319:", which is analogous to that of the gene. A meme is an idea-replicator that can reproduce itself, by jumping from mind to mind via the process of one human learning from another via imitation. Along with the "virus of the mind" image, the meme might be thought of as a "unit of culture" (an idea, belief, pattern of behaviour, etc.), which spreads among the individuals of a population. The variation and selection in the copying process enables Darwinian evolution among memeplexes and therefore is a candidate for a mechanism of cultural evolution. As memes are "selfish" in that they are "interested" only in their own success, they could well be in conflict with their biological host's genetic interests. Consequently, a "meme's eye" view might account for certain evolved cultural traits, such as suicide terrorism, that are successful at spreading the meme of martyrdom, but fatal to their hosts and often other people.
216:(1877), Morgan labels seven differing stages of human culture: lower, middle, and upper savagery; lower, middle, and upper barbarism; and civilization. He justifies this staging classification by referencing societies whose cultural traits resembled those of each of his stage classifications of the cultural progression. Morgan gave no example of lower savagery, as even at the time of writing few examples remained of this cultural type. At the time of expounding his theory, Morgan's work was highly respected and became a foundation for much of anthropological study that was to follow.
172:. In 1960 he drew on Wright to draw a parallel between genetic evolution and the "blind variation and selective retention" of creative ideas; work that was developed into a full theory of "socio-cultural evolution" in 1965 (a work that includes references to other works in the then current revival of interest in the field). Campbell (1965 26) was clear that he perceived cultural evolution not as an analogy "from organic evolution per se, but rather from a general model for quasiteleological processes for which organic evolution is but one instance".
203:. Spencer suggested that humans develop into more complex beings as culture progresses, where people originally lived in "undifferentiated hordes" culture progresses and develops to the point where civilization develops hierarchies. The concept behind unilinear theory is that the steady accumulation of knowledge and culture leads to the separation of the various modern day sciences and the build-up of cultural norms present in modern-day society.
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92:. The approaches differ not just in the history of their development and discipline of origin but in how they conceptualize the process of cultural evolution and the assumptions, theories, and methods that they apply to its study. In recent years, there has been a convergence of the cluster of related theories towards seeing cultural evolution as a unified discipline in its own right.
238:, a German-born anthropologist, was the instigator of the movement known as 'cultural particularism' in which the emphasis shifted to a multilinear approach to cultural evolution. That differed to the unilinear approach that used to be favoured in the sense that cultures were no longer compared, but they were assessed uniquely. Boas, along with several of his pupils, notably
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454:. They clarify the distinction between cultural selection (high-fidelity replication of traits) and cultural attraction (reconstruction of traits with lower fidelity). They argue that both mechanisms coexist in cultural evolution, making it essential to empirically determine their prevalence in different contexts, addressing confusion in the field.
115:, it was written: "By the principle which Darwin describes as natural selection short words are gaining the advantage over long words, direct forms of expression are gaining the advantage over indirect, words of precise meaning the advantage of the ambiguous, and local idioms are everywhere in disadvantage".
387:
and cultural evolution. Genes and culture continually interact in a feedback loop: changes in genes can lead to changes in culture which can then influence genetic selection, and vice versa. One of the theory's central claims is that culture evolves partly through a
Darwinian selection process, which
340:
One of the hallmarks of evolutionary epistemology is the notion that empirical testing alone does not justify the pragmatic value of scientific theories but rather that social and methodological processes select those theories with the closest "fit" to a given problem. The mere fact that a theory has
462:
Cultural evolution has been criticized over the past two centuries that it has advanced its development into the form it holds today. Morgan's theory of evolution implies that all cultures follow the same basic pattern. Human culture is not linear, different cultures develop in different directions
284:
focused on the idea that different cultures had differing amounts of 'energy', White argued that with greater energy societies could possess greater levels of social differentiation. He rejected separation of modern societies from primitive societies. In contrast, Steward argued, much like Darwin's
466:
A further key critique of cultural evolutionism is what is known as "armchair anthropology". The name results from the fact that many of the anthropologists advancing theories had not seen first hand the cultures they were studying. The research and data collected was carried out by explorers and
277:
Under multilinear theory, there are no fixed stages (as in unilinear theory) towards cultural development. Instead, there are several stages of differing lengths and forms. Although, individual cultures develop differently and cultural evolution occurs differently, multilinear theory acknowledges
118:
Cultural evolution, in the
Darwinian sense of variation and selective inheritance, could be said to trace back to Darwin himself. He argued for both customs (1874 p. 239) and "inherited habits" as contributing to human evolution, grounding both in the innate capacity for acquiring language.
175:
Others pursued more specific analogies notably the anthropologist F. T. (Ted) Cloak who argued in 1975 for the existence of learnt cultural instructions (cultural corpuscles or i-culture) resulting in material artefacts (m-culture) such as wheels. The argument thereby introduced as to whether
333:"Evolutionary epistemology" can also refer to a theory that applies the concepts of biological evolution to the growth of human knowledge and argues that units of knowledge themselves, particularly scientific theories, evolve according to selection. In that case, a theory, like the
195:
to have "no arts, no letters, no society" and he described facing life as "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short." He, like other scholars of his time, reasoned that everything positive and esteemed resulted from the slow development away from this poor lowly state of being.
184:
In the 19th century cultural evolution was thought to follow a unilineal pattern whereby all cultures progressively develop over time. The underlying assumption was that
Cultural Evolution itself led to the growth and development of civilization.
41:
as "information capable of affecting individuals' behavior that they acquire from other members of their species through teaching, imitation and other forms of social transmission". Cultural evolution is the change of this information over time.
291:
recognized the inevitable development of cultures. He proposed that population growth was a crucial component of cultural evolution. Population has a symbiotic relationship with technological, economic, and political development.
