President of Mexico - Knowledge (XXG)

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level. They thus had an important (but not exclusive) influence over the political life of the country (part of their power had to be shared with unions and other groups, but as an individual, they had no peers). This and their constitutional powers made some political commentators describe the president as a six-year dictator, and to call this system an "imperial presidency". The situation remained largely unchanged until the early 1980s when a grave economic crisis created discomfort both in the population and inside the party, and the president's power was no longer absolute but still impressive.

1835:), but cannot make changes to the cabinet without advice and consent from the Senate. They must also provide an official report of their actions within ten days of leaving the post. Congress must elect an Interim or Substitute President within 60 days of the original absence. The Secretary of the Interior is not required to meet all requirements for the Presidency; specifically, they are not required to meet the age or residency requirements, nor the requirement to not hold certain government positions (secretary of state, under-secretary of state, etc.) 4095: 4056: 3056: 177: 4082: 163: 4030: 4277: 4290: 4238: 4225: 834: 4251: 4160: 4043: 4108: 4264: 4199: 1473:

PRD. The PAN would push the reforms it denied to the PRI and vice versa. This situation, novel in a country where Congress was +90% dominated by the president's party for most of the century, has led to a legal analysis of the president's power. Formerly almost a dictator (because of PRI's party discipline), the current times show the president's power as somewhat limited. In 2004, President

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very limited in their extent. One such decree is the federal budget, which is issued by Congress. The president's office may suggest a budget, but at the end of the day, it is Congress that decrees how to collect taxes and how to spend them. A Supreme Court ruling on Vicente Fox's veto of the 2004 budget suggests that the President may have the right to veto decrees from Congress.

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For example, Ernesto Zedillo holds important offices in the United Nations and in the private sector, but outside of Mexico. It is speculated he lives in a self-imposed exile to avoid the hatred of some of his fellow members of the PRI for having acknowledged the PRI's defeat in the 2000 presidential

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If the absence (death, impeachment, etc.) should occur in the first two years of the term, Congress (if in session, or after being called to extraordinary session by the Permanent Commission) must elect, by a majority of votes in a secret ballot with a quorum of at least two-thirds of its members, an

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Unlike in some other republics, former presidents of Mexico do not continue to be important national figures once out of office, and usually lead a discreet life. This is partly because they do not want to interfere with the government of the new president and partly because they may not have a good

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alliance become the first opposition candidate to win an election since 1911. This historical defeat was accepted on election night by the PRI in the voice of President Zedillo; while this calmed fears of violence, it also fueled questions about the role of the president in the electoral process and

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on 15 September of each year, and when they receive the diplomatic credentials of accredited foreign ambassadors and ministers. They are also expected to wear it "in those official ceremonies of greatest solemnity". The sash is worn from right shoulder to left hip, and should be worn underneath the

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in three bands of equal width, with green on top, white in the center, and red on the bottom, worn from right shoulder to left waist; it also includes the National Seal, in gold thread, to be worn chest-high. In November 2018, a reform was made on Article 34 reordering the colors of the sash. A new

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A decree is a legislative instrument that has an expiration date and that is issued by one of the three branches of government. Congress may issue decrees, and the President may issue decrees as well. They have all the power of laws but cannot be changed by a power that did not issue them. They are

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monopoly status of the PRI. As mentioned above, they effectively chose their successor as president by personally nominating the PRI's candidate in the next election. In addition, the unwritten rules of the PRI allowed them to designate party officials and candidates all the way down to the local

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I affirm to follow and uphold the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States and the laws that emanate from it, and to perform loyally and patriotically the office of President of the Republic which the people have conferred upon me, in all actions looking after the good and prosperity of

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Since 1997, the Congress has been plural, usually with opposition parties having a majority. Major reforms (tax, energy) have to pass by Congress, and the ruling President usually found their efforts blocked: the PRI's Zedillo by opposing PAN/PRD congressmen, and later the PAN's Fox by the PRI and

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Protesto guardar y hacer guardar la Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos y las leyes que de ella emanen, y desempeñar leal y patrióticamente el cargo de Presidente de la República que el pueblo me ha conferido, mirando en todo por el bien y prosperidad de la Unión; y si así no lo

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of peoples; nonintervention; the peaceful settlement of disputes; the prohibition of the threat or use of force in international relations; the legal equality of States; international cooperation for development; respect, protection and promotion of human rights and the struggle for international

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led to worries that PRI candidate Carlos Salinas de Gortari would not come close to a majority, and might actually be defeated. While the votes were being counted, the tabulation system mysteriously shut down. The government declared Salinas the winner, leading to allegations of electoral fraud.

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had personally selected Cárdenas as his successor, and had hoped to control things from behind the scenes as he had for the previous five years. When Cárdenas showed he would rule in name and fact, Calles publicly criticized him, prompting Cárdenas to have Calles escorted out of the country by

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Conduct foreign policy and conclude international treaties and finish, denounce, suspend, modify, amend, remove reservations and issuing interpretative statements thereon, and submitting to the approval of the Senate. In conducting such a policy, the Chief Executive shall observe the following

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An important characteristic of this system is that the new president was effectively chosen by the old one (since the PRI candidate was assured of election) but once they assumed power, the old one lost all power and influence ("no reelection" is a cornerstone of Mexican politics). In fact,

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With the democratic reforms of recent years and fairer elections, the president's powers have been limited in fact as well as in name. Vargas Llosa, during the Fox administration, called this new system "The Imperfect Democracy". The current rights and powers of the president of Mexico are

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tradition called for the incumbent president to fade into the background during the campaign to elect their successor. This renewed command helped maintain party discipline and avoided the stagnation associated with a single person holding power for decades, prompting Peruvian novelist

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Article 85 additionally states that if the president requests a temporarily absence – once authorized by the Congress – executive powers devolve provisionally upon the Secretary of the Interior for a period of up to sixty days until the President reassumes executive powers.

