116:
17:
106:
Nevertheless, there are several hurdles in an industrial commercialization due to technical difficulties in designing membranes with long stabilities and due to the high costs of membranes. Moreover, there is a lack of a process which lead the technology, even if in recent years this technology was
181:
The transport mechanism of hydrogen inside palladium membranes follows a solution/diffusion mechanism: hydrogen molecule is adsorbed onto the surface of the membrane, then it is split into hydrogen atoms; these atoms go across the membrane through diffusion and then recombine again into hydrogen
173:
industry, membranes must have a high flux, high selectivity towards hydrogen, low cost and high stability. Among membranes, dense inorganic are the most suitable having a selectivity orders of magnitude bigger than porous ones. Among dense membranes, metallic ones are the most used due to higher
160:
from natural gas, two water gas shift reactors which enhance hydrogen in syngas and a pressure swing adsorption unit for hydrogen purification. Membrane reactors make a process intensification including all these sections in one single unit, with both economic and environmental benefits.
300:
In pervaporation, dense membranes are used for separation. For dense membranes the separation is governed by the difference of the chemical potential of the components in the membrane. The selectivity of the transport through the membrane is dependent on the difference in
148:
Today hydrogen is mainly used in chemical industry as a reactant in ammonia production and methanol synthesis, and in refinery processes for hydrocracking. Moreover, there is a growing interest in its use as energy carrier and as fuel in fuel cells.
132:; if the speed of the gas is high enough, and the particle size is small enough, fluidization of the bed occurs and the reactor is called fluidized bed membrane reactor. Other types of reactor take the name from the membrane material, e.g.,
530:
Gallucci, Fausto; Medrano, Jose; Fernandez, Ekain; Melendez, Jon; Van Sint
Annaland, Martin; Pacheco, Alfredo (1 July 2017). "Advances on High Temperature Pd-Based Membranes and Membrane Reactors for Hydrogen Purifcation and Production".
139:
Among these configurations, higher attention in recent years, particularly in hydrogen production, is given to fixed bed and fluidized bed: in these cases the standard reactor is simply integrated with membranes inside reaction space.
265:
and often differ greatly in size from reactants, they can be separated by size exclusion membrane filtration with ultra- or nanofiltration artificial membranes. This is used on industrial scale for the production of
102:
This limit can be overcome by removing a product of the reaction: in this way, the system cannot reach equilibrium and the reaction continues, reaching higher conversions (or same conversion at lower temperature).
123:
Generally, membrane reactors can be classified based on the membrane position and reactor configuration. Usually there is a catalyst inside: if the catalyst is installed inside the membrane, the reactor is called
98:
state is achieved. If temperature and pressure are fixed, this equilibrium state is a constraint for the ratio of products versus reactants concentrations, obstructing the possibility to reach higher conversions.
88:. Moreover, removing a product allows to exceed thermodynamics limitations. In this way, it is possible to reach higher conversions of the reactants or to obtain the same conversion with a lower temperature.
177:
The most used material in hydrogen separation membranes is palladium, particularly its alloy with silver. This metal, even if is more expensive than other ones, shows very high solubility towards hydrogen.
214:
membrane. It is used on large scale and has replaced diaphragm electrolysis. Nafion has been developed as a bilayer membrane to withstand the harsh conditions during the chemical conversion.
68:
in one step, e.g., membrane filtration with the chemical reaction. The integration of reaction section with selective extraction of a reactant allows an enhancement of the
690:
Gallucci, Fausto; Fernandez, Ekain; Corengia, Pablo; van Sint
Annaland, Martin (April 2013). "Recent advances on membranes and membrane reactors for hydrogen production".
368:
397:-selective membrane. The membrane allows the uniform distribution of oxygen as the driving force for the permeation of oxygen through the membrane is the difference in
725:
Cardoso, Simão P; Azenha, Ivo S; Lin, Zhi; Portugal, Inês; Rodrigues, Alírio E; Silva, Carlos M (4 December 2017). "Inorganic
Membranes for Hydrogen Separation".
185:
In recent years, several works were performed to study the integration of palladium membranes inside fluidized bed membrane reactors for hydrogen production.