478:
Much of the criticism aimed at cultural evolution is focused on the unilinear approach to social change. Broadly speaking in the second half of the 20th century the criticisms of cultural evolution have been answered by the
285:
theory of evolution, that culture adapts to its surroundings. 'Evolution and
Culture' by Sahlins and Service is an attempt to condense the views of White and Steward into a universal theory of multilinear evolution.
250:, changed the focus of anthropological research to the effect that instead of generalizing cultures, the attention was now on collecting empirical evidence of how individual cultures change and develop.
823:
Price, I. (2012b) Organizational
Ecologies and Declared Realities, In K. Alexander and I. Price (eds.) Managing Organizational Ecologies: Space, Management and Organization. New York, Routledge, 11-22.
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More recently, cultural evolution has drawn conversations from multi-disciplinary sources with movement towards a unified view between the natural and social sciences. There remains some accusation of
353:'s bold insights into the nature of space-time. For the evolutionary epistemologist, all theories are true only provisionally, regardless of the degree of empirical testing they have survived.
475:; cultures are still seen as attempting to emulate western civilization. Under ethnocentricity, primitive societies are said to not yet be at the cultural levels of other Western societies.
3891:
1461:
Fernlund, Kevin Jon. "The Great Battle of the Books between the
Cultural Evolutionists and the Cultural Relativists, from the Beginning of Infinity to the End of History” in the
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Some recent approaches, such as dual inheritance theory, make use of empirical methods including psychological and animal studies, field site research, and computational models.
153:
carried "serious risk to one's intellectual reputation." Darwinian ideas were also in decline following the rediscovery of
Mendelian genetics but were revived, especially by
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57:. Today, cultural evolution has become the basis for a growing field of scientific research in the social sciences, including anthropology, economics, psychology, and
883:
Campbell, D. T. (1965). "Variation and selective retention in socio-cultural evolution". Social Change in
Developing Areas, a Reinterpretation of Evolutionary Theory.
224:
There began a widespread condemnation of unilinear theory in the late 19th century. Unilinear cultural evolution implicitly assumes that culture was borne out of the
432:
As a relatively new and growing scientific field, cultural evolution is undergoing much formative debate. Some of the prominent conversations are revolving around
65:; anthropologists now commonly accept that social changes arise in consequence of a combination of social, environmental, and biological influences (viewed from a
356:
Popper is considered by many to have given evolutionary epistemology its first comprehensive treatment, but Donald T. Campbell had coined the phrase in 1974.
2940:
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Schilpp, P. A., ed. The
Philosophy of Karl R. Popper. LaSalle, IL. Open Court. 1974. See Campbell's essay, "Evolutionary Epistemology" on pp. 412–463.
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Under the theory of unilinear
Cultural Evolution, all societies and cultures develop on the same path. The first to present a general unilineal theory was
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130:, influenced a number of what would now be called social scientists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Hodgson and Knudsen single out
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Campbell, D. T. (1997). Heyes, C.; Frankel, B. (eds.). "From evolutionary epistemology via selection theory to a sociology of scientific validity".
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as an example of a body of theories so thoroughly confirmed by testing as to be considered unassailable, but they were nevertheless improved on by
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Researchers Alberto Acerbi and Alex Mesoudi's criticism of Cultural Evolution lies in the ambiguity surrounding the analogy between cultural and
168:
Cultural evolutionary concepts, or even metaphors, revived more slowly. If there were one influential individual in the revival it was probably
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survived the most rigorous empirical tests available does not, in the calculus of probability, predict its ability to survive future testing.
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375:(DIT), also known as gene–culture coevolution or biocultural evolution, was developed in the 1960s through early 1980s to explain how
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Cultural particularism dominated popular thought for the first half of the 20th century before American anthropologists, including
138:, crediting the former with anticipating both dual inheritance theory and universal Darwinism. Despite the stereotypical image of
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was the epitome of that and did very little of his own research. Cultural evolution is also criticized for being
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and at differing paces, and it is not satisfactory or productive to assume cultures develop in the same way.
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thought that development of cultural form (such as poetry) stops when it reaches its maturity. In 1873, in
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There have been a number of different approaches to the study of cultural evolution, including
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cultural evolution requires neurological instructions continues to the present day .
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This article is about evolutionary theories of social change. For other uses, see
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2753:
2058:
1978:
1904:
1856:
1817:
1778:
1355:
702:
483:. Ethnocentricity, for example, is more prevalent under the unilinear theory.
235:
62:
2792:
2685:
2555:
2522:
2500:
2483:
2466:
2433:
2351:
2312:
2204:
1363:
1160:
Blackmore, Susan (1999) The Meme Machine (1st ed.). Oxford University Press.
710:
523: – Study of cultural change modelled on theories of evolutionary biology
5006:
4134:
3985:
3729:
3549:
3212:
2960:
2612:
2372:
2228:
Social change in developing areas: A reinterpretation of evolutionary theory
578:
380:
106:
54:
30:
2191:
Baum, J. A. C. (2007). "Cultural group selection in organization studies".
2141:
2094:
1953:
1513:
1371:
1235:
1218:
1183:
1093:
1075:
867:
718:
511: – Branch of ecology studying cognition in social and natural contexts
4183:
2667:"Organisational memetics?: Organisational learning as a selection process"
2133:
1547:
Sober, Elliot (1980), "Evolution, Population Thinking, and Essentialism",
388:
dual inheritance theorists often describe by analogy to genetic evolution.
61:. Previously, it was believed that social change resulted from biological
5458:
5218:
4923:
4037:
3385:
3239:
2398:
2381:
1134:
E. O. Wilson, Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge, New York, Knopf, 1998.
301:
127:
81:
2883:
1223:
Cliodynamics: The Journal of Quantitative History and Cultural Evolution
5359:
3679:
3579:
3427:
3422:
3136:
2888:
2641:
2620:
Terreberry, S. (1968). "The evolution of organizational environments".
