733:
of material was used to build almost the whole main building, which was then used to store materials for further construction. The construction took place towards the end of the
Antarctic summer and lasted seven days. As the first delivery did not contain all the necessary construction materials and systems, the main building and surrounding containers were winterised and the construction activities continued the following year. For Antarctica, weather conditions were very favourable during the construction, but the temperature was still between −8–+6 °C (18–43 °F) and the winds reached 120 kilometres per hour (75 mph), sometimes blowing incessantly for several days.
1881:
3815:
104:
1905:
177:
544:. However, the proposal was refused, primarily due to the number of existing stations in the area and a proposal submitted by other countries to declare the area protected. There was also the option of using one of the mothballed British stations, but none of them met the needs of the Czech scientific expedition. Therefore, a new location was chosen and presented at the next Committee conference, which took place in
4055:
556:, more than 70 kilometres (43 mi) to the south-east – were the most obvious benefits of this location. The project documentation of the station was completed during the next conference of the Committee for Environmental Protection in 2003, but it was refused due to changes made after the deadline. It was approved the following year, with almost no changes to the scope of construction, at a conference in
111:
4065:
25:
1893:
870:. It allows data exchange at a speed of up to 492 Kbit/s. The station equipment also includes a ramp and a waste water disposal system discharging treated waste water into the sea. The design of the station and all its systems fully respects all environmental requirements and regulations listed in the appendix to the
1003:. One of the projects assessed the stress of polar researches during their stay at the station and the extent to which their bodies accommodated to the conditions in Antarctica, while another project studied ageing of plastic materials in the extreme Antarctic weather. Institutions from other countries, such as the
732:
The icebreaker approached the construction site in the morning of 24 February 2004. During the two days that followed, eight containers weighing together 130 tonnes (286,601 pounds) were unloaded from the ship. Construction works started as soon as the ship was unloaded. This first delivery
479:
to carry out research at the Polish station, which is one of eight stations located in that area. This cooperation continued until 1997. However, working at a foreign station proved to be unsuitable due to conflicts between the individual research teams. Afterwards, it was proposed to build a common
827:
There are nine containers around the main building measuring 6 by 2.5 by 2.6 metres (19.7 ft × 8.2 ft × 8.5 ft), which have been converted to storage places for engine generators and spare parts, garages, a waste incinerator and a power generator. Attached to the containers
845:
covering a wall area of 36 square metres (390 sq ft) are installed on the northern side of the building, which receives the most solar radiation, and are capable of heating the air up to 55 °C (131 °F). The hot air is blown inside the building, keeping the indoor temperature at
836:
The station is seasonal and is only operated during the summer months, with about 20 people working at the station. Heating and obtaining drinking water would be difficult outside the summer season: the water would have to be obtained by melting snow, requiring a large amount of diesel oil. The
784:
structure (26.5 by 11.5 metres (87 ft × 38 ft), 2.8–3.6 metres (9.2–11.8 ft) high) used for accommodation, cooking, and eating as well as for leisure and research activities. There are twelve single or twin rooms, two shared studies, a dining room, a small kitchen, sanitary
3329:
861:
Water is obtained from a nearby stream; however, as the stream occasionally freezes over in
February and March, water is also stored in special containers inside the building. Communication with the outside world is possible thanks to the Bender satellite technology system based on the
652:
cast by the
Antarctic Peninsula, the annual precipitation is low – about 300 millimetres (12 in) –and the occasional snowfall quickly melts and is absorbed into the ground. This is because the station is located on a marine terrace formed by compact fine sand
443:. (Later on, Australia, Russia, and China all built their stations in this area.) However, the project was cancelled again despite sufficient funding. This time, it failed to find a federal institution willing to support it and submit the plan for approval to the
431:
and geological research in
Czechoslovakia. However, the efforts to build the station came to an end at the beginning of the 1970s due to a lack of funding. At the same time, interest in investing into research in such a distant and unusual location began to wane.
