109:. There he served as the chief accountant for the royal factory. Upon his return to India in 1515, Pires was sent to China as ambassador from the King of Portugal to the Ming Court. His mission failed when the Chinese court refused to recognize him because of the increasingly hostile activities of Portuguese traders in the region. Pires never left China; he was either executed by the Chinese in 1524 or possibly banished for life to a remote Chinese province.
226:, is regarded as one of the most conscientious first-hand resources for the study of the geography and trade of the Indies at that time. Although it cannot be regarded as completely free of inaccuracies in its detail, it is remarkably consistent with evidence of the time and makes no fundamentally erroneous statements about the area. Its contemporary rival as a source was only the better-known book by
217:
is a compilation of a wide variety of information: historical, geographical, ethnographic, botanical, economic, commercial, etc., including coins, weights and measures. Pires was careful to investigate the accuracy of the information collected from merchants, sailors and others with whom he had
237:
was unpublished and presumed lost until 1944 when a manuscript copy was discovered in a Paris archive. Four letters written by Pires survive, and there are a scattering of references to him by contemporaries, including a letter from
Albuquerque to the King, 30 November 1513.
218:
contact. It shows him to be a discriminating observer, in spite of his tangled prose. "His style is far from clear," his modern editor has noted, "and no doubt it often becomes more confused, owing to the transcriber's mistakes."The book, couched as a report to
274:
in 1511. The embassy fell in disgrace, with some of its members killed, starting a period of three decades of
Portuguese persecution in China. Tomé Pires is said to have died of disease in 1524 in China, although some state he lived up to 1540 in
193:
It was the first comprehensive and reliable account of Asia to the east of India, a region that was almost unknown to Europe at the time. Among its many accomplishments, it contained the first
European descriptions of the
679:
206:. The details and accuracy of his descriptions of Sumatra and Java are "remarkable" and were not surpassed for a "couple centuries". It remains one of the most important resources for the study of
649:
Title
Letters from Portuguese captives in Canton, written in 1534 & 1536: with an introduction on Portuguese intercourse with China in the first half of the sixteenth century
202:. The historical account of Malacca is the earliest known and contains much information not found anywhere else. Pires was also the first to use the name Japan, spelling it as
574:
672:
207:
665:
1049:
1034:
654:- letters from the survivors of the Pires' embassy, imprisoned in Canton. According to Cortesão's later research, the letters were actually written in 1524.
132:
but evidence of his birthplace is tenuous. He had at least one brother, João
Fernandes, and a sister, Isabel Fernandes. His father was apothecary to King
1009:
266:. However, he was never received by the emperor, due to several setbacks, including the suspicion of the Chinese, and the plot moved by deposed sultan
1014:
186:(An Account of the East, from the Red Sea to China). He wrote the book in Malacca and India between 1512 and 1515, completing it before the death of
1044:
128:
Very little is known about the life and family of Pires prior to his arrival in India. He was born around 1468, possibly in the
Portuguese town of
1054:
999:
143:
He went to India in 1511, invested as "factor of drugs", the
Eastern commodities that were an important element of what is generally called "the
328:
Date of death is disputed. Cortesão says he died of natural causes in 1540. Other historians say he was likely executed by the
Chinese in 1524.
469:
137:
1059:
120:
to Japan. The manuscript is an important record of the region at the start of
European colonization in the early sixteenth century.
586:
564:
421:
1019:
918:
529:
1039:
1004:
1029:
1024:
966:
538:
Madureira, Luis. "Tropical Sex
Fantasies and the Ambassador's Other Death: The Difference in Portuguese Colonialism,"
936:
881:
845:
299:
283:
251:
401:
106:
116:, a landmark description of the geography, ethnography and commerce of the Asian coastline stretching from the
954:
839:
802:
93:, colonial administrator, and diplomat. In 1510 he was commissioned by the Portuguese court to serve as a "
742:
267:
133:
706:
436:
994:
187:
887:
857:
760:
736:
309:
255:
219:
869:
39:
581:, 333–375. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Frederick W. Mote. New York: Cambridge University Press.