2282:
1654:
Cultural Transmission and Evolution: A Quantitative Approach, Princeton
1447:
1184:"Disciplines and Institutions. What is Armchair Anthropology? – CRASSH"
38:
2321:
1913:
1064:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2762:
1865:
1787:
859:
2633:
2274:
1826:
1391:
The Acceptance of Histories: Toward a Perspective for Social Science
2729:
Journal of Memetics—Evolutionary Models of Information Transmission
1560:
3635:
3444:
3343:
1427:
Philosophies of Essence: An Examination of the Category of Essence
1251:"The Trouble with Cultural Evolution - The Philosophers' Magazine"
2658:
The Nature of Creativity: Contemporary Psychological Perspectives
1692:
Human Understanding: The Collective Use and Evolution of Concepts
561:
Not by genes alone : how culture transformed human evolution
278:
that cultures and societies do tend to develop and move forward.
3594:
2418:"Why organizational ecology is not a Darwinian research program"
1540:
The History of Development: From Western Origins to Global Faith
316:
4187:
2892:
2223:"Variation and selective retention in socio-cultural evolution"
1751:
Cultural Evolution: Society, Technology, Language, and Religion
1580:
541: – Study of the distribution or space occupied by species
396:
2226:. In Barringer, H. R.; Blanksten, G. I.; Mack, R. W. (eds.).
1473:, Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, pp. 339–359
2243:. Hanover, NH: The Public Affairs Center, Dartmouth College.
2484:"Why managers need an evolutionary theory of organizations"
1674:
Darwin's Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life
467:
missionaries as opposed to the anthropologists themselves.
1309:"Evolutionary Theories of Social Change | Cape Sociology"
794:
792:
2660:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 325–39.
2290:
Hull, D. L. (1990). "Conceptual evolution: A response".
2156:
Baldwin, J.; Anderssen, C. R.; Ridgway, K. (June 2013).
879:
877:
413:
458:
Criticism of historic approaches to cultural evolution
2879:
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/evolution-cultural/
505: – Mathematical modeling of historical processes
145:
The early years of the 20th century and particularly
2858:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 669–681.
2482:
Richerson, P. J.; Collins, D.; Genet, R. M. (2006).
5385:
5267:
5156:
5149:
5047:
4922:
4790:
4714:
4616:
4422:
4415:
4278:
4053:
3978:
3882:
3809:
3765:
3620:
3524:
3341:
3300:
3169:
2959:
1418:
The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex
2221:
1749:Richerson, P.J.; Christiansen, M.H., eds. (2013).
2382:"Perspective—quasi-natural organization science"
1111:sfn error: no target: CITEREFRichersonBoyd2008 (
2573:Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization
1996:Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization
1886:. Chicago; London: University Of Chicago Press.
45:Cultural evolution, historically also known as
2340:International Journal of Technology Management
1217:Grinin, L.; Markov, A.; Korotayev, A. (2013).
379:is a product of two different and interacting
4199:
2904:
2241:Assessing the impact of planned social change
1531:The Species Problem: A Philosophical Analysis
1106:
784:The Information: A History, A Theory, A Flood
8:
1744:. Princeton, UK: Princeton University Press.
1735:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
1726:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
1667:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
1429:, Amsterdam: B. R. Gruner Publishing Company
736:. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
122:Darwin's ideas, along with those of such as
2601:International Journal of Management Reviews
1652:Cavalli-Sforza, L.L; Feldman, M.W. (1981).
1471:Philosophical Issues in Aristotle's Biology
800:Evolution Since Darwin: The First 150 Years
5153:
4419:
4206:
4192:
4184:
2911:
2897:
2889:
2856:Oxford handbook of evolutionary psychology
1411:, Berkeley: University of California Press
1393:, Berkeley: University of California Press
559:Richerson, Peter J.; Boyd, Robert (2005).
2821:
2761:
2499:
2397:
2320:
2123:
1943:
1912:
1864:
1825:
1786:
1724:The selfish meme: A critical reassessment
1624:Learn how and when to remove this message
1482:, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
1345:
1234:
1083:
692:
436:, dual inheritance theory, and memetics.
5370:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
4145:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
2592:Sammut-Bonnici, T.; Wensley, R. (2002).
2409:The Blackwell companion to organizations
563:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
2257:DiMaggio, P. J.; Powell, W. W. (1983).
1685:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1647:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1402:, New York: Basic Books, pp. 39–79
836:. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
551:
2715:
2704:
2411:. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 731–751.
2179:
2168:
1533:, New York: Cambridge University Press
832:Hodgson, G.M. and Knudsen, T. (2010).
811:
656:"Cultural Evolution Theory Definition"
4862:Psychological effects of Internet use
3908:Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
2538:Scholz, M. T.; Reydon, A. C. (2013).
2449:Reydon, A. C.; Scholz, M. T. (2014).
2416:Reydon, A. C.; Scholz, M. T. (2009).
1303:
1301:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1178:
1176:
1174:
938:
936:
911:
909:
907:
632:"cultural evolution | social science"
7:
2230:. Cambridge MA: Schenkman. pp.
1645:Culture and the Evolutionary Process
1058:Laland, Kevin N (12 November 2008).
997:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.
626:
624:
622:
620:
618:
616:
614:
612:
610:
608:
37:. It follows from the definition of
16:Evolutionary theory of social change
4842:Digital media use and mental health
1882:Hodgson, G.M.; Knudsen, T. (2010).
