Memetics - Knowledge (XXG)

952:. In "How Problem Solving and Neurotransmission in the Upper Paleolithic led to The Emergence and Maintenance of Memetic Equilibrium in Contemporary World Religions", DiCarlo argues that as human consciousness evolved and developed, so too did our ancestors' capacity to consider and attempt to solve environmental problems in more conceptually sophisticated ways. When a satisfactory solution is found, the feeling of environmental stability, or memetic equilibrium, is achieved. The relationship between a gradually emerging conscious awareness and sophisticated languages in which to formulate representations combined with the desire to maintain biological equilibrium, generated the necessity for equilibrium to fill in conceptual gaps in terms of understanding three very important aspects in the Upper Paleolithic: causality, morality, and mortality. The desire to explain phenomena in relation to maintaining survival and reproductive stasis, generated a normative stance in the minds of our ancestors—Survival/Reproductive Value (or S-R Value). 1361:

interviews with climate activists. The major finding was that the global warming meme is not effective at spreading because it causes emotional duress in the minds of people who learn about it. Five central tensions were revealed in the discourse about , each of which represents a resonance point through which dialogue can be engaged. The tensions were Harmony/Disharmony (whether or not humans are part of the natural world), Survival/Extinction (envisioning the future as either apocalyptic collapse of civilization or total extinction of the human race), Cooperation/Conflict (regarding whether or not humanity can come together to solve global problems), Momentum/Hesitation (about whether or not we are making progress at the collective scale to

1341:, cultural evolution, the history of ideas, social analytics, and more. Many of these applications do not make reference to the literature on memes directly but are built upon the evolutionary lens of idea propagation that treats semantic units of culture as self-replicating and mutating patterns of information that are assumed to be relevant for scientific study. For example, the field of public relations is filled with attempts to introduce new ideas and alter social discourse. One means of doing this is to design a meme and deploy it through various media channels. One historic example of applied memetics is the PR campaign conducted in 1991 as part of the build-up to the first Gulf War in the United States. 817:) may be challenged whether memes even exist. Questions can extend to whether the idea of "meme" is itself a meme or is a true concept. Fundamentally, memetics is an attempt to produce knowledge through organic metaphors, which as such is a questionable research approach, as the application of metaphors has the effect of hiding that which does not fit within the realm of the metaphor. Rather than study actual reality, without preconceptions, memetics, as so many of the socio-biological explanations of society, believe that saying that the apple is like an orange is a valid analysis of the apple." 1348:, has recently been attempted at thwink.org Using meme types and memetic infection in several stock and flow simulation models, Jack Harich has demonstrated several interesting phenomena that are best, and perhaps only, explained by memes. One model, The Dueling Loops of the Political Powerplace, argues that the fundamental reason corruption is the norm in politics is due to an inherent structural advantage of one feedback loop pitted against another. Another model, The Memetic Evolution of Solutions to Difficult Problems, uses memes, the 792:(2013), criticize Dawkins' idea of the meme, writing that "while the idea of the meme is a compelling one, it may not adequately account for how content circulates through participatory culture." The three authors also criticize other interpretations of memetics, especially those which describe memes as "self-replicating", because they ignore the fact that "culture is a human product and replicates through human agency." In doing so, they align more closely with Shifman's notion of Internet Memetics and her addition of the human agency of 1082: 780:. Meme is thus described in memetics as a sign without its triadic nature. Charles Sanders Peirce's semiotic theory involves a triadic structure: a sign (a reference to an object), an object (the thing being referred to), and an interpretant (the interpreting actor of a sign). For Deacon and Kull, the meme is a degenerate sign, which includes only its ability of being copied. Accordingly, in the broadest sense, the objects of copying are memes, whereas the objects of translation and interpretation are signs. 1397:, Austrian linguist Nikolaus Ritt has attempted to operationalise memetic concepts and use them for the explanation of long term sound changes and change conspiracies in early English. It is argued that a generalised Darwinian framework for handling cultural change can provide explanations where established, speaker centred approaches fail to do so. The book makes comparatively concrete suggestions about the possible material structure of memes, and provides two empirically rich case studies. 2214: 714: 562:, passed a motion calling for an end to definitional debates. McNamara demonstrated in 2011 that functional connectivity profiling using neuroimaging tools enables the observation of the processing of internal memes, "i-memes", in response to external "e-memes". This was developed further in a paper "Memetics and Neural Models of Conspiracy Theories" by Duch, where a model of memes as a quasi-stable neural associative memory 5378: 701:

earlier concerns of memetics. Internet Memetics might be understood as a study without an agreed upon theory, as present research tends to focus on empirical developments answering theories of other areas of cultural research. It exists more as a set of distributed studies than a methodology, theory, field, or discipline, with a few exceptions such as Shifman and those closely following her motivating framework.

258:– and can propagate. This proposal resulted in debate among anthropologists, sociologists, biologists, and scientists of other disciplines. Dawkins did not provide a comprehensive explanation of how replication of units of information in the brain controls human behaviour and culture, as the main focus of the book was on gene expression. Dawkins apparently did not intend to present a comprehensive theory of 5404: 5391: 1264: 1203: 835: 1141: 1041: 805:"One, culture is not best understood by examining its smallest parts, as culture is pattern-like, comparable to an ocean current. Many more factors, historical and others, should be taken into account than only whatever particle culture is built from. Two, if memes are not thoughts (and thus not cognitive phenomena), as Daniel C. Dennett insists in " 692:

empirical research. That is, memetics in this conceptualization has been notably testable by the application of social science methodologies. It has been popular enough that following Lankshear and Knobel's (2019) review of empirical trends, they warn those interested in memetics that theoretical development should not be ignored, concluding that,

620:, teaching and other methods. The copies are not perfect: memes are copied with variation; moreover, they compete for space in our memories and for the chance to be copied again. Only some of the variants can survive. The combination of these three elements (copies; variation; competition for survival) forms precisely the condition for 616:(2002) re-stated the definition of meme as: whatever is copied from one person to another person, whether habits, skills, songs, stories, or any other kind of information. Further she said that memes, like genes, are replicators in the sense as defined by Dawkins. That is, they are information that is copied. Memes are copied by 417:, which more fully worked out the ideas of Dennett, Lynch, and Brodie and attempted to compare and contrast them with various approaches from the cultural evolutionary mainstream, as well as providing novel (and controversial) memetics-based theories for the evolution of language and the human sense of individual selfhood. 903:, expanded his definition of meme by saying there are actually two different types of memetic processes (controversial and informative). The first is a type of cultural idea, action, or expression, which does have high variance; for instance, a student of his who had inherited some of the mannerisms of 674:

and Mike Thelwall (2009). Shiman, in particular, followed Susan Blackmore in rejecting the internalist and externalist debate, however did not offer a clear connection to prior evolutionary frameworks. Later in 2014, she rejected the historical relevance of "information" to memetics. Instead of memes

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The evolutionary model of cultural information transfer is based on the concept that memes—units of information—have an independent existence, are self-replicating, and are subject to selective evolution through environmental forces. Starting from a proposition put forward in the writings

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is a memeplex with the language and stories of its practitioners at its core. This radical approach sees a project and its management as an illusion; a human construct about a collection of feelings, expectations, and sensations, which are created, fashioned, and labeled by the human brain. Whitty's

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in governmental and private organizations in Sweden in the 1990s from a memetic perspective. Comparing the effects of active ("Lamarckian") IT strategy versus user–producer interactivity (Darwinian co-evolution), evidence from Swedish organizations shows that co-evolutionary interactivity is almost

959:, memes in digitally mediated contexts, to be (a) a group of digital items sharing common characteristics of content, form, and/or stance, which (b) were created with awareness of each other, and (c) were circulated, imitated, and/or transformed via the Internet by many users. Further, she outlines 691:

of her meme. As such, Shifman's developments can be seen as critical to Dawkins's meme, but also as a somewhat distinct conceptualization of the meme as a communicative system dependent on the internet and social media platforms. By introducing memetics as an internet study there has been a rise in