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Appoint and remove freely the Secretaries of State, remove the ambassadors, consuls general and senior employees of the Treasury, appoint and remove freely all other employees of the Union whose appointment or removal is not otherwise in the Constitution or in

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Not be a secretary of state or under-secretary of state, attorney general, governor of a state, or head of the government of Mexico City, unless "separated from the post" (resigned or been granted permanent leave of absence) at least six months prior to the

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The presidential term was set at four years from 1821 to 1904, when President Porfirio Díaz extended it to six years for the first time in Mexico's history, and then again from 1917 to 1928 after a new constitution reversed the change made by Díaz in 1904.

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threatened to veto the budget approved by Congress, claiming the budget overstepped his authority to lead the country, only to learn no branch of government had the power to veto a decree issued by another branch of government (although a different, non

1846:). Congress must also call for elections in no less than 14 months and no more than 18 months after the absence of the President occurs; the person who wins those elections will be president for the remainder of the original six-year presidential term. 1906:

was then appointed Interim President to fill out the remainder of Ortiz Rubio's term (under current law Rodríguez would be Substitute President, but at the time there was no distinction between Interim, Substitute, and Provisional presidents).

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Finally, the presidential term was set at six years in 1928 and has remained unchanged since then. The president is elected by direct, popular, universal suffrage. Whoever wins a simple plurality of the national vote is elected; there is no

1853:) by a majority of votes in a secret ballot as above. The Substitute President will be President of the United Mexican States until the end of the original six-year presidential term, at which point regular elections are held. 676:, the government was unstable until 1929, when all the revolutionary leaders united in one political party: the National Revolutionary Party, which later changed its name to the Party of the Mexican Revolution, and is now the 739:; after it has heard and ruled on them, the Tribunal must either declare the election invalid or certify the results of the elections in accordance to their rulings. Once the Tribunal declares the election valid, it issues a 4328: 2220: 1871:

will assume executive powers provisionally within a period of 30 days until Congress (if in session, or after being called to extraordinary session by the Permanent Commission) can elect a Substitute President as stated

544:'s fraudulent victory on his seventh re-election in a row. It is so entrenched in Mexican politics that it has remained in place even as it was relaxed for other offices. In 2014, the constitution was amended to allow 1546:

coat. The only exception is during the swearing-in ceremony, when it is worn over the coat so that the out-going president may easily take the sash off and drape it over the incoming president (Article 36).

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In addition to the Presidential Sash, each president receives a Presidential Flag; the flag has imprinted the words Estados Unidos Mexicanos in golden letters and the national coat of arms also in gold.

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If the absence should occur in the last four years of the term, Congress (if in session, or after being called to extraordinary session by the Permanent Commission) will select a Substitute President (

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Preserve national security, under the terms of the respective law, and have all of the permanent Armed Forces i.e. Army, Navy and Air Force for internal security and external defense of the Federation;

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Toward the end of their term, the incumbent president in consultation with party leaders, selected the PRI's candidate in the next election in a procedure known as "the tap of the finger" (Spanish:

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Former presidents of Mexico continue to carry the title "president" until death but are rarely referred by it; they are commonly called ex-presidents. They were also given protection by the former

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will assume executive powers provisionally until Congress (if in session, or after being called to extraordinary session by the Permanent Commission) can elect an Interim President as stated above.

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Appoint, with Senate approval, ambassadors, consuls general, superior employees of the Treasury and members of collegial bodies of regulation in telecommunications, energy and economic competition;

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sash was made putting the colors of the sash back to the previous order that was used from 1924 through 2009. In swearing-in ceremonies, the outgoing President turns in the sash to the current

4597: 1806: 2059: 754:'Proof of Majority') to the candidate who obtained a plurality. That candidate then becomes President-elect. The final decision is made in September, two months after the election. 1880:

As per Article 83, no person who has already served as president, whether elected, provisional, interim, or substitute, can be designated as provisional, interim, or substitute president.

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Objecting the appointment of commissioners body that sets the guarantor Article 6. of this Constitution made by the Senate, under the terms established in this Constitution and the law;

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The Constitution does not establish formal academic qualifications to serve as president. Most presidents during the 19th and early 20th centuries had careers in one of two fields: the

4314: 571:(1940–1946) was the last president to have been a career military officer. Most of his successors have been lawyers; in fact, all the presidents between 1958 and 1988 graduated from 2215: 556:

to run for a second consecutive term. Previously, Deputies and Senators were barred from successive re-election. The president remains barred from even non-consecutive reelection.

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To submit to the Senate, the three candidates for the appointment of judges of the Supreme Court and submit their resignations to the approval of licenses and Senate itself;

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When the Senate is not in session, the President of the Republic may make appointments mentioned in sections III, IV and IX, with the approval of the Standing Committee;

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For the first 71 years after the enactment of the 1917 Constitution, the president exercised nearly absolute control over the country. Much of this power came from the

4587: 2467: 1799: 2602: 1541:, the President must wear the sash at the swearing-in ceremony, when they make their annual State of the Union report to Congress, during the commemoration of the 4602: 3989: 2685: 2629: 2195:[Mexico: Here are the official results of the presidential election; How much did AMLO win by, according to INE?] (in Spanish). Fayer Wayer. 7 July 2018 1868: 1770: 1531: 1032: 1425:

Intervene in the appointment of the Attorney General of the Republic and delete it, in terms of the provisions of Article 102, Section A, of this Constitution;

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No one who has held the post, even on a caretaker basis, is allowed to run or serve again. The constitution and the office of the president closely follow the

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The designation of the Secretary of the Interior as the immediate successor dates to August 2012, when the changes to the Constitution were published in the

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Be a resident of Mexico for the entire year prior to the election (although absences of 30 days or fewer are explicitly stated not to interrupt residency).