796:
508:
912:
657:
647:
814:
784:
640:
O manuscrito de Lisboa da "Suma Oriental" de Tomé Pires (Contribuição para uma edição crítica)
582:
560:
525:
500:
475:
465:
417:
195:
64:
930:
554:
304:
700:
412:
Detailed information on this embassy in Tomé Pires, Armando Cortesão, Francisco Rodrigues,
948:
924:
772:
766:
259:
875:
416:, Introduction p.27 - 32, Armando Cortesão, Publisher Asian Educational Services, 1990,
851:
820:
778:
448:
227:
168:
94:
988:
199:
960:
904:
831:
730:
53:
464:. George D. Winius. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 383–386.
972:
893:
754:
144:
863:
712:
90:
74:
579:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 8, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 2
504:
479:
748:
718:
247:
156:
98:
414:
The Suma Oriental of Tome Pires: The Suma oriental of Tome Pires, books 1-5
459:
282:
This was the first official embassy from a European nation to China after
152:
78:
608:
Primeira embaixada europeia à China. o boticário e embaixador Tomé Pires
512:
488:
724:
287:
276:
271:
164:
117:
102:
489:"The Ming Rejection of the Portuguese Embassy of 1517: A Reassessment"
182:
From his Malay-Indonesia travels, he wrote a book on Asian trade, the
790:
223:
148:
129:
35:
808:
263:
617:, Revista Portuguesa de Farmácia, 13,3 (1963), p. 298-307.
222:, and perhaps fulfilling a commission undertaken before he left
160:
661:
601:
A Suma Oriental de Tomé Pires e o Livro de Francisco Rodrigues
369:
367:
365:
384:
382:
615:
A propósito do ilustre boticário quinhentista Tomé Pires.
151:
he avidly collected and documented information on the
140:, the heir apparent until his untimely death in 1491.
633:
A Farmácia em Portugal. Uma introdução à sua história
903:
830:
693:
70:
60:
46:
28:
21:
520:Howgego, Raymond John, ed. (2003). "Pires, Tomé".
184:Suma Oriental que trata do Mar Roxo até aos Chins
101:in 1511. In 1512 he was sent to the port city of
461:Foundations of the Portuguese empire, 1415-1580
642:. Macau: Instituto Português do Oriente, 1996.
545:Muller, Karl, and David Pickell (eds) (1997).
688:Notable foreigners who visited pre-Qing China
673:
8:
112:During his stay in Malacca, Pires wrote the
575:"Relations with Maritime Europe, 1514–1662"
556:A History of Modern Indonesia since c. 1300
549:(Singapore: Periplus Editions), p. 86.
136:and Pires himself was apothecary to Prince
680:
666:
658:
622:Medicinas da 'Suma Oriental' de Tomé Pires
89:(c. 1468 — c. 1524/1540) was a Portuguese
18:
542:(Number 28; Fall of 1994): 149–173.
450:The Suma Oriental of Tome Pires 1512-1515
279:, but without permission to leave China.
400:An excerpt was published anonymously by
388:
373:
347:
340:
321:
286:was sent as legate by the Papacy (in
7:
1050:Portuguese expatriates in Indonesia
1035:Portuguese colonialism in Indonesia
559:(2nd ed.). London: MacMillan.
524:. Hordern House. pp. 831–832.
522:Encyclopedia of Exploration to 1800
441:Dictionary of Scientific Biography
16:Portuguese apothecary and diplomat
14:
1010:16th-century Portuguese explorers
547:Maluku: Indonesian Spice Islands.
270:after the Portuguese conquest of
1015:Ambassadors of Portugal to China
254:leading an embassy sent by king
97:of drugs" in India, arriving at
1045:Portuguese expatriates in China
635:. 1338-1938. Lisboa: ANF, 1994.
447:Cortesão, Armando, ed. (1944).
1055:Portuguese Renaissance writers
1000:15th-century Portuguese people
453:. London: The Hakluyt Society.
1:
652:. Educ. Steam Press, Byculla.
646:Donald Ferguson, ed. (1902).
628:, vol. 9, n.º 208, pp. 76-83.
443:. 1974. Vol. 10, p. 616.
159:area, and personally visited
573:Wills, John E., Jr. (1998).
250:(Guangzhou) in the fleet of
246:In 1516, Tomé Pires went to
967:Johann Adam Schall von Bell
1076:
458:Diffie, Bailey W. (1977).
107:captured by the Portuguese
1060:Portuguese travel writers
402:Giovanni Battista Ramusio
493:Journal of World History
487:Fujitani, James (2016).
