341:(36 ft or 11 m). According to the study of Rohaidah Kamaruddin, the conversion of the units mentioned in the old Malay manuscripts will result in a length of 50.292 m and a width of 10.9728 m. According to Irawan Djoko Nugroho, the length is 50 m and the width is 12 m, while Pierre-Yves Manguin estimated it as 67 m long and 11 m wide, with the usual length-to-width ratio found on galleys of about 7:1. The ship was armed with 7
216:, propelled by breast oars (paddles) and 2 masts, with 2 rudders (one on both sides of the hull). The Malays are not accustomed to navigating the ocean, they only make coasting voyages along the shores of the Malay peninsula. According to Afonso de Albuquerque, during the 1511 Portuguese attack on the Malacca Sultanate, the Malays used an unspecified number of lancaran (
384:, it is said that the ship was made for the purpose of the king of Malacca, to propose to the princess of Majapahit, named Raden Galuh Cendera Kirana (or Raden Mas Ayu in other version), who was described as having a face as beautiful as a shining full moon and a body as pure as gold. Construction of this ship took 30–40 days. To speed up the work, the
1972:
1915:
1879:
445:, which frightened the fishermen. Patih Karma Wijaya and Hang Tuah informed that there were seven Malaccan ships coming, and their intention is to propose to the daughter of the king of Majapahit. Several trials and tests were given to the Malay group to test their quality, and in the end Hang Tuah was given the title of admiral (Malay:
531:(a type of ship). Seeing that they were outnumbered, the Malaccan fleet retreated to Malacca and asked Hang Tuah to come along. Hang Tuah finally agreed to join the battle. The two fleets met and attacked each other. In the end, Hang Tuah was shot and fell into the water, before finally being helped by the soldiers to climb into
510:
was also used by Hang Tuah, Hang Jebat, and Hang
Kesturi to face Majapahit after two Majapahit envoys named Rangga and Barit Ketika came to question the king of Malacca about why he did not send an envoy to Majapahit. Hang Tuah replied that the reason Malacca did not send envoys to Majapahit was that
461:
sailed to Tuban for 7 days, and to
Jayakarta for 3 days and 3 nights. Patih Karma Wijaya stayed in Jayakarta for 7 days waiting for the other ships. After all the ships were assembled they set sail and arrived in Palembang in a few days. Patih Karma Wijaya and Hang Tuah stopped waiting for the other
352:, and covered by velvet cloth colored in yellow, red, and green. The roof (possibly referring to the roof of the rear cabin) was made of yellow and red glass, with several patterns depicting clouds and lightning. The ship was also decorated with a royal yellow cloth and was outfitted with a throne.
293:
scholars and politicians, to the point that many people think that the ship really exists. However, a check of the available evidence shows that this assumption is wrong: This ship is a fictional ship, and the great ships of the
Nusantara Archipelago were not built by the Malays or by the Sultanate
753:
is unclear: the
Portuguese and their language were already known at this time (even though the Portuguese only arrived in 1509), in addition, it is said that Hang Tuah lived at the same time as Gajah Mada (died 1364). Nevertheless, the presence of the Portuguese indicates that this ship supposedly
1871:
The Suma oriental of Tomé Pires : an account of the East, from the Red Sea to Japan, written in
Malacca and India in 1512-1515 ; and, the book of Francisco Rodrigues, rutter of a voyage in the Red Sea, nautical rules, almanack and maps, written and drawn in the East before 1515 volume
767:
Sang Jaya
Nantaka was the younger brother of the king of Malacca who was exiled from the kingdom by his brother because it was rumored that he would overthrow the king. Sang Jaya Nantaka was eventually escorted by a merchant to the land of Keling (India) and was appointed king there. Sang Jaya
606:
Institute of
Mathematical Research led this research and shipbuilding project based on a study of old manuscripts obtained from around the world that described the appearance of the ship. The information collected is then converted into modern language and the size is estimated. The project is
294:
of
Malacca. Malacca only produces small vessels, not large vessels. Large shipbuilding industry does not exist in Malacca — their industry is not capable producing deep-sea ships; only small, light, fast-sailing vessels. The people of Malacca purchased big ships (
367:
This ship was specially built to carry a message to the king of
Majapahit about the desire of the king of Malacca to marry the daughter of the king of Majapahit. However, the proposal story was actually a fabrication made by the author of the epic because
614:
ship replica. Prof. Dr. Ahmad Jelani Halimi conducted research and concluded that the galley-type ship (ghali) was never used by the
Malacca Sultanate in its golden age. The galley-type ship was introduced by the Portuguese to the archipelago after the
355:
Mendam Berahi was under the control of Admiral Hang Tuah when he traveled to fourteen countries or cities. The ship was also used to establish relations with other countries, conduct trade, and transportation, which included bringing pilgrims to
574:. They also went to Medina to visit the graves of Muhammad and his companions. After returning from the pilgrimage, the group sailed for 20 days to Egypt and stayed there for about 3 months to buy guns and load them onto the boats.