846:
17–19 °C (63–66 °F). Originally, there were also flat plate collectors heating water for the kitchen and the bathroom during warm days attached to the wall. However, the capacity of these collectors was found to be insufficient; they were removed and
3300:
3236:
903:
The location of the station had not been researched before the station was built, even though the area is attractive for the type of projects that are the focus of the Czech research in
Antarctica. From geological perspective, it is an area of
629:. The Mendel Polar Station building and facilities are located on the northern coast of James Ross Island, on a slightly stony beach about 80–100 metres (260–330 ft) from the shoreline at an altitude of 9 metres (30 ft) between the
657:). In 2008, the minimum temperature was −35 °C (−31 °F) and the maximum temperature was 12.5 °C (54.5 °F) (mean −4.6 °C (23.7 °F)); the minimum humidity was 71.2% and the maximum humidity was 88.1% (mean 81%).
688:. During the preparations phase, some parts were assembled and tried out to reduce on-site construction time and eliminate potential problems. Transport of construction material started in November 2004. The material was sent first to
3278:
854:. The rest of the required electric energy is produced by diesel generators. Depending on the weather, sources of renewable energy provide 60–90% of the energy consumed by the station. The station uses the Argentinian time zone
775:
Compared to other older
Antarctic bases, the station is rather small and stands out among the often overlarge buildings previously built in Antarctica by other countries. The design of the whole complex revolves around the
511:
in
Antarctica continued between 1999 and 2004. As there was still no Czech station (even though preparations for construction were already under way), the research was carried out at the stations of the United Kingdom and
1124:
741:
After all the necessary preparations, the station was inaugurated and christened on 22 February 2007. The members of the scientific team, a representative from the Czech embassy in
Argentina and the dean of the
568:
The structure of the station had to meet two requirements: minimum energy consumption and minimum environmental burden for the surrounding area. The main principles for the construction of the station included:
828:
are wind turbines that can be folded if the wind is too strong. The fact that the individual structures are scattered around in the area decreases the risk of a fire or an environmental disaster.
2665:
884:
816:). The floor and the ceilings are constructed in a similar way, but they are thicker – 320 millimetres (13 in). The roof slopes to the south at a pitch of 5% and is covered with a
755:
960:
468:
1528:
4109:
2047:
2902:
891:. In case of sudden withdrawal of funds or budget cuts – as in 2015, when only six researchers could leave for the station – the missing finances should be provided by the
3872:
1110:
1023:
also participate in the research. Available spots at the station are offered to researchers and students at both Czech and foreign universities and research institutions.
1683:
3420:
2630:
605:. This peninsula juts out from mainland Antarctica to the north towards the southern tip of South America. The first sailor to reach James Ross Island was probably
850:
producing electric energy were installed in their place. Electricity is also produced by eight 1.5 kW wind turbines; the energy they produce can be stored in
1570:
1859:
552:
and it is the place where the station was finally built. The ice-free surroundings and large distance from other station – the closest one is the
Argentinian
1937:
641:
that disintegrated in the summer of 1994. However, it is still full of ice floes and pieces of icebergs, so ship transport remains complicated (as of 2010).
3557:
2163:
533:
476:
2567:
4104:
3682:
3263:
2287:
2040:
1596:
964:
508:
464:
448:
46:
33:
3307:
2014:
1757:
2824:
762:, which was chosen in a tender. The station construction costs amounted to approximately 60 million Czech crowns (€2,1M as of February 2007).
