138:
210:(2 bytes) pages, the number of virtual pages is 2 = (2 / 2). However, if the page size is increased to 32 KiB (2 bytes), only 2 pages are required. A multi-level paging algorithm can decrease the memory cost of allocating a large page table for each process by further dividing the page table up into smaller tables, effectively paging the page table.
768:, and in the operating system itself. Commonly, their use requires elevated privileges, cooperation from the application making the large allocation (usually setting a flag to ask the operating system for huge pages), or manual administrator configuration; operating systems commonly, sometimes by design, cannot page them out to disk.
247:
When transferring from a rotational disk, much of the delay is caused by seek time, the time it takes to correctly position the read/write heads above the disk platters. Because of this, large sequential transfers are more efficient than several smaller transfers. Transferring the same amount of data
104:
The concept is named by analogy to the pages of a printed book. If a reader wanted to find, for example, the 5,000th word in the book, they could count from the first word. This would be time-consuming. It would be much faster if the reader had a listing of how many words are on each page. From this
775:
has general-purpose support for multiple page sizes. Each individual process can provide hints and the operating system will automatically use the largest page size possible for a given region of address space. Later work proposed transparent operating system support for using a mix of page sizes
234:
Rarely do processes require the use of an exact number of pages. As a result, the last page will likely only be partially full, wasting some amount of memory. Larger page sizes lead to a large amount of wasted memory, as more potentially unused portions of memory are loaded into the main memory.
515:
can support multiple page sizes, including pages significantly larger than the standard page size. The available page sizes depend on the instruction set architecture, processor type, and operating (addressing) mode. The operating system selects one or more sizes from the sizes supported by the
818:
and x86. FreeBSD 7.2-RELEASE features superpages. Note that until recently in Linux, applications needed to be modified in order to use huge pages. The 2.6.38 kernel introduced support for transparent use of huge pages. On Linux kernels supporting transparent huge pages, as well as FreeBSD and
226:) the page tables must be searched manually (either in hardware or software, depending on the architecture) for the correct mapping. Larger page sizes mean that a TLB cache of the same size can keep track of larger amounts of memory, which avoids the costly TLB misses.
1777:
ROM is further divided into pages, each of which contains 256 bytes. Thus locations 0 through 255 comprise page 0 of ROM, location 256 through 511 comprise page 1 and so on. Program random access memory (RAM) is organized exactly like ROM.
238:
As an example, assume the page size is 1024 B. If a process allocates 1025 B, two pages must be used, resulting in 1023 B of unused space (where one page fully consumes 1024 B and the other only 1 B).
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1762:
194:. However, processor designs often allow two or more, sometimes simultaneous, page sizes due to its benefits. There are several points that can factor into choosing the best page size.
703:
2 MiB ("megapage"), 1 GiB ("gigapage"), 512 GiB ("terapage", only for CPUs with 43-bit address space or more), 256 TiB ("petapage", only for CPUs with 57-bit address space or more),
105:
listing they could determine which page the 5,000th word appears on, and how many words to count on that page. This listing of the words per page of the book is analogous to a
218:
Since every access to memory must be mapped from virtual to physical address, reading the page table every time can be quite costly. Therefore, a very fast kind of cache, the
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536:(sometimes increasing speed by as much as 15%) for large allocations while still keeping memory usage at a reasonable level for small allocations.
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155:
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64 KiB, 512 KiB (optional), 4 MiB, 32 MiB (optional), 256 MiB (optional), 2 GiB (optional), 16 GiB (optional)
260:. This allows programs to use memory more efficiently by aligning allocations to this size and reducing overall internal fragmentation of pages.
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896:
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architecture. Note that not all processors implement all defined larger page sizes. This support for larger pages (known as "huge pages" in
776:
for unmodified applications through preemptible reservations, opportunistic promotions, speculative demotions, and fragmentation control.
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supports as many as eight different page sizes, from 4 KiB up to 256 MiB, and some other architectures have similar features.