582:
did not exist at that time. Whatever the case, in Rum they managed to buy about 800 large and small guns, plus the 120 previously purchased in Egypt. The group arrived back in Malacca after about 4 months of sailing.
313:
in the 17th century, more specifically in Johor's golden age in the 1640s to 1670s. The main character, Hang Tuah, is a fictional character, but the story is partly based on the true story of Admiral Abd al-Jamil
515:
to go to the land of Keling to ask about the younger brother of the king of Malacca (Sang Jaya Nantaka) along with Tun Kesturi who knows the Keling language and has been awarded the name Maharaja Setia.
412:, from the bow to the mainmast was also designed by Hang Tuah, while Hang Jebat, Hang Lekir, Hang Lekiu, and all the royal singers and slaves do the carving. Hang Tuah was the one who proposed the name "
535:. The Malaccan fleet fled to Malacca with the Portuguese fleet in pursuit, but seeing their leader also injured and asking to be brought back to Portugal, the Portuguese fleet eventually withdrew.
2481:
2162:
688:
returned from Majapahit and was used to bring the Malaccan royal entourage to marry the princess of Majapahit. This ship was specially designed to be able to carry several cannons. See
1724:
24:
465:
Before the king of Malacca went to Java to marry the princess of Majapahit, he ordered the construction of one more ship. This ship was designed in the shape of the
2155:
554:
accompanied by many boats. After 5 days and 5 nights, he arrived in Aceh, staying there for about 12 days. After getting enough supplies, Hang Tuah sailed to
1926:
Manguin, Pierre-Yves (2012). "Lancaran, Ghurab and Ghali: Mediterranean impact on war vessels in Early Modern Southeast Asia". In Wade, G.; Tana, L. (eds.).
1787:
364:
could not transport food, water, and other necessities in large quantities, so the ship had to stop at ports to get supplies and shelter from poor weather.
493:
returned to Malacca with the Tuban-Jayakarta-Palembang route. Arriving in Palembang, the king of Malacca received news that Sang Jaya Nantaka had sent 30
1757:
1240:
732:
originally refers to a class or type of cannon firing 6-pound shots or more, but in modern times refers to cannon in general. See Gardner, G. B. (1936).
481:) by the king. The Malaccan royal entourage sailed to Majapahit, the king with Hang Tuah, Hang Jebat, Hang Kasturi, Hang Lekir, and Hang Lekiu boarded
2148:
231:
The Malaccan people did not encounter the Portuguese in an open, ship-to-ship battle in the sea during their 1509 encounter like was claimed in the
578:
also tells how the Malaccan boats and ships sailed for 17 days and arrived in Istanbul, but in reality, this route could not be passed because the
258:
contain references to a large ship, where he mentions a "flagship" of Malacca which carried many bombards. This ship, however, is not necessarily
322:) to buy cannons never happened, the story was based on the sending of a series of Acehnese embassies to the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century.
506:
was used by Admiral Hang Tuah to go to Inderapura to confirm whether Megat Terenggano, who was in Inderapura, was planning to attack Malacca.
2118:
2097:
2076:
2055:
2013:
1994:
1946:
1447:
1026:
1714:
192:
records indicate that galleys appeared in the regional fleets during the late 1530s, before that the mainstay of the Malay fleet was the
1276:
Maka Mendam Berahi pun di-suroh dayong ka-laut. Maka Laksamana memasang meriam tujoh kali. Maka kenaikan pun belayar lalu menarek layar
274:(1045–1136) and tells that the Sultan of Malacca wanted to marry Raden Galuh Cendera Kirana. This story was adapted from the Javanese
538:
With the threat of the Portuguese, the king of Malacca ordered Admiral Hang Tuah and Maharaja Setia to go to the country of Rum (the
2734:
2034:
1114:
2486:
1860:
The Commentaries of the Great Afonso Dalboquerque, Second Viceroy of India, translated from the Portuguese edition of 1774 Vol. III
2611:
511:
Malacca would be attacked by Megat Terenggano and the king of Inderapura. After the affair in Majapahit was over, Hang Tuah used
2500:
2433:
745:
The name of the king of Malacca who requested the construction of this ship was not recorded. Some people believe he was
2639:
2171:
603:
855:
In: Persidangan Antarabangsa Manuskrip Melayu 2019, 15-17 Oktober 2019, Auditorium, Pepustakaan Negara Malaysia. p. 18.
566:
arrived in Jeddah. Hang Tuah, Maharaja Setia, and their entourage anchored for a while, intending to go to the tomb of
23:
2749:
2724:
2646:
235:, but took the Portuguese unprepared by using disguise, treachery, and ambush to capture the Portuguese delegation.