1524:, New York: Oxford University Press
994:Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny
517: – Model of cultural evolution
21:Cultural evolution (disambiguation)
4473:Automatic and controlled processes
3313:Evolutionary developmental biology
2029:Jablonka, E., Lamb, M.J., (2014).
1963:"Why multilevel selection matters"
1643:Boyd, R.; Richerson, P.J. (1985).
1400:A History of Sociological Analysis
687:(4): 329–347, discussion 347–383.
14:
4882:Smartphones and pedestrian safety
2455:Philosophy of the Social Sciences
2422:Philosophy of the Social Sciences
1845:Journal of Evolutionary Economics
1806:Journal of Evolutionary Economics
1767:Journal of Evolutionary Economics
1656:. NJ: Princeton University Press.
1409:Evolution: The History of an Idea
681:The Behavioral and Brain Sciences
5533:
5520:
5508:
5507:
4907:Mobile phones and driving safety
4167:
4158:
4157:
2622:Administrative Science Quarterly
1585:
968:"multilinear cultural evolution"
757:Edel, Abraham (1 January 1995).
529: – Theory of human behavior
400:
365:This section is an excerpt from
4810:Computer-mediated communication
3970:Extended evolutionary synthesis
3159:Gene-centered view of evolution
5563:Sociocultural evolution theory
5087:Empathising–systemising theory
4390:female intrasexual competition
4327:Evolutionarily stable strategy
4098:Hologenome theory of evolution
3965:History of molecular evolution
3191:Evolutionarily stable strategy
3080:Last universal common ancestor
917:"unilinear cultural evolution"
786:, by James Gleic, 2012, p. 174
1:
5447:Standard social science model
4500:Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis
3892:Renaissance and Enlightenment
1718:. University of Chicago Press
1608:and help improve the section.
1529:Richards, Richard A. (2010),
1334:Behavioral and Brain Sciences
991:Wright, Robert (2001-04-20).
315:proposed the concept of the "
191:in the 17th century declared
112:Harper's New Monthly Magazine
5295:Missing heritability problem
4887:Social aspects of television
4510:Evolution of nervous systems
4478:Computational theory of mind
4103:Missing heritability problem
3730:Gamete differentiation/sexes
2263:American Sociological Review
1033:Modern Theories of Evolution
760:Aristotle and His Philosophy
593:"What is Cultural Evolution"
5541:Evolutionary biology portal
2075:High-profile empirical work
1478:Lovejoy, Arthur O. (1936),
5581:
5502:Evolutionary psychologists
5375:Trivers–Willard hypothesis
5290:Human–animal communication
5002:Ovulatory shift hypothesis
4852:Imprinted brain hypothesis
4820:Human–computer interaction
3735:Life cycles/nuclear phases
3287:Trivers–Willard hypothesis
2884:Cultural Evolution Society
2585:10.1016/j.jebo.2012.12.012
2008:10.1016/j.jebo.2012.12.010
1932:Journal of Economic Theory
1699:Waddington, C. H. (1977).
1694:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1425:Degrood, David H. (1976),
763:. Transaction Publishers.
364:
326:
299:
99:
18:
5496:
5422:Environmental determinism
5393:Cultural selection theory
5280:Evolutionary epistemology
5194:evolutionary neuroscience
4867:Rank theory of depression
4369:Parent–offspring conflict
4221:
4153:
3233:Parent–offspring conflict
3038:Earliest known life forms
2926:
2832:10.1177/01708406030248005
2754:10.1007/s10539-007-9073-y
2150:In organisational studies
2059:10.1017/S0094837300004310
1979:10.1007/s10818-007-9018-1
1905:10.1007/s10818-013-9166-4
1857:10.1007/s00191-006-0019-3
1818:10.1007/s00191-004-0192-1
1779:10.1007/s00191-008-0110-z
1759:In evolutionary economics
1522:Social Change and History
1407:Bowler, Peter J. (1984),
1389:Bock, Kenneth E. (1956),
1356:10.1017/S0140525X06009083
1107:Richerson & Boyd 2008
773:– via Google Books.
703:10.1017/S0140525X06009083
533:Environmental determinism
521:Cultural selection theory
393:Criticism and controversy
329:Evolutionary epistemology
323:Evolutionary epistemology
90:cultural selection theory
5315:Cultural group selection
5199:Biocultural anthropology
4892:Societal impacts of cars
4825:Media naturalness theory
4515:Fight-or-flight response
4086:Cultural group selection
3950:The eclipse of Darwinism
3922:On the Origin of Species
3897:Transmutation of species
2848:Evolutionary linguistics
2793:10.1162/0747936042311968
2686:10.1177/1350507695263002
2556:10.1177/0170840613485861
2523:10.1177/0170840611405426
2501:10.1177/1476127006064069
2467:10.1177/0048393113491634
2434:10.1177/0048393108325331
2352:10.1504/IJTM.1997.001664
2313:10.1177/0170840613485855
2239:Campbell, D. T. (1976).
2220:Campbell, D. T. (1965).
2205:10.1177/0170840607073567
2112:American Economic Review
1703:. New York: Basic Books.
1637:Early foundational books
1480:The Great Chain of Being
1286:anthrotheory.pbworks.com
515:Cultural group selection
88:, and other variants on
5515:Evolutionary psychology
5479:Sociocultural evolution
5320:Dual inheritance theory
4777:Personality development
4238:Theoretical foundations
4215:Evolutionary psychology
4091:Dual inheritance theory
3930:History of paleontology
2650:Organisational memetics
2613:10.1111/1468-2370.00088
2373:10.1287/mnsc.24.13.1428
2250:Evolution and Cognition
2024:In evolutionary biology
2002:(supplement): S21–S32.
1967:Journal of Bioeconomics
1893:Journal of Bioeconomics
1672:D. C., Dennett (1995).