573:
Providing sufficient facilities for work, research, equipment, and leisure, as well as sanitation facilities and facilities for cooking and eating;
103:
3336:
1988:
138:
1032:
2422:
1623:
2168:
1838:
1811:
1792:
1118:
439:(now Czech Geological Survey). At the same time, they chose a location where the base was to be built: in the eastern part of Antarctica on
4073:
2033:
867:
792:
embedded in the shallow foundations of the building; this structure is no less than 40 centimetres (16 in) above the ground to reduce
1435:"Climatic and ecological characteristics of deglaciated area of James Ross Island, Antarctica, with a special respect to vegetation cover"
1532:
537:
3836:
3039:
2453:
1962:
472:
3877:
2841:
2501:
613:
found out that
Haddington Land is actually an island and called it James Ross Island in honour of its discoverer. They also named the
548:. This time, the proposed location of the station was approved without any further problems. The location was at the northern tip of
3614:
3472:
444:
2640:
967:
started a joint botanical project of cyanobacteria research. The MU Faculty of Science also prepared a research project focused on
3973:
3887:
2650:
2079:
1930:
1004:
943:
The research projects in the area had started before the construction of the station and included geological research led by the
924:
have been observed in this area since the mid 20th century in the retreat of glaciers and colonisation of the exposed surface by
4094:
3968:
3851:
3629:
3550:
3285:
3187:
2812:
2414:
2191:
2056:
1056:
1016:
536:, approximately 200 kilometres (120 mi) north of the current location. In 2001 the proposed location was submitted to the
398:. Thanks to the research carried out at the station, the Czech Republic is one of the countries who have a voting right in the
85:
1321:"Facilities of J. G. Mendel Antarctic station: Technical and technological solutions with a special respect to energy sources"
3841:
3034:
2196:
637:
headlands. It faces the Prince Gustav Channel, which is 10–20 kilometres (6.2–12.4 mi) long and used to be covered by a
2150:
956:
743:
3831:
3793:
3604:
3442:
2606:
2122:
1008:
983:
of most birds starts in mid November, while ornithologist usually arrive at the station only at the beginning of January.
609:
in the 19th century, who called it "Haddington Land". It was not until the winter of 1902/1903 that the expedition led by
1871:
3742:
3672:
3619:
3592:
2931:
2873:
2687:
2353:
2173:
1020:
529:
648:– represents one of the largest ice-free areas of Antarctica. Up to 80% of the island area is free of ice. Thanks to a
4099:
3856:
3788:
3677:
3400:
3141:
2682:
1923:
415:
A plan to build a Czech polar station first appeared in the 1960s. It was driven partly by political interests of the
2239:
975:. The area surrounding the station was also geologically mapped by the Czech Geological Survey. There has been basic
932:
species. The freshwater lakes in the surrounding area contain interesting and hitherto uninvestigated communities of
851:
3938:
3923:
3882:
3846:
3543:
3131:
2645:
2465:
2338:
2330:
838:
796:
caused by the cold Antarctic soil. The walls are 265 millimetres (10.4 in) thick and they are built using the
500:). However, this proposal was later rejected due to problems with the distribution of funding among the countries.
38:
3597:
2618:
2343:
1998:
921:
579:
Using suitable construction materials (especially with regard to thermal insulation and resistance to corrosion);
892:
3958:
3948:
3732:
3704:
3660:
2868:
2788:
2371:
2318:
2307:
2275:
2158:
1012:
3516:
3088:
944:
684:
Structural elements and parts of the infrastructure needed for the station were produced in 2001–2002 in the
436:
3988:
3892:
3778:
3574:
3390:
2723:
2313:
2299:
1972:
883:
The annual cost of operating the station is 11 million Czech crowns and is mostly covered by the Czech
871:
842:
399:
4114:
3963:
3783:
3324:
3119:
2919:
2836:
2776:
2361:
1036:
4068:
3290:
3983:
3933:
3928:
3823:
3665:
3609:
3587:
3083:
2890:
2885:
1909:
1885:
1199:
1061:
801:
618:
1653:
1392:
1044:
758:
and owned by the Masaryk University. The whole complex was built by the PSG-International company from
1864:
1047:. However, this station hosts international research and is therefore not considered a Czech station.
3231:
2655:
2251:
610:
3312:
3295:
4058:
4035:
3993:
3943:
3918:
3692:
3650:
3095:
2404:
602:
203:
560:. The transport of material to the future location of the station started already in autumn 2004.