2549:
289:
was a fairly large ship, it has often been used as evidence for the Malays' proficiency in shipbuilding by modern
2729:
2507:
2427:
1779:
616:
1196:
2754:
2185:
2128:
Yaapar, Md. Salleh (2019). "Malay Navigation and Maritime Trade: A Journey Through Anthropology and History".
1747:
1160:
Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia
850:
1900:
1869:
1847:
1282:
is ordered to be rowed to the sea. The Admiral equipped the cannon seven times. The crew then pull the sail).
2446:
2311:
2190:
2087:
2045:
2066:
1858:
441:
as a salute. When they arrived in Majapahit, the fleet of Malaccan envoys signaled their arrival by firing
2739:
2474:
2414:
746:
1156:"Hikayat Hang Tuah; Malay epic and muslim mirror; Some considerations on its date, meaning and structure"
906:. Kapal Mendam Berahi: Realiti atau Mitos?, Melaka International Trade Centre (MITC), Malacca, Malaysia.
2514:
2318:
2229:
2493:
2370:
200:, not Malays. The word "ghali" itself is a loanword from the Portuguese language, so the existence of
2420:
2330:
2024:
1814:
2535:
2356:
2305:
1957:
1836:
208:. The inhabitants of the Malay peninsula did not use big ships. In naval warfare, the Malays used
2667:
2604:
2556:
2271:
485:, while Patih Kerma Wijaya, Tun Bija Sura, and all the messengers and royal sign-bearers boarded
161:
2660:
2618:
2440:
2363:
2114:
2093:
2072:
2051:
2030:
2009:
1990:
1942:
1270:
1218:
1177:
1110:
596:
319:
309:'s story is set in the Malacca sultanate (1400–1511), it reflects events that occurred in the
157:
132:
127:
43:
2744:
2625:
1208:
1167:
1079:
Asian trade and European influence in the Indonesian Archipelago between 1500 and about 1630
499:
from Keling to convey his news to Malacca, but 20 of them were destroyed by the Portuguese.
389:
305:
was written after the 17th century, more than 100 years after the fall of Malacca. Although
527:
was under the command of Maharaja Setia, and the ship managed to ram and sink 2 Portuguese
2453:
2284:
2242:
794:
555:
470:
315:
310:
298:) from other parts of Southeast Asia, namely from Java and Pegu, they did not built them.
209:
197:
193:
119:
1825:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2467:
2385:
2338:
539:
417:
213:
153:
2718:
2686:
2576:
2407:
2400:
2378:
2277:
1976:
1919:
1883:
1816:
Antara Sejarah dan Mitos: Sejarah Melayu & Hang Tuah dalam Historiografi Malaysia
1719:
790:
348:
The ship was made with a strong frame, and the walls were constructed with beautiful
251:
2521:
2345:
2324:
2296:
2224:
2214:
2208:
1752:
523:
In 1509, when the Portuguese first arrived in Malacca, admiral Hang Tuah was sick.
436:
349:
295:
243:
196:. It was not until the 1560s that the ghali became more widespread, mostly used by
169:
137:
76:
2461:
2108:
1984:
1936:
1077:
360:. A trip to Mecca lasted months and required a constant supply of food. However,
32:, but it gives a depiction of what a Malay ghali of that time period looked like.
2542:
2528:
2391:
2195:
650:
570:. They reached it by walking for 2 days and 2 nights to Mecca and performed the
275:
205:
388:(treasurer) of Malacca divided it into several groups: Hang Tuah worked on the
63:
Drunk romance, hidden desire, secret desire, suppressed passion, hidden passion
2249:
2219:
2202:
1172:
1155:
907:
884:
656:
579:
405:
400:. The ornate pattern was designed by Hang Tuah, and for the space between the
369:
1941:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies / Research School of Pacific Studies.
1222:
1213:
1181:
2653:
2568:
2235:
851:
Teknologi perkapalan Melayu tradisional: Jong dan Ghali meredah tujuh lautan
392:, the shipbuilders were appointed to work on the ship's midsection, and the
267:
768:
Nantaka still sent news to his brother in Malacca after becoming king. See
711:
1892:
Perdagangan dan perkapalan Melayu di Selat Melaka: Abad ke-15 hingga ke-18
2632:
559:
401:
290:
271:
221:
189:
1105:
Arifin, Azmi; Ismail, Abdul Rahman Haji; Ahmad, Abu Talib, eds. (2021).
130:
in the early 16th century. This ship is fictional, recorded in the epic
2703:
2140:
1841:. Petaling Jaya: Strategic Information and Research Development Centre.
1830:. Petaling Jaya: Strategic Information and Research Development Centre.
1819:. Petaling Jaya: Strategic Information and Research Development Centre.