1520:Nisbet, Robert (1969),
1255:www.philosophersmag.com
636:Encyclopedia Britannica
527:Dual inheritance theory
441:biological reductionism
373:Dual inheritance theory
367:Dual inheritance theory
360:Dual inheritance theory
102:Sociocultural evolution
78:sociocultural evolution
74:dual inheritance theory
47:sociocultural evolution
5437:Social constructionism
5432:Psychological nativism
5407:Biological determinism
5355:Recent human evolution
5350:Punctuated equilibrium
5173:Behavioral epigenetics
5168:evolutionary economics
5137:Variability hypothesis
5082:Emotional intelligence
4815:Engineering psychology
4505:Evolution of the brain
3779:Punctuated equilibrium
3100:Non-adaptive radiation
3048:Evolutionary arms race
2742:Biology and Philosophy
2714:Cite journal requires
2488:Strategic Organization
2178:Cite journal requires
2095:10.1287/orsc.1110.0718
1954:10.1006/jeth.2000.2678
1538:Rist, Gilbert (2002),
1514:10.3167/nc.2012.070301
1463:Journal of Big History
1416:Darwin, C. R. (1871),
1236:10.21237/C7CLIO4221334
1076:10.1098/rstb.2008.0132
948:www.sociologyguide.com
732:Mesoudi, Alex (2011).
335:germ theory of disease
220:Cultural particularism
59:organizational studies
5464:Multilineal evolution
5427:Nature versus nurture
5386:Theoretical positions
5234:Functional psychology
5229:Evolutionary medicine
5204:Biological psychiatry
4912:Texting while driving
4902:Lead–crime hypothesis
4762:Cognitive development
4747:Caregiver deprivation
4258:Gene selection theory
4071:Evolutionary medicine
3945:Mendelian inheritance
3653:Biological complexity
3641:Programmed cell death
3333:Phenotypic plasticity
3053:Evolutionary pressure
3043:Evidence of evolution
2941:Timeline of evolution
2380:McKelvey, B. (1997).
2134:10.1257/aer.103.2.690
1549:Philosophy of Science
1542:, New York: Zed Books
86:cultural evolutionism
5417:Cultural determinism
5224:Evolutionary biology
5209:Cognitive psychology
5157:Academic disciplines
4805:Cognitive ergonomics
4772:Language acquisition
4752:Childhood attachment
4565:Wason selection task
4459:Behavioral modernity
4248:Cognitive revolution
4231:Evolutionary thought
4045:Teleology in biology
3940:Blending inheritance
3318:Genetic assimilation
3181:Artificial selection
2920:Evolutionary biology
2810:Organization Studies
2544:Organization Studies
2511:Organization Studies
2399:10.1287/orsc.8.4.351
2386:Organization Science
2301:Organization Studies
2193:Organization Studies
2083:Organization Science
1961:Field, A.J. (2008).
1740:Henrich, J. (2015).
1714:Mesoudi, A. (2011).
1690:Toulmin, S. (1972).
1489:Human Ecology Review
1188:www.crassh.cam.ac.uk
1039:on 10 September 2017
848:Psychological Review
132:David George Ritchie
5484:Unilineal evolution
5249:Population genetics
5034:Sexy son hypothesis
4972:Hormonal motivation
4952:Concealed ovulation
4493:Dual process theory
4364:Parental investment
4108:Molecular evolution
4066:Ecological genetics
3935:Transitional fossil
3725:Sexual reproduction
3565:endomembrane system
3494:pollinator-mediated
3450:dolphins and whales
3228:Parental investment
2674:Management Learning
2294:. pp. 255–264.
2051:1982Pbio....8....4G
1731:Distin, K. (2010).
1722:Distin, K. (2005).
1709:Modern review books
1681:Hull, D. L (1988).
1661:Dawkins, R (1976).
1070:(1509): 3577–3589.
1029:"Glossary of Terms"
434:Universal Darwinism
268:Marshall D. Sahlins
31:evolutionary theory
5442:Social determinism
5325:Fisher's principle
5285:Great ape language
5275:Cultural evolution
5244:Philosophy of mind
5077:Division of labour
5039:Westermarck effect
4987:Mating preferences
4897:Distracted driving
4631:Literary criticism
4488:Domain specificity
4468:modularity of mind
4081:Cultural evolution
3196:Fisher's principle
3125:Handicap principle
3115:Parallel evolution
2979:Adaptive radiation
2361:Management Science
1733:Cultural evolution
1676:. London: Penguin.
1502:Nature and Culture
1465:4, 3 (2020): 6-30.
1448:10.1007/BF01112616
1436:Sociological Forum
497:Behavioral ecology
481:multilinear theory
412:. You can help by
254:Multilinear theory
193:indigenous culture
170:Donald T. Campbell
27:Cultural evolution
5550:
5549:
5528:Psychology portal
5492:
5491:
5335:Hologenome theory
5305:Unit of selection
5300:Primate cognition
5214:Cognitive science
5145:
5144:
5016:Sexual attraction
4992:Mating strategies
4757:Cinderella effect
4687:Moral foundations
4591:Visual perception
4483:Domain generality
4452:Facial expression
4400:Sexual dimorphism
4359:Natural selection
4305:Hamiltonian spite
4181:
4180:
3797:Uniformitarianism
3750:Sex-determination
3255:Sexual dimorphism
3250:Natural selection
3154:Unit of selection
3120:Signalling theory
2665:Price, I (1995).
2367:(13): 1428–1440.