797:
Industrial
Biotransformations, 2nd, Completely Revised and Enlarged Edition Andreas Liese (Editor), Karsten Seelbach (Editor), Christian Wandrey (Editor)
156:
of natural gas, due to low costs and the fact that it is a mature technology. Traditional processes are composed by a steam reforming section, to produce
94:
are usually limited by thermodynamics: when direct and reverse reactions, whose rate depends from reactants and product concentrations, are balanced, a
245:, water could be removed from a condensation reaction to shift the equilibrium position of the reaction towards the condensation products according to
288:
The principle can be applied to all macromolecular catalysts which can be separated from the other reactants by means of filtration. So far, only
904:
885:
866:
847:
828:
802:
956:
241:
The use of a natural membrane is the first example of the utilization for a chemical reaction. By using the selective permeability of a
198:
Submerged and sidestream membrane bioreactors in wastewater treatment plants are the most developed filtration based membrane reactors.
39:
Chemical reactors making use of membranes are usually referred to as membrane reactors. The membrane can be used for different tasks:
951:
115:
72:
compared to the equilibrium value. This characteristic makes membrane reactors suitable to perform equilibrium-limited
246:
210:) and caustic soda NaOH from NaCl is carried out industrially by the chlor-alkali-process using a proton conducting
946:
381:
of oxygen has to be low to prevent the formation of explosive mixtures and to suppress the successive reaction to
222:
In biological systems, membranes fulfill a number of essential functions. The compartmentalization of biological
764:
Arratibel, Alba; Pacheco Tanaka, Alfredo; Laso, Iker; van Sint
Annaland, Martin; Gallucci, Fausto (March 2018).
646:"Life Cycle Assessment and Economic Analysis of an Innovative Biogas Membrane Reformer for Hydrogen Production"
644:
Di
Marcoberardino, Gioele; Liao, Xun; Dauriat, Arnaud; Binotti, Marco; Manzolini, Giampaolo (8 February 2019).
932:
European project
Macbeth website, about various applications of membrane reactors and their industrialization
766:"Development of Pd-based double-skinned membranes for hydrogen production in fluidized bed membrane reactors"
227:
285:
of the catalyst is that the enzymes are not altered in activity or selectivity as it remains solubilized.
69:
927:
European project
Bionico website, about membrane reactors application in hydrogen production from biogas
85:
699:
594:
234:
are membrane bound and often mass transport through the membrane is active rather than passive as in
95:
84:
Selective membranes inside the reactor lead to several benefits: reactor section substitutes several
73:
238:, allowing the cell to keep up gradients for example by using active transport of protons or water.
235:
170:
91:
47:
29:
353:
922:
European project
Fuelcell website, about membrane reactors application for bio-ethanol conversion
282:
581:
Di
Marcoberardino, Gioele; Foresti, Stefano; Binotti, Marco; Manzolini, Giampaolo (July 2018).
900:
881:
862:
843:
824:
798:
548:
398:
780:
734:
707:
667:
657:
612:
602:
540:
378:
306:
242:
133:
128:(CMR); if the catalyst (and the support) are packed and fixed inside, the reactor is called
382:
211:
182:
molecule on the low-pressure side of the membrane; then, it is desorbed from the surface.
153:
765:
313:
membranes. This can be used to overcome thermodynamic limitations of condensation, e.g.,
703:
598:
386:
314:
223:
65:
940:
262:
838:
Basile, Angelo; De Falco, Marcello; Centi, Gabriele; Iaquaniello, Gaetano (2016).
738:
583:"Potentiality of a biogas membrane reformer for decentralized hydrogen production"
784:
330:
267:
821:
Membranes for membrane reactors : preparation, optimization, and selection
309:
through the membrane. For example, for the selective removal of water by using
16:
711:
607:
582:
310:
302:
278:
270:
564:
562:
552:
544:
107:
successfully applied to hydrogen production and hydrocarbon dehydrogenation.
474:
472:
470:
468:
840:
Membrane reactor engineering: applications for a greener process industry
672:
617:
338:
33:
28:
is a physical device that combines a chemical conversion process with a
326:
289:
281:
on a scale of 400t/a. The advantage of this method over other forms of
274:
231:
662:
645:
394:
334:
258:
157:
230:
allows to separate reactions and reaction environments. A number of
931:
857:
De Falco, Marcello; Marrelli, Luigi; Iaquaniello, Gaetano (2011).
390:
114:
15:
926:
60:
Catalyst support (often combined with distribution of reactants)
277:
amino acids. The most prominent example is the production of L-
751:
514:
502:
435:
587:
Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification
419:
417:
415:
413:
921:
64:
Membrane reactors are an example for the combination of two
631:
568:
490:
478:
459:
447:
393:. This is achieved by using a tubular reactor with an
356:
152:
More than 50% of hydrogen is currently produced from
325:
In the STAR process for the catalytic conversion of
273:
by kinetic racemic resolution of chemically derived
859:
Membrane reactors for hydrogen production processes
362:
321:Dosing: Partial oxidation of methane to methanol
876:Ho, W. S. Winston; Sirkar, Kamalesh K. (1992).