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capacity to generally imitate a model or selectively imitate the model. Since the process of social learning varies from one person to another, the imitation process cannot be said to be completely imitated. The sameness of an idea may be expressed with different memes supporting it. This is to say

1372:, brought the idea of the meme into the discipline of archaeology. He coined the term "Cultural Virus Theory", and used it to try to anchor archaeological theory in a neo-Darwinian paradigm. Archaeological memetics could assist the application of the meme concept to material culture in particular. 1360:

Another application of memetics in the sustainability space is the crowdfunded Climate Meme Project conducted by Joe Brewer and Balazs Laszlo Karafiath in the spring of 2013. This study was based on a collection of 1000 unique text-based expressions gathered from Twitter, Facebook, and structured

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signs which has had limited success among those adjacent to Internet Memetics. In particular, she translates many of the neo-Darwinian conceptualizations of evolution to biosemiotic evolutionary concepts. This approach was theoretically integrated with an empirical investigation of information in

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rate in memetic evolution is extremely high, and mutations are even possible within each and every iteration of the imitation process. It becomes very interesting when we see that a social system composed of a complex network of microinteractions exists, but at the macro level an order emerges to

492:'Mimeme' comes from a suitable Greek root, but I want a monosyllable that sounds a bit like 'gene'. I hope my classicist friends will forgive me if I abbreviate mimeme to meme. If it is any consolation, it could alternatively be thought of as being related to 'memory', or to the French word même." 757:

for memes which would suggest a genuine analogy to DNA in genes. He also suggests the meme mutation mechanism is too unstable which would render the evolutionary process chaotic. That is to say that the "unit of information" which traverses across minds is perhaps too flexible in meaning to be a

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As Lankshear and Knobel show, the Internet Memetic reconceptualization is limited in addressing long-standing memetic theory concerns. It is not clear that existing Internet Memetic theory's departure from conceptual dichotomies between internalist and externalist debate are compatible with most

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has much in common with memetics but rejects the idea that memes are replicators. From this perspective, memetics is seen as just one of several approaches to cultural evolution and one that is generally considered less useful than the alternatives of gene-culture coevolution or dual inheritance

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Criticisms of memetics include claims that memes do not exist, that the analogy with genes is false, that the units cannot be specified, that culture does not evolve through imitation, and that the sources of variation are intelligently designed rather than random. Critics of memetics include

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approach requires project managers to consider that the reasons for using project management are not consciously driven to maximize profit, and are encouraged to consider project management as naturally occurring, self-serving, evolving process which shapes organizations for its own purpose.

503:"Why not date the beginnings of memetics (or mnemetics) as 1904 or at the very least 1914? If two publications are taken as the beginnings of memetics, then the development of memetics has been around for almost a hundred years without much in the way of conceptual or empirical advance!" 601:

left the University of the West of England to become a freelance science-writer and now concentrates more on the field of consciousness and cognitive science. Derek Gatherer moved to work as a computer programmer in the pharmaceutical industry, although he still occasionally publishes on

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The primary analytic approaches of internet memetics has been more in association with visual culture and communication methodologies. These researchers justify the existence of memes by way of culturally association, social networks or networked artifacts, most notably online image

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science, unless it moves its emphasis onto the directly quantifiable aspects of culture. Internalists countered with various arguments: that brain states will eventually be directly observable with advanced technology, that most cultural anthropologists agree that culture is about

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Like other critics, Maria Kronfeldner has criticized memetics for being based on an allegedly inaccurate analogy with the gene; alternately, she claims it is "heuristically trivial", being a mere redescription of what is already known without offering any useful novelty.

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Alexander O. Smith and Jeff Hemsley's development. They suggested under the influence of Cannizzaro's work that memes are "an information transmission network of documents connected through their differences among similarities and is interpreted as a semiotic system".

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patterns taught to elementary students– the meme is either passed on in the exact sequence of instructions, or (in the case of a forgetful child) terminates. The self-correcting meme tends to not evolve, and to experience profound mutations in the rare event that it

79:. Like genes, memes are selfish replicators and have causal efficacy; in other words, their properties influence their chances of being copied and passed on. Some succeed because they are valuable or useful to their human hosts while others are more like viruses. 749:

There have been some serious criticisms of memetics. Namely, there are a few key points on which most criticisms focus: mentalism, cultural determinism, Darwinian reduction, a lack of academic novelty, and a lack of empirical evidence of memetic mechanisms.

696:"ight now would be a good time for anyone seriously interested in memes to revisit Dawkins’ work in light of how internet memes have evolved over the past three decades and reflect on what most merits careful and conscientious research attention." 557:

and not artifacts, or that artifacts cannot be replicators in the same sense as mental entities (or DNA) are replicators. The debate became so heated that a 1998 Symposium on Memetics, organised as part of the 15th International Conference on

3773: 581:. Aunger also organised a conference in Cambridge in 1999, at which prominent sociologists and anthropologists were able to give their assessment of the progress made in memetics to that date. This resulted in the publication of 3865:

Houben, Jan E.M. "A Tradição Sânscrita entre Memética Védica e Cultura Literária." (In Portuguese) Revista Linguagem & Ensino, vol. 17 n. 2 (2014), p. 441-469. www.rle.ucpel.tche.br/index.php/rle/article/view/1089/783

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initially borrowed Blackmore's conceptual developments but is effectively a data-driven approach, focusing on digital artifacts. This was led primarily by conceptual developments Colin Lankshear and Michele Knobel (2006) and

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theory. The main difference is that dual inheritance theory ultimately depends on biological advantage to genes, whereas memetics treats memes as a second replicator in its own right. Memetics also extends to the analysis of

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Memetic equilibrium – the cultural equivalent of species biological equilibrium. It is that which humans strive for in terms of personal value with respect to cultural artefacts and ideas. The term was coined by Christopher

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of Dawkins, this model has formed the basis of a new area of study, one that looks at the self-replicating units of culture. It has been proposed that just as memes are analogous to genes, memetics is analogous to genetics.

315:", Richard Dawkins used memetics to explain the phenomenon of religious belief and the various characteristics of organised religions. By then, memetics had also become a theme appearing in fiction (e.g. Neal Stephenson's 679:, she argued information is exclusively delegated to be "the ways in which addressers position themselves in relation to text, its linguistic codes, the addressees, and other potential speakers." This is what she called 499:(2001) pointed out Dawkins's oversight of Semon's work. Hull suggests this early work as an alternative origin to memetics by which Dawkins's memetic theory and classicist connection to the concept can be negotiated. 3771:

DiCarlo, Christopher W. 2010. "How Problem Solving and Neurotransmission in the Upper Paleolithic led to The Emergence and Maintenance of Memetic Equilibrium in Contemporary World Religions." Politics and Culture.

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to show how complex solutions evolve over time and how that process can be improved. The insights gained from these models are being used to engineer memetic solution elements to the sustainability problem.

548:, and William Benzon, a writer on cultural evolution and music. The main rationale for externalism was that internal brain entities are not observable, and memetics cannot advance as a science, especially a 744:

Critics contend that some of the proponents' assertions are "untested, unsupported or incorrect." Most of the history of memetic criticism has been directed at Dawkins' earlier theory of memetics framed in

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Others have pointed to the fact that memetics reduces genuine social and communicative activity to genetic arguments, and this cannot adequately describe cultural interactions between people. For example,

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These two schools became known as the "internalists" and the "externalists." Prominent internalists included both Lynch and Brodie; the most vocal externalists included Derek Gatherer, a geneticist from

127:, who argues that when our ancestors began imitating behaviours, they let loose a second replicator and co-evolved to become the "meme machines" that copy, vary, and select memes in culture. Philosopher 3774:

https://politicsandculture.org/2010/04/27/how-problem-solving-and-neurotransmission-in-the-upper-paleolithic-led-to-the-emergence-and-maintenance-of-memetic-equilibrium-in-contemporary-world-religions/

399:. The e-journal soon became the central point for publication and debate within the nascent memeticist community. (There had been a short-lived paper-based memetics publication starting in 1990, the 143:. He describes the units of memes as "the smallest elements that replicate themselves with reliability and fecundity," and claims that "Human consciousness is itself a huge complex of memes." In 3862:

Houben, Jan E.M. "Memetics of Vedic Ritual, Morphology of the Agnistoma." Powerpoint presentation first presented at the Third International Vedic Workshop, Leiden 2002 www.academia.edu/7090834

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ceased publication and published a set of articles on the future of memetics. The website states that although "there was to be a relaunch... after several years nothing has happened".

