1195:"New RAS journal invites submissions and reviewers"
580:
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society
274:
256:
246:
234:
220:
183:
163:
153:
143:
128:
118:
104:
86:
78:
2494:Organisations based in London with royal patronage
1947:Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
513:for topics in geophysics (in association with the
1892:Department for Science, Innovation and Technology
1485:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1167:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1050:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
994:"Philip Diamond to be new RAS Executive Director"
552:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
504:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
376:. The RAS is the UK adhering organisation to the
343:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
2174:Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine
1127:"ADS Bibliographic Codes: Journal Abbreviations"
149:Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society (FRAS)
1991:Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology
66:Entrance to the Royal Astronomical Society at
2154:British Society for the Philosophy of Science
1834:
1419:
8:
2464:Scientific organizations established in 1820
1850:Science and technology in the United Kingdom
1087:"Women and the RAS: 100 years of Fellowship"
855:Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
781:The Astrophysical Chemistry Group (with the
497:Royal Astronomical Society academic journals
374:Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
45:
1454:President of the Royal Astronomical Society
1290:"Space scientist becomes new RAS president"
816:President of the Royal Astronomical Society
435:research. At that time, most members were '
2072:
1841:
1827:
1819:
1578:
1473:
1426:
1412:
1404:
1218:
1216:
1014:
1012:
1010:
774:The Astroparticle Physics Group (with the
302:that encourages and promotes the study of
60:
51:
44:
2499:1820 establishments in the United Kingdom
2001:Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies
1967:Science and Technology Facilities Council
1887:Defence Science and Technology Laboratory
1102:
1069:
673:The biggest RAS meeting each year is the
559:Geophysical Supplement to Monthly Notices
545:Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society
36:Royal Astronomical Society of New Zealand
1449:Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society
899:(Annie Maunder Medal), instrumentation (
640:in the UK and fellows may apply for the
280:Astronomical Society of London (1820–31)
34:. For the New Zealand organisation, see
2469:Learned societies of the United Kingdom
2090:National Museum of Science and Industry
1996:Science and Technology Select Committee
985:
427:The society was founded in 1820 as the
515:Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft
2221:The Association for Science Education
1137:Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
702:The RAS holds a regular programme of
7:
2432:
2370:Sites of Special Scientific Interest
2259:Campaign for Science and Engineering
1981:Food and Environment Research Agency
1957:Natural Environment Research Council
1937:Economic and Social Research Council
1927:Arts and Humanities Research Council
466:were made honorary members. In 1886
32:Royal Astronomical Society of Canada
27:British learned society and charity
1882:Council for Science and Technology
483:, Irene Elizabeth Toye Warner and
25:
2144:British Mass Spectrometry Society
1493:Geophysical Journal International
947:The society occupies premises at
572:Geophysical Journal International
510:Geophysical Journal International
454:, Lady Margaret Lindsay Huggins,
349:Geophysical Journal International
2431:
2420:
2419:
2396:Science and technology magazines
1760:International Astronomical Union
1745:British Astronomical Association
1509:RAS Techniques & Instruments
1201:. The Royal Astronomical Society
975:List of geoscience organizations
596:RAS Techniques & Instruments
520:RAS Techniques & Instruments
395:
378:International Astronomical Union
2484:Astronomy in the United Kingdom
1750:British Geophysical Association
1730:Astrobiology Society of Britain
1193:Rowden, Pam (12 October 2021).
790:British Geophysical Association
765:Astrobiology Society of Britain
368:The RAS maintains an astronomy
38:. For other organisations, see
1399:The Royal Astronomical Society
1365:The Royal Astronomical Society
970:List of astronomical societies
429:Astronomical Society of London
354:RAS Techniques and Instruments
40:List of astronomical societies
1:
2391:Science and technology awards
1907:Government Office for Science
1859:Economy of the United Kingdom
1755:European Astronomical Society
1740:Astrophysical Chemistry Group
1046:"Meeting of January 14, 1916"
965:National Astronomy Week (NAW)
507:for topics in astronomy; the
2179:Royal Academy of Engineering
2164:Geological Society of London
1902:Intellectual Property Office
1340:. Royal Astronomical Society
1292:. Royal Astronomical Society
1248:. Royal Astronomical Society
1226:. Royal Astronomical Society
1026:. Royal Astronomical Society
794:Geological Society of London
684:. They are normally held in
333:at varying locations in the
2386:Innovations and discoveries
2194:Royal Entomological Society
2149:British Science Association
1917:National Technology Advisor
1735:Astroparticle Physics Group
1663:Harold Jeffreys Lectureship
1334:"Awards, Medals and Prizes"
1288:Tonkin, Sam (10 May 2024).