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At an exchange rate of 20.94 pesos to one dollar, approximately $ 9,960.40 per month; the salary after taxes is listed as MXN$ 142,256.56 (US$ 6,793.53).

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The succession provisions have come into play only twice since the current constitution was enacted. In 1928, after the assassination of president-elect

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and sets forth the powers of the president, as well as the qualifications for the office. He is vested with the "supreme executive power of the Union".

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Grant exclusive privileges for a limited time, in accordance with the respective law, to discoverers, inventors or perfectors in any branch of industry;

464:. Another legacy of the Mexican Revolution is the Constitution's ban on re-election. Mexican presidents are limited to a single six-year term, called a 2421: 1838:

If Congress is not in session, then the Permanent Commission calls Congress to an extraordinary session, at which point the process continues as below.

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If an elected president is unable to assume office before being sworn in, the election had not been held, or if the election was annulled, the

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Articles 84 and 85 of the Mexican Constitution state that "in case of absolute absence of a President" the following should happen:

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This is the Logo used in the current 2018-2024 Administration, Pending change during Claudia Sheinbaum’s 2024-2030 Administration.

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two surviving former presidents lived in the United States and taught at the universities where they formerly studied: Zedillo at

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to call Mexico's political system "the perfect dictatorship" since the president's powers were cloaked by democratic practice.

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To be eligible to serve as president, Article 82 of the Constitution specifies that the following requirements must be met:

2447:[How is the new official residence of the President of Mexico?] (in Spanish). La Voz de Michoacan. 14 December 2018 2368: 691:). Until 1988, the PRI's candidate was virtually assured of election, winning by margins well over 70 percent of the vote. 457:

The office of the president is considered to be revolutionary, in the sense that the powers of office are derived from the

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After a presidential election, political parties may issue challenges to the election. These challenges are heard by the

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Having the National Guard to the same duties and responsibilities, in the terms that prevent Section IV of Article 76;

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Appoint, with the approval of the Senate, the colonels and general and flag officers of the Army, Navy and Air Force;

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also lived in a self-imposed exile in Ireland, but returned to Mexico. He campaigned intensely to have his brother,

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Promulgate and execute the laws enacted by Congress, providing in the administrative sphere to its exact observance;

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At any time, opt for a coalition government with one or more of the political parties represented in Congress.

502:") able to exercise full citizenship rights, with at least one parent who is a natural-born citizen of Mexico. 4557: 4522: 4453: 4383: 4363: 4269: 4139: 3776: 3637: 3365: 3233: 3173: 2974: 2926: 2790: 2735: 1939: 1292: 1036: 898: 568: 203: 2658: 1985:

and Felipe Calderón, live in Mexico. As of 2022, Carlos Salinas de Gortari lived in the United Kingdom and

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Upon taking office, the President raises their right arm to shoulder-level and takes the following oath:

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as Interim President; Portes Gil served in the position for 14 months while new elections were called.

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Grant, according to law, pardons to criminals convicted of crimes jurisdiction of the federal courts;

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established, limited and enumerated by Article 89 of the Constitution which include the following:

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Company in the United States, and worked as a professor at several universities in that country.

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moved the presidential residence back to the National Palace upon the start of his term in 2018.

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Enable all classes of ports, establish maritime and border customs and designate their location;

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was elected president in the special elections that followed in 1930, but he resigned in 1932.

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Declare war on behalf of the United Mexican States with consent from the Congress of the Union;

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with a modern-era record of 53% of the popular vote in 2018. The most recent former president,

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Provide the judiciary the aid they need for the expeditious exercise of its functions;

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to whom the responsibility of conceding defeat should fall in a democratic election.

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military police. Cárdenas himself remained silent on the policies of his successor

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The ban on any sort of presidential re-election dates back to the aftermath of the

649:, finishing only 0.56% above his nearest rival, Andrés Manuel López Obrador (who 4282: 4250: 4165: 4087: 4061: 3846: 3024: 2372: 1982: 1573: 1474: 767: 654: 596: 438:, the president heads the executive branch of the federal government and is the 270: 31: 2603:"Dónde vive Carlos Salinas de Gortari ahora que tiene la nacionalidad española" 2317: 2290: 4100: 3243: 3238: 3213: 3198: 2395: 1996: 1636: 584: 572: 533: 517:

Not be in active military service during the six months prior to the election.

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Convene Congress into special session, when agreed by the Standing Committee;

684:). From then until 1988, the PRI ruled Mexico as a virtual one-party state. 4295: 4159: 4055: 4042: 3981: 3151: 1601: 2316:[Elections 1988 and 2006] (in Spanish). El Cato.org. Archived from 1568: 4191: 3781: 3263: 1379:

while giving the president wider powers than their American counterpart.

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Not be an official or minister of any church or religious denomination.

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the Union; and if I were not to do so, may the Nation demand it of me.

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public image. This tradition can be traced back to the presidency of

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Not have been president already, even in a provisional capacity (see

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Instituto Nacional de Estudios Históricos de la Revolución Mexicana

2371:. Electoral Tribunal of the Federal Judicial Branch. Archived from 4185: 4172: 4146: 4094: 3095: 1512: 710:

The 1997 federal congressional election saw the first opposition

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Be at least thirty-five years of age at the time of the election.