1197:"Co-opting the Rival Ca(n)non the Turkish Episode of Hikayat Hang Tuah"
645:
610:
There is also a Malaysian scholar who disagrees with the making of the
473:
and because the design could carry several cannons. The ship was named
188:, and no other Malay manuscripts mentioned its existence. Contemporary
595:
will be built in Klebang by a team of historians, and cost 10 million
2351:
2260:
495:
115:
462:
ships. After all the ships have arrived, they set sail for Malacca.
718:(4 ed.). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Malaysia. 2017. p. 383.
562:), arriving there after about 10 days. After sailing for 2 months,
623:
are only found in 1 literary work from a non-contemporary source (
397:
357:
1975:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1918:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1882:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
431:(king) of Majapahit to convey the wishes of the king of Malacca.
372:, who was mentioned in the story, had already died at that time.
2113:. Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Publications & Distributors Sdn Bhd.
1780:"Di Taman Tema Samudera : Kapal Mendam Berahi bakal dibina"
1345:
637:
571:
469:
because it was intended for the future queen of Malacca and her
2144:
785:
Kalinga, the area around the Coromandel Coast in India, in the
1958:"Eredia's Description of Malaca, Meridional India, and Cathay"
567:
318:) from Johor. Malaccan envoy's voyage to the country of Rum (
881:
Akhirnya Kapal Hang Tuah - Mendam Berahi Akan di Bina Semula
1241:"Inspem ketuai penyelidikan, pembinaan kapal Mendam Berahi"
1107:
Kesultanan Melayu Melaka: Warisan, Tradisi dan Persejarahan
1962:
Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
1905:
Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
992:
990:
1329:
1327:
1314:
1312:
599:. This project is expected to take 2 years to complete.
457:
of Majapahit. After the business in Majapahit was over,
684:(meaning "fortress of the sea"), which was built after
1928:
Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past
1076:
Meilink-Roelofsz, Marie Antoinette Petronella (1962).
427:
sailed to Majapahit to bring letters and gifts to the
246:
did not record it. Portuguese accounts did not record
1849:
Commentários do Grande Afonso Dalbuquerque parte III
863:
861:
2696:
2678:
2567:
2295:
2259:
2178:
2130:
IIUM Journal of Religion and Civilisational Studies
815:
813:
736:. Singapore: Progressive Publishing Company. p. 93.
520:was also used to attack the country of Inderapura.
1715:"'Mendam Berahi' produk pelancongan baharu Melaka"
680:, the Sultanate of Malacca had another ship named
1983:Rahimah A. Hamid; A.S Hardy Shafii, eds. (2017).
204:during the heyday of the Malacca sultanate is an
1930:. Singapore: ISEAS Publishing. pp. 146–182.
28:A Malay galley of the 16th century. This is not
1986:Akal Budi Melayu dalam Bahasa dan Sastera Moden
1303:
749:(reigned 1459−1477), but the chronology in the
337:(180 ft or 54.9 m) long with a width of 6
270:is in the same timeline as Raden Inu from the
2156:
1838:Tawarikh Melayu dan Melaka: Esei-Esei Pilihan
627:), without a supporting or comparing source.
8:
1357:
1346:Rahimah A. Hamid & A.S Hardy Shafii 2017
420:for Secret Desire) to be given to the ship.
1938:Southeast Asia in the 9th to 14th Centuries
1935:Marr, David G.; Milner, A.C., eds. (1986).
957:
908:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uq3OsSc56Kk
885:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FDyjjhhUoHI
2163:
2149:
2141:
1393:
238:Records of the ship are only found in the
1827:Hikayat Hang Tuha (atau Hikayat Hang Tua)
1212:
1171:
1852:. Lisboa: Na Regia Officina Typografica.
1446:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSchap2010 (
1025:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSchap2010 (
1008:
879:Institut Penyelidikan Matematik (2022).
282:story can be concluded as a mere myth.
184:Mendam Berahi was only mentioned in the
1746:Muhammad Saufi Hassan (12 March 2018).
1291:
1257:
1129:
996:
918:
904:Mendam Berahi: Antara Realiti dan Mitos
844:
842:
840:
809:
669:
242:, and other Malay accounts such as the
140:, did not exist until after the 1530s.
1700:
1688:
1676:
1664:
1652:
1640:
1628:
1616:
1604:
1592:
1580:
1568:
1556:
1544:
1532:
1520:
1508:
1496:
1484:
1472:
1460:
1429:
1405:
1381:
1369:
1333:
1318:
1239:Raja Nur Faznie Aida (24 March 2022).
1141:
1092:
1063:
1039:
933:Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era
902:Halimi, Ahmad Jelani (2023, June 20).
831:
773:
769:
693:
689:
660:, a mythical ship of Japanese folklore
18:
1790:from the original on 3 September 2020
1760:from the original on 3 September 2020
1727:from the original on 3 September 2020
1441:
1234:
1232:
1020:
969:
945:
42:
7:
1417:
1051:
981:
898:
896:
894:
892:
867:
819:
755:
376:Story according to Hikayat Hang Tuah
2044:Salleh, Muhammad Haji, ed. (2013).
935:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
754:existed between 1509 and 1511. See
709:equals 33–35 inches or 3 feet. See
16:Legendary ship of Malacca Sultanate
2023:Robson-McKillop, Rosemary (2010).
1195:Braginsky, Vladimir (2012-12-08).
423:After construction was completed,
14:
1890:Halimi, Ahmad Jelani bin (1999).
641:, a ship from the Greek mythology
2086:Schap, Bot Genoot, ed. (2010b).
2065:Schap, Bot Genoot, ed. (2010a).
1970:
1913:
1894:(PhD thesis). Universiti Malaya.
1877:
1723:. Foto oleh Khairunisah Lokman.
126:) said to have been used by the
22:
2050:. Jakarta: Phoenix Publishing.
1901:"Portuguese History of Malacca"
1846:Albuquerque, Afonso de (1774).
607:estimated to be ready in 2023.
180:Historiography and authenticity
168:. It may also comes from Kawi (
2004:Nugroho, Irawan Djoko (2011).
1989:. Pulau Pinang: Penerbit USM.
1875:. London: The Hakluyt Society.
1863:. London: The Hakluyt Society.
1857:Birch, Walter de Gray (1875).
1082:. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
489:. After the wedding was over,
1:
1713:Fairuz Zaidan (30 Jun 2017).
734:Keris and Other Malay Weapons
550:(cannons). Hang Tuah went on
176:, which means drunk romance.
136:, and that type of ship, the
1274:, VIII: 165. Transcription:
604:University of Putra Malaysia
435:departure began with firing
2006:Majapahit Peradaban Maritim
1956:Mills, J. V. (April 1930).
1748:"Bina semula Mendam Berahi"
931:Reid, Anthony, ed. (1993).
262:and could be another ship.
2771:
2008:. Suluh Nuswantara Bakti.
1868:Cortesão, Armando (1944).
2110:Kapal haji dalam kenangan
2092:. Jakarta: Pusat Bahasa.
2071:. Jakarta: Pusat Bahasa.
2047:Hikayat Hang Tuah Jilid 1
1173:10.1163/22134379-90003207
87:180 ft (54.9 m)
67:
37:
21:
2735:Human-powered watercraft
1384:, p. 226, 233, 234.
1154:Braginsky, V.I. (1990).
649:, the legendary ship of
266:notes that the story of
95:36 ft (11.0 m)
1054:, p. 88, 150, 179.
692:, pp. 126–127 and
617:fall of Malacca in 1511
156:, rather it comes from
68:General characteristics
1394:Marr & Milner 1986
793:, the land of Keling,
114:was a legendary royal
2509:Sovereign of the Seas
2319:Chinese treasure ship
2230:Roman ship of Marausa
2186:Caligula's Giant Ship
2107:Yahaya Awang (2008).
2026:The Epic of Hang Tuah
848:Musa, Hashim (2019).
772:, pp. 76–99 and
396:worked on the ship's
172:) and Javanese words
2172:Largest wooden ships
2089:Hikayat Hang Tuah II
1835:Adam, Ahmat (2021).
1824:Adam, Ahmat (2018).
1813:Adam, Ahmat (2016).
1304:Robson-McKillop 2010
1214:10.37052/ml.25(2)no5
2551:William D. Lawrence
2261:Medieval and modern
2068:Hikayat Hang Tuah I
1786:. 8 February 2019.
1444:, p. 109, 140.
1011:, pp. 255–256.
834:, p. 227, 388.
776:, pp. 175–216.
696:, pp. 264–265.
152:was not originally
124:ghali kenaikan raja
2750:Mythological ships
2725:16th-century ships
2482:Santisima Trinidad
2191:Hatshepsut's barge
1703:, p. 247-248.
1691:, p. 244-245.
1679:, p. 205-221.
1667:, p. 196-203.
1655:, p. 187–191.
1643:, p. 100–103.
1631:, p. 261-264.
1619:, p. 236-238.
1607:, p. 358-359.
1595:, p. 181-182.
1583:, p. 269-270.
1571:, p. 129-130.
1559:, p. 264-265.
1547:, p. 126-127.
1535:, p. 259-260.
1523:, p. 123-124.
1511:, p. 235-241.
1499:, p. 110-113.
1487:, p. 231-234.
1475:, p. 107-109.
1348:, p. 151-153.
1132:, p. 150-154.
984:, p. 121-122.
475:Kota Segara Kuning
2712:
2711:
2488:São João Baptista
2441:Peter Pomegranate
2297:Wind-powered only
2263:oar-powered ships
2120:978-967-612-160-8
2099:978-979-069-058-5
2078:978-979-069-058-5
2057:978-602-7689-50-3
2015:978-602-9346-00-8
1996:978-967-461-190-3
1948:978-997-198-839-5
1899:Koek, E. (1886).