1634:
1633:
1626:
1313:capesociology.org
1004:978-0-375-72781-8
509:Cognitive ecology
452:genetic evolution
430:
429:
385:genetic evolution
347:Newtonian physics
264:Julian H. Steward
67:nature vs nurture
5570:
5537:
5524:
5511:
5510:
5154:
5150:Related subjects
4937:Adult attachment
4464:Cognitive module
4420:
4407:Social selection
4381:Costly signaling
4376:Sexual selection
4263:Modern synthesis
4208:
4201:
4194:
4185:
4171:
4161:
4160:
3960:Modern synthesis
3720:Multicellularity
3715:Mosaic evolution
3600:auditory ossicle
3282:Social selection
3265:Flowering plants
3260:Sexual selection
2913:
2906:
2899:
2890:
2868:
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2843:
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2816:(8): 1309–1352.
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1790:
1754:
1753:. The MIT Press.
1745:
1736:
1727:
1704:
1695:
1686:
1677:
1668:
1664:The Selfish Gene
1657:
1648:
1629:
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1618:
1615:
1609:
1604:Please read the
1600:may need cleanup
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1044:
1035:. Archived from
1027:O'Neil, Dennis.
1024:
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1008:
988:
982:
981:
979:
978:
972:Oxford Reference
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921:Oxford Reference
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860:10.1037/h0040373
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445:Social Darwinism
425:
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404:
397:
312:The Selfish Gene
272:Elman R. Service
180:Unilinear theory
140:social Darwinism
136:Thorstein Veblen
5580:
5579:
5573:
5572:
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5569:
5568:
5567:
5553:
5552:
5551:
5546:
5488:
5474:Neoevolutionism
5381:
5365:Species complex
5330:Group selection
5268:Research topics
5263:
5239:Neuropsychology
5141:
5127:Substance abuse
5049:Sex differences
5043:
4957:Coolidge effect
4918:
4830:Neuroergonomics
4795:
4786:
4710:
4612:
4546:Folk psychology
4427:
4411:
4281:
4274:
4217:
4212:
4182:
4177:
4149:
4076:Group selection
4049:
3974:
3878:
3805:
3767:Tempo and modes
3761:
3616:
3520:
3337:
3296:
3172:
3165:
3142:Species complex
2955:
2946:History of life
2922:
2917:
2875:
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2853:
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2823:10.1.1.126.6468
2807:
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2655:
2652:
2634:10.2307/2391535
2619:
2596:
2591:
2570:
2537:
2508:
2481:
2448:
2415:
2406:
2379:
2358:
2337:
2298:
2289:
2275:10.2307/2095101
2256:
2247:
2238:
2219:
2190:
2177:
2167:
2164:
2155:
2152:
2125:10.1.1.371.3223
2109:
2080:
2077:
2036:
2026:
1993:
1960:
1945:10.1.1.336.3854
1929:
1890:
1881:
1842:
1803:
1764:
1761:
1748:
1739:
1730:
1721:
1711:
1698:
1689:
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1660:
1651:
1642:
1639:
1630:
1619:
1613:
1610:
1603:
1596:Further reading
1590:
1586:
1579:
1577:Further reading
1574:
1546:
1537:
1528:
1519:
1499:
1486:
1477:
1468:
1433:
1424:
1415:
1406:
1397:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1347:10.1.1.612.2415
1331:
1330:
1326:
1317:
1315:
1307:
1306:
1299:
1290:
1288:
1280:
1279:
1268:
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1120:
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1021:
1016:
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1005:
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985:
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831:
827:
822:
818:
810:
806:
797:
790:
782:
778:
771:
756:
755:
751:
744:
731:
730:
726:
694:10.1.1.612.2415
678:
677:
673:
664:
662:
654:
653:
649:
640:
638:
630:
629:
606:
597:
595:
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590:
586:
571:
558:
557:
553:
549:
544:
539:Spatial ecology
492:
460:
426:
420:
417:
410:needs expansion
395:
390:
389:
370:
362:
351:Albert Einstein
331:
325:
307:Richard Dawkins
304:
298:
282:Leslie A. White
260:Leslie A. White
256:
222:
213:Ancient Society
208:Lewis H. Morgan
201:Herbert Spencer
182:
104:
98:
53:'s research on
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5578:
5577:
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4909:
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4899:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4857:Mind-blindness
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
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4832:
4827:
4822:
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4801:
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4562:
4552:
4550:theory of mind
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4527:
4522:
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4507:
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4371:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
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4329:
4324:
4319:
4317:Baldwin effect
4314:
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4312:
4307:
4302:
4292:
4286:
4284:
4276:
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4272:
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4115:
4110:
4105:
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4028:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3988:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3926:
3925:
3916:Charles Darwin
3913:
3912:
3911:
3899:
3894:
3888:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3854:Non-ecological
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3815:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3804:
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3794:
3785:
3771:
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3627:
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3613:
3612:
3607:
3605:nervous system
3602:
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3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
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3547:
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3257:
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3237:
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3235:
3230:
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3215:
3210:
3209:
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3188:
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3177:
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3167:
3166:
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3163:
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3161:
3151:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3105:Origin of life
3102:
3097:
3092:
3090:Microevolution
3087:
3085:Macroevolution
3082:
3077:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3023:Common descent
3020:
3019:
3018:
3008:
3003:
3001:Baldwin effect
2998:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2965:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2948:
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2927:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2908:
2901:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2874:
2873:External links
2871:
2870:
2869:
2860:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2805:
2776:
2737:
2724:
2716:|journal=
2698:
2680:(3): 299–318.
2662:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2628:(4): 590–613.
2617:
2607:(3): 291–315.
2589:
2568:
2550:(7): 993–999.
2535:
2517:(5): 631–653.
2506:
2494:(2): 201–211.
2479:
2461:(3): 365–374.
2446:
2428:(3): 408–439.
2413:
2404:
2392:(4): 351–380.
2377:
2356:
2346:(1): 269–286.
2335:
2307:(7): 973–992.
