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376:"This memorial, like others, exposes the failures of society and materializes the permanent memory of pain. It is a memorial that materializes not to forget; it is a tribute to those who were victims and their families. It is an antidote construction against the destruction generated by violence. It is the witness in time of the broken past; it is the voice that day by day reminds us of the pain that although we want to overcome, we do not want to forget so that it does not happen again. It is a project that translates memory into space; into a walkable, open, experiential space that transforms the absences of missing persons into permanent presences in space and time".
267:
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back what it projects, and oxidized steel was chosen because it represents the scars that form over time. The walls generally come in a variety of sizes and shapes, but the most typical ones are 2.4 m (8 ft) wide and 12 m (39 ft) high. The paths and benches are made of concrete. Originally, there was a pond with water underneath the structures. Around 40 quotations from historical figures, including
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572:. The platform lists the cutting of public expenses deemed unnecessary as one of its goals. As there were already contracts with private companies, the CEAV limited the maintenance of the memorial to only cleaning and gardening. The memorial was abandoned after the budget for such maintenance was cut off in 2021. Reyna Paz Avendaño from
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victims there. Initially, Miranda de
Wallace supported the installation because she saw it as a space for reflection and forward-looking thinking. By 2015, she said that the artwork's original purpose had been defeated because it failed to bring attention to the country's violence and the government
505:
Nevertheless, the project received negative comments from human rights groups and society members, who criticized the monument's location and ambiguous dedication. Eduardo Vázquez from the MPJD considered it an illegitimate monument that was erected in a military area, and that it did not adequately
245:
The project was well-received by architecture and art publications. In 2014 the memorial won the Best Use of Color Award at the AL Light & Architecture Design Awards. However, it received polarized comments from human rights groups and society due to two factors. The first was the involvement of
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The
Memorial to Victims of Violence in Mexico features 70 steel walls; they are constructed of oxidized, natural, or stainless steel, and their textures can be rusted or reflective. According to Springall, stainless steel was chosen for its reflective quality, which functions as a mirror to reflect
323:
Gaeta
Springall Arquitectos, owned by Julio Gaeta and Luby Springall, won the national contest to erect the memorial. It was commissioned by a government organization called the Procuraduría Social de Atención a las Víctimas de Delitos (Províctima), which was later renamed as the Comisión Ejecutiva
539:
anticipated the monument to be forgotten due to the lack of social engagement as a "memorial only has value to the extent that it has a meaning". The placement of it in a military facility was seen by the victims' families as a provocation considering how many people were victimized as a result of
414:
lighting system. Sources of illumination were located in different zones, including underwater and along the corridors. Different areas, including underwater and along the corridors, had lighting sources. Warm tones were prevalent in low-lying areas, while restrained coloration could be found in
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The memorial is composed of 70 different-textured steel walls, and numerous reflectors projected light at different angles, some of which were originally underwater. Julio Gaeta and Luby
Springall, working through their firm Gaeta Springall Arquitectos, were in charge of the architecture, while
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The architectural team took props before construction began to indicate where the walls had to be placed. Additionally, they contacted
Gustavo Viles, the owner and lighting designer of Lighteam, who advised them on the process. Beginning on 7 September 2012, construction was completed on
242:
Lighteam was the company in charge of the lighting. The creators described their work as an incomplete and unfinished project where citizens can add the names of the victims. Around 40 quotes from historical figures about violence and memory are also inscribed on the walls.
415:
higher areas. Several lamps shined light on the gold-inked phrases, trees, and walkways. Since the memorial is accessible 24 hours a day, lighting was crucial when it gets dark because light contrasts darkness and represents hope and life, according to
Springall.
510:, Benjamin Nienass and Alexandra Délano Alonso consider the monument to be "a façade of participation that is not so much intended to bring more democratic legitimacy or open debate to the space, but to simply relieve decision-makers of accountability".
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had given the memorial no significance. In addition to
Miranda de Wallace, Alejandro Martí of México SOS was present during the inauguration; there, he commented that the memorial should symbolize a shared struggle to prevent any further tragedies.