379:
the 26th country to have its own scientific base on the continent. The station is the property of
372:
3978:
3273:
1946:
1709:
1103:
987:
research focused on fish in coastal waters and their parasites and there was also a study on the
925:
888:
817:
804:
with insulation filling in between the boards. The external surface of the walls is covered with
621:. It is an area with low concentration of polar stations; the closest station is the Argentinian
504:
460:
380:
2660:
2112:
3511:
895:, which was founded in 2014 and is led by the founder of the Czech polar station Pavel Prošek.
797:
4040:
3913:
3582:
3462:
3385:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3073:
3068:
2993:
2988:
2800:
2752:
2562:
2399:
2263:
2234:
1834:
1807:
1788:
1600:
1114:
701:
598:
549:
481:
368:
195:
4030:
3395:
3370:
3219:
3175:
3107:
3078:
2851:
2846:
2740:
2594:
2376:
2087:
1897:
1449:
1335:
992:
606:
541:
1547:
4014:
3798:
3773:
3699:
3655:
3645:
3499:
3482:
3477:
3430:
3268:
3170:
3022:
2983:
2427:
2201:
1993:
638:
4024:
4019:
4009:
3908:
3722:
3457:
3405:
3051:
3010:
2735:
2711:
2582:
2557:
2432:
2381:
2140:
2097:
1684:"Vědci z Brna budou na polární stanici v Antarktidě zkoumat, jak rychle stárnou plasty"
980:
866:
network and developed in cooperation with the Faculty of Electrical Engineering at the
685:
626:
485:
376:
356:
182:
4088:
3953:
3747:
3487:
3158:
2936:
2856:
2764:
2572:
2552:
2366:
2135:
2130:
2102:
952:
937:
645:
622:
553:
395:
392:
242:
1865:
Hyde Park Civilizace – Interview with Pavel Prošek, the founder of the polar station
3467:
3447:
3365:
3346:
3153:
2914:
2635:
2513:
2107:
2092:
1320:
996:
909:
789:
708:, could not set out at all due to its poor technical condition and the second one,
693:
670:
Diverse surrounding area allows the broadest possible range of research activities.
634:
525:
416:
2025:
1758:"Rozhovor s polárníkem Jaroslavem Pavlíčkem: V Antarktidě se zvířata nebojí lidí"
716:
on its way to the loading site. The third attempt, which used a Chilean military
664:
Can be reached by boat or helicopter from the nearest surrounding polar stations;
3757:
3737:
3375:
3056:
2998:
2670:
2577:
2391:
1687:
984:
976:
972:
968:
948:
821:
649:
630:
428:
199:
3814:
3687:
3566:
3425:
3199:
2477:
2222:
1040:
847:
813:
717:
660:
The specific location of the station was chosen based on three main criteria:
424:
364:
207:
190:
124:
1571:"Na Antarktidu odletělo jen šest vědců z Brna. Na expedici přišlo méně peněz"
582:
Using environmentally friendly sources of electricity (the sun and the wind);
153:
140:
3727:
3452:
3415:
3410:
3360:
959:. As the construction was nearing completion, the Faculty of Science of the
928:. Many organisms are completely new to science and there is a high share of
913:
855:
793:
557:
440:
808:
to protect the structure from adverse effects of the environment (sea salt
588:
Ensuring suitable and sufficiently environmentally friendly waste disposal.
24:
3317:
3752:
3380:
3341:
2489:
1000:
988:
929:
863:
654:
489:
388:
375:. The official opening ceremony took place in February 2007 and made the
343:
237:
1453:
1339:
1434:
917:
809:
805:
777:
759:
689:
513:
497:
420:
3624:
3136:
1915:
614:
545:
493:
1735:
597:
The station is located at 63°48′02.3″ S, 57°52′59.9″ W on
841:
that decreases the consumption of diesel oil in the summer months.
