1105:
and Tuvalu signed on 9 September 2010. Australia signed on 4 February 2011. Sharks were already protected in
Australian waters, but the government intends to work closely to distribute more information to other signatories. Chile signed on 6 May 2011. South Africa signed on 12 May 2011. In November 2011, the European Union signed on to the MOU along with the European nations of Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Monaco, Netherlands, and Romania. The United Kingdom signed in June 2012. Bermuda, the Falkland Islands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, the British Indian Ocean Territory, and the Isle of Man, all dependencies of the United Kingdom, also signed the agreement. Vanuatu signed in February 2013. On 16 October 2013, Colombia became the 27th country to the sign the Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation of Migratory Sharks. Sweden and Samoa signed the UNEP/CMS Sharks MOU respectively on 5 November 2014 in Quito and 7 November in Apia.
1114:
1075:
1143:, 15–19 February 2016. Signatory States agreed to add 22 further shark and ray species to its Annex I, defined the Advisory Committee's tasks as requested by the revised EU amendment to the MOU, and created the Conservation Working Group, which comprises a list of experts concerned with shark conservation. Furthermore, the Secretariat highlighted the importance of a cooperation strategy with Regional Seas Conventions (RSCs), Regional Fishing Management Organizations (RFMOs) and other fisheries-related organizations in order to efficiently conserve sharks, fins and rays. Moreover, Portugal was welcomed as fortieth member of the Sharks MOU.
163:
72:
631:
189:
85:
644:
449:
410:
657:
605:
540:
501:
423:
150:
2650:
371:
358:
176:
553:
462:
137:
670:
527:
514:
475:
332:
215:
202:
618:
384:
306:
280:
241:
683:
592:
566:
488:
436:
397:
345:
319:
267:
228:
124:
98:
254:
579:
111:
293:
785:
1101:
migratory sharks, or a State, flag vessels of which are engaged outside its national jurisdictional limits in taking, or which have the potential to take, migratory sharks. As the CMS Sharks MOU was concluded as a legally non-binding agreement, a formal ratification process on the national level is not necessary.
1136:, 24–27 September 2012. At the meeting, Signatory States adopted a new conservation plan, which aims to catalyze regional initiatives to reduce threats to migratory sharks. Signatory States also agreed to involve fishing industry representatives, NGOs, and scientists in implementing the conservation plan.
762:
The MOU is aimed at facilitating international coordination for the protection, conservation and management of the sharks involved, through multilateral, intergovernmental discussion and scientific research. It is a global non-binding treaty aimed at improving "compliance and enforcement efforts" for
738:
considers one-third of all shark species as threatened or near threatened. For migratory sharks the situation is worse, with almost 50% being considered as threatened and 27% being considered as near threatened. Relatively little is known about the behavior of migratory sharks; researchers have been
1104:
About 40 national governments agreed to the original adoption of the MoU. Eleven of these signed it on 12 February 2010, although only 10 were needed. The original signatories were Congo, Costa Rica, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Palau, the
Philippines, Senegal, Togo, and the United States. Nauru
1162:
A Conservation Plan has been adopted by the
Signatories in 2012 whose implementation forms the basis of the ongoing work under the MOU. A favourable conservation status is achieved when the abundance and structure of populations of migratory sharks remains at levels adequate to maintain ecosystem
742:
Before the
Migratory Shark MOU was developed, there were no international standards for the management of migratory sharks. Sharks that migrate can travel great distances in the world's oceans, with the whale shark being recorded on journeys of up to 22,000 kilometres (14,000 mi) long. These
1100:
This
Memorandum of Understanding is open for signature by the Range States and regional economic integration organizations of the shark species listed in Annex 1 of this Memorandum of Understanding. Range States are defined as any State that exercises jurisdiction over any part of the range of
774:
The objective of this
Memorandum of Understanding is to achieve and maintain a favourable conservation status for migratory sharks based on the best available scientific information, taking into account the socio-economic and other values of these species for the people of the Signatory
1153:
Meetings of
Signatories are organized regularly to review the conservation status of the species and the implementation of the MOU and Action Plan. At the meetings there is also a possibility for further States and cooperating organizations to sign the MOU.