2296:
2287:
2269:(2): 147–160.
2254:
2245:
2236:
2217:
2188:
2180:|journal=
2162:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2118:(2): 690–731.
2107:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2034:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2020:
1991:
1973:(3): 203–238.
1958:
1938:(2): 298–319.
1927:
1899:(2): 105–128.
1888:
1879:
1851:(4): 343–366.
1840:
1812:(3): 281–307.
1801:
1773:(5): 577–596.
1760:
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1631:
1593:
1591:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1561:10.1086/288942
1555:(3): 350–383,
1544:
1535:
1526:
1517:
1508:(3): 231–258,
1497:
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1459:
1431:
1422:
1413:
1404:
1395:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1340:(4): 329–347.
1324:
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983:
959:
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903:
894:
885:
873:
854:(6): 380–400.
838:
825:
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671:
647:
604:
584:
570:978-0226712840
569:
550:
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542:
536:
530:
524:
518:
512:
506:
500:
493:
491:
488:
459:
456:
428:
427:
421:September 2023
407:
405:
394:
391:
377:human behavior
371:
363:
361:
358:
327:Main article:
324:
321:
300:Main article:
297:
294:
255:
252:
230:Western Europe
221:
218:
181:
178:
100:Main article:
97:
94:
51:Charles Darwin
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5576:
5575:
5564:
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5560:
5558:
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5516:
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5504:
5503:
5499:
5498:
5495:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5469:Neo-Darwinism
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5454:Functionalism
5452:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5412:Connectionism
5410:
5408:
5405:
5404:
5403:
5402:indeterminism
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5390:
5388:
5384:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
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5159:
5155:
5152:
5148:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5122:Schizophrenia
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5107:Mental health
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
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5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
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5022:
5019:
5017:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4982:Mate guarding
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4942:Age disparity
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4925:
4921:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
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4900:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4872:Schizophrenia
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
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4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4806:
4803:
4802:
4800:
4798:
4797:Mental health
4793:
4792:Human factors
4789:
4783:
4782:Socialization
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4742:paternal bond
4739:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4717:
4713:
4707:
4704:
4700:
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4673:
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4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4619:
4615:
4607:
4606:NaĂŻve physics
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4573:
4572:Motor control
4570:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4538:
4535:
4531:
4530:Ophidiophobia
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4520:Arachnophobia
4518:
4517:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4469:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4447:Display rules
4445:
4443:
4440:
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4430:
4425:
4421:
4418:
4414:
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4374:
4370:
4367:
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4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4349:Kin selection
4347:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
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4298:
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4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
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4285:
4283:
4277:
4271:
4268:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4243:Adaptationism
4241:
4240:
4239:
4236:
4232:
4229:
4228:
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4223:
4220:
4216:
4209:
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4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
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4131:
4128:
4124:
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4120:
4119:
4118:Phylogenetics
4116:
4114:
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4034:
4031:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4022:
4021:Structuralism
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3996:Catastrophism
3994:
3993:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3955:Neo-Darwinism
3953:
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3869:Reinforcement
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3816:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3802:
3801:Catastrophism
3798:
3795:
3793:
3792:Macromutation
3789:
3788:Micromutation
3786:
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3708:
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3698:
3696:
3695:Immune system
3693:
3691:
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3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3669:
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3585:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3555:symbiogenesis
3553:
3552:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3528:
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3329:
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3311:
3309:
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3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3223:Kin selection
3221:
3219:
3218:Genetic drift
3216:
3214:
3211:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3199:
3197:
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2829:
2824:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2781:Design Issues
2777:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2725:
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2255:
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2237:
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2224:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2172:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1841:
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1833:
1828:
1823:
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1815:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1794:
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1702:
1697:
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1666:
1665:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1628:
1625:
1617:
1614:November 2016
1607:
1606:editing guide
1601:
1597:
1592:
1583:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1420:, John Murray
1419:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1328:
1325:
1314:
1310:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1287:
1283:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1213:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1190:. 8 July 2012
1189:
1185:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1149:0-19-286092-5
1146:
1140:
1137:
1131:
1128:
1122:
1119:
1114:
1108:
1103:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1054:
1051:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1023:
1020:
1014:
1011:
1006:
1000:
996:
995:
987:
984:
973:
969:
963:
960:
949:
945:
939:
937:
933:
922:
918:
912:
910:
908:
904:
898:
895:
889:
886:
880:
878:
874:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
842:
839:
835:
829:
826:
820:
817:
814:, p. 74.