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Later Arel Lucas suggested that the discipline that studies memes and their connections to human and other carriers of them be known as "memetics" by analogy with "genetics". Dawkins'

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disowned the memetics community and the words "meme" and "memetics" (without disowning the ideas in his book), adopting the self-description "thought contagionist". He died in 2005.

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relationship. Simply put, a meme-complex is a set of ideas that reinforce each other. Meme-complexes are roughly analogous to the symbiotic collection of individual

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Another criticism points to memetic triviality. That is, some have argued memetics is derivative of more rich areas of study. One of these cases comes from Peircian

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contrasts static societies that depend on anti-rational memes suppressing innovation and creativity, with dynamic societies based on rational memes that encourage

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Stance is about how actors (e.g. people) position themselves in relation to content and form of the media as well as those who might be addressed by the message.

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argues against memetics as a viable approach to cultural evolution because cultural items are not directly copied or imitated but are reproduced. Anthropologist

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with some modifications to account for the different patterns of evolution seen in genes and memes. In the method of memetics as the way to see culture as a

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Stepan, Nancy L. Race and Gender: The Role of Analogy in Science. In Goldberg, David Theo (ed.) The Anatomy of Racism. University of Minnesota Press, 1990.

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Metamemetic thinking - coined by Diego Fontanive, is the thinking skill & cognitive training capable of making individuals acknowledge illogical memes.

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DiCarlo (2010) developed the definition of meme further to include the idea of 'memetic equilibrium', which describe a culturally compatible state with

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in human cultural evolution. After Dawkins, many discussed this unit of culture as evolutionary "information" which replicates with rules analogous to

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The memetics movement split almost immediately into two. The first group were those who wanted to stick to Dawkins' definition of a meme as "a unit of

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and behaviors. However, in contrast to those two positions, the article "Consciousness in meme machines" by Susan Blackmore rejects neither movement.

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has been a factor in attracting the attention of people of disparate intellectual backgrounds. Another stimulus was the publication in 1991 of

2946: 2458:, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 45–64. "A replicator may be defined as any entity in the universe of which copies are made." 4810: 4730: 4705: 4584: 4464: 4067: 4000: 3916: 3749: 3713: 3511: 3482: 2892: 2821: 2801: 2636: 2559: 2447: 2261: 2048: 2015: 1988: 1909: 1884: 1859: 1834: 1809: 1784: 1759: 1734: 1709: 1684: 1659: 507:

Despite this, Semon's work remains mostly understood as distinct to memetic origins even with the overt similarities accounted for by Hull.

4930: 4138: 1001:(concurrent scanning of two communicating individuals in two separate MRI machines) as a key tool in the future for investigating memetics. 4710: 4635: 4562: 4538: 4486: 651:. Others instead suggest it is not superseded but rather holds a small but distinct intellectual space in cultural evolutionary theory. 4955: 3249: 3150: 1365:), and Elitism/Heretic (a general sentiment that each side of the debate considers the experts of its opposition to be untrustworthy). 978:

Over a decade after Kull's and Deacon's semiotic critique, Sara Cannizzaro offered her own development to redeem memes as fully formed

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Memocide - intentional action to eradicate a meme or memeplex from the population, either by killing its carriers or by censorship.

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that can be copied, located in the brain". This thinking is more in line with Dawkins' second definition of the meme in his book

3974: 3588: 3335: 289:, was influential – as was his 1985 book of the same name. "Memeticist" was coined as analogous to "geneticist" – originally in 4985: 4965: 4678: 4423: 4131: 4126: 4099: 3839: 478: 5243: 5158: 4688: 2841: 2166: 1482:

for people who have been taken over by a meme to the extent that their own survival becomes inconsequential. Examples include

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in a speculative spirit. Accordingly, different researchers came to define the term "unit of information" in different ways.

139: 4237: 2502: 1390:. In 2003 Klaas Chielens carried out these tests in a Masters thesis project on the testability of the selection criteria. 5315: 5000: 4980: 4917: 4368: 4178: 3645: 3545:"The Evolution of IT Innovations in Swedish Organizations: A Darwinian Critique of ‘Lamarckian’ Institutional Economics", 3439: 624:, and so memes (and hence human cultures) evolve. Large groups of memes that are copied and passed on together are called 4018: 3755: 3311: 1429:– (an abbreviation of meme-complex) is a collection or grouping of memes that have evolved into a mutually supportive or 5163: 4935: 4755: 4378: 4346: 4254: 3693: 1521:

writes: "the word has not been recognised as a virus because it has achieved a state of stable symbiosis with the host."

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in 1995, and was accelerated with the publication in 1996 of two more books by authors outside the academic mainstream:

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tools and the suggestion that such studies have already been done was given by McNamara (2011). This author proposes

603: 523:, along with Leveious Rolando and Larry Lottman, has stated that a meme can be defined, more precisely, as "a unit of 369: 251: 2078: 1166: 4870: 4740: 4720: 4499: 4244: 3503: 3088: 1382:

has postulated what he calls "memetic selection criteria". These criteria opened the way to a specialized field of

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This article is about the study of self-replicating units of culture. For the critical and philosophical term, see

4770: 2129: 1162: 907:. The second type is a self-correcting meme that is highly resistant to mutation. As an example of this, he gives 849: 5436: 5290: 5261: 5148: 5062: 4970: 4945: 4735: 4511: 3526: 3067: 1575: 1557: 1514: 1362: 1054: 340: 145: 3589:"Memetics discussion list archive (associated with Jom-EMIT): Two early meme papers of historical interest (1a)" 2968: 1277: 5183: 5067: 4940: 4760: 4693: 4555: 4528: 4383: 4158: 4121: 1460: 1413: 496: 446: 334: 182: 3382: 242:'s era, Dawkins (1976) proposed that the meme is a unit of culture residing in the brain and is the mutating 5461: 5347: 5188: 5054: 4880: 4860: 4850: 4665: 4645: 4516: 4504: 4494: 4351: 4083: 3878: 3683: 1563: 1019: 994: 938: 648: 578: 299: 186: 5305: 5300: 5275: 5223: 5218: 5058: 5050: 5041: 5036: 5005: 4897: 4683: 4620: 4373: 4292: 1608: 1349: 647:

Many researchers of cultural evolution regard memetic theory of this time a failed paradigm superseded by

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Edmonds, Bruce. 2005. "The revealed poverty of the gene-meme analogy – why memetics per se has failed."

3639: 2862: 1387: 549: 516: 103: 71:, and he called this second replicator the "meme," citing examples such as musical tunes, catchphrases, 5193: 3036: 2411: 2100: 899: 5285: 5092: 5077: 5045: 5032: 4893: 4805: 4673: 4640: 4615: 4469: 4433: 4327: 4297: 4116: 1518: 1464: 607: 470: 377: 329: 154: 3662: 3352: 5352: 5117: 4902: 4820: 4361: 4305: 4232: 1629: 1450: 621: 520: 312: 111: 56: 48: 5403: 5390: 2908: 2444: 2253: 1412:" interpretations of institutional and technological evolution and studies creative innovation of 5310: 5153: 5143: 5112: 4907: 4855: 4765: 4715: 4574: 4533: 4449: 4356: 4336: 4190: 4168: 4163: 3803: 3241: 3142: 2996: 2938: 2714: 2665: 2530: 1954: 1551: 1456: 1401: 282: 278: 235: 178: 68: 634:. In Blackmore's definition, the way that a meme replicates is through imitation. This requires 2241: 5456: 5431: 5396: 5173: 5168: 5082: 4884: 4625: 4592: 4459: 4320: 4268: 4227: 4205: 4173: 3996: 3947: 3939: 3931: 3912: 3898: 3890: 3882: 3745: 3723: 3709: 3686:(2008). "Can Memes Play Games? Memetics and the Problem of Space" in T. Botz-Bornstein (ed.): 3673: 3559: 3507: 3478: 3233: 3194: 3134: 2988: 2930: 2888: 2817: 2797: 2706: 2702: 2642: 2632: 2565: 2555: 2522: 2384: 2333: 2257: 2220: 2044: 2011: 1984: 1978: 1942: 1932: 1905: 1880: 1855: 1830: 1805: 1780: 1755: 1730: 1705: 1680: 1655: 1470: 1375: 1353: 934: 563: 537: 247: 223: 162: 99: 1092: 570:

leading to conspiracy theories illustrated with the simulation of a self-organizing network.