1129:, meeting the required amount of 10 signatures, and taking effect immediately for each signatory. It has been adopted by over 48 States in total. The original text is written in English, French, and Spanish, and its creation was chaired by the Philippines.
1183:
It requires the cooperation among governments, fishing industries, NGOs, local communities and scientists. An
Advisory Committee has been established to provide expert advice and suggestions on new initiatives for the implementation of the plan.
2674:
730:, meaning that they are at the top of their food chain and play a crucial role in maintaining the health of marine environments. Sharks whose members cyclically and predictably move large distances are considered migratory and many
800:, which cover sharks, rays, skates and chimaeras. Currently there are 29 species listed in Annex I of the MOU, although the annex may be edited following consensus obtained at a meeting of the memorandum's signatories.
711:
1965:
1213:
2729:
1774:
1825:
1113:
2073:
1270:
26:
2068:
2714:
1680:
2689:
2470:
2302:
2520:
2638:
2572:
1434:
2814:
2500:
2819:
1408:
1818:
1222:
2784:
2774:
2684:
2555:
2292:
1337:
2799:
2567:
1945:
1317:
1074:
2829:
2694:
2535:
2061:
1811:
1632:
1173:
Ensuring to the extent practicable the protection of critical habitats and migratory corridors and critical life stages of sharks
1176:
Increasing public awareness of threats to sharks and their habitats, and enhance public participation in conservation activities
2719:
2610:
2402:
2341:
1895:
2699:
2319:
2001:
1885:
1845:
710:
is an international instrument for the conservation of migratory species of sharks. It was founded under the auspices of the
1267:
25:
2653:
2392:
2227:
2051:
2031:
1753:"Sharks MOS3 - 3rd Meeting of the Signatories to the Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation of Migratory Sharks"
1731:"2nd Meeting of the Signatories to the Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation of Migratory Sharks (Sharks MOS2)"
2824:
2794:
2789:
2759:
2734:
2724:
2704:
2615:
2358:
2153:
2148:
2026:
2209:
1485:
754:
The
Migratory Shark MOU was the first global instrument published by the CMS, and the first one ever regarding sharks.
2809:
2764:
2744:
2679:
2633:
2540:
2525:
2324:
2138:
2041:
1935:
1585:
1122:
739:
surprised by data on their migrations. Knowledge of 47% of sharks is too limited to determine a conservation status.
1702:
2779:
2769:
2754:
2749:
2739:
2709:
2475:
2083:
1875:
1163:
integrity. The
Conservation Plan, listed in Annex 3 of the MOU, is based on five objectives to achieve this goal:
1607:
1246:
2804:
2515:
2495:
2480:
2450:
2346:
1167:
Improving the understanding of migratory shark populations through research, monitoring and information exchange
2643:
2560:
2530:
2510:
2118:
2036:
2021:
2011:
1986:
1981:
845:
2485:
2387:
2334:
2093:
2016:
1140:
748:
2550:
2545:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2445:
2427:
2412:
2266:
1925:
917:
854:
836:
2505:
2490:
2311:
2232:
2204:
2199:
2158:
2128:
2123:
2088:
2006:
1950:
1890:
1880:
1438:
1358:
818:
168:
743:
extensive migrations frequently and inevitably involve the crossing of national boundaries and through
2600:
2590:
2397:
2194:
2143:
2133:
2098:
1996:
1991:
1955:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1855:
1834:
1658:
1373:
764:
744:
636:
1470:
2407:
2382:
2375:
2297:
2219:
1940:
1930:
1900:
1412:
2363:
2237:
2168:
1960:
1391:
1292:
971:
863:
2620:
2329:
2287:
2173:
2056:
1061:
1007:
980:
872:
809:
789:
1538:
763:
states whose waters are inhabited by these sharks and to states whose flagships pass through
2351:
2046:
1870:
1381:
1300:
1146:
From 10 to 14 December 2018, the Third Meeting of Signatories to the Sharks MOU was held in
1093:
The MOU is a legally non-binding agreement that currently has 48 Signatories, including the
1052:
989:
926:
827:
767:
inhabited by these sharks. Signatories to this treaty intend to expand information sharing.