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The memorial received the Best Use of Color Award at the 2014 AL Light & Architecture Design Awards. According to the jurors' evaluations, light conveys a message and plays with subtlety when defining boundaries. For
Elizabeth Donoff from
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On the other hand, some organizations had a more optimistic attitude. Félix Hernández Guzmán of the Comité 68 group commented that regardless of the memorial's location, the organization has placed numerous plaques bearing the names of the
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Members of the MPJD initially requested that hearings be held to determine the location of the memorial and to compile a census of the victims' names, but both requests were denied. Sicilia commented that it would be preferable to
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The memorial, which allows citizens to inscribe names of victims, is described by the creators as a living and ongoing project. Springall said that there were no names listed because they were unfamiliar with any of them. The
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Officially, from
December 2006 to September 2011, 47,515 conflict-related deaths were reported. Reports do not include missing persons. After that date, Calderón's government stopped publishing information related to the
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juror, said that the memorial mimics nature holistically and engages the community through its "strong physical presence, extraordinary artistic sensitivity and poetic dialogue". For Samuel
Cochran of
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258:, whom acquaintances of the victims have accused of being complicit in the violence. The city government stopped funding the memorial's maintenance in 2021 citing that it was not a priority.
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retook the proposal in a meeting with Calderón the following year. In 2012, Calderón had conversations with the victims' relatives and informed them of the idea for a memorial construction.
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23 November the same year. Several lighting manufacturers were contacted after the stelae were installed to present their light fixtures. On the final day of Calderón's presidency,
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it. María de Vecchi, member of the H.I.J.O.S. México organization, said that the project is nothing more than a government façade as long as crimes continue to go unpunished.
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Nienass, Benjamin; Délano Alonso, Alexandra (2019). "Mexico City's Memorial to the Victims of Violence and the Façade of Participation". In Apsel, Joyce; Sodaro, Amy (eds.).
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2021:
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3257:
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2016:
59:
1436:
1400:
816:
753:
313:
39:
1295:
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718:
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308:, founder of the Alto al Secuestro association, asked Calderón for a location to place a memorial in 2010. Although the proposal was initially ignored,
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described it as a "simple, humble, sober, integrated and different" work that plays with lights and nature to fill empty spaces. The staff from
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1971:
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served as inspiration for the idea to let those who have lost loved ones leave messages on the walls. The symbolism of the numbers
356:, symbolically inaugurated the memorial. However, it was not opened to the public until 5 April 2013 during the presidency of
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1991:
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238:'s administration. As its name suggests, it was created to pay tribute to those who had been victims of violence in the nation.
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399:, are engraved on the stelae. These quotations address topics like violence, memory, love, and pain. The site's facilities are
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Many of the stelae have permanent plaques bearing the names of the victims of the multiple massacres committed in the country.
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honor the victims. He added that it was irrelevant because Calderón's will was what led to its creation. In the book
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2006:
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443:, which for them stand for remembrance and religious perfection respectively, led to the choice of the number 70.
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845:[Memorial to Victims of Violence: a whiff of war, squandering and worst of all... forgetfulness].
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de Atención a Víctimas (CEAV). The selected space was a 15,000 m (161,000 square feet) field at
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3127:
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637:[The number of victims of violence is growing; more than 8,000 cases documented: Committee 68].
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2001:
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1021:
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1056:[Memorial to Victims of Violence in Mexico] (in Spanish). ArquitecturaPanamericana.com. 2016.
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2011:
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984:[Memorial to Victims of Violence in Mexico: the project, the polemic and the alternative].
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1158:[Memorial of Victims of Violence, 'forgotten', vandalized and without 'gardening' works].
809:"To Design, To Remember: Memorial to Victims of Violence in Mexico by Gaeta Springall Arquitectos"
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843:"Memorial a las víctimas de la violencia: un tufo a guerra, a despilfarro y lo peor... a olvido"
277:
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3308:
3292:
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1981:
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1530:[Memorial to the Victims of Violence Inaugurated; mixed opinions on missing persons].
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reported in 2022 that the site no longer has the original lighting, the water in the pond is
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The memorial lacks water and lighting; some of the stelae have graffiti smudging as of 2023.
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1319:"El Memorial de las Víctimas de la Violencia, despreciado, en el olvido y sin inaugurarse"
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635:"Crece el número de víctimas de la violencia; documentados, más de 8 mil casos: Comité 68"
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1321:[The Memorial to the Victims of Violence, scorned, forgotten and uninaugurated].
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481:
480:, the walls call "for remembrance and reflection" and compared them to works done by
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1560:[Martí and Wallace to attend the presentation of the Memorial to Victims].