423:
119:Packed bed and fluidized bed membrane reactors
194:Membrane bioreactors for wastewater treatment
8:
880:. Springer Science+Business Media New York.
752:Basile, De Falco & CentiIaquaniello 2016
515:Basile, De Falco & CentiIaquaniello 2016
503:Basile, De Falco & CentiIaquaniello 2016
436:Basile, De Falco & CentiIaquaniello 2016
305:of the materials in the membrane and their
819:Gallucci, Fausto; Basile, Angelo (2011).
671:
661:
632:De Falco, Marrelli & Iaquaniello 2011
616:
606:
569:De Falco, Marrelli & Iaquaniello 2011
491:De Falco, Marrelli & Iaquaniello 2011
479:De Falco, Marrelli & Iaquaniello 2011
460:De Falco, Marrelli & Iaquaniello 2011
448:De Falco, Marrelli & Iaquaniello 2011
355:
144:Membrane reactors for hydrogen production
685:
683:
533:Journal of Membrane Science and Research
292:have been used to a significant extent.
525:
523:
409:
253:Size exclusion: Enzyme Membrane Reactor
401:on the air side and the methane side.
202:Electrochemical membrane reactors ecMR
727:Separation & Purification Reviews
7:
897:Membrane technology and applications
296:Reaction combined with pervaporation
36:or remove products of the reaction.
14:
174:fluxes compared to ceramic ones.
165:Membranes for hydrogen production
57:Distribution/dosing of a reactant
357:
226:is achieved by membranes. The
206:The production of chloride (Cl
1:
739:10.1080/15422119.2017.1383917
317:reactions by removing water.
785:10.1016/j.memsci.2017.10.064
692:Chemical Engineering Science
363:{\displaystyle \rightarrow }
80:Benefits and critical issues
20:Sketch of a membrane reactor
773:Journal of Membrane Science
130:packed bed membrane reactor
30:membrane separation process
973:
957:Industrial water treatment
895:Baker, Richard W. (2012).
424:Gallucci & Basile 2011
126:catalytic membrane reactor
712:10.1016/j.ces.2013.01.008
608:10.1016/j.cep.2018.04.023
341:by the partial oxidation
52:Retention of the catalyst
545:10.22079/jmsr.2017.23644
247:Le Chatelier's principle
46:Selective extraction of
364:
120:
111:Reactor configurations
21:
365:
118:
74:endothermic reactions
19:
354:
236:artificial membranes
96:chemical equilibrium
92:Reversible reactions
86:downstream processes
952:Membrane technology
704:2013ChEnS..92...40G
599:2018CEPPI.129..131D
171:hydrogen production
169:To be suitable for
360:
218:Biological systems
189:Other applications
121:
22:
947:Chemical reactors
906:978-0-470-74372-0
887:978-1-4613-6575-4
878:Membrane handbook
868:978-0-85729-150-9
849:978-1-118-90680-4
830:978-0-470-74652-3
803:978-3-527-31001-2
663:10.3390/pr7020086
399:partial pressures
228:semi-permeability
964:
910:
891:
872:
853:
834:
806:
795:
789:
788:
770:
761:
755:
749:
743:
742:
722:
716:
715:
687:
678:
677:
675:
665:
641:
635:
629:
623:
622:
620:
610:
578:
572:
566:
557:
556:
527:
518:
512:
506:
500:
494:
488:
482:
476:
463:
457:
451:
445:
439:
433:
427:
421:
379:partial pressure
369:
367:
366:
361:
134:zeolite membrane
26:membrane reactor
972:
971:
967:
966:
965:
963:
962:
961:
937:
936:
918:
913:
907:
894:
888:
875:
869:
856:
850:
837:
831:
818:
814:
809:
796:
792:
768:
763:
762:
758:
750:
746:
724:
723:
719:
689:
688:
681:
643:
642:
638:
630:
626:
580:
579:
575:
567:
560:
529:
528:
521:
513:
509:
501:
497:
489:
485:
477:
466:
458:
454:
446:
442:
434:
430:
422:
411:
407:
383:carbon monoxide
373:
352:
351:
350:
346:
342:
323:
298:
255:
220:
212:polyelectrolyte
209:
204:
196:
191:
167:
154:steam reforming
146:
113:
82:
66:unit operations
12:
11:
5:
970:
968:
960:
959:
954:
949:
939:
938:
935:
934:
929:
924:
917:
916:External links
914:
912:
911:
905:
892:
886:
873:
867:
854:
848:
835:
829:
815:
813:
810:
808:
807:
790:
756:
744:
733:(3): 229–266.