435:
The interest started to grow again in the 1980s on the part of the
3214:
3209:
3204:
2948:
2183:
933:
905:
697:
781:
713:
384:
3539:
2967:
2536:
2067:
2029:
1919:
1597:"Nadace pomůže vědcům s financováním Mendelovy polární stanice"
1529:"Mendelova polární stanice v Antarktidě je technickým unikátem"
704:, but the transport was fraught with problems: the first ship,
1043:
polar station founded in 1988 by another Czech polar explorer
786:
700:. The plan was to transport everything from there directly to
18:
3535:
1624:"Mendelova polární stanice; V zemi kamení a chladného slunce"
756:
Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic
1854:
971:
in the area; besides UV radiation, the project also studied
110:
785:
facilities, and a drying room. There is a grating made of
780:
conditions in the area. The main building is a one-storey
1787:(in Czech) (1st ed.). Prague: Freytag & Berndt.
908:
sediments rich in fossils with occasional intrusions of
524:
The first site chosen for the future Czech station was
1869:
585:
Providing a fresh water supply from a glacier stream;
4002:
3901:
3865:
3822:
3766:
3715:
3638:
3573:
2441:
2413:
2390:
2352:
2329:
2210:
2182:
2149:
2121:
2078:
2007:
1981:
1955:
338:
301:
293:
285:
277:
269:
261:
256:
248:
236:
221:
213:
189:
169:
73:
3873:Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs
1111:Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs
1098:
1096:
1094:
877:Protocol of Environmental Protection in Antarctica
667:Landing areas are suitable with view to logistics;
1860:National Geographic Česko – the Antarctic Project
1654:"Výzkum v Antarktidě sleduje klima i stres lidí"
1200:"V Antarktidě stojí první česká polární stanice"
1831:Pavel Prošek – profesor v Antarktidě / rozhovor
1472:
1470:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
961:University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice
469:University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice
1833:(in Czech) (1st ed.). Prague: Akropolis.
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
837:station features a well thought-out system of
3551:
2041:
1931:
1806:(in Czech) (1st ed.). Prague: Academia.
1393:"Vědcům v Antarktidě ztížila práci tuhá zima"
1057:List of permanent Antarctic research stations
644:The whole north-western part of the island –
361:Česká vědecká stanice Johanna Gregora Mendela
78:Česká vědecká stanice Johanna Gregora Mendela
8:
4110:Science and technology in the Czech Republic
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1244:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
876:
93:Johann Gregor Mendel Czech Antarctic station
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
371:. It was founded by a Czech polar explorer
3635:
3558:
3544:
3536:
2964:
2533:
2075:
2064:
2048:
2034:
2026:
1938:
1924:
1916:
1531:(in Czech). ceskenoviny.cz. Archived from
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
576:Minimising the risk of fire and accidents;
459:In 1994 a group of Czech researchers from
70:
1729:
1727:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1017:Servicio Meteorológico Nacional Argentina
965:Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
509:Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
465:Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
449:Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
387:and was named after the father of modern
2015:Central European Institute of Technology
1682:Kadrnožková, Tereza (10 December 2014).
1314:
991:genus focused on how animals detect the
820:board, which protects the building from
744:Faculty of Science at Masaryk University
419:, but mostly by an effort to expand the
49:of all important aspects of the article.
1989:Film Festival of Faculty of Informatics
1876:
1548:"Kolik časových pásem je v Antarktidě?"
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1090:
1072:
885:Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports
337:
311:
300:
276:
255:
247:
220:
168:
133:
96:
91:
1633:(in Czech). No. 5. pp. 28–31
999:research has described new species of
538:Committee for Environmental Protection
45:Please consider expanding the lead to
957:Masaryk University Faculty of Science
292:
284:
268:
260:
235:
212:
188:
7:
4064:
1855:Polar research of Masaryk University
1130:from the original on 22 October 2022
1009:Instituto Nacional Antártico Chileno
916:activity often took place below the
868:Czech Technical University in Prague
617:separating it from the mainland the
344:Polar Research at Masaryk University
16:Czech research station in Antarctica
1963:Mendel Museum of Masaryk University
1736:"Information in brief for the crew"
1527:Czech News Agency (11 March 2015).
963:and the Institute of Botany at the
473:Czech Hydrometeorological Institute
353:J.G. Mendel Czech Antarctic Station
117:J.G. Mendel Czech Antarctic Station
75:J.G. Mendel Czech Antarctic Station
1599:(Press release) (in Czech). Brno.