1358:Yahaya Awang 2008
1271:Hikayat Hang Tuah
1144:, p. 17, 39.
1023:, p. 44, 64.
758:, p. 149−150
751:Hikayat Hang Tuah
678:Hikayat Hang Tuah
625:Hikayat Hang Tuah
619:, and records of
597:Malaysian ringgit
576:Hikayat Hang Tuah
546:(guns) and large
502:After some time,
471:ladies-in-waiting
382:Hikayat Hang Tuah
345:(native cannon).
307:Hikayat Hang Tuah
303:Hikayat Hang Tuah
280:Hikayat Hang Tuah
264:Hikayat Hang Tuah
250:either, although
240:Hikayat Hang Tuah
233:Hikayat Hang Tuah
186:Hikayat Hang Tuah
133:Hikayat Hang Tuah
128:Malacca Sultanate
107:
106:
44:Malacca Sultanate
2762:
2730:Indigenous boats
2448:Peter von Danzig
2313:Baron of Renfrew
2306:Adler von Lübeck
2165:
2158:
2151:
2142:
2137:
2124:
2103:
2082:
2061:
2040:
2019:
2000:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1952:
1931:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1895:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1864:
1853:
1842:
1831:
1820:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1322:
1316:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1236:
1227:
1226:
1216:
1201:Malay Literature
1192:
1186:
1185:
1175:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1109:. Penerbit USM.
1102:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1018:
1012:
1006:
1000:
994:
985:
979:
973:
967:
961:
960:, p. 80–81.
958:Albuquerque 1774
955:
949:
943:
937:
936:
928:
922:
916:
910:
900:
887:
877:
871:
865:
856:
846:
835:
829:
823:
817:
798:
783:
777:
765:
759:
743:
737:
726:
720:
719:
703:
697:
674:
408:designed by the
272:Janggala Kingdom
26:
19:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2755:Fictional ships
2715:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2692:
2674:
2563:
2537:Victoria (1859)
2291:
2262:
2255:
2243:Tessarakonteres
2174:
2169:
2127:
2121:
2106:
2100:
2085:
2079:
2064:
2058:
2043:
2037:
2022:
2016:
2003:
1997:
1982:
1971:
1955:
1949:
1934:
1925:
1914:
1898:
1889:
1878:
1867:
1856:
1845:
1834:
1823:
1812:
1809:
1804:
1803:
1793:
1791:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1763:
1761:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1730:
1728:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1699:
1695:
1687:
1683:
1675:
1671:
1663:
1659:
1651:
1647:
1639:
1635:
1627:
1623:
1615:
1611:
1603:
1599:
1591:
1587:
1579:
1575:
1567:
1563:
1555:
1551:
1543:
1539:
1531:
1527:
1519:
1515:
1507:
1503:
1495:
1491:
1483:
1479:
1471:
1467:
1459:
1455:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1428:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1404:
1400:
1392:
1388:
1380:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1356:
1352:
1344:
1340:
1332:
1325:
1317:
1310:
1302:
1298:
1290:
1286:
1268:
1264:
1256:
1252:
1238:
1237:
1230:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1140:
1136:
1128:
1124:
1117:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1091:
1087:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1062:
1058:
1050:
1046:
1038:
1034:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1007:
1003:
995:
988:
980:
976:
968:
964:
956:
952:
944:
940:
930:
929:
925:
917:
913:
901:
890:
878:
874:
866:
859:
847:
838:
830:
826:
818:
811:
806:
801:
795:Madras Province
784:
780:
766:
762:
744:
740:
727:
723:
710:
704:
700:
675:
671:
667:
633:
589:
587:Replica project
378:
328:
316:Tun Abdul Jamil
311:Johor sultanate
198:Acehnese people
182:
146:
120:Classical Malay
33:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2768:
2766:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2717:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2623:
2620:George Spencer
2616:
2613:Frank O'Connor
2609:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2573:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2554:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2425:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2389:
2386:Great Republic
2382:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2349:
2342:
2339:Flor de la Mar
2335:
2328:
2321:
2316:
2309:
2301:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2267:
2265:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2246:
2239:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2205:
2200:
2193:
2188:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2125:
2119:
2104:
2098:
2083:
2077:
2062:
2056:
2041:
2035:
2020:
2014:
2001:
1995:
1980:
1953:
1947:
1932:
1923:
1896:
1887:
1865:
1854:
1843:
1832:
1821:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1771:
1738:
1705:
1693:
1681:
1669:
1657:
1645:
1633:
1621:
1609:
1597:
1585:
1573:
1561:
1549:
1537:
1525:
1513:
1501:
1489:
1477:
1465:
1463:, p. 225.
1453:
1434:
1422:
1420:, p. 149.
1410:
1408:, p. 375.
1398:
1396:, p. 194.
1386:
1374:
1372:, p. 109.
1362:
1350:
1338:
1336:, p. 227.