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The official residence and workplace of the President is the

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Until Congress names a Substitute or Interim President, the

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was elected with a plurality of 43% of the popular vote,

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In 1988, the PRI ruptured and the dissidents formed the

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won 38% of the popular vote in 2012. Former President

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Ensign of the President, for use aboard naval vessels

603:, the current president, studied political sciences. 1464:

The others expressly conferred by this Constitution.

665:won with a majority of 50.4% in the 1988 election. 4490: 4481: 4351: 4342: 3832: 3718: 3567: 3445: 3307: 3137: 661:won 48.7% of the vote in 1994, and his predecessor 386: 371: 357: 347: 337: 319: 309: 299: 286: 276: 264: 252: 234: 202: 132: 56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2214: 505:Be a resident of Mexico for at least twenty years. 2659:President of Mexico – Official government website 1371:The 1917 Constitution borrowed heavily from the 737:Electoral Tribunal of the Federal Judicial Power 599:(2000–2006) studied business administration and 1501: 1492: 4337:Heads of state and government of North America 2519:[The exile of Plutarco Elías Calles]. 2168:"Reelección inicia en 2018, ¿cómo funcionará?" 1576:. The site has been a seat of power since the 4322: 3997: 3111: 2679: 2468:"Oficial: Eliminan pensión de ex-presidentes" 2394:Canal del Congreso México (1 December 2018), 2219:. The Daily Telegraph (London). 2 July 2012. 2145:[Effective suffrage, no reelection], 1800: 1352: 140: 8: 4638:Executive branch of the government of Mexico 2490:"Por qué se van de México los expresidentes" 4653:Lists of political office-holders in Mexico 3648:North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 749: 454:, who will take office on October 1, 2024. 4487: 4348: 4329: 4315: 4307: 4004: 3990: 3982: 3724: 3573: 3451: 3313: 3118: 3104: 3096: 2686: 2672: 2664: 2567: 2565: 2492:[Why ex-presidents leave Mexico]. 2341:The World Today Series: Latin America 2007 1831:) assumes executive powers provisionally ( 1807: 1793: 1615: 1600:established the presidential residence at 1539:Law on the National Arms, Flag, and Anthem 1359: 1345: 819: 420:Presidente de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos 142:Presidente de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos 2114:Ghio, Valeria Ordóñez (20 January 2024). 2060:"Portal de Obligaciones de Transparencia" 994:LXIII Legislature of the Mexican Congress 808:Learn how and when to remove this message 595:(2012–2018) were both lawyers, President 116:Learn how and when to remove this message 698:with rival center-left parties (now the 2041: 1925:did. The system was abolished in 2018. 1635: 822: 2609:(in European Spanish). 31 October 2022 1592:, formerly the imperial palace of the 1071:Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation 498:Be a natural-born citizen of Mexico (" 416:president of the United Mexican States 129: 16:Head of state and government of Mexico 2546:[A worthy former president]. 2404:from the original on 21 December 2021 2243:"2006 Presidential Electoral Results" 7: 2223:from the original on 12 January 2022 2080:Article 80, Constitution of Mexico. 1869:President of the Chamber of Deputies 1588:. The President also has the use of 1532:President of the Chamber of Deputies 1495:hiciere que la Nación me lo demande. 790:adding citations to reliable sources 682:Partido Revolucionario Institucional 645:won with 36.38% of the votes in the 54:adding citations to reliable sources 2517:"El exilo de Plutarco Elías Calles" 2628:Jurado, Alfonso M. (30 May 2022). 2312:Manuel Suarez Mier (7 July 2006). 2287:"Elecciones en México 1979 – 2015" 2143:"Sufragio efectivo, no reelección" 1885:Official Journal of the Federation 14: 3269:Institutional Revolutionary Party 2542:Krauze, Enrique (19 March 2012). 1373:Constitution of the United States 678:Institutional Revolutionary Party 583:(1994–2000) were both trained as 450:. The current president-elect is 4598:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 4459:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 4288: 4275: 4262: 4249: 4236: 4223: 4210: 4197: 4184: 4171: 4158: 4145: 4132: 4119: 4106: 4093: 4080: 4067: 4054: 4041: 4028: 3054: 2314:"México: Elecciones 1988 y 2006" 2015:List of heads of state of Mexico 1999: 1319: 832: 766: 483:Chapter III of Title III of the 175: 161: 149: 30: 21:List of heads of state of Mexico 2466:El Debate (14 September 2018). 