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that make up the genetic codes of biological organisms. An example of a memeplex would be a

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Luis Benitez-Bribiesca points to the lack of memetic mechanisms. He refers to the lack of a

413: 354: 243: 208: 191: 123: 43: 3819: 3213: 3114: 2969:"Memetics as informational difference: offering an information-centric conception of memes" 5342: 5233: 5198: 5107: 4995: 4889: 4845: 4825: 4698: 4414: 4393: 4148: 4046: 4039: 4025: 3963: 3927: 3874: 3856: 3843: 3826: 3780: 3697: 3669: 3533: 3339: 2753: 2740: 2585:"Assessing global diffusion with Web memetics: The spread and evolution of a popular joke" 2451: 2440: 2282: 1531:

Eumemics - the belief and practice of deliberately improving the quality of the meme pool.

1503: 1338: 916: 613: 598: 519:". Gibron Burchett, a memeticist responsible for helping to research and co-coin the term 462: 404: 213: 174: 118: 38: 2773:(2000). "Copy versus translate, meme versus sign: development of biological textuality". 2686: 1928:

Science and selection : essays on biological evolution and the philosophy of science

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The application of memetics to a difficult complex social system problem, environmental

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Around the same time as the publication of the books by Lynch and Brodie the e-journal

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An advanced statement of the internalist school came in 2002 with the publication of

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gene complexes, so groups of memes acting together form co-adapted meme complexes or

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four times as strong a factor behind IT creativity as the "Lamarckian" IT strategy.

5127: 4428: 4405: 3967: 2401:

Aunger, Robert. "Darwinizing culture: The status of memetics as a science." (2001).

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which is very strongly critical of "meme totalists" who assert memes over bodies.

2369: 5266: 5178: 5122: 4960: 4745: 4444: 4263: 4011: 3663:

Alphabetic Memes: Caricature, Satire, and Political Literacy in the Age of Trump

3500:

Selfish Sounds and Linguistic Evolution: A Darwinian Approach to Language Change

3474: 2770: 1502:, September 1985 pp. 5–8, and referenced in the expanded second edition of 949: 635: 559: 527: 469:

in 2000, Semon's work had little influence, though it was quoted extensively in

238:

itself is a much older topic, with a history that dates back at least as far as

166: 52: 3471:

Contagious Ideas: On evolution, culture, archaeology, and Cultural Virus Theory

2796:. Postmillennial pop. New York; London: New York University Press. p. 19. 2733: 941:, he describes a way to see memetics as an alternative methodology of cultural 33:

is a theory of the evolution of culture based on Darwinian principles with the

5213: 5208: 4925: 4660: 4200: 3978:

by Hokky Situngkir – formal interplays between memetics and cultural analysis.

3859:, in: Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science, ed. B. Meyers (Springer) 3303: 3115:""It Gets Better": Internet memes and the construction of collective identity" 3092: 2925: 2569: 1409: 630: 625: 380:, a mathematician and philosopher who worked for many years as an engineer at 317: 76: 3734: 3237: 3229: 3198: 3189: 3172: 3138: 3130: 2992: 2934: 2816:

Midgley, Mary. The Solitary Self: Darwin and the Selfish Gene. Acumen, 2010.

2710: 2646: 2526: 2318: 1946: 1560: – Study of cultural change modelled on theories of evolutionary biology 4875: 3677: 3270:

Segev, Elad; Nissenbaum, Asaf; Stolero, Nathan; Shifman, Limor (July 2015).

2984: 1679:. Philosophers and their critics. Oxford (GB) Cambridge (Mass.): Blackwell. 1620: 1587: 1479: 1444: 1430: 942: 776:, (e.g., Deacon, Kull) stating that the concept of meme is a less developed 773: 617: 455:

Die mnemischen Empfindungen in ihren Beziehungen zu den Originalempfindungen

365: 255: 95: 64: 3626:(Special Evolutionary Issue). Archived from the original on August 23, 2021 3558:

Blackmore, Susan, 1999, The Meme Machine, Oxford University Press, Oxford,

2388: 2337: 1453:– The process of deliberately creating memes, using engineering principles. 55:

being copied, varied, and selected, a process also known as variation with

4052: 2626: 2070: 467:

Forgotten Ideas, Neglected Pioneers: Richard Semon and the Story of Memory

353:

The foundation of memetics in its full modern incarnation was launched by

5087: 4792: 2486: 2469: 1569: 1483: 1438: 1426: 810: 640: 567: 524: 381: 107: 91: 87: 1879:(Paperback ed., ed.). Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press. 5228: 3814:

Edmonds, Bruce. 2002. "Three challenges for the survival of memetics."

3799: 3288: 3271: 3064:"Promise Keepers: Is it a Cult? - alt.mindcontrol | Google Groups" 2412:"Journal of Memetics - Evolutionary Models of Information Transmission" 2137: 1596: 908: 277:

The modern memetics movement dates from the mid-1980s. A January 1983 "

231: 72: 20: 3735:"The Enemy: A Thought Experiment on Patriarchies, Feminisms and Memes" 2909:"Internet memes as internet signs: A semiotic view of digital culture" 2600: 2589:

Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology

2549: 1494:

members who commit mass suicide. The term was apparently coined by H.

3983:

Journal of Memetics – Evolutionary Models of Information Transmission

3833:

Journal of Memetics - Evolutionary Models of Information Transmission

3816:

Journal of Memetics - Evolutionary Models of Information Transmission

2103:

Journal of Memetics – Evolutionary Models of Information Transmission

1926: 1018:(Analog Aug. 1987) makes the case that memetics needs to incorporate 554: 450: 393:

Journal of Memetics – Evolutionary Models of Information Transmission

4029:

by Adam McNamara which presents neuroimaging tools to measure memes.

1169:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 765:" and "a dangerous idea that poses a threat to the serious study of 368:

executive turned motivational speaker and professional poker-player

2687:"Memes, Macros, Meaning, and Menace: Some Trends in Internet Memes" 2518: 254:

is a pattern that can influence its surroundings – that is, it has

762: 4014:

which uses memetics to explain the growth and spread of ideology.

1827:

The Beginning of Infinity: Explanations That Transform the World

1491: 1434: 1386:

to find out if these selection criteria could stand the test of

227: 218: 60: 37:

as the unit of culture. The term "meme" was coined by biologist

34: 4056: 1854:(Repr ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 163–173. 59:. The information that is copied is called the replicator, and 3416: 1980:

The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience: [2 Volumes]

1463:

that attempts to emulate cultural evolution in order to solve

1257: 1196: 1134: 1075: 1034: 971:

as "the information memes convey about their own communication

828: 708: 3536:(International Journal of Project Management, 23 (8) 575-583) 3214:"Memes as genre: A structurational analysis of the memescape" 2858: 2242:"Taking memetics seriously: Memetics will be what we make it" 1779:. New York London Toronto : Simon and Schuster. p. 344. 1337:

Research methodologies that apply memetics go by many names:

3040: 2419: 2108: 1408:

Swedish political scientist Mikael Sandberg argues against "

585:, edited by Aunger and with a foreword by Dennett, in 2001. 3720:

Not by Genes Alone: How Culture Transformed Human Evolution

1877:

Not by genes alone: how culture transformed human evolution

1777:

Darwin's Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life

1727:

Darwin's dangerous idea: evolution and the meanings of life

1611: – Sociological theory regarding shared understandings 177:

work within the alternative, and more mainstream, field of

3881:, 1976, 2nd edition, December 1989, hardcover, 352 pages, 3383:"The Memetic Evolution of Solutions to Difficult Problems" 3113:

Gal, Noam; Shifman, Limor; Kampf, Zohar (September 2016).