1323:
1321:, p. 226.
1308:
1306:, p. 180.
1296:
1294:, p. 299.
1284:
1262:
1260:, p. 298.
1250:
1228:
1207:(2): 229–260.
1187:
1166:(4): 399–412.
1146:
1134:
1122:
1115:
1097:
1095:, p. 224.
1085:
1068:
1056:
1044:
1042:, p. 121.
1032:
1013:
1001:
999:, p. 166.
986:
974:
962:
950:
938:
923:
921:, p. 164.
911:
888:
872:
857:
836:
824:
808:
807:
805:
802:
800:
799:
791:Bijaya Nagaram
778:
760:
738:
721:
698:
668:
666:
663:
662:
661:
653:
642:
632:
629:
588:
585:
540:Ottoman Empire
451:Penggawa Agung
377:
374:
327:
324:
181:
178:
145:
142:
105:
104:
101:
97:
96:
93:
89:
88:
85:
81:
80:
74:
73:Class and type
70:
69:
65:
64:
61:
57:
56:
51:
47:
46:
40:
39:
35:
34:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2767:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2740:Sailing ships
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2687:Al-Hashemi-II
2684:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2627:Great Western
2624:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2569:Steam-powered
2566:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2408:Madre de Deus
2405:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2379:Great Michael
2376:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2225:Obelisk ships
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2179:Ancient ships
2177:
2173:
2166:
2161:
2159:
2154:
2152:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2042:
2038:
2036:9789830687100
2032:
2028:
2027:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1977:public domain
1967:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1921:
1920:public domain
1910:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1885:
1884:public domain
1874:
1873:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1775:
1772:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1742:
1739:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1454:
1449:
1443:
1438:
1435:
1432:, p. 24.
1431:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1363:
1360:, p. 13.
1359:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1280:Mendam Berahi
1277:
1273:
1272:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1191:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1123:
1118:
1116:9789674616069
1112:
1108:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1086:
1081:
1080:
1072:
1069:
1066:, p. 61.
1065:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1033:
1028:
1022:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1009:Cortesão 1944
1005:
1002:
998:
993:
991:
987:
983:
978:
975:
972:, p. 68.
971:
966:
963:
959:
954:
951:
948:, p. 36.
947:
942:
939:
934:
927:
924:
920:
915:
912:
909:
905:
899:
897:
895:
893:
889:
886:
882:
876:
873:
870:, p. 36.
869:
864:
862:
858:
854:
852:
845:
843:
841:
837:
833:
828:
825:
821:
816:
814:
810:
803:
796:
792:
788:
782:
779:
775:
771:
764:
761:
757:
752:
748:
742:
739:
735:
731:
725:
722:
717:
713:
708:
702:
699:
695:
691:
687:
686:Mendam Berahi
683:
679:
676:According to
673:
670:
664:
659:
658:
654:
652:
648:
647:
643:
640:
639:
635:
634:
630:
628:
626:
622:
621:Mendam Berahi
618:
613:
612:Mendam Berahi
608:
605:
600:
598:
594:
593:Mendam Berahi
591:A replica of
586:
584:
581:
577:
573:
572:rites of Hajj
569:
565:
564:Mendam Berahi
561:
557:
553:
552:Mendam Berahi
549:
545:
541:
536:
534:
533:Mendam Berahi
530:
526:
525:Mendam Berahi
521:
519:
518:Mendam Berahi
514:
513:Mendam Berahi
509:
508:Mendam Berahi
505:
504:Mendam Berahi
500:
498:
497:
492:
491:Mendam Berahi
488:
487:Mendam Berahi
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
463:
460:
459:Mendam Berahi
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
439:
434:
433:Mendam Berahi
430:
426:
425:Mendam Berahi
421:
419:
415:
414:Mendam Berahi
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
375:
373:
371:
365:
363:
362:Mendam Berahi
359:
353:
351:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
331:Mendam Berahi
325:
323:
321:
320:Ottoman Turks
317:
312:
308:
304:
299:
297:
292:
288:
287:Mendam Berahi
283:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
260:Mendam Berahi
257:
256:Suma Oriental
253:
249:
248:Mendam Berahi
245:
241:
236:
234:
229:
227:
223:
220:) and twenty
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
179:
177:
175:
171:
167:
166:mendem birahi
163:
159:
155:
151:
150:Mendam Berahi
143:
141:
139:
135:
134:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