1725: 1537:According to Article 35 of the 777:needs additional citations for 525: 351: 41:needs additional citations for 1190:National Regeneration Movement 651:contested the official results 489:executive branch of government 155:Logo of the President’s Office 19:For a list of presidents, see 1: 4648:1824 establishments in Mexico 3189:Centralist Republic of Mexico 2496:(in Spanish). 5 December 2012 2433:Historia.palacionacional.info 2347:: Stryker-Post Publications. 2025:List of viceroys of New Spain 1281:Diplomatic missions of Mexico 653:). In 2000, former President 3618:Institutional stock exchange 3254:Second American intervention 2515:Cruz Rivera, Dulce Liliana. 2345:Harpers Ferry, West Virginia 1148:Instituto Nacional Electoral 3819:Water supply and sanitation 3184:Spanish reconquest attempts 3040:Andrés Manuel López Obrador 2766:Francisco Javier Echeverría 2746:Antonio López de Santa Anna 2339:Buckman, Robert T. (2007). 2020:List of Tenochtitlan rulers 1956:José Francisco Ruiz Massieu 1863:If the absence is due to a 1606:Andrés Manuel López Obrador 1263:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 1170:Institutional Revolutionary 1048:Federal electoral districts 945:Andrés Manuel López Obrador 668:After the fall of dictator 631:Andrés Manuel López Obrador 601:Andrés Manuel López Obrador 479:Requirements to hold office 448:Andrés Manuel López Obrador 446:. The current president is 185:Andrés Manuel López Obrador 4669: 3219:Second French intervention 3167:Control of Central America 2892:Francisco León de la Barra 2174:(in Spanish), 15 June 2017 1079:Federal Electoral Tribunal 610: 189:since 1 December 2018 18: 4023: 3943: 3727: 3576: 3454: 3418:Tropical cyclone rainfall 3316: 3063: 3052: 3015:Carlos Salinas de Gortari 2867:Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada 2701: 2422:Casas nuevas de Moctezuma 1948:Carlos Salinas de Gortari 1918:Estado Mayor Presidencial 1829:Secretario de Gobernación 1825:Secretary of the Interior 1523:Mexican Presidential sash 744: 696:National Democratic Front 194: 172: 160: 148: 139: 3459:Administrative divisions 2962:Abelardo Luján Rodríguez 2427:3 September 2018 at the 1564:Plaza de la Constitución 1562:, a building facing the 1375:, providing for a clear 1219:Administrative divisions 1033:President of the Chamber 567:) or the law. President 195:Executive branch of the 3874:Handcrafts and folk art 3643:National stock exchange 3381:Protected natural areas 3209:Second Mexican Republic 3174:Supreme Executive Power 2932:Francisco Lagos Cházaro 2811:Manuel María Lombardini 2776:José Joaquín de Herrera 2544:"Un digno expresidente" 1981:Two former presidents, 1858:President of the Senate 1037:Marcela Guerra Castillo 1011:President of the Senate 745:Certificate of Majority 629:The current president, 500:mexicano por nacimiento 325:; 199 years ago 300:Constituting instrument 3686:States by unemployment 3676:Science and technology 3179:First Mexican Republic 2887:Manuel González Flores 2806:Juan Bautista Ceballos 1976:Harvard Kennedy School 1833:Presidente Provisional 1525:has the colors of the 1518: 1506: 1497: 1429:normative principles: 1098:Recent major elections 1003:Senate of the Republic 955:List of heads of state 856:Constitution of Mexico 688: 681: 672:in 1910 following the 540:, which erupted after 436:Constitution of Mexico 419: 411: 304:Constitution of Mexico 141: 4588:Saint Kitts and Nevis 4449:Saint Kitts and Nevis 3914:Our Lady of Guadalupe 3408:Territorial evolution 3224:Second Mexican Empire 2947:Plutarco Elías Calles 2912:Francisco S. Carvajal 2844:Manuel Robles Pezuela 2741:Valentín Gómez Farías 1935:Plutarco Elías Calles 1904:Abelardo L. Rodríguez 1894:, Congress appointed 1851:Presidente Substituto 1594:Second Mexican Empire 1584:of the Aztec emperor 1516: 1180:Democratic Revolution 986:Congress of the Union 741:Constancia de Mayoría 718:saw Vicente Fox of a 647:2006 general election 611:Further information: 167:Presidential Standard 135:United Mexican States 65:"President of Mexico" 4633:Presidents of Mexico 3931:World Heritage Sites 3346:Environmental issues 3204:Mexican–American War 3162:First Mexican Empire 2985:Adolfo Ruiz Cortines 2980:Miguel Alemán Valdés 2975:Manuel Ávila Camacho 2927:Roque González Garza 2826:Juan Álvarez Hurtado 2791:Pedro María de Anaya 2736:Manuel Gómez Pedraza 2726:Anastasio Bustamante 2716:José María Bocanegra 2695:Presidents of Mexico 2636:(in Mexican Spanish) 2470:(in Spanish). Debate 1940:Manuel Ávila Camacho 1933:. Former president 1628:Orders of succession 1377:separation of powers 786:improve this article 569:Manuel Ávila Camacho 462:Constitution of 1917 444:Mexican Armed Forces 412:Presidente de México 323:10 October 1824 50:improve this article 4603:Trinidad and Tobago 4498:Antigua and Barbuda 4483:Heads of government 4464:Trinidad and Tobago 4359:Antigua and Barbuda 3586:Automotive industry 3474:Chamber of Deputies 3157:War of Independence 3069:President of Mexico 3010:Miguel de la Madrid 3005:José López Portillo 2990:Adolfo López Mateos 2957:Pascual Ortiz Rubio 2937:Adolfo de la