727:
1343:
2078:
1274:
1034:
1025:
1016:
998:
962:
935:
908:
1377:
2108:
1094:
1043:
953:
797:
723:
649:
246:
1641:
2668:
2605:
2595:
2368:
2259:
2247:
2242:
1471:"Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation of Migratory Sharks – Official text"
1193:
1133:
944:
899:
881:
662:
1563:
2282:
1865:
1395:
1117:
First Meeting of Signatories to the Sharks MoU, Bonn, Germany, 24–27 September 2012
545:
506:
1634:
Summary Sheet: Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation of Migratory Sharks
1486:"Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation of Migratory Sharks – Fact Sheet"
1319:
UN wildlife conference enhances intergovernmental cooperation to safeguard sharks
890:
454:
428:
415:
194:
48:
1386:
376:
363:
181:
1359:"Longest recorded trans-Pacific migration of a whale shark (Rhincodon typus)"
2422:
2254:
1170:
Ensuring that directed and non-directed fisheries for sharks are sustainable
558:
77:
1803:
1304:
2178:
1905:
1681:"Colombia firma compromiso de protecciĂłn de cuatro especies de tiburones"
467:
142:
784:
1730:
731:
675:
532:
519:
480:
337:
259:
220:
207:
155:
90:
1733:. International Institute for Sustainable Development. 4 November 1999
2163:
1752:
1512:"Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation of Migratory Sharks"
1147:
1126:
623:
584:
389:
311:
285:
116:
44:
796:
For the purpose of the MOU, sharks include all species in the class
2675:
Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals
712:
Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals
708:
Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation of Migratory Sharks
19:
Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation of Migratory Sharks
783:
688:
597:
571:
493:
441:
402:
350:
324:
298:
272:
233:
129:
103:
1588:. International Institute for Sustainable Development. 6 May 2011
1793:
1212:
Griffin, E; Miller, K L; Feritas, B; Hirshfield, M (July 2008),
1139:
The Second Meeting of Signatories to the Sharks MOU was held in
735:
610:
1807:
1132:
The First Meeting of Signatories to the Sharks MOU was held in
747:; as the national regulations of coastal nations only apply to
1249:. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 25 June 2009
751:, large parts of these journeys are consequently unregulated.
1322:(press release), UN Environmental Programme, 12 February 2010
1125:(MOU) was signed into effect on 1 March 2010, in the city of
1798:
1357:
Guzman, H; Gomez, C; Hearn, A; Eckert, S (19 April 2018),
1179:
Enhancing national, regional and international cooperation
1659:"The UK takes another step to protect endangered sharks"
1511:
734:(open ocean) shark species fall into this category. The
1247:"Third of open ocean sharks threatened with extinction"
1097:. The MOU goes into immediate effect for signatories.
1059:
Northern hemisphere populations of the Spiny Dogfish (
2583:
2438:
2275:
2218:
2187:
2107:
1974:
1854:
1661:. Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs
696:
62:
54:
40:
32:
1121:After two initial meetings in 2007 and 2008, the
2074:Other effective area-based conservation measures
1586:"Chile Becomes 15th Signatory to CMS Sharks MOU"
2069:Integrated Conservation and Development Project
1437:. United Nations. 18 March 2011. Archived from
772:
749:200 nautical miles (370 km) of their coastlines
1610:. Convention on Migratory Species. 12 May 2011
1819:
1703:"New Signatories to the Migratory Sharks MOU"
1537:U.S. Department of State (19 February 2010).
1339:Migratory sharks need global protection: U.N.
792:is one of the 29 species covered by this MOU.
8:
1532:
1530:
1528:
18:
2730:Treaties entered into by the European Union
1268:"Review of Migratory Chondrichthyan Fishes"
1826:
1812:
1804:
1627:
1625:
714:(CMS; also known as the Bonn Convention).