1284: 860: 813:

status is open to question, and memeticists (who are also

919:, tried to offer a more rigorous formalism for the meme, 536:. The second group wants to redefine memes as observable 165:

who calls memetics a "meaningless metaphor". Philosopher

3820:

http://cfpm.org/jom-emit/2002/vol6/edmonds_b_letter.html

3786:

Cloak, F.T. (1975). "Is a cultural ethology possible?".

3690:(Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Press), pp. 142–156. 3413:"Climate Meme - Applying Meme Science to Global Warming" 1852:

Darwinizing Culture: The Status of Memetics as a Science

1022:

to understand the psychological traits of a meme's host.

993:

The possibility of quantitative analysis of memes using

583:

Darwinizing Culture: The Status of Memetics as a Science

3353:"The Dueling Loops of the Political Powerplace (paper)" 2040:

Metamagical themas: questing for the ... - Google Books

2007:

Metamagical themas: questing for the ... - Google Books

1632: – Application of Darwinian theory to other fields 1625:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

1592:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

1498:

in "Memes, L5 and the Religion of the Space Colonies,"

1221: 1158: 1104: 725: 606:

is now climbing the world professional poker rankings.

441:

was used in 1904, by the German evolutionary biologist

2859:"On Selfish Memes: culture as complex adaptive system" 2246:

Darwinizing CultureThe Status of Memetics as a Science

1752:

From Bacteria to Bach and Back: The Evolution of Minds

3742:

Feminista: Gender, Race, and Class in the Philippines

3440:"Using Memes To Improve Climate Change Communication" 3062:

Keith Henson View profile More options (1997-10-05).

2551:

New literacies everyday practices and social learning

1654:(Repr. with corr ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Pr. 481:”. Richard Dawkins (1976) apparently coined the word 374:

Thought Contagion: How Belief Spreads Through Society

3212:

Wiggins, Bradley E; Bowers, G Bret (December 2015).

2756:, The trouble with memes (and what to do about it). 1475:

Memotype – the actual information-content of a meme.

131:

develops memetics extensively, notably in his books

47:, to illustrate the principle that he later called " 5254: 5136: 5025: 5018: 4916: 4791: 4659: 4583: 4485: 4291: 4284: 4147: 2353:"Memetics and Neural Models of Conspiracy Theories" 929:, seeing the meme as a cultural unit in a cultural 437:), meaning "imitator, pretender". The similar term 3688:Culture, Nature, Memes: Dynamic Cognitive Theories 1623: – Single identifiable element within culture 1590: – Single identifiable element within culture 1578: – Ambiguous term applied to several concepts 967:as "the physical incarnation of the message", and 3957:The Ideology of Cybernetic Totalist Intellectuals 3837:http://cfpm.org/jom-emit/2005/vol9/edmonds_b.html 2967:Smith, Alexander O.; Hemsley, Jeff (2022-08-09). 2792:Jenkins, Henry; Ford, Sam; Green, Joshua (2013). 2159:"The Journal of Ideas (ISSN 1049-6335): Contents" 2583:Shifman, Limor; Thelwall, Mike (December 2009). 1729:. New York London Toronto : Simon and Schuster. 1400:Australian academic S.J. Whitty has argued that 1380:Center Leo Apostel for Interdisciplinary Studies 67:. Dawkins proposed that the same process drives 3909:The Electric Meme: A New Theory of How We Think 3173:"The Cultural Logic of Photo-Based Meme Genres" 2470:"Why Did Memetics Fail? Comparative Case Study" 1548: – Effect of learned behavior on evolution 802:criticizes memetics for at least two reasons: 577:, by Robert Aunger, an anthropologist from the 90:. Memeplexes include (among many other things) 3993:Virus of the Mind: The New Science of the Meme 3897:; trade paperback, September 1990, 352 pages, 3744:, Philippines: Anvil Publishing, Inc.: 53–64, 2691:The Journal of Communication and Media Studies 758:realistic unit. As such, he calls memetics "a 388:until his book was very close to publication. 362:Virus of the Mind: The New Science of the Meme 358:Media Virus: Hidden Agendas in Popular Culture 117:Among proponents of memetics are psychologist 4068: 1675:Dennett, Daniel Clement; Dahlbom, Bo (1993). 1584: – Cultural item spread via the Internet 1230:that contextualizes different points of view. 1216:to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies 683:which is analytically distinguished from the 307:, which incorporated the meme concept into a 110:. Dawkins famously referred to religions as " 8: 3718:Boyd, Rob & Richerson, Peter J. (2005). 1959:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1554: – Evolutionary theory of social change 788:, Joshua Green, and Sam Ford, in their book 769:and cultural evolution" among other things. 157:values, scientific curiosity, and progress. 3930:, Oxford University Press, 1999, hardcover 2248:, Oxford University Press, pp. 43–67, 1972: 1970: 1599: – Communication by means of imitation 1069:Learn how and when to remove these messages 1004:Proponents of memetics as described in the 230:, arguing that replication also happens in 5022: 4288: 4075: 4061: 4053: 3276:Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 3089:"Sex, Drugs, and Cults by H. Keith Henson" 2685:Lankshear, Colin; Knobel, Michele (2019). 2670:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2285:(2003). "Consciousness in meme machines". 2216:The Selfish Gene: 30th Anniversary edition 1875:Richerson, Peter J.; Boyd, Robert (2008). 1677:Dennett and his critics: demystifying mind 1287:. Please do not remove this message until 16:Study of self-replicating units of culture 3618:Christopher W. diCarlo (April 27, 2010). 3304:"How PR Sold the War in the Persian Gulf" 3287: 3188: 2924: 2485: 2454:King's College Sociobiology Group, eds., 2378: 2368: 2327: 2317: 2254:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192632449.003.0003 1325:Learn how and when to remove this message 1307:Learn how and when to remove this message 1246:Learn how and when to remove this message 1185:Learn how and when to remove this message 1123:Learn how and when to remove this message 879:Learn how and when to remove this message 5239:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance 3995:. Seattle, Wash: Integral Press, 1996. 3527:A Memetic Paradigm of Project Management 3024: 1283:Relevant discussion may be found on the 859:Relevant discussion may be found on the 445:, best known for his development of the 82:Just as genes can work together to form 51:". All evolutionary processes depend on 4007:Cultural Software: A Theory of Ideology 3848:Heylighen F. & Chielens K. (2009): 1642: 1395:Selfish Sounds and Linguistic Evolution 23:. For the study of Internet memes, see 3637: 2663: 2306:Frontiers in Evolutionary Neuroscience 1952: 1804:. Boston: Little, Brown. p. 210. 1617: – Indirect infusion of knowledge 1447:– a population of interbreeding memes. 485:independently of Semon, writing this: 5452:Concepts in the philosophy of science 4731:Psychological effects of Internet use 3314:from the original on 27 February 2018 2775:European Journal for Semiotic Studies 796:to describe participatory structure. 457:, translated into English in 1921 as 234:, albeit in a different sense. While 7: 3702:Culture and the Evolutionary Process 3450:from the original on 7 February 2018 4711:Digital media use and mental health 3393:from the original on 21 August 2006 3363:from the original on 21 August 2006 2703:10.18848/2470-9247/cgp/v04i04/43-57 2169:from the original on 9 October 2017 1704:. Oxford: Oxford university press. 212:(1976), the evolutionary biologist 5447:Concepts in the philosophy of mind 4342:Automatic and controlled processes 3975:Culture as Complex Adaptive System 3091:. Human-nature.com. Archived from 3066:. Groups.google.ca. Archived from 2503:"Crowding out Memetic Explanation" 2037:Hofstadter, Douglas (1996-04-04). 2004:Hofstadter, Douglas (1996-04-04). 397:Manchester Metropolitan University 63:are the replicator for biological 14: 4751:Smartphones and pedestrian safety 3547:Journal of Evolutionary Economics 3415:. 8 December 2012. Archived from 2844:Darwinian Creativity and Memetics 2081:from the original on 13 June 2008 1050:This article has multiple issues. 409:University of the West of England 403:edited by Elan Moritz.) In 1999, 5402: 5389: 5377: 5376: 4776:Mobile phones and driving safety 3733:Boyles, Robert James M. (2011), 3171:Shifman, Limor (December 2014). 2857:Situngkir, Hokky (16 Mar 2006). 2731:Benitez-Bribiesca, Luis (2001): 2456:Current Problems in Sociobiology 2287:Journal of Consciousness Studies 2188:Semon, Richard Wolfgang (1921). 1800:Dennett, Daniel Clement (1991). 1775:Dennett, Daniel Clement (1995). 1750:Dennett, Daniel Clement (2017). 1725:Dennett, Daniel Clement (1995). 1605: – Smallest unit of meaning 1566: – Theory of human behavior 1262: 1201: 1139: 1080: 1039: 963:as "both ideas and ideologies", 833: 712: 566:is proposed, and a formation of 546:Liverpool John Moores University 303:by Tufts University philosopher 4679:Computer-mediated communication 3911:. New York: Free Press, 2002. 3761:from the original on 2021-08-23 3498:Ritt, Nikolaus (July 5, 2004). 3252:from the original on 2023-07-16 3153:from the original on 2023-07-16 3007:from the original on 2022-12-18 2949:from the original on 2023-02-01 2907:Cannizzaro, Sara (2016-12-31). 2865:from the original on 2009-07-24 2744:. Interciecia 26: 29–31, p. 29. 2653:from the original on 2022-06-22 2607:from the original on 2022-12-18 2213:Dawkins, Richard (2006-03-16). 1977:Shermer, Michael (2002-11-14). 1105:check for citation inaccuracies 1058:or discuss these issues on the 933:. It is based on the Darwinian 328:had already been introduced by 4956:Empathising–systemising theory 4259:female intrasexual competition 4196:Evolutionarily stable strategy 3850:Evolution of Culture, Memetics 2130:"Index to all JoM-EMIT Issues" 1931:. Cambridge University Press. 332:as early as 1962 in his novel 140:From Bacteria to Bach and Back 1: 5316:Standard social science model 4369:Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis 2240:Hull, David L. (2001-01-04), 1016:Memetics and the Modular-Mind 955:Limor Shifman (2014) defines 915:Another definition, given by 677:units of cultural information 511:Internalists and externalists 266:, but rather coined the term 5164:Missing heritability problem 4756:Social aspects of television 4379:Evolution of nervous systems 4347:Computational theory of mind 4049:– Richard Dawkins Foundation 3722:. Chicago University Press. 3438:Schiller, Ben (8 May 2013). 2758:The Semiotic Review of Books 2631:. Cambridge, Massachusetts. 2370:10.1016/j.patter.2021.100353 1850:Aunger, Robert, ed. (2003). 1700:Blackmore, Susan J. (2000). 222:to describe a unit of human 5410:Evolutionary biology portal 3706:University of Chicago Press 3549:, vol. 17, No. 1 (Feb 2007) 2501:Cao, Rosa (December 2020). 2194:. London: Allen & Unwin 1289:conditions to do so are met 1165:the claims made and adding 5478: 5371:Evolutionary psychologists 5244:Trivers–Willard hypothesis 5159:Human–animal communication 4871:Ovulatory shift hypothesis 4721:Imprinted brain hypothesis 4689:Human–computer interaction 3504:Cambridge University Press 2734:Memetics: A dangerous idea 2445:"Replicators and Vehicles" 2219:. Oxford UP. p. 182. 658: 602:memetics-related matters. 