1428:"Un monumento a las víctimas de la guerra al narcotráfico crea discordia en México"
1189:"Gaeta-Springall Arquitectos Designs the Memorial to Victims of Violence in Mexico"
341:
293:
1156:"Memorial de Víctimas de la Violencia, 'olvidado', vandalizado y sin 'jardinería'"
1528:"Inauguran Memorial a las Víctimas de la Violencia; difieren sobre desaparecidos"
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1941:
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1393:[Mexico inaugurates controversial Memorial to the Victims of Violence].
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replaced Peña Nieto in 2018 and established the political platform known as the
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1019:[The Memorial to Victims, Calderón's last project, opens this Friday].
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from 1 December 2006 to 30 November 2012. Days after taking office,
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1017:"El Memorial a las Víctimas, la última obra de Calderón, abre este viernes"
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for people with disabilities as there are access ramps for wheelchairs and
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1390:"México inaugura el controvertido Memorial a las Víctimas de la Violencia"
1223:[Memorial to Victims of Violence by Gaeta-Springall Arquitectos].
2169:
949:"2014 AL Design Awards: Memorial to the Victims of Violence, Mexico City"
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432:
219:
115:
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1221:"Memorial a las víctimas de la violencia de Gaeta-Springall Arquitectos"
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into the "Center of Memory". Additionally, he likened the memorial to a
427:, Germany, served as inspiration for the Memorial's main idea, and the
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Formerly, different levels of color and intensity were present in the
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magazine listed it as one of the Best in Architecture works in 2013.
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384:
1462:[The period in which Reforma became the Victims Boulevard].
1460:"El sexenio en que Reforma se convirtió en el Paseo de las Víctimas"
1558:"Martí y Wallace asistirán a presentación de Memorial de Víctimas"
556:
450:
265:
2042:
Guillermo Valleto's Handwritten Letter to the Treasury Secretary
1590:[Memorial represents pain of all Mexicans, says Martí].
1588:"Memorial representa dolor de todos los mexicanos, señala Martí"
982:"Memorial a Víctimas: el proyecto, la polémica y la alternativa"
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gave it a honorific mention among the best works of the year.
1124:[Memorial to Victims of Violence in Mexico opened].
230:. Its construction started in 2012 during the presidency of
440:
594:, memorial-like works installed by non-governmental groups
466:, lights communicate "an unspoken language of healing".
1498:[22 million pesos memorial, a forgotten work].
1122:"Inauguran el Memorial a las Víctimas de la Violencia"
344:
30,000,000 (US$ 2,550,000) toward the project's cost.
1255:[Memorial to Victims of Violence in Mexico].
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2920:
2889:
2833:
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2676:
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Escuela Preparatoria Miguel Hidalgo "Carmen Serdán"
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300:led to casualties of an estimated 70,000 people in
215:
Memorial de las víctimas de la violencia del Estado
184:
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129:
121:
111:
101:
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3029:Sueño de una Tarde Dominical en la Alameda Central
894:
776:
672:"These Walls Speak, Recalling Victims of Violence"
1669:at Gaeta Springall Arquitectos's official website
3224:Monumento de la Fundación de México-Tenochtitlan
1054:"Memorial a las víctimas de violencia en México"
1657:Memorial a las víctimas de violencia en México
250:in 2006, while the second was its location at
205:Memorial a las víctimas de violencia en México
30:Memorial a las víctimas de violencia en México
2976:
2519:
2286:Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Mexico
2100:
1850:
1812:
1791:
1781:
1709:
1077:
1075:
213:
203:
28:
8:
1673:Gaeta Springall Arquitectos (15 June 2015).
371:Gaeta Springall Arquitectos on the memorial
21:
2569:Embassy of the United States in Mexico City
1675:"Memorial to Victims of Violence in Mexico"
1496:"Memorial de 22 mdp, una obra en el olvido"
1083:"Memorial to Victims of Violence in Mexico"
1048:
1046:
1044:
896:"Memorial to Victims of Violence in Mexico"
744:"Mexico Drug War Memorial Angers Relatives"
314:Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity
105:Julio Gaeta and Luby Springall (architects)
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1843:
1835:
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1702:
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1594:(in Spanish). El Universal. 5 April 2013.
1420:
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1317:Camacho Servín, Fernando (19 March 2013).