937:Fernão Pires de Andrade
882:Giovanni de' Marignolli
846:Niccolò and Maffeo Polo
840:Ajall Shams al-Din Omar
553:Ricklefs, M.C. (1991).
300:Fernão Pires de Andrade
284:Giovanni de' Marignolli
252:Fernão Pires de Andrade
1020:Explorers of Indonesia
919:Ghiyāth al-dīn Naqqāsh
350:, pp. xxi–xxiii.
242:1516 embassy to China
188:Afonso de Albuquerque
1040:Portuguese diplomats
858:John of Montecorvino
761:Sugawara no Kiyotomo
737:Takamuko no Kuromaro
624:. Porto, 1947. Sep.
310:History of Indonesia
290:from 1342 to 1345).
1005:16th-century deaths
957:(fl. ca. 1500–1516)
870:Odoric of Pordenone
743:Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas
631:Dias, J. P. Sousa.
134:João II of Portugal
1030:People from Lisbon
1025:History of Malacca
955:'Ali Akbar Khata'i
888:Sa'id of Mogadishu
797:Abu Zayd Al-Sirafi
220:Manuel of Portugal
208:Islam in Indonesia
190:in December 1515.
147:". In Malacca and
982:
981:
815:Sulaiman al-Tajir
785:Yamanoue no Okura
638:Loureiro, Rui M.
540:Cultural Critique
471:978-0-8166-8156-3
376:, p. lxxiii.
196:Malay Archipelago
84:
83:
1067:
682:
675:
668:
659:
653:
626:Jornal do Médico
620:Dias, J. Lopes.
603:. Coimbra, 1978.
570:
535:
516:
483:
454:
435:Albuquerque, L.
424:
410:
404:
398:
392:
391:, p. lxxvi.
386:
377:
371:
360:
357:
351:
345:
329:
326:
19:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1064:
985:
984:
983:
978:
949:Leonel de Sousa
925:Galeote Pereira
913:Kenchū Keimitsu
899:
890:(1301– ? )
826:
773:Awata no Mahito
767:Abe no Nakamaro
689:
686:
645:
610:. Lisboa, 1945.
596:
594:Further reading
567:
552:
532:
519:
486:
472:
457:
446:
432:
427:
411:
407:
399:
395:
387:
380:
372:
363:
359:(Pires 1990:xi)
358:
354:
346:
342:
338:
333:
332:
327:
323:
318:
296:
260:Zhengde Emperor
244:
180:
126:
56:
51:
42:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1073:
1071:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
987:
986:
980:
979:
977:
976:
970:
964:
958:
952:
946:
940:
934:
928:
922:
916:
909:
907:
901:
900:
898:
897:
891:
885:
879:
873:
867:
861:
855:
852:Ahmad Fanakati
849:
843:
836:
834:
828:
827:
825:
824:
821:Vairocanavajra
818:
812:
806:
803:Ch'oe Ch'i-wŏn
800:
794:
788:
782:
779:Kibi no Makibi
776:
770:
764:
758:
752:
746:
740:
734:
728:
722:
716:
710:
707:Śubhakarasiṃha
704:
697:
695:
691:
690:
687:
685:
684:
677:
670:
662:
656:
655:
643:
636:
629:
618:
611:
604:
595:
592:
591:
590:
571:
565:
550:
543:
536:
530:
517:
484:
470:
455:
444:
431:
428:
426:
425:
405:
393:
378:
361:
352:
339:
337:
334:
331:
330:
320:
319:
317:
314:
313:
312:
307:
302:
295:
292:
243:
240:
228:Duarte Barbosa
179:
173:
125:
122:
82:
81:
72:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
52:
48:
44:
43:
34:
30:
26:
25:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1072:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
992:
990:
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
931:Jorge Álvares
929:
926:
923:
921:(fl. 1419-22)
920:
917:
914:
911:
910:
908:
906:
902:
895:
892:
889:
886:
883:
880:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
837:
835:
833:
829:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
698:
696:
692:
683:
678:
676:
671:
669:
664:
663:
660:
651:
650:
644:
641:
637:
634:
630:
627:
623:
619:
616:
613:Cortesão, A.
612:
609:
606:Cortesão, A.
605:
602:
599:Cortesão, A.