1021:Nederlands Instituut voor Ecologie
14:
4105:2007 establishments in Antarctica
1569:Bártová, Eva (28 December 2015).
363:) is a Czech research station in
4063:
4054:
4053:
3813:
1903:
1891:
1879:
754:The project was financed by the
480:station of the countries of the
175:
109:
102:
23:
2057:Research stations in Antarctica
979:research as well; however, the
712:, had an accident close to the
37:may be too short to adequately
1652:Wiesnerová, Ema (April 2014).
922:consequences of climate change
123:Location of Mendel Station in
47:provide an accessible overview
1:
1546:Kolář, Jan (9 January 2015).
1391:Fojtů, Martina (April 2010).
1198:Štětka, Václav (March 2005).
1062:List of Antarctic field camps
1005:Instituto Antártico Argentino
564:Pre-construction preparations
1756:Nejedlý, Petr (8 May 2011).
528:, which is located close to
451:issued a negative decision.
1734:Pavlíček, Jaroslav (n.d.).
1550:(in Czech). prirodovedci.cz
1509:
1488:
1476:
1420:
1378:
1359:
1285:
1273:
1248:
1178:
1155:
1113:. August 2017. p. 67.
1104:Antarctic Station Catalogue
940:and simple animal species.
746:all attended the ceremony.
503:The research activities of
4131:
893:Czech Antarctic Foundation
887:; the rest is paid by the
839:Alternative energy sources
437:Czech Geological Institute
225:22 February 2007
4049:
3811:
2974:
2963:
2543:
2532:
2074:
2063:
1999:Text, Speech and Dialogue
134:
97:
92:
83:
3723:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
1829:Čuřík, Jaroslav (2009).
1760:(in Czech). cestomila.cz
1710:"Volná místa na stanici"
1209:(in Czech). pp. 1–2
1013:British Antarctic Survey
843:Solar thermal collectors
455:Looking for alternatives
447:, as required; even the
77:
3308:Pole of Inaccessibility
1973:Milovice Nature Reserve
1802:Prošek, Pavel (2013a).
1319:Prošek, Pavel (2013b).
1027:Another "Czech" station
945:Czech Geological Survey
400:Antarctic Treaty System
154:63.800623°S 57.882178°W
4095:Outposts of Antarctica
1783:Adámek, Hynek (2010).
1708:Kapler, Pavel (n.d.).
1622:Pavel, Václav (2012).
1037:South Shetland Islands
802:oriented strand boards
800:. They consist of two
639:permanent layer of ice
601:near the coast of the
360:
252:10 m (30 ft)
191:Location in Antarctica
159:-63.800623; -57.882178
1663:(in Czech). p. 6
1433:Láska, Kamil (2011).
1402:(in Czech). p. 4
969:ultraviolet radiation
724:, finally succeeded.
680:Transport of material
619:Prince Gustav Channel
2619:St. Kliment Ohridski
1968:Mendel Polar Station
955:research led by the
771:Individual buildings
750:Construction funding
722:Oscar Almirante Viel
396:Gregor Johann Mendel
4036:Robert Falcon Scott
3693:South magnetic pole
3651:Antarctic Peninsula
3646:Biogeographic realm
2869:Gabriel de Castilla
1454:10.5817/CPR2011-1-5
1442:Czech Polar Reports
1340:10.5817/CPR2013-1-7
1328:Czech Polar Reports
926:non-vascular plants
603:Antarctic Peninsula
540:at a conference in
270: • Winter
262: • Summer
204:Antarctic Peninsula
150: /
4100:Masaryk University
3974:Telecommunications
3888:Territorial claims
2607:Princess Elisabeth
1948:Masaryk University
1500:ONDRUŠKOVÁ, Pavla.