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1147:
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940:
938:
936:
367:
246:Calderón in the project as he started the
234:and it was opened on 5 April 2013, during
20:
3540:: † No longer extant or on public display
3173:Memorial to Victims of Violence in Mexico
2861:Memorial to Victims of Violence in Mexico
2276:Memorial to Victims of Violence in Mexico
1962:Memorial to Victims of Violence in Mexico
1823:Memorial to Victims of Violence in Mexico
1665:Memorial to Victims of Violence in Mexico
1489:
1487:
1485:
1286:"(Best of 2013) The Year In Architecture"
1253:"Memorial a las Víctimas de la Violencia"
1116:
1114:
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1110:
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273:asked for a location to erect a memorial.
200:Memorial to Victims of Violence in Mexico
22:Memorial to Victims of Violence in Mexico
3139:Equestrian statue of Francisco I. Madero
3134:Equestrian statue of Charles IV of Spain
2699:Equestrian statue of Charles IV of Spain
633:Sánchez Jiménez, Arturo (6 March 2016).
2689:Former Aeroméxico Headquarters Building
1689:. At the Official Guide to Mexico City.
1458:Altamirano, Claudia (16 January 2018).
893:Minutillo, Josephine (16 August 2014).
625:
604:
421:Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe
3578:Monuments and memorials in Mexico City
2579:National Lottery for Public Assistance
2140:Nuevo Polanco (Granada, Ampl. Granada)
1154:Paz Avendaño, Reyna (14 August 2022).
775:Simonnet, Carole (30 September 2012).
141:12 m (39 ft) (tallest point)
3100:Bench of Fidel Castro and Che Guevara
2641:Servicio de Administración Tributaria
2422:Colegio Alemán Alexander von Humboldt
994:from the original on 12 November 2020
738:
736:
664:
662:
7:
2067:
1568:from the original on 11 January 2022
1508:from the original on 11 January 2022
1403:from the original on 11 January 2022
1387:Gutiérrez, Sáshenka (5 April 2013).
1168:from the original on 16 October 2022
1132:from the original on 10 January 2022
947:Donoff, Elizabeth (25 August 2014).
781:[Memorial without victims].
647:from the original on 21 October 2020
470:, architectural, design curator and
2902:Garibaldi / Lagunilla metro station
1815:Glorieta de las y los Desaparecidos
1784:Glorieta de las y los Desaparecidos
1538:from the original on 9 January 2022
1494:Rivera, Astrid (13 December 2015).
1470:from the original on 9 January 2022
1439:from the original on 9 January 2022
1298:from the original on 9 January 2022
1265:from the original on 8 January 2022
1233:from the original on 9 January 2022
1201:from the original on 7 January 2022
1187:Cochran, Samuel (31 October 2013).
1095:from the original on 6 January 2022
1060:from the original on 6 January 2022
1029:from the original on 5 January 2022
961:from the original on 5 January 2022
919:(free access to the magazine is at
909:from the original on 5 January 2022
855:from the original on 9 January 2022
841:Saldívar, Alejandro (4 June 2018).
789:from the original on 9 January 2022
756:from the original on 5 January 2022
721:from the original on 7 January 2022
705:"Monumento a víctimas de violencia"
685:from the original on 6 January 2022
133:2.4 m (8 ft) (some walls)
3151:Fountain to Bartolomé de las Casas
2794:Glorieta de las mujeres que luchan
1794:Glorieta de las mujeres que luchan
1598:from the original on 18 March 2022
1425:De Llano, Pablo (19 August 2012).
14:
2943:The Paseo (Kansas City, Missouri)
2876:Parish of the Holy Child of Peace
1687:"State Violence Victims Memorial"
1329:from the original on 3 March 2022
328:, previously administered by the
3470:Monument to Christopher Columbus
3426:Antimonumenta Vivas Nos Queremos
3400:Statue of Alexander von Humboldt
3283:Statue of Martin Luther King Jr.
3178:Monument to Christopher Columbus
2706:Monument to Christopher Columbus
2488:Borough of Miguel Hidalgo topics
2425:Plantel Kindergarten Prado Norte
2066:
2055:
2054:
1650:
1635:
1621:
980:Sánchez, Mayela (4 April 2013).