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Page size is usually determined by the processor architecture. Traditionally, pages in a system had uniform size, such as 4,096
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1305:"Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual Volume 3 (3A, 3B, 3C & 3D): System Programming Guide"
1304:
742:
533:
512:
219:
74:. It is the smallest unit of data for memory management in an operating system that uses virtual memory. Similarly, a
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64 KiB, 1 MiB ("section"), 16 MiB ("supersection") (defined by a particular implementation)
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38:
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MCS-4 Assembly
Language Programming Manual - The INTELLEC 4 Microcomputer System Programming Manual
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1157:
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Smaller page sizes ensure a closer match to the actual amount of memory required in an allocation.
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support large pages internally, but do not expose them to applications. Beginning with version 9,
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222:(TLB), is often used. The TLB is of limited size, and when it cannot satisfy a given request (a
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823:, applications take advantage of huge pages automatically, without the need for modification.
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8 KiB, 64 KiB, 256 KiB, 1 MiB, 4 MiB, 16 MiB, 256 MiB
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from disk to memory often requires less time with larger pages than with smaller pages.
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that occupies more space. For example, if a 2 virtual address space is mapped to 4
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1094:
1071:
860:- a (often 256-bytes large) memory area at the very start of a processor's address room
852:
67:
1350:"Intel Itanium Architecture Software Developer's Manual Volume 2: System Architecture"
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Belzer, Jack; Holzman, Albert G.; Kent, Allen, eds. (1981), "Virtual memory systems",
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Computer memory is divided into pages so that information can be found more quickly.
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Larger pages, despite being available in the processors used in most contemporary
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832:
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terminology) allows for "the best of both worlds", reducing the pressure on the
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has supported huge pages on several architectures since the 2.6 series via the
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1031:. 2009 IEEE International Conference on Information Reuse & Integration.
1796:
8086 Family
Utilities - User's Guide for 8080/8085-Based Development Systems
857:
750:
618:
1550:
Navarro, Juan; Iyer, Sitararn; Druschel, Peter; Cox, Alan (December 2002).
17:
85:
A transfer of pages between main memory and an auxiliary store, such as a
1690:"Supporting Multiple Page Sizes in the Solaris Operating System Appendix"
1634:"AGP program may hang when using page size extension on Athlon processor"
1633:
1240:
1213:
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1117:
772:
1802:. Revision E (A620/5821 6K DD ed.). Santa Clara, California, USA:
677:
16 KiB, 64 KiB, 2 MiB, 32 MiB, 512 MiB, 1 GiB
669:
604:
529:
521:
162: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1559:. 5th Usenix Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation.
1203:
1107:
730:
695:
682:
582:
571:
90:
1485:
The RISC-V Instruction Set Manual Volume II: Privileged
Architecture
922:"Operating Systems Lecture Notes, Lecture 9. Introduction to Paging"
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Most operating systems allow programs to discover the page size at
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1524:"General Purpose Operating System Support for Multiple Page Sizes"
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1655:"Supporting Multiple Page Sizes in the Solaris Operating System"
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IBM Power
Systems Performance Guide: Implementing and Optimizing
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268:
191:
1748:"2.3.1 Read-Only Memory / 2.3.2 Program Random Access Memory".
1430:"ARM Architecture Reference Manual ARMv7-A and ARMv7-R edition"
202:
A system with a smaller page size uses more pages, requiring a
1553:
Practical, Transparent
Operating System Support for Superpages
718:
557:
131:
1319:
1317:
82:
into which memory pages are mapped by the operating system.
30:"Page size" redirects here. For information on paper, see
1806:. May 1982 . p. 1-6. Order Number: 9800639-04.
729:) in addition to their standard 4 KiB pages; newer
1788:
1786:
1757:(Preliminary ed.). Santa Clara, California, USA:
866:- a 256-byte data structure at the start of a program
279:, as illustrated in the following example written in
1761:. December 1973. pp. 2-3–2-4. MCS-030-1273-1.
1452:Learn the architecture - AArch64 memory management
1029:Using 4KB Page Size for Virtual Memory is Obsolete
802:support huge pages under the name of large pages.