Huerta 2917:Venustiano Carranza 2897:Francisco I. Madero 2872:José María Iglesias 2839:Félix María Zuloaga 1900:Pascual Ortiz Rubio 1844:Presidente Interino 1842:Interim President ( 1434:peace and security; 1025:Chamber of Deputies 937:President of Mexico 712:Chamber of Deputies 704:Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas 473:presidential system 408:president of Mexico 4643:Politics of Mexico 4538:Dominican Republic 4399:Dominican Republic 3787:Indigenous peoples 3691:Telecommunications 3550:State legislatures 3491:Federal government 3371:Metropolitan areas 3249:Mexican Revolution 3035:Enrique Peña Nieto 2995:Gustavo Díaz Ordaz 2854:José Ignacio Pavón 2786:José Mariano Salas 2706:Guadalupe Victoria 2397:Banda Presidencial 1987:Enrique Peña Nieto 1590:Chapultepec Castle 1519: 1431:self-determination 1393:Mario Vargas Llosa 1238:State legislatures 1200:Citizens' Movement 960:Federal government 904:Capital punishment 848:Federal government 825:Politics of Mexico 674:Mexican Revolution 639:Enrique Peña Nieto 538:Mexican Revolution 440:commander in chief 428:head of government 414:), officially the 352:Line of succession 342:Guadalupe Victoria 247:Commander in chief 243:Head of government 197:Mexican Government 4620: 4619: 4616: 4615: 4477: 4476: 4304: 4303: 3979: 3978: 3939: 3938: 3714: 3713: 3563: 3562: 3533:Political parties 3496:Foreign relations 3441: 3440: 3229:Restored Republic 3147:Pre-Columbian era 3093: 3092: 3080:Emperor of Mexico 3047:(President-elect) 3045:Claudia Sheinbaum 2952:Emilio Portes Gil 2922:Eulalio Gutiérrez 2907:Victoriano Huerta 2831:Ignacio Comonfort 2796:Manuel de la Peña 2771:Valentín Canalizo 2354:978-1-887985-84-0 2095:on 2 January 2013 2030:Emperor of Mexico 1896:Emilio Portes Gil 1817: 1816: 1369: 1368: 1326:Mexico portal 1303:Visa requirements 1256:Foreign relations 1162:Political parties 909:Life imprisonment 818: 817: 810: 753: 633:, was elected in 452:Claudia Sheinbaum 404: 403: 314:Emperor of Mexico 126: 125: 118: 100: 4660: 4491:Sovereign states 4488: 4352:Sovereign states 4349: 4331: 4324: 4317: 4308: 4293: 4292: 4280: 4279: 4267: 4266: 4254: 4253: 4241: 4240: 4228: 4227: 4215: 4214: 4202: 4201: 4189: 4188: 4176: 4175: 4163: 4162: 4150: 4149: 4137: 4136: 4124: 4123: 4111: 4110: 4098: 4097: 4085: 4084: 4072: 4071: 4059: 4058: 4046: 4045: 4033: 4032: 4006: 3999: 3992: 3983: 3959: 3952: 3899:National symbols 3725: 3666: 3611:Renewable energy 3601:Economic history 3574: 3452: 3314: 3294:Chiapas conflict 3194:Texas Revolution 3120: 3113: 3106: 3097: 3058: 3057: 2756:José Justo Corro 2711:Vicente Guerrero 2688: 2681: 2674: 2665: 2646: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2625: 2619: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2599: 2593: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2579:. Archived from 2569: 2560: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2539: 2533: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2512: 2506: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2486: 2480: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2463: 2457: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2441: 2435: 2419: 2413: 2412: 2411: 2409: 2391: 2385: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2375:on 14 March 2013 2365: 2359: 2358: 2336: 2330: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2320:on 13 April 2021 2309: 2303: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2293:on 13 April 2021 2283: 2277: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2261: 2255: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2239: 2233: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2218: 2211: 2205: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2189: 2183: 2182: 2181: 2179: 2164: 2158: 2157: 2156: 2154: 2138: 2132: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2111: 2105: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2094: 2087: 2078: 2072: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2062:. 17 August 2017 2055: 2049: 2046: 2009: 2004: 2003: 2002: 1989:lived in Spain. 1974:and Calderón at 1809: 1802: 1795: 1630: 1616: 1543:Grito de Dolores 1361: 1354: 1347: 1324: 1323: 1322: 1015:Ana Lilia Rivera 836: 820: 813: 806: 802: 799: 793: 770: 762: 751: 748: 746: 613:Sexenio (Mexico) 591:(2006–2012) and 579:(1988–1994) and 400: 397: 395: 393: 382: 333: 331: 326: 230: 222: 214: 179: 165: 153: 144: 133:President of the 130: 121: 114: 110: 107: 101: 99: 58: 34: 26: 4668: 4667: 4663: 4662: 4661: 4659: 4658: 4657: 4623: 4622: 4621: 4612: 4473: 4338: 4335: 4305: 4300: 4287: 4274: 4261: 4248: 4235: 4222: 4209: 4196: 4183: 4170: 4157: 4144: 4131: 4118: 4105: 4092: 4079: 4066: 4053: 4040: 4027: 4019: 4010: 3980: 3975: 3962: 3955: 3948: 3935: 3828: 3804:Public holidays 3777:Nationality law 3772:Life expectancy 3710: 3664: 3559: 3523:Law enforcement 3437: 3428:Water resources 3303: 3279:Mexican miracle 3133: 