31:
287:
243:, and Etommee Tustunnuggee, who had alienated communal Creek land without the consent of the National Council. They burned down McIntosh's mansion at Indian Springs, and confiscated his 100 slaves, livestock and produce. Later that day they caught Samuel and Benjamin Hawkins, his sons-in-law and also signatories to the treaty. They hanged Samuel and shot Benjamin, but he escaped.
274:. According to Deas, "The land party eventually arrived near Little Rock but Tuscoona Harjo, Menawa, and four hundred of their people, refused to travel much farther beyond that that. Menawa was too intoxicated to travel while Harho 'evinced a stubborn obstinate disposition.' " Menawa is not listed on the muster rolls after the group reached
278:
in Indian
Territory on January 23, 1837. Menawa, therefore, possibly died between those two places and his burial place was along the way and is unknown. However, none of Lt Deas' dispatches to his commander or to Washington, D.C. makes mention of Menawa dying along the "Creek Trail of Tears". His
235:
with the US, ceding most of the remaining Creek land east of the
Mississippi River. The tribe had been under severe pressure from Georgia, but the Upper Creek, the majority, continued to oppose such cessions. The Creek National Council had passed a law declaring land cessions a capital crime, and
212:(1813–1814), which began as a civil war among the Creek people, where strong divisions had arisen with the Lower Creek, who comprised the majority of the population. During this period, the British were already at war against the United States during the
223:
in 1814, when they were defeated by
General Andrew Jackson commanding militias of Tennessee, Georgia and the Mississippi Territory, as well as allied Cherokee. Menawa was wounded seven times during the battle, but he escaped and survived his wounds.
269:
of the Creek to Indian
Territory in the 1830s. According to the memoirs of Lt Edward Deas, who led the third detachment of 2,420 Creeks from Alabama to Oklahoma, Menawa is said to have been alive on December 21, 1836 in
262:—in compensation, they received an immediate payment of $ 217,660 and a perpetual annuity of $ 20,000. The state of Georgia ignored the new treaty and worked to evict the Creek from their lands.
318:
Birmingham: University of
Alabama Press, 1998, pp. 10-11. Hawkins wrote to President Thomas Jefferson that Creek women were matriarchs and had control of children "when connected with a white man."
858:
227:
After the war, Menawa continued to oppose the
European-American encroachment on Creek lands. Lower Creek chiefs had ceded town lands in 1790, 1802 and 1804. In 1825, Chief
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968:
933:
208:" or Upper Creeks, who worked to revive traditional practices and resisted assimilation to European-American ways. He emerged to lead warriors in the
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134:. To carry out punishment for the crime of an unauthorized land cession, in 1825 Menawa led about 150 lawmenders in an attack on chief
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948:
928:
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death would have been important, and thus would have been mentioned by Deas. So, a conclusion can be inferred that he made it to
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189:. Her eldest brother would have acted as his mentor, teaching him men's ways and introducing him to the men's societies.
963:
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258:
with the US government, which nullified the Treaty of Indian
Springs. In this new treaty, the Creek still ceded land to
824:
255:
462:
348:
Letters written by Lt. Edward Deas to C.A. Harris, Superintendent of Indian
Affairs, last dated January 23, 1837.
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897:
819:
239:
On April 30, 1825, Menawa led a party of 120-150 lawmenders from towns of the ceded land; they executed chief
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216:. They supported the Red Sticks' resistance to United States settlers' incursions into their territory.
254:, that went to Washington D.C., to protest the Treaty of Indian Springs. The Creek leaders signed the
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181:; such strategic alliances were common, as both cultures believed they benefited. As the Creek were
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146:. They killed him, burned his mansion, and confiscated his property, including livestock and 100
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He grew up among the Upper Creek in present-day
Alabama and, as an adult, became part of the "
126:", a group that opposed assimilation and worked to revive traditional practices. During the
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declared the signers of the 1825 treaty to be traitors. It ordered their execution.
670:
283:, now the State of Oklahoma, and was buried there quietly when he died after 1837.
185:, Menawa was reared within the Creek tribe and gained his status from his mother's
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When
Hothlepoya became the second chief of Oakfuskee, he was given the name
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Menawa is said to have been among the hundreds who died during the general
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483:
477:
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University of Nebraska Press, 1985, pp. 96-97, accessed 14 September 2011
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42:
570:
336:
The Politics of Indian Removal: Creek Government and Society in Crisis,
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246:
In 1826, Menawa was a member of the Creek National Council, along with
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His mother was a high-status Creek woman and his father a mostly Scots
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During the early 1800s, he was one of the principal leaders of the "
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system of descent and leadership, his status came from his mother's
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186:
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383:
231:, a Lower Creek, was one of several chiefs who signed the
130:(1813–1814), he led Red Sticks warriors and survived the
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Menawa was second in command of the Red Sticks at the
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448:
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37:
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170:. The site is now covered by the lower part of
316:McIntosh and Weatherford, Creek Indian Leaders,
372:Historical Marker Database - Menawa, War Chief
95:(Creek) chief and military leader. He was of
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8:
368:, Digital Library, Oklahoma State University
402:
388:
380:
29:
18:
16:Muscogee (Creek) chief and military leader
841:Oklahoma Tax Commission v. United States
366:"Treaty With The Creeks, Jan. 24, 1826"
329:
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307:
142:that year without the consent of the
7:
969:Native American people from Alabama
934:American people of Scottish descent
14:
298:notes the significance of Menawa.
868:Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas
748:Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)
650:College of the Muscogee Nation
158:He was born at the village of
111:ancestry. As the Creek had a
1:
959:19th-century Native Americans
954:18th-century Native Americans
873:Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town
809:Treaty of Fort Jackson (1814)
753:Prospect Bluff Historic Sites
514:Prospect Bluff Historic Sites
81:
893:Poarch Band of Creek Indians
878:Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana
693:(predecessor to Lower Towns)
859:Federally recognized tribes
825:Treaty of Washington (1826)
314:Griffith, Jr., Benjamin W.
256:Treaty of Washington (1826)
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814:Treaty of Nicolls' Outpost
411:Muscogee Creek Confederacy
804:Treaty of New York (1790)
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898:Thlopthlocco Tribal Town
820:Treaty of Moultrie Creek
233:Treaty of Indian Springs
221:Battle of Horseshoe Bend
154:Early life and education
140:Treaty of Indian Springs
132:Battle of Horseshoe Bend
929:People of the Creek War
919:Native American leaders
888:Muscogee (Creek) Nation
290:A historic marker near
924:Chiefs of the Muscogee
783:Creek National Capitol
743:Kimbell-James Massacre
702:Leon-Jefferson culture
299:
144:Creek National Council
949:American Métis people
788:Crazy Snake Rebellion
691:Apalachicola Province
666:Mississippian culture
547:(Francis the Prophet)
289:
272:Little Rock, Arkansas
138:, who had signed the
883:Kialegee Tribal Town
733:Battle of Burnt Corn
635:Four Mothers Society
174:, created by a dam.
964:People from Alabama
640:Green Corn Ceremony
576:William Weatherford
830:Indian Removal Act
768:Indian Removal Act
758:Battle of Ocheesee
738:Fort Mims Massacre
361:detailed biography
334:Michael D. Green,
300:
281:Arkansas Territory
906:
905:
835:Treaty of Cusseta
778:Creek War of 1836
729:(Creek civil war)
712:State of Muskogee
614:Mikasuki-Hitchiti
418:Four mother towns
252:Selocta Chinnabby
162:, located on the
107:father of mostly
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68:
976:
797:Politics and law
707:Battle of Taliwa
551:William McIntosh
480:(four locations)
450:Groups and towns
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241:William McIntosh
229:William McIntosh
164:Tallapoosa River
136:William McIntosh
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848:Sharp v. Murphy
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717:Forbes purchase
686:Long Swamp Site
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166:in present-day
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773:Trail of Tears
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89: 1836–40
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763:Seminole Wars
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103:mother and a
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74:first called
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48:
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40:
36:
32:
27:
20:
944:1830s deaths
939:1760s births
846:
839:
816:(unratified)
671:Pisgah phase
560:
463:Apalachicola
376:
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64:Tribal chief
645:Stomp dance
529:Tribal town
440:Tukabatchee
292:Lake Martin
276:Fort Gibson
214:War of 1812
183:matrilineal
172:Lake Martin
113:matrilineal
85: 1765
50:Nationality
913:Categories
722:Red Sticks
681:Moundville
524:Tallapoosa
489:Miccosukee
303:References
206:Red Sticks
179:fur trader
124:Red Sticks
105:fur trader
97:mixed race
87: – c.
77:Hothlepoya
60:Occupation
599:Apalachee
586:Languages
566:Neamathla
468:Coushatta
210:Creek War
160:Oakfuskee
128:Creek War
99:, with a
91:), was a
630:Religion
519:Sabacola
509:Okfuskee
499:Muscogee
494:Muklassa
484:Hitchiti
478:Fowltown
93:Muscogee
54:Muscogee
43:Okfuskee
659:History
623:Culture
609:Koasati
594:Alabama
571:Osceola
538:Leaders
473:Eufaula
458:Alabama
435:Kasihta
296:Alabama
267:removal
260:Georgia
168:Alabama
72:Menawa,
697:Chiaha
676:Etowah
561:Menawa
504:Okchai
430:Coweta
425:Abihka
199:Menawa
193:Career
148:slaves
23:Menawa
109:Scots
101:Creek
250:and
187:clan
117:clan
38:Born
915::
326:^
294:,
201:.
150:.
119:.
82:c.
403:e
396:t
389:v
80:(
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