327:"The page size for this system is %ld bytes.
78:is the smallest fixed-length contiguous block of
1837:Fundamentals of Computer Organization and Design
468:"The page size for this system is %u bytes.
982:Encyclopedia of computer science and technology
387:-based operating systems, such as those in the
368:In many Unix systems, the command-line utility
27:Fixed-length contiguous block of virtual memory
1588:
1586:
1299:
1297:
8:
1722:
1720:
1185: – Shell and Utilities Reference,
721:processors support 4 MiB pages (called
275:-based systems may use the system function
1571:"Pages - dankwiki, the wiki of nick black"
1399:"The SPARC Architecture Manual, Version 8"
1089: – System Interfaces Reference,
538:
1503:"The Intel Xeon 5670: Six Improved Cores"
1066: – Base Definitions Reference,
1036:
178:Learn how and when to remove this message
1027:Weisberg, P.; Wiseman, Y. (2009-08-10).
985:, vol. 14, CRC Press, p. 32,
951:"Virtual Memory: pages and page frames"
876:
749:processors can use 1 GiB pages in
1793:"1. Introduction: Segment Alignment".
626:64 KiB, 16 MiB, 16 GiB
395:families, may use the system function
264:Unix and POSIX-based operating systems
66:is a fixed-length contiguous block of
1473:
1471:
886:"Operating Systems (CS170-08 course)"
7:
376:will return the page size in bytes.
160:adding citations to reliable sources
1728:"FreeBSD 7.2-RELEASE Release Notes"
1636:. Support.microsoft.com. 2007-01-27
70:, described by a single entry in a
1699:. Sun Microsystems. Archived from
1664:. Sun Microsystems. Archived from
1595:"Transparent huge pages in 2.6.38"
1325:"Documentation/vm/hugetlbpage.txt"
1166:Basic Library Functions Reference
884:Christopher Kruegel (2012-12-03).
252:Getting page size programmatically
25:
136:
1835:Dandamudi, Sivarama P. (2003).
1813:from the original on 2020-02-29
1768:from the original on 2020-03-01
1371:. IBM Redbooks. February 2013.
920:Martin C. Rinard (1998-08-22).
902:from the original on 2016-08-10
540:Page sizes among architectures
380:Windows-based operating systems
147:needs additional citations for
1413:"UltraSPARC Architecture 2007"
737:'s newer AMD64 processors and
351:/* _SC_PAGE_SIZE is OK too. */
1:
1283:. Wiki.debian.org. 2011-06-21
1187:The Single UNIX Specification
1091:The Single UNIX Specification
1068:The Single UNIX Specification
725:) (2 MiB pages if using
513:instruction set architectures
957:. 2012-10-31. Archived from
645:UltraSPARC Architecture 2007
220:translation lookaside buffer
634:v8 with SPARC Reference MMU
1894:
1418:. 2010-09-27. p. 427.
1329:Linux kernel documentation
640:256 KiB, 16 MiB
372:can be used. For example,
281:the C programming language
125:
47:
36:
29:
1436:. 2014-05-20. p. B3-1324.
1355:. May 2010. p. 2:58.
1281:"Hugepages - Debian Wiki"
1310:. December 2016. p. 4-2.
1269:. Microsoft. 2022-09-23.
1255:. Microsoft. 2021-10-13.
1253:"GetSystemInfo function"
1047:10.1109/IRI.2009.5211562
814:supports large pages on
405:
285:
37:Not to be confused with
1868:Central processing unit
1482:; Hauser, John (2021).
1267:"SYSTEM_INFO structure"
786:filesystem and without
594:(only when the CPU has
524:, and "large pages" in
43:Block (computer memory)
766:computational clusters
230:Internal fragmentation
39:Bank (computer memory)
1697:Sun BluePrints Online
1662:Sun BluePrints Online
1448:"Translation granule"
1843:. pp. 740–741.
1730:. FreeBSD Foundation
1616:"Large-Page Support"
1401:. 1992. p. 249.