598:
597:
593:
588:
587:0-521-24333-5
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
566:0-333-57689-6
562:
558:
557:
551:
548:
544:
541:
537:
533:
527:
523:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
499:(1): 87–102.
498:
494:
490:
485:
481:
477:
473:
467:
463:
462:
456:
452:
451:
445:
442:
438:
434:
433:
429:
423:
422:81-206-0535-7
419:
415:
409:
406:
403:
397:
394:
390:
389:Cortesão 1944
385:
383:
379:
375:
374:Cortesão 1944
370:
368:
366:
362:
356:
353:
349:
348:Cortesão 1944
344:
341:
335:
325:
322:
315:
311:
308:
306:
305:Jorge Álvares
303:
301:
298:
297:
293:
291:
289:
285:
280:
278:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
241:
239:
236:
235:Suma Oriental
231:
229:
225:
221:
216:
215:Suma Oriental
211:
209:
205:
201:
200:Spice Islands
197:
191:
189:
185:
178:
177:Suma Oriental
174:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
141:
139:
135:
131:
123:
121:
119:
115:
114:Suma Oriental
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
80:
76:
73:
71:Occupation(s)
69:
66:
63:
59:
55:
49:
45:
41:
37:
31:
27:
20:
995:1460s births
961:Matteo Ricci
942:
905:Ming dynasty
876:Dhyānabhadra
832:Yuan dynasty
731:Ono no Imoko
648:
639:
632:
625:
621:
614:
607:
600:
578:
555:
546:
539:
521:
496:
492:
460:
449:
440:
437:“Tomé Pires”
430:Bibliography
413:
408:
396:
355:
343:
324:
281:
245:
234:
232:
214:
212:
203:
192:
183:
181:
176:
142:
127:
113:
111:
86:
85:
50:1524 or 1540
973:Ivan Petlin
969:(1591–1666)
963:(1552–1610)
945:(1465–1540)
927:(1549-1553)
896:(1304–1369)
894:Ibn Battuta
884:(1290–1353)
878:(1289-1363)
872:(1286–1331)
866:(1254–1324)
860:(1247–1328)
854:(1242—1282)
848:(1230–1309)
842:(1211–1279)
755:Amoghavajra
268:Mahmud Shah
145:spice trade
105:, recently
61:Nationality
989:Categories
943:Tomé Pires
864:Marco Polo
713:Vajrabodhi
701:Kumārajīva
531:1875567364
157:Indonesian
91:apothecary
87:Tomé Pires
75:Apothecary
65:Portuguese
23:Tomé Pires
975:(17th c.)
951:(16th c.)
939:(16th c.)
933:(16th c.)
915:(15th c.)
823:(12th c.)
763:(770-842)
757:(705–774)
751:(704–760)
749:Bodhisena
719:Peroz III
715:(671–741)
709:(637-735)
703:(344–413)
505:1045-6007
480:227038282
336:Citations
316:Footnotes
124:Biography
99:Cannanore
817:(9th c.)
811:(9th c.)
805:(9th c.)
799:(9th c.)
793:(8th c.)
787:(8th c.)
781:(8th c.)
775:(8th c.)
769:(8th c.)
745:(7th c.)
739:(7th c.)
733:(7th c.)
727:(7th c.)
721:(7th c.)
694:Pre-Yuan
513:43901825
294:See also
256:Manuel I
198:and the
79:diplomat
40:Portugal
725:Narsieh
288:Beijing
277:Jiangsu
272:Malacca
165:Sumatra
118:Red Sea
103:Malacca
32:c. 1468
791:Hyecho
585:
563:
528:
511:
503:
478:
468:
420:
248:Canton
224:Lisbon
204:Jampon
169:Maluku
149:Cochin
138:Afonso
130:Leiria
95:factor
36:Lisbon
809:Egaku
509:JSTOR
439:, in
264:China
153:Malay
54:China
583:ISBN
561:ISBN
526:ISBN
501:ISSN
476:OCLC
466:ISBN
418:ISBN
233:The
213:The
175:The
167:and
161:Java
47:Died
29:Born
577:in
262:of
258:to
991::
507:.
497:27
495:.
491:.
474:.
381:^
364:^
230:.
210:.
171:.
163:,
77:,
38:,
681:e
674:t
667:v
589:.
569:.
534:.
515:.
482:.
155:-
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.