18: 5365: 5291:Environmental determinism 5262:Cultural selection theory 5149:Evolutionary epistemology 5063:evolutionary neuroscience 4736:Rank theory of depression 4238:Parent–offspring conflict 4090: 3644:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3177:Journal of Visual Culture 2926:10.12697/SSS.2016.44.4.05 2554:. Open University Press. 2548:Lankshear, Colin (2011). 2351:Duch, Włodzisław (2021). 1829:. London: Penguin Books. 1650:Dawkins, Richard (1981). 1576:Evolutionary epistemology 1558:Cultural selection theory 1515:The Electronic Revolution 341:The Electronic Revolution 179:cultural evolution theory 146:The Beginning of Infinity 5442:Concepts in epistemology 5184:Cultural group selection 5068:Biocultural anthropology 4761:Societal impacts of cars 4694:Media naturalness theory 4384:Fight-or-flight response 3684:Botz-Bornstein, Thorsten 3230:10.1177/1461444814535194 3190:10.1177/1470412914546577 3131:10.1177/1461444814568784 2973:Journal of Documentation 2885:Memes in digital culture 2628:Memes in digital culture 2319:10.3389/fnevo.2011.00001 1925:L., Hull, David (2001). 1902:Memes in digital culture 1461:evolutionary computation 1414:information technologies 1368:Ben Cullen, in his book 842:This article or section 407:, a psychologist at the 335:The Ticket That Exploded 183:gene-culture coevolution 5384:Evolutionary psychology 5348:Sociocultural evolution 5189:Dual inheritance theory 4646:Personality development 4107:Theoretical foundations 4084:Evolutionary psychology 3879:Oxford University Press 3473:. Oxford and Oakville: 3218:New Media & Society 3119:New Media & Society 2985:10.1108/JD-07-2021-0140 2883:Shifman, Limor (2014), 2625:Shifman, Limor (2014). 2474:Perspectives on Science 2302:"Can we Measure Memes?" 2300:McNamara, Adam (2011). 1900:Shifman, Limor (2014). 1825:Deutsch, David (2012). 1802:Consciousness Explained 1564:Dual inheritance theory 1020:evolutionary psychology 939:complex adaptive system 892:Alternative definitions 807:Darwin's Dangerous Idea 649:dual inheritance theory 579:University of Cambridge 344:, published in 1970 in 300:Consciousness Explained 187:Dual inheritance theory 134:Darwin's Dangerous Idea 5306:Social constructionism 5301:Psychological nativism 5276:Biological determinism 5224:Recent human evolution 5219:Punctuated equilibrium 5042:Behavioral epigenetics 5037:evolutionary economics 5006:Variability hypothesis 4951:Emotional intelligence 4684:Engineering psychology 4374:Evolution of the brain 1754:. London: Allen Lane. 1609:Social constructionism 1572: – Occult concept 1363:address climate change 1350:evolutionary algorithm 950:biological equilibrium 698: 533:The Extended Phenotype 505: 494: 104:financial institutions 5333:Multilineal evolution 5296:Nature versus nurture 5255:Theoretical positions 5103:Functional psychology 5098:Evolutionary medicine 5073:Biological psychiatry 4781:Texting while driving 4771:Lead–crime hypothesis 4631:Cognitive development 4616:Caregiver deprivation 4127:Gene selection theory 4019:Can we Measure Memes? 3661:Apter, Emily (2019). 3037:"Journal of Memetics" 2507:Philosophy of Science 2468:Radim Chvaja (2020). 1465:optimization problems 1388:quantitative analyses 1224:by rewriting it in a 846:synthesis of material 694: 517:cultural transmission 501: 487: 311:. In his 1991 essay " 224:cultural transmission 5286:Cultural determinism 5093:Evolutionary biology 5078:Cognitive psychology 5026:Academic disciplines 4674:Cognitive ergonomics 4641:Language acquisition 4621:Childhood attachment 4434:Wason selection task 4328:Behavioral modernity 4117:Cognitive revolution 4100:Evolutionary thought 3624:Politics and Culture 3469:Cullen, Ben (2000). 2913:Sign Systems Studies 2842:Kronfeldner, Maria. 2487:10.1162/posc_a_00350 1519:William S. Burroughs 330:William S. Burroughs 5353:Unilineal evolution 5118:Population genetics 4903:Sexy son hypothesis 4841:Hormonal motivation 4821:Concealed ovulation 4362:Dual process theory 4233:Parental investment 4040:"What’s in a Meme?" 3698:Richerson, Peter J. 3310:. 28 October 2004. 2416:Journal of Memetics 2289:. Imprint Academic. 2134:Journal of Memetics 1630:Universal Darwinism 1451:Memetic engineering 1276:of this article is 1006:Journal of Memetics 665:A new framework of 655:"Internet Memetics" 628:meme complexes, or 622:Darwinian evolution 595:Journal of Memetics 521:memetic engineering 338:, and continued in 326:language as a virus 313:Viruses of the Mind 287:Scientific American 248:Darwinian selection 112:viruses of the mind 100:scientific theories 57:selective retention 49:Universal Darwinism 5311:Social determinism 5194:Fisher's principle 5154:Great ape language 5144:Cultural evolution 5113:Philosophy of mind 4946:Division of labour 4908:Westermarck effect 4856:Mating preferences 4766:Distracted driving 4500:Literary criticism 4357:Domain specificity 4337:modularity of mind 4045:2021-08-12 at the 4024:2013-05-23 at the 3962:2021-01-26 at the 3938:, trade paperback 3855:2021-02-24 at the 3842:2021-07-17 at the 3825:2011-05-03 at the 3800:10.1007/bf01531639 3779:2021-08-23 at the 3668:2020-06-14 at the 3599:on 3 November 2013 3532:2016-03-03 at the 3419:on 8 December 2012 3338:2021-02-27 at the 3289:10.1111/jcc4.12120 2739:2009-07-04 at the 2450:2021-02-26 at the 1552:Cultural evolution 1512:(p. 330). In 1457:Memetic algorithms 1402:project management 1150:possibly contains 900:A Devil's Chaplain 856:to the main topic. 850:verifiably mention 844:possibly contains 724:. You can help by 538:cultural artifacts 355:Douglas Rushkoff's 309:theory of the mind 283:Douglas Hofstadter 279:Metamagical Themas 236:cultural evolution 69:cultural evolution 5419: 5418: 5397:Psychology portal 5361: 5360: 5204:Hologenome theory 5174:Unit of selection 5169:Primate cognition 5083:Cognitive science 5014: 5013: 4885:Sexual attraction 4861:Mating strategies 4626:Cinderella effect 4556:Moral foundations 4460:Visual perception 4352:Domain generality 4321:Facial expression 4269:Sexual dimorphism 4228:Natural selection 4174:Hamiltonian spite 4001:978-0-9636001-1-0 3917:978-0-7432-0150-6 3751:978-971-27-2594-4 3714:978-0-226-06933-3 3576:A Memetic Lexicon 3513:978-0-521-82671-6 3484:978-1-84217-014-4 3224:(11): 1886–1906. 3043:on 10 August 2011 2894:978-1-4690-6325-6 2822:978-1-84465-253-2 2803:978-0-8147-4350-8 2638:978-1-4619-4733-2 2601:10.1002/asi.21185 2595:(12): 2567–2576. 2561:978-1-283-26917-9 2422:on 10 August 2011 2263:978-0-19-263244-9 2050:978-0-465-04566-2 2017:978-0-465-04566-2 1990:978-1-57607-653-8 1911:978-0-262-52543-5 1886:978-0-226-71212-3 1861:978-0-19-263244-9 1836:978-0-14-027816-3 1811:978-0-316-18065-8 1786:978-0-684-80290-9 1761:978-0-241-00356-5 1736:978-0-684-80290-9 1711:978-0-19-286212-9 1686:978-0-631-18549-9 1661:978-0-19-857519-1 1471:Memetic computing 1459:– an approach to 1376:Francis Heylighen 1354:scientific method 1335: 1334: 1327: 1317: 1316: 1309: 1256: 1255: 1248: 1210:This article may 1195: 1194: 1187: 1152:original research 1133: 1132: 1125: 1073: 935:genetic algorithm 889: 888: 881: 747:The Selfish Gene. 742: 741: 667:Internet Memetics 575:The Electric Meme 564:attractor network 471:Erwin Schrödinger 429:derives from the 291:The Selfish Gene. 226:analogous to the 163:Stephen Jay Gould 41:in his 1976 book 5469: 5437:1980s neologisms 5406: 5393: 5380: 5379: 5023: 5019:Related subjects 4806:Adult attachment 4333:Cognitive module 4289: 4276:Social selection 4250:Costly signaling 4245:Sexual selection 4132:Modern synthesis 4077: 4070: 4063: 4054: 3923:The Meme Machine 3907:Aunger, Robert. 3870:The Selfish Gene 3811: 3768: 3767: 3766: 3760: 3739: 3676:170, Fall 2019, 3650: 3649: 3643: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3615: 3609: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3595:. Archived from 3585: 3579: 3578:. Montreal. 1990 3572: 3566: 3556: 3550: 3543: 3537: 3524: 3518: 3517: 3495: 3489: 3488: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3409: 3403: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3349: 3343: 3330: 3324: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3291: 3267: 3261: 3260: 3258: 3257: 3209: 3203: 3202: 3192: 3168: 3162: 3161: 3159: 3158: 3125:(8): 1698–1714. 3110: 3104: 3103: 3101: 3100: 3085: 3079: 3078: 3076: 3075: 3059: 3053: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3039:. 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Archived from 2097: 2091: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2067: 2061: 2060: 2058: 2057: 2034: 2028: 2027: 2025: 2024: 2001: 1995: 1994: 1974: 1965: 1964: 1958: 1950: 1922: 1916: 1915: 1897: 1891: 1890: 1872: 1866: 1865: 1847: 1841: 1840: 1822: 1816: 1815: 1797: 1791: 1790: 1772: 1766: 1765: 1747: 1741: 1740: 1722: 1716: 1715: 1702:The meme machine 1697: 1691: 1690: 1672: 1666: 1665: 1652:The selfish gene 1647: 1626: 1603:Seme (semantics) 1593: 1509:The Selfish Gene 1384:applied memetics 1370:Contagious Ideas 1330: 1323: 1312: 1305: 1301: 1298: 1292: 1266: 1265: 1258: 1251: 1244: 1240: 1237: 1231: 1227:balanced fashion 1205: 1204: 1197: 1190: 1183: 1179: 1176: 1170: 1167:inline citations 1143: 1142: 1135: 1128: 1121: 1117: 1114: 1108: 1084: 1083: 1076: 1065: 1043: 1042: 1035: 988:Memetic analysis 884: 877: 873: 870: 864: 837: 836: 829: 825:New developments 790:Spreadable Media 760:pseudoscientific 737: 734: 716: 709: 644:create culture. 