926:people.csail.mit.edu
733:processors, such as
156:improve this article
89:, is referred to as
800:Windows Server 2008
792:Windows Server 2003
723:Page Size Extension
690:4 MiB ("megapage")
590:2 MiB, 1
541:
507:Multiple page sizes
128:Page Size Extension
122:Page size trade-off
1593:Corbet, Jonathan.
1478:Waterman, Andrew;
1143:Library Functions
1116:Library Functions
762:personal computers
709:Starting with the
551:Larger page sizes
548:Smallest page size
539:
520:, "superpages" in
1873:Memory management
1804:Intel Corporation
1759:Intel Corporation
1531:static.usenix.org
1491:. pp. 79–87.
1378:978-0-7384-3766-8
1239:General Commands
1189:, Version 4 from
1093:, Version 4 from
1070:, Version 4 from
794:(SP1 and newer),
707:
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526:Microsoft Windows
417:<windows.h>
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16:(Redirected from
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1839:(1st ed.).
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790:since 2.6.38.
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1095:The Open Group
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1072:The Open Group
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1008:(2019-01-11).
1006:Kazemi, Darius
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68:virtual memory
48:Main article:
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1850:0-387-95211-X
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1706:on 2007-01-01
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1708:. Retrieved
1701:the original
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1331:. kernel.org
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959:the original
955:cs.miami.edu
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930:the original
925:
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904:. Retrieved
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545:Architecture
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154:Please help
149:verification
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64:virtual page
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1505:. AnandTech
1158:sysconf(3C)
893:cs.ucsb.edu
833:Grant table
711:Pentium Pro
700:4 KiB
687:4 KiB
438:SYSTEM_INFO
243:Disk access
111:file system
97:Explanation
60:memory page
18:Memory page
1862:Categories
1817:2020-02-29
1772:2020-03-02
1734:2009-05-03
1710:2008-01-19
1675:2008-01-19
1640:2012-11-03
1601:2011-03-02
1576:2023-06-17
1536:2012-11-02
1509:2012-11-03
1461:2022-08-19
1384:2014-03-17
1335:2014-02-06
1287:2014-02-06
1227:getconf(1)
1204:getconf(1)
1131:sysconf(3)
1108:sysconf(3)
965:2016-06-13
936:2016-06-13
906:2016-06-13
871:References
843:Page table
838:Page fault
808:Windows XP
745:and later
715:AMD Athlon
713:, and the
674:4 KiB
661:4 KiB
648:8 KiB
637:4 KiB
623:4 KiB
610:4 KiB
587:4 KiB
563:4 KiB
486:dwPageSize
393:Windows NT
389:Windows 9x
204:page table
126:See also:
107:page table
76:page frame
72:page table
32:Paper size
1033:CiteSeerX
858:Zero page
788:hugetlbfs
784:hugetlbfs
771:However,
751:long mode
619:Power ISA
534:TLB cache
277:sysconf()
214:TLB usage
117:Page size
1841:Springer
1808:Archived
1763:Archived
1062:limits.h
1014:365 RFCs
1010:"RFC-11"
897:Archived
827:See also
773:SGI IRIX
743:Westmere
576:PAE mode
572:PSE mode
414:#include
408:#include
294:#include
288:#include
224:TLB miss
1181:getconf
1085:sysconf
821:Solaris
812:Solaris
696:RISCV64
683:RISCV32
670:AArch64
605:Itanium
603:IA-64 (
596:PDPE1GB
566:4
530:IBM AIX
522:FreeBSD
370:getconf
339:sysconf
258:runtime
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1241:Manual
1233:Darwin
1214:Manual
1168:Manual
1145:Manual
1137:Darwin
1118:Manual
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731:x86-64
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583:x86-64
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462:printf
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91:paging
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900:(PDF)
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816:SPARC
780:Linux
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739:Intel
657:ARMv7
632:SPARC
518:Linux
511:Some
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399:from
385:Win32
273:POSIX
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62:, or
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806:and
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528:and
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