112:
111:Mendam Berahi
102:
99:
98:
94:
91:
90:
86:
83:
82:
78:
75:
72:
71:
66:
62:
59:
58:
55:
54:Mendam Berahi
52:
49:
48:
45:
41:
36:
31:
30:Mendam Berahi
25:
20:
2685:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2640:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2612:
2605:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2536:
2529:
2522:
2515:
2508:
2502:Soleil Royal
2501:
2494:
2487:
2475:
2468:
2460:
2454:
2447:
2439:
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2286:Galère Réale
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1807:Bibliography
1792:. Retrieved
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366:
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350:wainscotting
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285:Because the
284:
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244:Malay Annals
239:
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185:
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174:mendam brahi
173:
170:Old Javanese
165:
149:
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131:
123:
110:
109:
108:
53:
29:
2648:La Bretagne
2592:Continental
2585:Australasia
2516:Susquehanna
2434:Océan class
2372:Great Harry
2279:Galera Real
2272:Cakra Dunia
1794:3 September
1784:Melaka Kini
1764:3 September
1731:3 September
1701:Schap 2010b
1689:Schap 2010b
1677:Schap 2010b
1665:Schap 2010b
1653:Schap 2010b
1641:Schap 2010b
1629:Schap 2010a
1617:Schap 2010a
1605:Salleh 2013
1593:Schap 2010a
1581:Salleh 2013
1569:Schap 2010a
1557:Salleh 2013
1545:Schap 2010a
1533:Salleh 2013
1521:Schap 2010a
1509:Salleh 2013
1497:Schap 2010a
1485:Salleh 2013
1473:Schap 2010a
1461:Salleh 2013
1430:Salleh 2013
1406:Salleh 2013
1382:Salleh 2013
1370:Schap 2010a
1334:Salleh 2013
1319:Salleh 2013
1142:Salleh 2013
1093:Halimi 1999
1064:Yaapar 2019
1040:Salleh 2013
832:Salleh 2013
774:Salleh 2013
770:Schap 2010a
747:Mansur Shah
716:Kamus Dewan
694:Salleh 2013
690:Schap 2010a
682:Kota Segara
651:King Arthur
483:Kota Segara
479:Kota Segara
477:(or simply
326:Description
276:Panji tales
206:anachronism
2719:Categories
2599:Dunderberg
2578:Appomattox
2495:Shenandoah
2476:Santa Anna
2365:Grace Dieu
2250:Thalamegos
2220:Nemi ships
2203:Khufu ship
1911:: 117–149.
1442:Schap 2010
1021:Schap 2010
970:Birch 1875
946:Mills 1930
804:References
657:Takarabune
580:Suez Canal
406:mizzenmast
370:Gajah Mada
278:, and the
252:Tomé Pires
190:Portuguese
2655:L.R. Doty
2523:Tenacious
2415:Mahmudiye
2392:Javanese
2358:Götheborg
2236:Syracusia
1720:BH Online
1418:Adam 2016
1223:0128-1186
1182:0006-2294
1052:Adam 2016
982:Koek 1886
868:Adam 2018
820:Adam 2021
756:Adam 2016
542:) to buy
453:) by the
447:Laksamana
410:Bendahara
394:Bendahara
386:Bendahara
291:Malaysian
268:Hang Tuah
226:pangajaoa
162:Sundanese
148:The name
144:Etymology
103:7 cannons
79:or galley
2679:Immobile
2455:Pretoria
2332:Columbus
2136:: 53–72.
2029:. ITBM.
1968:: 1–288.
1788:Archived
1758:Archived
1725:Archived
797:, India.
705:1 Malay
631:See also
560:Maldives
558:Island (
402:mainmast
222:penjajap
218:lanchara
210:lancaran
194:lancaran
158:Javanese
100:Armament
60:Namesake
2745:Galleys
2704:Belyana
2669:Orlando
2641:Jylland
2558:Wyoming
2544:Victory
2469:Roanoke
1753:myMetro
787:hikayat
646:Prydwen
529:jalilah
380:In the
333:was 60
214:banting
38:History
2662:Mersey
2606:Eureka
2462:Rahīmī
2429:Orient
2401:Kronan
2352:Ghurab
2117:
2096:
2075:
2054:
2033:
2012:
1993:
1945:
1278:(Then
1221:
1180:
1113:
730:meriam
548:meriam
496:perahu
455:Betara
429:Betara
343:meriam
164:words
116:galley
84:Length
2697:Other
2634:Iosco
712:"gaz"
665:Notes
544:bedil
443:bedil
438:bedil
418:Malay
398:stern
358:Mecca
202:ghali
154:Malay
138:ghali
77:Ghali
2530:Vasa
2422:Mars
2394:jong
2197:Isis
2115:ISBN
2094:ISBN
2073:ISBN
2052:ISBN
2031:ISBN
2010:ISBN
1991:ISBN
1943:ISBN
1796:2020
1766:2020
1733:2020
1448:help
1219:ISSN
1178:ISSN
1111:ISBN
1027:help
638:Argo
602:The
556:Deva
404:and
339:depa
301:The
296:jong
212:and
160:and
92:Beam
50:Name
1209:doi
1168:doi
1164:146
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707:gaz
568:Eve
416:" (
390:bow
335:gaz
228:).
2721::
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1964:.
1960:.
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1907:.
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1966:8
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