491: 414:The Meme Machine 401:Journal of Ideas 386:The Selfish Gene 295:The Selfish Gene 264:The Selfish Gene 209:The Selfish Gene 192:Internet culture 124:The Meme Machine 44:The Selfish Gene 5477: 5476: 5472: 5471: 5470: 5468: 5467: 5466: 5422: 5421: 5420: 5415: 5357: 5343:Neoevolutionism 5250: 5234:Species complex 5199:Group selection 5137:Research topics 5132: 5108:Neuropsychology 5010: 4996:Substance abuse 4918:Sex differences 4912: 4826:Coolidge effect 4787: 4699:Neuroergonomics 4664: 4655: 4579: 4481: 4415:Folk psychology 4296: 4280: 4150: 4143: 4086: 4081: 4047:Wayback Machine 4036: 4026:Wayback Machine 3989:Brodie, Richard 3964:Wayback Machine 3928:Susan Blackmore 3875:Richard Dawkins 3857:Wayback Machine 3844:Wayback Machine 3827:Wayback Machine 3785: 3781:Wayback Machine 3764: 3762: 3758: 3752: 3737: 3732: 3674:OCTOBER Journal 3670:Wayback Machine 3658: 3653: 3636: 3629: 3627: 3617: 3616: 3612: 3602: 3600: 3587: 3586: 3582: 3573: 3569: 3557: 3553: 3544: 3540: 3534:Wayback Machine 3525: 3521: 3514: 3497: 3496: 3492: 3485: 3468: 3467: 3463: 3453: 3451: 3437: 3436: 3432: 3422: 3420: 3411: 3410: 3406: 3396: 3394: 3381: 3380: 3376: 3366: 3364: 3351: 3350: 3346: 3340:Wayback Machine 3331: 3327: 3317: 3315: 3302: 3301: 3297: 3269: 3268: 3264: 3255: 3253: 3211: 3210: 3206: 3170: 3169: 3165: 3156: 3154: 3112: 3111: 3107: 3098: 3096: 3087: 3086: 3082: 3073: 3071: 3061: 3060: 3056: 3046: 3044: 3035: 3034: 3030: 3023: 3019: 3010: 3008: 2966: 2965: 2961: 2952: 2950: 2906: 2905: 2901: 2895: 2882: 2881: 2877: 2868: 2866: 2856: 2855: 2851: 2846:. Acumen, 2011. 2840: 2836: 2831: 2827: 2815: 2811: 2804: 2791: 2790: 2786: 2769: 2768: 2764: 2754:Terrence Deacon 2752: 2748: 2741:Wayback Machine 2730: 2726: 2684: 2683: 2679: 2662: 2656: 2654: 2639: 2624: 2623: 2619: 2610: 2608: 2582: 2581: 2577: 2562: 2547: 2546: 2542: 2500: 2499: 2495: 2467: 2466: 2462: 2452:Wayback Machine 2439: 2435: 2425: 2423: 2410: 2409: 2405: 2400: 2396: 2350: 2349: 2345: 2299: 2298: 2294: 2281: 2280: 2276: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2239: 2238: 2234: 2227: 2212: 2211: 2207: 2197: 2195: 2187: 2186: 2182: 2172: 2170: 2157: 2156: 2152: 2143: 2141: 2128: 2127: 2123: 2114: 2112: 2099: 2098: 2094: 2084: 2082: 2069: 2068: 2064: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2043:. Basic Books. 2036: 2035: 2031: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2010:. Basic Books. 2003: 2002: 1998: 1991: 1976: 1975: 1968: 1951: 1939: 1924: 1923: 1919: 1912: 1899: 1898: 1894: 1887: 1874: 1873: 1869: 1862: 1849: 1848: 1844: 1837: 1824: 1823: 1819: 1812: 1799: 1798: 1794: 1787: 1774: 1773: 1769: 1762: 1749: 1748: 1744: 1737: 1724: 1723: 1719: 1712: 1699: 1698: 1694: 1687: 1674: 1673: 1669: 1662: 1649: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1635: 1624: 1591: 1541: 1504:Richard Dawkins 1488:suicide bombers 1423: 1339:Viral marketing 1331: 1320: 1319: 1318: 1313: 1302: 1296: 1293: 1282: 1267: 1263: 1252: 1241: 1235: 1232: 1222:help improve it 1219: 1206: 1202: 1191: 1180: 1174: 1171: 1156: 1144: 1140: 1129: 1118: 1112: 1109: 1102: 1085: 1081: 1044: 1040: 1033: 990: 917:Hokky Situngkir 894: 885: 874: 868: 865: 858: 848:which does not 838: 834: 827: 818: 738: 732: 729: 722:needs expansion 707: 663: 657: 614:Susan Blackmore 599:Susan Blackmore 591: 513: 489: 479:Mind and Matter 463:Daniel Schacter 423: 405:Susan Blackmore 214:Richard Dawkins 204: 175:Peter Richerson 119:Susan Blackmore 39:Richard Dawkins 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5475: 5473: 5465: 5464: 5462:Mental content 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5424: 5423: 5417: 5416: 5414: 5413: 5400: 5387: 5374: 5366: 5363: 5362: 5359: 5358: 5356: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5319: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5264: 5258: 5256: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5248: 5247: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5140: 5138: 5134: 5133: 5131: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5048: 5039: 5029: 5027: 5020: 5016: 5015: 5012: 5011: 5009: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4922: 4920: 4914: 4913: 4911: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4887: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4797: 4795: 4789: 4788: 4786: 4785: 4784: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4726:Mind-blindness 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4702: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4670: 4668: 4657: 4656: 4654: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4600: 4595: 4589: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4577: 4572: 4571: 4570: 4560: 4559: 4558: 4548: 4547: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4526: 4521: 4520: 4519: 4509: 4508: 4507: 4502: 4491: 4489: 4483: 4482: 4480: 4479: 4478: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4438: 4437: 4436: 4431: 4421: 4419:theory of mind 4412: 4403: 4402: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4365: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4330: 4325: 4324: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4302: 4300: 4286: 4282: 4281: 4279: 4278: 4273: 4272: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4252: 4242: 4241: 4240: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4214: 4213: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4186:Baldwin effect 4183: 4182: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4161: 4155: 4153: 4145: 4144: 4142: 4141: 4136: 4135: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4104: 4103: 4102: 4091: 4088: 4087: 4082: 4080: 4079: 4072: 4065: 4057: 4051: 4050: 4035: 4034:External links 4032: 4031: 4030: 4015: 4003: 3986: 3979: 3971: 3954: 3919: 3905: 3889:; April 1992, 3866: 3863: 3860: 3846: 3829: 3812: 3794:(3): 161–182. 3783: 3769: 3750: 3730: 3716: 3691: 3681: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3651: 3610: 3580: 3567: 3551: 3538: 3519: 3512: 3490: 3483: 3461: 3430: 3404: 3387:www.thwink.org 3374: 3357:www.thwink.org 3344: 3325: 3295: 3282:(4): 417–433. 3262: 3204: 3183:(3): 340–358. 3163: 3105: 3080: 3054: 3028: 3017: 2959: 2919:(4): 562–586. 2899: 2893: 2875: 2849: 2834: 2825: 2809: 2802: 2784: 2762: 2746: 2724: 2677: 2637: 2617: 2575: 2560: 2540: 2519:10.1086/710518 2493: 2480:(4): 542–570. 2460: 2433: 2403: 2394: 2363:(11): 100353. 2343: 2292: 2274: 2262: 2232: 2225: 2205: 2180: 2150: 2121: 2092: 2071:"Media Virus!" 2062: 2049: 2029: 2016: 1996: 1989: 1966: 1937: 1917: 1910: 1892: 1885: 1867: 1860: 1842: 1835: 1817: 1810: 1792: 1785: 1767: 1760: 1742: 1735: 1717: 1710: 1692: 1685: 1667: 1660: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1633: 1627: 1618: 1615:Social osmosis 1612: 1606: 1600: 1594: 1585: 1579: 1573: 1567: 1561: 1555: 1549: 1546:Baldwin effect 1542: 1540: 1537: 1536: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1522: 1476: 1473: 1468: 1454: 1448: 1442: 1422: 1419: 1346:sustainability 1333: 1332: 1315: 1314: 1270: 1268: 1261: 1254: 1253: 1209: 1207: 1200: 1193: 1192: 1147: 1145: 1138: 1131: 1130: 1088: 1086: 1079: 1074: 1048: 1047: 1045: 1038: 1032: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1023: 1009: 1002: 989: 986: 985: 984: 976: 957:Internet memes 953: 946: 931:complex system 913: 893: 890: 887: 886: 841: 839: 832: 826: 823: 809:", then their 804: 740: 739: 719: 717: 706: 703: 656: 653: 604:Richard Brodie 590: 587: 512: 509: 475:Tarner Lecture 453:, in his work 422: 419: 370:Richard Brodie 305:Daniel Dennett 216:used the term 203: 200: 196:Internet memes 173:and biologist 129:Daniel Dennett 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5474: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5412: 5411: 5405: 5401: 5399: 5398: 5392: 5388: 5386: 5385: 5375: 5373: 5372: 5368: 5367: 5364: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5338:Neo-Darwinism 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5323:Functionalism 5321: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5281:Connectionism 5279: 5277: 5274: 5273: 5272: 5271:indeterminism 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5259: 5257: 5253: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5176: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5135: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5034: 5031: 5030: 5028: 5024: 5021: 5017: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4991:Schizophrenia 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4976:Mental health 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4915: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4851:Mate guarding 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4811:Age disparity 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4790: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4763: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4741:Schizophrenia 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4676: 4675: 4672: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4666:Mental health 4662: 4661:Human factors 4658: 4652: 4651:Socialization 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4611:paternal bond 4608: 4604: 4601: 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