943:The council room at the RAS
909:Harold Jeffreys Lectureship
769:NASA Astrobiology Institute
681:
132:To promote the sciences of
2515:
2459:Royal Astronomical Society
2226:Royal Society of Chemistry
2199:Royal Geographical Society
2189:Royal Astronomical Society
2184:Royal Aeronautical Society
1922:UK Research and Innovation
1808:National Astronomy Meeting
1632:Gerald Whitrow Lectureship
1501:Astronomy & Geophysics
1435:Royal Astronomical Society
1091:Astronomy & Geophysics
925:Gerald Whitrow Lectureship
813:
805:The UK Solar Physics group
783:Royal Society of Chemistry
675:National Astronomy Meeting
666:National Astronomy Meeting
663:
628:. The society acts as the
588:Astronomy & Geophysics
530:Astronomy & Geophysics
494:
362:Astronomy & Geophysics
331:National Astronomy Meeting
288:Royal Astronomical Society
46:Royal Astronomical Society
29:
2414:
1856:
1795:
1627:George Darwin Lectureship
1360:"Honorary Fellowship (A)"
1020:"The aims of the Society"
917:George Darwin Lectureship
59:
50:
2236:Royal Society of Biology
2139:British Computer Society
1952:Medical Research Council
1912:Chief Scientific Adviser
1668:James Dungey Lectureship
1132:Astrophysics Data System
538:Astrophysics Data System
337:. The RAS publishes the
2474:Astronomy organizations
2024:British space programme
1705:Group achievement Award
1696:Anges Mary Clerke Medal
1268:"RAS Library home page"
1104:10.1093/astrogeo/atw037
380:and a member of the UK
92:; 204 years ago
1787:UK Solar Physics group
1536:Geophysical Supplement
1085:Bailey, Mandy (2016).
1071:10.1093/mnras/76.3.195
944:
861:
802:The UK Planetary Forum
727:
18:Mem. Roy. Astron. Soc.
2406:National Science Week
2340:East London Tech City
2095:National Space Centre
1636:Michael Penston Prize
1246:"RAS Public Lectures"
942:
852:
725:
599:(RASTI): 2021–present
555:(MNRAS): 1827–present
437:gentleman astronomers
2269:Science Media Centre
2169:Institute of Physics
776:Institute of Physics
682:the society's awards
615:post-nominal letters
471:only referred to as
308:solar-system science
205:51.50889°N 0.13944°W
2479:Astronomy societies
2159:Engineering Council
1897:Building Digital UK
1711:Honorary Fellowship
1693:Annie Maunder Medal
1689:Patrick Moore Medal
1673:Keith Runcorn Prize
1622:Jackson-Gwilt Medal
1544:Geophysical Journal
1062:1916MNRAS..76..195.
901:Jackson-Gwilt Medal
741:public examinations
645:Chartered Scientist
565:Geophysical Journal
339:scientific journals
201: /
47:
2319:Technology writers
2209:Christmas Lectures
2056:Telecommunications
2041:Nuclear technology
1782:UK Planetary Forum
945:
905:history of science
862:
728:
583:(QJRAS): 1960–1996
561:(MNRAS): 1922–1957
547:(MmRAS): 1822–1977
464:Williamina Fleming
407:. You can help by
248:Executive Director
210:51.50889; -0.13944
145:Professional title
123:Registered charity
90:10 March 1820
2446:
2445:
2282:
2281:
2204:Royal Institution
1816:
1815:
1718:
1717:
1597:
1570:
1569:
1560:Quarterly Journal
1462:
843:Awards and prizes
755:Associated groups
642:Science Council's
630:professional body
567:(GeoJ): 1958–1988
479:, Ella K Church,
460:Annie Jump Cannon
425:
424:
356:, along with the
284:
283:
16:(Redirected from
2506:
2435:
2434:
2423:
2422:
2335:Burlington House
2073:
2051:Renewable energy
1962:Research England
1843:
1836:
1829:
1820:
1803:Burlington House
1591:
1579:
1552:Occasional Notes
1474:
1456:
1428:
1421:
1414:
1405:
1387:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1314:. 9 January 2015
1308:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1285:
1279:
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1276:
1274:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1220:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1160:(October 1977).
1154:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1106:
1097:(1): 1.19–1.21.
1082:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1056:(3): 195. 1916.