717:
679:
636:
634:, p. 108.
624:
573:
571:, p. 103.
558:
539:(3): 142–156.
519:
507:
495:
483:
464:
462:, p. 110.
452:
440:
428:
408:
406:
403:
387:carbon dioxide
371:
359:
348:
344:
322:
319:
315:esterification
297:
294:
283:immobilization
263:macromolecules
254:
251:
219:
216:
207:
203:
200:
195:
192:
190:
187:
166:
163:
145:
142:
112:
109:
81:
78:
62:
61:
58:
55:
54:
53:
50:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
969:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
944:
942:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
919:
915:
908:
902:
898:
893:
889:
883:
879:
874:
870:
864:
860:
855:
851:
845:
841:
836:
832:
826:
822:
817:
816:
811:
804:
800:
794:
791:
786:
782:
778:
774:
767:
760:
757:
753:
748:
745:
740:
736:
732:
728:
721:
718:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
686:
684:
680:
674:
673:11311/1077208
669:
664:
659:
655:
651:
647:
640:
637:
633:
628:
625:
619:
618:11311/1057444
614:
609:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
577:
574:
570:
565:
563:
559:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
526:
524:
520:
517:, p. 13.
516:
511:
508:
505:, p. 12.
504:
499:
496:
492:
487:
484:
480:
475:
473:
471:
469:
465:
461:
456:
453:
449:
444:
441:
437:
432:
429:
425:
420:
418:
416:
414:
410:
404:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
375:
340:
337:from air, to
336:
332:
328:
320:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
295:
293:
291:
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
269:
264:
260:
252:
250:
248:
244:
243:pig's bladder
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
217:
215:
213:
201:
199:
193:
188:
186:
183:
179:
175:
172:
164:
162:
159:
155:
150:
143:
141:
137:
135:
131:
127:
117:
110:
108:
104:
100:
97:
93:
89:
87:
79:
77:
75:
71:
67:
59:
56:
51:
49:
45:
44:
42:
41:
40:
37:
35:
31:
27:
18:
896:
877:
861:. Springer.
858:
839:
820:
793:
776:
772:
759:
754:, p. 7.
747:
730:
726:
720:
695:
691:
653:
649:
639:
627:
590:
586:
576:
536:
532:
510:
498:
493:, p. 7.
486:
481:, p. 3.
455:
450:, p. 2.
443:
438:, p. 9.
431:
426:, p. 1.
376:
324:
299:
287:
256:
240:
221:
205:
197:
184:
180:
176:
168:
151:
147:
138:
129:
125:
122:
105:
101:
90:
83:
63:
38:
25:
23:
779:: 536–544.
593:: 131–141.
331:natural gas
307:diffusivity
271:amino acids
268:enantiopure
70:conversions
43:Separation
941:Categories
812:References
311:lipophilic
303:solubility
279:methionine
899:. Wiley.
842:. Wiley.
823:. Wiley.
698:: 40–66.
656:(2): 86.
650:Processes
553:2476-5406
358:→
136:reactor.
34:reactants
339:methanol
48:products
700:Bibcode
595:Bibcode
327:methane
290:enzymes
275:racemic
259:enzymes
232:enzymes
32:to add
903:
884:
865:
846:
827:
801:
551:
395:oxygen
335:oxygen
158:syngas
769:(PDF)
405:Notes
391:water
333:with
329:from
224:cells
901:ISBN
882:ISBN
863:ISBN
844:ISBN
825:ISBN
799:ISBN
549:ISSN
389:and
377:The
374:OH.
261:are
781:doi
777:550
735:doi
708:doi
668:hdl
658:doi
613:hdl
603:doi
591:129
541:doi
370:2CH
347:+ O
343:2CH
257:As
943::
775:.
771:.
731:47
729:.
706:.
696:92
694:.
682:^
666:.
652:.
648:.
611:.
601:.
589:.
585:.
561:^
547:.
535:.
522:^
467:^
412:^
385:,
249:.
76:.
24:A
909:.
890:.
871:.
852:.
833:.
805:.
787:.
783::
741:.
737::
714:.
710::
702::
676:.
670::
660::
654:7
621:.
615::
605::
597::
555:.
543::
537:3
372:3
349:2
345:4
208:2
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