813:
808:
805:
801:
795:
793:
789:
785:
780:
777:
772:
770:9781412817462
766:
762:
761:
753:
750:
745:
743:9780226520445
739:
735:
728:
725:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
695:
690:
686:
682:
675:
672:
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651:
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637:
633:
627:
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623:
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611:
609:
605:
594:
588:
585:
580:
576:
572:
566:
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555:
552:
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540:
537:
534:
531:
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522:
519:
516:
513:
510:
507:
504:
501:
498:
495:
494:
489:
487:
484:
482:
476:
474:
470:
464:
457:
455:
453:
448:
446:
442:
437:
435:
424:
415:
411:
408:This section
406:
403:
399:
398:
392:
386:
382:
378:
374:
368:
359:
357:
354:
352:
348:
344:
338:
336:
330:
322:
320:
318:
314:
313:
308:
303:
295:
293:
290:
289:Robert Wright
286:
283:
279:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
253:
251:
249:
248:Margaret Mead
245:
244:Ruth Benedict
241:
237:
233:
231:
227:
226:United States
219:
217:
215:
214:
209:
204:
202:
197:
194:
190:
189:Thomas Hobbes
186:
179:
177:
173:
171:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
143:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
120:
116:
114:
113:
108:
103:
95:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
43:
40:
36:
35:social change
32:
28:
22:
5539:
5526:
5513:
5500:
5274:
5259:Sociobiology
5117:Neuroscience
5097:Intelligence
4643:Anthropology
4596:Color vision
4581:Multitasking
4560:Flynn effect
4555:Intelligence
4537:Folk biology
4280:Evolutionary
4130:Polymorphism
4113:Astrobiology
4080:
4061:Biogeography
4016:Saltationism
4006:Orthogenesis
3991:Alternatives
3920:
3906:
3839:Cospeciation
3834:Cladogenesis
3783:Saltationism
3740:Mating types
3663:Color vision
3648:Avian flight
3570:mitochondria
3308:Canalisation
3186:Biodiversity
2931:Introduction
2864:
2855:
2813:
2809:
2784:
2780:
2745:
2741:
2732:
2728:
2707:cite journal
2677:
2673:
2657:
2625:
2621:
2604:
2600:
2576:
2572:
2547:
2543:
2514:
2510:
2491:
2487:
2458:
2454:
2425:
2421:
2408:
2389:
2385:
2364:
2360:
2343:
2339:
2304:
2300:
2291:
2266:
2262:
2249:
2240:
2227:
2196:
2192:
2171:cite journal
2157:
2115:
2111:
2086:
2082:
2042:
2039:Paleobiology
2038:
2033:. MIT Press.
2030:
1999:
1995:
1970:
1966:
1935:
1931:
1896:
1892:
1883:
1848:
1844:
1809:
1805:
1770:
1766:
1750:
1741:
1732:
1723:
1715:
1700:
1691:
1682:
1673:
1663:
1653:
1644:
1620:
1611:
1599:
1552:
1548:
1539:
1530:
1521:
1505:
1501:
1492:
1488:
1479:
1470:
1462:
1439:
1435:
1426:
1417:
1408:
1399:
1390:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1316:. Retrieved
1312:
1289:. Retrieved
1285:
1258:. Retrieved
1254:
1245:
1226:
1222:
1212:
1203:
1192:. Retrieved
1187:
1156:
1139:
1130:
1121:
1102:
1067:
1063:
1053:
1041:. Retrieved
1037:the original
1032:
1022:
1013:
993:
986:
975:. Retrieved
971:
962:
951:. Retrieved
947:
924:. Retrieved
920:
897:
888:
851:
847:
841:
833:
828:
819:
807:
799:
783:
779:
759:
752:
733:
727:
684:
680:
674:
663:. Retrieved
659:
650:
639:. Retrieved
635:
596:. Retrieved
587:
560:
554:
503:Cliodynamics
485:
477:
473:ethnocentric
469:Edward Tylor
465:
461:
449:
438:
431:
418:
414:adding to it
409:
381:evolutionary
355:
339:
332:
310:
309:' 1976 book
305:
287:
280:
276:
257:
240:A.L. Kroeber
234:
223:
211:
205:
198:
187:
183:
174:
167:
150:
144:
121:
117:
110:
105:
71:
69:framework).
44:
26:
25:
5398:Determinism
5310:Coevolution
5254:Primatology
5092:Gender role
4997:Orientation
4877:Screen time
4734:Affectional
4716:Development
4395:Mate choice
4322:By-products
4290:Adaptations
4253:Cognitivism
4140:Systematics
4011:Mutationism
3829:Catagenesis
3757:Snake venom
3690:Eusociality
3668:in primates
3658:Cooperation
3586:In animals
3406:butterflies
3379:Cephalopods
3369:Brachiopods
3301:Development
3275:Mate choice
3028:Convergence
3011:Coevolution
2969:Abiogenesis
2787:(4): 4–19.
2579:: S45–S56.
2045:(8): 4–15.
1109:, p. .
812:Darwin 1871
383:processes:
343:Karl Popper
147:World War I
63:adaptations
5345:Population
5340:Lamarckism
5186:behavioral
5164:Behavioral
5112:Narcissism
5057:Aggression
4847:Hypophobia
4837:Depression
4724:Attachment
4706:Universals
4670:Psychology
4648:Biological
4636:Musicology
4626:Aesthetics
4525:Basophobia
4332:Exaptation
4310:Reciprocal
4001:Lamarckism
3979:Philosophy
3902:David Hume
3864:Peripatric
3859:Parapatric
3844:Ecological
3824:Anagenesis
3819:Allopatric
3811:Speciation
3775:Gradualism
3700:Metabolism
3560:chromosome
3550:Eukaryotes
3328:Modularity
3245:Population
3171:Population
3132:Speciation
3110:Panspermia
3063:Extinction
3058:Exaptation
3033:Divergence
3006:Cladistics
2994:Reciprocal
2974:Adaptation
2322:2299/11194
2252:(3): 5–38.
1914:10023/5350
1598:" section
1495:(2): 25–39
1382:References
1318:2017-03-30
1291:2017-03-30
1260:2023-10-02
1194:2017-03-30
1166:0198503652
1043:28 October
977:2024-05-15
953:2017-03-30
926:2024-05-15
665:2017-03-30
641:2017-03-30
598:2018-06-22
236:Franz Boas
5190:cognitive
5182:Affective
5067:Cognition
5021:Sexuality
5007:Pair bond
4767:Education
4424:Cognition
4342:Inclusive
4282:processes
4270:Criticism
4135:Protocell
3986:Darwinism
3874:Sympatric
3623:processes
3511:Tetrapods
3460:Kangaroos
3386:Dinosaurs
3323:Inversion
3292:Variation
3213:Gene flow
3206:Inclusive
3016:Mutualism
2961:Evolution
2840:146334815
2818:CiteSeerX
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2213:143456734
2199:: 37–47.
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2016:143645561
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