38:
3438:El Ángel de la Seguridad Social
3263:Statue of José Gervasio Artigas
3258:Statue of Franklin D. Roosevelt
2762:El Ángel de la Seguridad Social
2611:National Museum of Anthropology
2317:National Museum of Anthropology
2017:Statue of Franklin D. Roosevelt
1987:National Museum of Anthropology
1907:Casa del Lago Juan José Arreola
1351:Museums and Sites of Persuasion
1284:Architizer (19 December 2013).
815:. 16 April 2020. Archived from
669:Cave, Damien (22 August 2013).
508:Museums and Sites of Persuasion
330:Secretariat of National Defense
256:Secretariat of National Defense
210:State Violence Victims Memorial
3481:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Monument
2928:2008 Mexico City Learjet crash
2811:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Monument
2433:(Preschool and toddler center)
2322:Luis Barragán House and Studio
1957:Luis Barragán House and Studio
1261:(in Spanish). 14 August 2013.
1:
3558:2013 establishments in Mexico
3464:How Doth the Little Crocodile
3209:Monumento a los Indios Verdes
3194:Monument to Pope John Paul II
3115:Bust of Pedro Domingo Murillo
2800:How Doth the Little Crocodile
2711:Monumento a los Indios Verdes
2416:Lomas campus (primary school)
1229:(in Spanish). 2 August 2015.
296:. During his presidency, the
180:Victims of violence in Mexico
3219:Monumento al perro callejero
3214:Monumento a los Niños Héroes
2871:Monumento a los Niños Héroes
1972:Monumento a los Niños Héroes
1937:Constituyentes metro station
1564:(in Spanish). 4 April 2013.
1534:(in Spanish). 6 April 2013.
1128:(in Spanish). 4 April 2013.
1025:(in Spanish). 5 April 2013.
3432:Diana the Huntress Fountain
3268:Statue of George Washington
3239:Obelisco a los Niños Héroes
3189:Monument to Lázaro Cárdenas
3184:Monument to Enrico Martínez
2912:Mexico City Metrobús Line 7
2756:Diana the Huntress Fountain
2116:Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City
2022:Statue of George Washington
1997:Obelisco a los Niños Héroes
566:Andrés Manuel López Obrador
472:Pritzker Architecture Prize
208:), also referred to as the
3599:
3298:Statue of Vicente Guerrero
2846:Avenida de los Insurgentes
2307:Museo Nacional de Historia
2271:Avenida Presidente Masaryk
254:, a venue operated by the
3535:
3500:The Young Woman of Amajac
3204:Monumento a la Revolución
3060:
3049:
3009:
2998:
2992:Public art in Mexico City
2866:Monumento a la Revolución
2824:The Young Woman of Amajac
2586:Esquina de la Información
2559:Centro de Cultura Digital
2494:
2050:
1927:Chapultepec Peace Accords
1922:Chapultepec metro station
1912:Centro de Cultura Digital
1872:
1805:
1731:
354:Secretary of the Interior
306:Isabel Miranda de Wallace
271:Isabel Miranda de Wallace
56:
49:
37:
26:
3288:Statue of Paul P. Harris
3066:Abraham Lincoln: The Man
3055:Sculptures and monuments
2933:Ferdinand von Rosenzweig
2496:This list is incomplete.
2405:Colegio Ciudad de México
1725:Anti-monuments in Mexico
1364:10.4324/9781138567825-13
592:Anti-monuments in Mexico
360:, Calderón's successor.
3493:Statue of Heydar Aliyev
3340:Benito Juárez Hemicycle
3278:Statue of Louis Pasteur
3105:Bust of Albert Einstein
2897:Auditorio metro station
2716:Statue of Heydar Aliyev
2007:Papalote Museo del Niño
1952:La Feria de Chapultepec
1877:Auditorio metro station
778:"Memorial sin víctimas"
364:Description and meaning
107:Lighteam (illumination)
16:Monument in Mexico City
3476:Monument to Cuauhtémoc
3457:Fuente de la República
3234:Museo Cabeza de Juárez
3161:Fuente de los Cántaros
2806:Monument to Cuauhtémoc
2783:Fuente de la República
2694:Glorieta del Caballito
2596:Mexican Stock Exchange
2564:Church of San Hipólito
2160:San Miguel Chapultepec
1813:
1792:
1782:
1435:(in Spanish). Mexico.
926:4 January 2022 at the
562:
456:
393:Martin Luther King Jr.