3124: 3094: 3089: 3059: 3055: 3050: 3030:Felipe Calderón 3020:Ernesto Zedillo 3000:Luis Echeverría 2970:Lázaro Cárdenas 2966: 2902:Pedro Lascuráin 2858: 2835: 2781:Mariano Paredes 2751:Miguel Barragán 2731:Melchor Múzquiz 2697: 2692: 2655: 2650: 2649: 2639: 2637: 2627: 2626: 2622: 2612: 2610: 2601: 2600: 2596: 2586: 2584: 2583:on 23 July 2014 2571: 2570: 2563: 2553: 2551: 2541: 2540: 2536: 2526: 2524: 2514: 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1195:Ecologist Green 1175:National Action 1164: 1154: 1153: 1134:Gubernatorial: 1133: 1116: 1099: 1094: 1084: 1083: 1065: 1055: 1054: 1042: 1035: 1020: 1013: 998: 980: 970: 969: 951: 947: 931: 921: 920: 859: 850: 827: 814: 803: 797: 794: 783: 771: 760: 733: 731:President-elect 659:Ernesto Zedillo 643:Felipe Calderón 624:runoff election 615: 609: 563:(typically the 487:deals with the 481: 475:of government. 390: 380: 379: 329: 327: 324: 295:, non-renewable 259:National Palace 245: 241: 228: 227: 223: 220: 219: 215: 212: 211: 190: 188: 187: 183: 180: 168: 156: 134: 122: 111: 105: 102: 59: 57: 47: 35: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4666: 4664: 4656: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4625: 4624: 4618: 4617: 4614: 4613: 4611: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4494: 4492: 4485: 4479: 4478: 4475: 4474: 4472: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4355: 4353: 4346: 4344:Heads of state 4340: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4333: 4326: 4319: 4311: 4302: 4301: 4299: 4298: 4285: 4272: 4259: 4246: 4233: 4220: 4207: 4194: 4181: 4168: 4155: 4142: 4129: 4116: 4103: 4090: 4077: 4064: 4051: 4038: 4024: 4021: 4020: 4013:Heads of state 4011: 4009: 4008: 4001: 3994: 3986: 3977: 3976: 3974: 3973: 3968: 3961: 3960: 3953: 3945: 3944: 3941: 3940: 3937: 3936: 3934: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3917: 3916: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3865: 3864: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3838: 3836: 3830: 3829: 3827: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3795: 3794: 3789: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3728: 3722: 3716: 3715: 3712: 3711: 3709: 3708: 3706:Water scarcity 3703: 3701:Transportation 3698: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3660: 3658:Pension system 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3614: 3613: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3577: 3571: 3565: 3564: 3561: 3560: 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Méndez 2874: 2869: 2864: 2857: 2856: 2851: 2849:Miguel Miramón 2846: 2841: 2834: 2833: 2828: 2823: 2818: 2816:Martín Carrera 2813: 2808: 2803: 2801:Mariano Arista 2798: 2793: 2788: 2783: 2778: 2773: 2768: 2763: 2758: 2753: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2733: 2728: 2723: 2718: 2713: 2708: 2702: 2699: 2698: 2693: 2691: 2690: 2683: 2676: 2668: 2662: 2661: 2654: 2653:External links 2651: 2648: 2647: 2620: 2594: 2561: 2534: 2507: 2494:BBC News Mundo 2481: 2458: 2436: 2414: 2386: 2360: 2353: 2331: 2304: 2278: 2256: 2234: 2206: 2184: 2159: 2147:Cultura Genial 2133: 2106: 2073: 2050: 2040: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2033: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2011: 2010: 1994: 1991: 1912: 1909: 1892:Álvaro Obregón 1874: 1873: 1861: 1854: 1847: 1839: 1836: 1815: 1814: 1812: 1811: 1804: 1797: 1789: 1786: 1785: 1784: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1640: 1639: 1633: 1632: 1613: 1610: 1555: 1552: 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elections 714:ever, and the 663:Carlos Salinas 608: 605: 550:congresspeople 530: 529: 522: 518: 515: 512: 509: 506: 503: 480: 477: 402: 401: 388: 384: 383: 373: 369: 368: 366:Vice President 359: 355: 354: 349: 345: 344: 339: 335: 334: 321: 317: 316: 311: 307: 306: 301: 297: 296: 290: 284: 283: 278: 274: 273: 268: 262: 261: 256: 250: 249: 236: 232: 231: 225:His Excellency 206: 200: 199: 192: 191: 181: 174: 173: 170: 169: 166: 158: 157: 154: 146: 145: 137: 136: 124: 123: 38: 36: 29: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4665: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4630: 4628: 4609: 4608:United States 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4495: 4493: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4480: 4470: 4469:United States 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 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Retrieved 2633: 2623: 2611:. Retrieved 2606: 2597: 2585:. Retrieved 2581:the original 2576: 2552:. Retrieved 2550:(in Spanish) 2547: 2537: 2525:. Retrieved 2523:(in Spanish) 2520: 2510: 2498:. Retrieved 2493: 2484: 2472:. Retrieved 2461: 2449:. Retrieved 2439: 2432: 2417: 2406:, retrieved 2396: 2389: 2377:. Retrieved 2373:the original 2363: 2340: 2334: 2322:. Retrieved 2318:the original 2307: 2295:. Retrieved 2291:the original 2281: 2269:. Retrieved 2259: 