1042:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1016:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1000:
990:
949:Burlington House
935:Other activities
822:William Herschel
709:Burlington House
686:Burlington House
485:Fiammetta Wilson
477:Mary Adela Blagg
452:Anne Sheepshanks
420:
417:
399:
392:
370:research library
316:Burlington House
270:
267:
265:
263:
229:King Charles III
216:
215:
213:
212:
211:
206:
202:
199:
198:
197:
194:
158:Burlington House
100:
98:
93:
68:Burlington House
64:
55:
48:
21:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2410:
2374:
2323:
2309:Science writers
2304:Nobel laureates
2278:
2245:
2231:Science Council
2131:
2129:
2123:
2112:Golden triangle
2085:Science museums
2077:
2068:
2066:
2060:
2011:
2005:
1974:UK Space Agency
1869:
1867:
1861:
1852:
1847:
1817:
1812:
1791:
1776:The Observatory
1770:Science Council
1714:
1677:
1639:
1612:Eddington Medal
1600:
1566:
1515:
1465:
1437:
1432:
1395:
1390:
1383:
1379:
1370:
1368:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1343:
1341:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1317:
1315:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1295:
1293:
1287:
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1282:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1251:
1249:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1229:
1227:
1222:
1221:
1214:
1204:
1202:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1177:
1175:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1141:
1139:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1029:
1027:
1018:
1017:
1008:
998:
996:
992:
991:
987:
983:
961:
937:
897:public outreach
881:Eddington Medal
874:Stephen Hawking
870:Albert Einstein
845:
818:
812:
757:
737:
720:
704:public lectures
692:The Observatory
668:
662:
653:
611:
606:
499:
495:Main category:
493:
421:
415:
412:
405:needs expansion
390:
382:Science Council
296:learned society
277:
276:Formerly called
260:
249:
237:
225:
209:
207:
203:
200:
195:
192:
190:
188:
187:
179:
146:
113:learned society
96:
94:
91:
74:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2512:
2510:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2451:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2428:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2274:Wellcome Trust
2271:
2266:
2261:
2255:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
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2360:Silicon Glen
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2067:governmental
1774:
1702:Winton Award
1699:Fowler Award
1558:
1550:
1542:
1534:
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1507:
1499:
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1483:
1470:Publications
1434:
1380:
1369:. Retrieved
1363:
1354:
1344:14 September
1342:. Retrieved
1337:
1328:
1316:. Retrieved
1306:
1294:. Retrieved
1283:
1273:14 September
1271:. Retrieved
1262:
1252:14 September
1250:. Retrieved
1240:
1230:14 September
1228:. Retrieved
1203:. Retrieved
1198:
1188:
1176:. Retrieved
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1140:. Retrieved
1130:
1121:
1094:
1090:
1080:
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1040:
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1023:
997:. Retrieved
988:
953:Paneth Trust
946:
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491:Publications
481:A Grace Cook
472:
456:Agnes Clerke
449:
433:astronomical
428:
426:
413:
409:adding to it
404:
367:
360:
353:
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328:
291:
287:
285:
154:Headquarters
119:Legal status
79:Abbreviation
2355:Silicon Fen
2345:M4 corridor
2078:and museums
1942:Innovate UK
1658:Price Medal
1563:(1960–1996)
1555:(1938–1960)
1547:(1958–1988)
1539:(1922–1957)
1531:(1822–1977)
1178:21 December
1030:12 November
999:29 December
893:Price Medal
857:awarded to
834:George Airy
634:astronomers
622:astronomers
468:Isis Pogson
431:to support
208: /
184:Coordinates
2453:Categories
2314:Scientists
2031:Automotive
1868:bodies and
1645:Geophysics
1594:Recipients
1589:Gold Medal
1582:Gold Medal
1457:(Current:
1371:2023-02-26
981:References
923:, and the
913:geophysics
866:Gold Medal
859:Asaph Hall
810:Presidents
792:(with the
767:(with the
743:, such as
695:magazine.
664:See also:
604:Membership
445:William IV
416:April 2024
320:Piccadilly
312:geophysics
193:51°30′32″N
171:Piccadilly
138:geophysics
97:1820-03-10
2299:Inventors
2294:Engineers
2076:Education
2036:Computers
2019:Aerospace
1870:personnel
1605:Astronomy
1318:9 January
1199:ras.ac.uk
1113:1366-8781
1024:ras.ac.uk
929:cosmology
921:astronomy
876:in 1985.
735:Education
304:astronomy
236:President
134:astronomy
87:Formation
2425:Category
2010:Industry
1866:Official
1799:See also
959:See also
891:and the
749:A Levels
660:Meetings
196:0°8′22″W
164:Location
2437:Commons
2012:sectors
1528:Memoirs
1477:Current
1442:Members
1142:12 June
1058:Bibcode
718:Library
651:Friends
609:Fellows
517:); and
388:History
300:charity
294:) is a
257:Website
129:Purpose
95: (
2328:Places
2287:People
2132:bodies
2069:bodies
1575:Awards
1520:Former
1296:11 May
1205:23 May
1174:(1): i
1111:
915:, the
903:) and
887:, the
883:, the
540:) is:
324:London
223:Patron
175:London
136:&
72:London
2401:JANET
2379:Other
2251:Other
745:GCSEs
443:from
318:, on
2107:List
2065:Non-
1682:Both
1346:2018
1320:2015
1298:2024
1275:2018
1254:2018
1232:2018
1207:2022
1180:2012
1144:2023
1109:ISSN
1032:2018
1001:2019
853:The
832:and
788:The
763:The
747:and
636:and
632:for
618:FRAS
462:and
352:and
298:and
286:The
264:.ras
105:Type
1172:181
1099:doi
1066:doi
927:in
919:in
911:in
624:or
411:.
322:in
292:RAS
268:.uk
266:.ac
262:www
109:NGO
82:RAS
2455::
1362:.
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1197:.
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414:(
290:(
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20:)
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