350:Alejandro Poiré Romero
338:Secretariat of Welfare
298:low-intensity conflict
274:
262:Background and history
214:
204:
165:5 April 2013
29:
3419:Angel of Independence
3273:Statue of León Felipe
3036:The History of Mexico
2907:Hidalgo metro station
2737:Angel of Independence
2601:Museo de Arte Moderno
2438:Escuela Sierra Nevada
2381:Lycée Franco-Mexicain
2312:Museo de Arte Moderno
2027:Statue of León Felipe
1977:Museo de Arte Moderno
1892:Battle of Chapultepec
570:Fourth Transformation
560:
454:
269:
75:19.42500°N 99.19917°W
2938:Mexico City Marathon
2881:Puerta de los Leones
2789:Glorieta de la Palma
2725:Landmarks, monuments
2668:Torre Reforma Latino
2554:Chapultepec Uno R509
2135:Lomas de Chapultepec
2130:Bosques de las Lomas
2012:Puerta de los Leones
1887:Baths of Chapultepec
1659:at Wikimedia Commons
1194:Architectural Digest
902:Architectural Record
477:Architectural Digest
290:Mexican Armed Forces
154:Completion date
44:The memorial in 2013
3583:Paseo de la Reforma
3410:Paseo de la Reforma
3350:Fountain of Neptune
3345:Fountain of Mercury
3199:Monumento a la Raza
2851:Bridge of the Lions
2636:Torre del Caballito
2606:Museo Rufino Tamayo
2535:Paseo de la Reforma
2145:Paseo de la Reforma
1992:Museo Rufino Tamayo
1897:Bridge of the Lions
1592:El Siglo de Torreón
1226:El Siglo de Torreón
546:Tlatelolco massacre
487:El Siglo de Torreón
340:contributed around
336:, Mexico City. The
282:president of Mexico
190:gaeta-springall.com
146:Beginning date
80:19.42500; -99.19917
71: /
23:
3360:Fountain of Virgin
3335:Beethoven Monument
3303:Statues of Pegasus
3252:Ruta de la Amistad
3110:Bust of Cuauhtémoc
3094:Ariadna abandonada
2549:Auditorio Nacional
2413:The Wingate School
2397:Westhill Institute
2302:Chapultepec Castle
2037:Tribuna Monumental
2032:Templanza Fountain
2002:Panteón de Dolores
1917:Chapultepec Castle
1902:Cárcamo de Dolores
1882:Auditorio Nacional
1643:Visual arts portal
1562:Aristegui Noticias
987:Aristegui Noticias
954:Architect Magazine
819:on 16 January 2021
678:The New York Times
563:
463:Architect Magazine
457:
358:Enrique Peña Nieto
275:
236:Enrique Peña Nieto
125:Steel and concrete
3545:
3544:
3531:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3355:Fountain of Venus
3309:The Eye of Mexico
3293:Statue of Tin Tan
3229:Mother's Monument
3156:Fuente de Cibeles
3087:Antimonumento +72
3080:Antimonumento +43
3045:
3044:
2958:
2957:
2750:Antimonumento +72
2743:Antimonumento +43
2631:Torre BBVA México
2501:
2500:
2442:
2434:
2426:
2417:
2409:
2401:
2393:
2385:
2082:
2081:
1982:Museo del Caracol
1832:
1831:
1767:Antimonumento +72
1759:Antimonumento +43
1655:Media related to
1161:La Crónica de Hoy
575:La Crónica de Hoy
484:. Jesús Tovar of
380:
379:
302:collateral damage
286:Calderón enlisted
196:
195:
177:Dedicated to
162:Opening date
3590:
3373:Gladiador romano
3366:Gladiador frigio
3323:
3245:País de volcanes
3051:
3000:
2985:
2978:
2971:
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2841:Avenida Bucareli
2574:Edificio El Moro
2528:
2521:
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2450:Shopping centers
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2389:Peterson Schools
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1775:Antimonumento 5J
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752:. 6 April 2013.
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717:. 7 April 2014.
715:Associated Press
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468:Kristin Feireiss
407:signage plates.
368:
334:Chapultepec Park
312:, leader of the
248:Mexican drug war
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157:23 November 2012
149:7 September 2012
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2200:Colegio Militar
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1932:Chapultepec Zoo
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1091:. 13 May 2013.
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2384:Polanco campus
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2019:
2014:
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1994:
1989:
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1504:(in Spanish).