2247:. Retrieved 2237: 2225:. Retrieved 2209: 2197:. Retrieved 2187: 2176:, retrieved 2171: 2162: 2151:, retrieved 2149:(in Spanish) 2146: 2136: 2124:. Retrieved 2122:(in Spanish) 2119: 2109: 2099:22 September 2097:. Retrieved 2090:the original 2076: 2064:. Retrieved 2053: 2044: 1980: 1952:Raúl Salinas 1944: 1927: 1916: 1914: 1889: 1882: 1879: 1875: 1850: 1843: 1832: 1828: 1818: 1637:Presidencies 1625: 1586:Moctezuma II 1578:Aztec Empire 1567: 1563: 1557: 1548: 1536: 1527:Mexican flag 1520: 1502: 1498: 1493: 1489: 1471: 1467: 1397: 1389: 1383: 1381: 1370: 1205:New Alliance 1146: 1069: 1024: 1002: 984: 936: 935: 928: 916:Gun politics 870:Human rights 854: 804: 795: 784:Please help 779:verification 776: 740: 734: 709: 693: 686: 667: 628: 620: 616: 561:armed forces 558: 531: 499: 493: 485:Constitution 482: 465: 456: 434:. Under the 415: 407: 405: 398:/presidencia 361: 338:First holder 281:Popular vote 229:(diplomatic) 127: 112: 103: 93: 86: 79: 72: 60: 48:Please help 43:verification 40: 4593:Saint Lucia 4543:El Salvador 4454:Saint Lucia 4404:El Salvador 4283:Charles III 4088:Charles III 4062:Charles III 3767:Immigration 3633:Land reform 3581:Agriculture 3403:Territories 3341:Earthquakes 3289:Peso crisis 3284:Lost Decade 3025:Vicente Fox 2821:Rómulo Díaz 2721:Pedro Vélez 2227:12 December 2172:Politico.mx 1983:Vicente Fox 1741:Philippines 1721:South Korea 1574:Mexico City 1308:Visa policy 1185:Labor Party 978:Legislature 899:Nationality 875:LGBT rights 655:Vicente Fox 546:city mayors 288:Term length 271:Mexico City 4627:Categories 4523:Costa Rica 4384:Costa Rica 4179:Mattarella 4140:Steinmeier 3926:Television 3884:Literature 3762:Healthcare 3737:Censorship 3732:Corruption 3665:(currency) 3623:Irrigation 3244:Porfiriato 3239:Yaqui Wars 3214:La Reforma 3199:Pastry War 2474:2 December 2408:1 December 2369:"About Us" 2066:26 October 2036:References 1946:election. 1612:Succession 1582:the palace 743:(English: 680:(Spanish: 593:Peña Nieto 585:economists 573:law school 534:Porfiriato 526:Succession 422:), is the 418:(Spanish: 410:(Spanish: 378:208,570.92 348:Succession 330:1824-10-10 213:(informal) 76:newspapers 4578:Nicaragua 4553:Guatemala 4439:Nicaragua 4414:Guatemala 4244:Ramaphosa 4036:Ghazouani 3889:Monuments 3879:Languages 3752:Education 3671:Petroleum 3628:Labor law 3596:Companies 3538:President 3486:Elections 3376:Mountains 3309:Geography 3234:Caste War 2634:Diario AS 1960:Dow Jones 1761:Sri Lanka 1701:Indonesia 1646:Argentina 1602:Los Pinos 1554:Residence 1285:in Mexico 1231:Governors 1100:General: 1092:Elections 1063:Judiciary 929:Executive 798:July 2019 689:el dedazo 607:Elections 521:election. 381:(monthly) 362:Abolished 320:Formation 310:Precursor 293:Six years 277:Appointer 254:Residence 182:Incumbent 4563:Honduras 4533:Dominica 4508:Barbados 4424:Honduras 4394:Dominica 4369:Barbados 4192:Naruhito 3966:Category 3909:Religion 3869:Folklore 3528:Military 3506:Intersex 3464:Congress 3447:Politics 3433:Wildlife 3423:Volcanos 3264:Maximato 3131:articles 2425:Archived 2402:archived 2221:Archived 1993:See also 1751:Portugal 1731:Pakistan 1671:DR Congo 1661:Colombia 1621:a series 1619:Part of 1384:de facto 1298:Passport 1268:Minister 1017:(MORENA) 948:(MORENA) 889:Abortion 589:Calderón 554:senators 536:and the 221:(formal) 4568:Jamaica 4548:Grenada 4503:Bahamas 4429:Jamaica 4409:Grenada 4364:Bahamas 4270:Erdoğan 4034: 4015:of the 3950:Outline 3857:Cuisine 3834:Culture 3824:Welfare 3814:Smoking 3799:Poverty 3720:Society 3696:Tourism 3569:Economy 3543:Cabinet 3361:Islands 3356:Forests 3331:Climate 3321:Borders 3139:History 2640:15 June 2613:15 June 2607:infobae 2587:15 June 2577:Proceso 2451:28 July 2379:20 July 2324:28 July 2297:28 July 2271:28 July 2249:28 July 2199:28 July 2178:28 July 2153:28 July 1781:Vietnam 1776:Uruguay 1756:Romania 1716:Ireland 1691:Germany 1681:Finland 1651:Austria 965:Cabinet 862:history 752: 581:Zedillo 577:Salinas 528:below). 467:sexenio 442:of the 387:Website 328: ( 90:scholar 4583:Panama 4573:Mexico 4518:Canada 4513:Belize 4444:Panama 4434:Mexico 4379:Canada 4374:Belize 4294: 4281: 4268: 4255: 4242: 4231:Salman 4229: 4216: 4203: 4190: 4177: 4166:Jokowi 4164: 4151: 4138: 4127:Macron 4125: 4114:Michel 4112: 4099: 4086: 4073: 4060: 4047: 3971:Portal 3921:Sports 3852:Cinema 3782:People 3606:Energy 3469:Senate 3391:States 3386:Rivers 3326:Cities 3129: 3127:Mexico 3084:Regent 2554:23 May 2527:23 May 2500:23 May 2351: 2126:6 June 1872:above. 1867:, the 1766:Taiwan 1746:Poland 1726:Mexico 1706:Israel 1686:France 1656:Brazil 1569:Zócalo 1226:States 1112:, and 758:Powers 432:Mexico 372:Salary 358:Deputy 92: 85: 78: 71: 63: 4558:Haiti 4419:Haiti 4296:Biden 4218:Putin 4153:Murmu 4049:Milei 3957:Index 3904:Radio 3894:Music 3792:Women 3757:Flags 3742:Crime 3663:Peso 3366:Lakes 2093:(PDF) 2086:(PDF) 1711:Italy 1696:India 1676:Egypt 1666:China 1572:) in 1407:laws; 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