24:
17:
1539:"Global Conservation of Migratory Sharks"
1385:
1411:. Shark Specialist Group. Archived from
1112:
1073:
1775:"Annex 3 to the MoU: CONSERVATION PLAN"
1331:
1329:
1204:
1558:
1556:
1505:
1503:
1480:
1478:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
2715:Treaties of the Republic of the Congo
1435:"Australia Signs CMS Shark Agreement"
7:
1336:Caitlin Howlett (16 February 2010),
2690:Treaties entered into force in 2010
14:
1946:Conservation biology of parasites
1640:, 1 December 2011, archived from
1566:. Convention on Migratory Species
1409:"Convention on Migratory Species"
2649:
2648:
2062:Tropical rainforest conservation
1966:Vulnerability and susceptibility
1293:"Basking sharks run for the sun"
681:
668:
655:
642:
629:
616:
603:
590:
577:
564:
551:
538:
525:
512:
499:
486:
473:
460:
447:
434:
421:
408:
395:
382:
369:
356:
343:
330:
317:
304:
291:
278:
265:
252:
239:
226:
213:
200:
187:
174:
161:
148:
135:
122:
109:
96:
83:
70:
2611:NatureServe conservation status
1896:Conservation-induced extinction
1608:"South Africa Signs Sharks MOU"
1541:(press release). Washington, DC
1342:, Cosmos Online, archived from
2815:Treaties of the United Kingdom
2002:Conservation management system
1886:Conservation-dependent species
1846:Index of conservation articles
1088: Subsequent signatorieses
1:
2820:Treaties of the United States
2228:Assisted natural regeneration
2032:Ecoregion conservation status
1291:Daniel Cressey (7 May 2009),
2616:Special Area of Conservation
2154:Landscape-scale conservation
2149:High conservation value area
2027:Community-based conservation
1041:Scalloped hammerhead shark (
2785:Treaties of the Philippines
2775:Treaties of the Netherlands
2634:List of conservation issues
2042:Evidence-based conservation
1936:Mutualisms and conservation
1799:IUCN Shark Specialist Group
1366:Marine Biodiversity Records
1123:Memorandum of Understanding
700:English, French and Spanish
2846:
2685:Treaties concluded in 2010
2084:Roadless area conservation
1876:Compassionate conservation
1279:CMS Technical Series No.15
1082: Original signatories
969:Lesser Guinean Devil Ray (
2629:
1841:
1387:10.1186/s41200-018-0143-4
23:
2800:Treaties of South Africa
2471:Central African Republic
2119:Conservation designation
2037:Environmental protection
2022:Conspicuous conservation
2012:Conservation photography
1987:Conservation development
1982:Conservation agriculture
1221:, Oceana, archived from
1050:Great hammerhead shark (
846:Carcharhinus falciformis
807:Pelagic Thresher Shark (
663:United States of America
2830:2010 in the Philippines
2695:2010 in the environment
2210:Human–wildlife conflict
2094:Site-based conservation
2017:Conservation psychology
1835:Conservation of species
770:The memorandum states:
2720:Treaties of Costa Rica
2267:Species reintroduction
1926:Latent extinction risk
1118:
1090:
918:Mobula eregoodootenkee
855:Carcharodon carcharias
837:Anoxypristis cuspidata
825:Common Thresher Shark(
816:Bigeye Tresher Shark (
793:
777:
2700:Treaties of Australia
2639:List of organisations
2293:Hawaiian honeycreeper
2233:Ecosystem restoration
2205:Habitat fragmentation
2200:Fortress conservation
2159:Marine protected area
2129:Conservation easement
2124:Conservation district
2089:Roadside conservation
2007:Conservation movement
1951:Species translocation
1891:Conservation genetics
1881:Conservation behavior
1305:10.1038/news.2009.452
1273:21 April 2013 at the
1116:
1077:
870:Shortfin Mako Shark (
819:Alopias superciliosus
787:
2601:Planetary boundaries
2591:Conservation officer
2195:Conservation refugee
2144:Habitat conservation
2134:Conservation reserve
2099:Wetland conservation
1997:Conservation grazing
1992:Conservation finance
1956:Conservation welfare
1921:In-situ conservation
1916:Extinction threshold
1911:Ex-situ conservation
1488:. Environment.gov.au
1141:San José, Costa Rica
1014:Largetooth Sawfish (
1005:Smalltooth Sawfish (
942:Shortfin Devil Ray (
879:Longfin Mako Shark (
765:international waters
745:international waters
637:United Arab Emirates
598:Syrian Arab Republic
2825:Treaties of Vanuatu
2795:Treaties of Senegal
2790:Treaties of Romania
2760:Treaties of Liberia
2735:Treaties of Germany
2725:Treaties of Denmark
2705:Treaties of Belgium
1941:Nature conservation
1931:Marine conservation
1901:Conservation status
1378:2018MBdR...11....8G
987:Bentfin Devil Ray (
978:Chilean Devil Ray (
852:Great White Shark (
20:
2810:Treaties of Tuvalu
2765:Treaties of Monaco
2745:Treaties of Guinea
2680:Shark conservation
2238:Island restoration
2169:Open space reserve
1961:Threatened species
1780:. CMS Sharks Team.