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1399:(in Spanish).
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310:Javier Sicilia
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2653:Torre MAPFRE
2483:Other topics
2392:Lomas Campus
2275:
2071:
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1967:Montaña Rusa
1961:
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1501:El Universal
1499:
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1432:
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1020:
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817:the original
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530:Miquel Adrià
528:. Architect
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346:
322:
316:(MPJD), and
294:war on drugs
276:
244:
240:
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18:
3563:Chapultepec
3487:Puerta 1808
3394:Malgré Tout
3316:Un Pescador
2856:Chapultepec
2817:Puerta 1808
2684:Cine Latino
2658:Torre Mayor
2648:Torre Diana
2616:Reforma 222
2474:Plaza Carso
2430:Eton School
2353:Parque Lira
2343:Chapultepec
2240:San Joaquín
2225:Patriotismo
2210:Juanacatlán
1942:El Sargento
1866:Chapultepec
1746:Mexico City
1741:Guadalajara
612:casualties.
553:Abandonment
533: [
429:Berlin Wall
326:Campo Marte
252:Campo Marte
228:Mexico City
224:Chapultepec
95:Mexico City
78: /
3552:Categories
3022:Still Life
2591:HSBC Tower
2195:Cuitláhuac
1323:La Jornada
1172:23 January
1088:Architizer
710:El Heraldo
651:23 January
640:La Jornada
620:References
526:mass grave
401:accessible
212:(Spanish:
202:(Spanish:
169:2013-04-05
66:99°11′57″W
63:19°25′30″N
3573:Light art
3128:El Sereno
2626:St. Regis
2542:Buildings
2281:Los Pinos
2259:Landmarks
2220:Panteones
2190:Auditorio
1679:Landezine
1572:9 January
1542:9 January
1512:9 January
1474:9 January
1443:9 January
1407:9 January
1356:Routledge
1333:7 January
1302:8 January
1269:7 January
1258:Expansión
1237:8 January
1205:7 January
1136:8 January
1126:Expansión
1099:5 January
1064:5 January
1033:5 January
1022:Expansión
965:5 January
913:5 January
859:8 January
823:8 January
793:9 January
760:5 January
725:5 January
689:5 January
516:intervene
493:Expansión
447:Reception
2677:Formerly
2250:Tacubaya
2183:stations
2170:Tacubaya
2061:Category
1602:17 March
1596:Archived
1566:Archived
1536:Archived
1506:Archived
1468:Archived
1437:Archived
1401:Archived
1327:Archived
1296:Archived
1263:Archived
1231:Archived
1199:Archived
1166:Archived
1130:Archived
1093:Archived
1058:Archived
1027:Archived
992:Archived
959:Archived
924:Archived
907:Archived
853:Archived
787:Archived
754:Archived
749:Sky News
719:Archived
683:Archived
645:Archived
586:See also
580:stagnant
433:graffiti
220:memorial
218:), is a
122:Material
116:Memorial
102:Designer
97:, Mexico
91:Location
51:Location
3510:Related
2921:Related
2729:statues
2362:Schools
2295:Museums
2235:Popotla
2230:Polanco
2155:Polanco
2073:Commons
1808:Related
1751:Morelia
1433:El País
1396:El País
998:3 March
848:Proceso
405:braille
185:Website
167: (
3518:Tlalli
3004:Murals
2949:Tlalli
2834:Nearby
2464:Miyana
2245:Tacuba
2215:Normal
2165:Tacuba
2150:Pensil
1370:
425:Berlin
395:, and
385:Cicero
352:, the
138:Height
3167:Isaac
3121:Dolor
2336:Parks
2180:Metro
2123:Areas
921:Issuu
599:Notes
537:]
437:seven
342:Mex$
130:Width
2727:and
2369:IEMS
1604:2022
1574:2022
1544:2022
1514:2022
1476:2022
1445:2022
1409:2022
1368:ISBN
1335:2021
1304:2022
1291:Vice
1271:2021
1239:2022
1207:2021
1174:2023
1138:2022
1101:2022
1066:2022
1035:2022
1000:2022
967:2022
915:2022
861:2022
825:2022
795:2022
783:vLex
762:2022
727:2022
691:2022
653:2023
499:Vice
439:and
288:the
198:The
112:Type
3538:Key
1360:doi
441:ten
431:'s
423:in
412:LED
222:in
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