1683:. ElEspectador.com
1647:on 17 October 2013
1368:(research paper),
1119:
1091:
972:Mobula rochebrunei
960:Munk's Devil Ray (
933:Spinetail Mobula (
924:Lesser Devil Ray (
864:Cetorhinus maximus
803:Currently listed:
794:
2780:Treaties of Palau
2770:Treaties of Nauru
2755:Treaties of Kenya
2750:Treaties of Italy
2740:Treaties of Ghana
2710:Treaties of Chile
2662:
2661:
2621:Soil conservation
2174:Wildlife corridor
2057:Forest protection
2052:Forest management
1510:CMS Sharks Team.
1215:Predators as Prey
1158:Conservation Plan
1062:Squalus acanthias
1008:Pristis pectinata
981:Mobula tarapacana
951:Giant Devil Ray (
915:Pygmy Manta Ray (
873:Isurus oxyrinchus
810:Alopias pelagicus
790:great white shark
704:
703:
2837:
2805:Treaties of Togo
2652:
2651:
2536:Papua New Guinea
2428:Cryopreservation
2393:Gray nurse shark
2047:Flagship species
1871:Captive breeding
1828:
1821:
1814:
1805:
1794:Official website
1782:
1781:
1779:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1707:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1639:
1629:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1560:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1534:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1507:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1482:
1473:
1468:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1441:on 20 April 2012
1431:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1389:
1363:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1346:on 31 March 2012
1333:
1324:
1323:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1288:
1282:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1228:on 17 April 2012
1227:
1220:
1209:
1087:
1081:
1053:Sphyrna mokarran
990:Mobula thurstoni
927:Mobula hypostoma
897:Reef Manta Ray (
834:Narrow Sawfish (
828:Alopias vulpinus
728:keystone species
722:Many sharks are
687:
685:
684:
674:
672:
671:
661:
659:
658:
648:
646:
645:
635:
633:
632:
622:
620:
619:
609:
607:
606:
596:
594:
593:
583:
581:
580:
570:
568:
567:
557:
555:
554:
544:
542:
541:
531:
529:
528:
518:
516:
515:
505:
503:
502:
492:
490:
489:
479:
477:
476:
466:
464:
463:
453:
451:
450:
440:
438:
437:
427:
425:
424:
414:
412:
411:
401:
399:
398:
388:
386:
385:
375:
373:
372:
362:
360:
359:
349:
347:
346:
336:
334:
333:
323:
321:
320:
310:
308:
307:
297:
295:
294:
284:
282:
281:
271:
269:
268:
258:
256:
255:
245:
243:
242:
232:
230:
229:
219:
217:
216:
206:
204:
203:
193:
191:
190:
180:
178:
177:
167:
165:
164:
154:
152:
151:
141:
139:
138:
128:
126:
125:
115:
113:
112:
102:
100:
99:
89:
87:
86:
76:
74:
73:
28:
21:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2625:
2579:
2434:
2352:Indian elephant
2271:
2214:
2183:
2179:30 by 30 target
2110:
2103:
2079:Riparian buffer
1970:
1857:
1850:
1837:
1832:
1790:
1785:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1758:
1756:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1736:
1734:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1714:
1712:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1686:
1684:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1664:
1662:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1644:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1623:
1613:
1611:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1591:
1589:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1569:
1567:
1562:
1561:
1554:
1544:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1526:
1516:
1514:
1509:
1508:
1501:
1491:
1489:
1484:
1483:
1476:
1469:
1454:
1444:
1442:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1418:
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1032:Whale shark (
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911:
910:
905:
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896:
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882:Isurus paucus
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843:Silky Shark (
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195:CĂ´te d'Ivoire
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27:
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16:
2369:Bengal Tiger
2325:Arabian oryx
2316:Land mammal
2303:Golden eagle
2139:Gap analysis
1866:Biodiversity
1856:Conservation
1769:
1757:. Retrieved
1755:. Sharks MOU
1747:
1735:. Retrieved
1725:
1713:. Retrieved
1709:
1697:
1685:. Retrieved
1675:
1663:. Retrieved
1653:
1642:the original
1633:
1612:. Retrieved
1602:
1590:. Retrieved
1580:
1568:. Retrieved
1543:. Retrieved
1515:. Retrieved
1490:. Retrieved
1443:. Retrieved
1439:the original
1429:
1417:. Retrieved
1413:the original
1403:
1369:
1365:
1352:
1344:the original
1338:
1318:
1312:
1296:
1286:
1278:
1263:
1251:. Retrieved
1241:
1230:, retrieved
1223:the original
1214:
1207:
1182:
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1152:
1145:
1138:
1131:
1120:
1103:
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1092:
1060:
1051:
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1024:
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988:
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871:
862:
853:
844:
835:
826:
817:
808:
802:
795:
773:
769:
761:
753:
741:
721:
707:
705:
546:South Africa
507:Saudi Arabia
58:1 March 2010
36:1 March 2010
15:
2541:South Sudan
2526:New Zealand
2220:Restoration
1715:28 November
1517:25 February
1070:Signatories
906:Manta Ray (
891:Lamna nasus
888:Porbeagle (
455:Philippines
429:New Zealand
416:Netherlands
63:Signatories
49:Philippines
2669:Categories
2476:Costa Rica
2439:By country
2359:Slow loris
2335:Polar bear
2188:Key issues
1975:Approaches
1687:16 October
1200:References
758:Objectives
718:Background
377:Mauritania
364:Madagascar
182:Costa Rica
2516:Mauritius
2496:Indonesia
2481:Hong Kong
2451:Australia
2423:Seed bank
2413:Sea otter
2283:Arthropod
2255:Rewilding
2109:Protected
1665:16 August
697:Languages
559:Sri Lanka
78:Australia
55:Effective
2654:Category
2561:Scotland
2531:Pakistan
2511:Malaysia
2347:Elephant
2276:By taxon
1906:Endemism
1759:9 August
1737:9 August
1564:"Sharks"
1372:(1): 8,
1271:Archived
1188:See also
1109:Meetings
468:Portugal
143:Colombia
41:Location
2584:Related
2573:forests
2521:Namibia
2501:Ireland
2486:Iceland
2398:Manatee
2388:Dolphin
2342:Cheetah
1858:biology
1710:CMS.int
1614:1 March
1592:1 March
1570:1 March
1545:1 March
1492:1 March
1445:1 March
1419:1 March
1396:5036295
1374:Bibcode
1253:1 March
1232:1 March
780:Species
775:States.
732:pelagic
676:Vanuatu
533:Somalia
520:Senegal
481:Romania
338:Liberia
260:Germany
221:Ecuador
208:Denmark
156:Comoros
91:Belgium
2551:Uganda
2546:Sweden
2466:Canada
2461:Brazil
2456:Belize
2446:Angola
2419:Plant
2408:Salmon
2383:Marine
2298:Raptor
2260:marine
2164:Marxan
1394:
1297:Nature
1281:, 2007
1148:Monaco
1127:Manila
1086:
1080:
686:
673:
660:
647:
634:
624:Tuvalu
621:
608:
595:
585:Sweden
582:
569:
556:
543:
530:
517:
504:
491:
478:
465:
452:
439:
426:
413:
400:
390:Monaco
387:
374:
361:
348:
335:
322:
312:Jordan
309:
296:
286:Guinea
283:
270:
257:
244:
231:
218:
205:
192:
179:
166:
153:
140:
127:
117:Brazil
114:
101:
88:
75:
45:Manila
33:Signed
2506:Italy
2491:India
2364:Tiger
2312:Fungi
2111:areas
1778:(PDF)
1706:(PDF)
1645:(PDF)
1638:(PDF)
1392:S2CID
1362:(PDF)
1226:(PDF)
1219:(PDF)
689:Yemen
572:Sudan
494:Samoa
442:Palau
403:Nauru
351:Libya
325:Kenya
299:Italy
273:Ghana
234:Egypt
169:Congo
130:Chile
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