1035:, which is one of
889:Masaryk University
728:Construction works
534:King George Island
520:Construction plans
505:Masaryk University
477:King George Island
461:Masaryk University
381:Masaryk University
217:Masaryk University
4082:
4081:
4041:Ernest Shackleton
3969:Research stations
3914:Antarctic English
3883:National programs
3878:Military activity
3852:COVID-19 pandemic
3809:
3808:
3678:Floristic Kingdom
3583:Antarctic sea ice
3533:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3069:Drescher Ice Camp
2959:
2958:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2454:Comandante Ferraz
2174:Profesor Escudero
2164:General O'Higgins
2023:
2022:
1840:978-80-86903-94-1
1813:978-80-200-2140-3
1794:978-80-8623-623-0
1785:Češi v Antarktidě
1601:Czech News Agency
1535:on 20 March 2015.
1120:978-0-473-40409-3
1045:Jaroslav Pavlíček
702:James Ross Island
611:Otto Nordenskjöld
599:James Ross Island
550:James Ross Island
369:James Ross Island
350:
349:
196:James Ross Island
86:Antarctic station
68:Antarctic station
64:
63:
4122:
4067:
4066:
4057:
4056:
4031:James Clark Ross
4003:Famous explorers
3817:
3636:
3560:
3553:
3546:
3537:
3520:
3350:
3333:
3321:
3304:
3282:
3240:
3108:Dakshin Gangotri
3092:
2965:
2534:
2372:Novolazarevskaya
2240:Dumont d'Urville
2076:
2065:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2027:
1949:
1940:
1933:
1926:
1917:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1875:
1844:
1817:
1798:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1731:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1658:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1628:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1603:. 1 January 2015
1593:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1524:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1439:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1397:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1325:
1316:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1252:
1246:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1204:
1195:
1182:
1176:
1159:
1153:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1129:
1108:
1100:
1080:
1077:
953:geomorphological
878:
872:Antarctic Treaty
790:railway sleepers
737:Opening ceremony
710:Porvenir I.
692:and then to the
607:James Clark Ross
542:Saint Petersburg
445:Federal Assembly
367:on the coast of
346:
232:
230:
185:
181:
179:
178:
165:
164:
162:
161:
160:
155:
151:
148:
147:
146:
143:
113:
112:
106:
71:
59:
56:
50:
27:
19:
4130:
4129:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4085:
4084:
4083:
4078:
4045:
4015:Richard E. Byrd
3998:
3959:Protected areas
3897:
3861:
3818:
3805:
3762:
3716:Bodies of Water
3711:
3700:West Antarctica
3656:East Antarctica
3634:
3569:
3564:
3534:
3525:
3514:
3500:World Park Base
3478:Little Rockford
3344:
3327:
3315:
3298:
3276:
3234:
3086:
2970:
2955:
2656:Julio Ripamonti
2641:González Videla
2553:Almirante Brown
2539:
2520:
2437:
2409:
2386:
2348:
2325:
2206:
2178:
2169:Presidente Frei
2145:
2117:
2070:
2059:
2054:
2024:
2019:
2003:
1994:Freedom Lecture
1977:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1914:
1904:
1902:
1892:
1890:
1880:
1878:
1870:
1851:
1841:
1828:
1825:
1823:Further reading
1820:
1814:
1801:
1795:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1763:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1740:
1738:
1733:
1732:
1725:
1715:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1692:
1690:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1666:
1664:
1656:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1636:
1634:
1631:Ochrana přírody
1626:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1606:
1604:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1580:
1578:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1553:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1526:
1525:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1487:
1483:
1475:
1468:
1458:
1456:
1437:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1405:
1403:
1395:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1377:
1366:
1358:
1354:
1344:
1342:
1323:
1318:
1317:
1292:
1284:
1280:
1272:
1255:
1247:
1222:
1212:
1210:
1202:
1197:
1196:
1185:
1177:
1162:
1154:
1143:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1053:
1039:, there is the
1029:
997:bacteriological
901:
834:
798:K-Kontrolsystem
773:
768:
752:
739:
730:
706:Antarctic Dream
682:
677:
595:
566:
530:King George Bay
522:
457:
413:
408:
342:
334:
310:
309:
228:
226:
214:Administered by
206:
202:
198:
176:
174:
173:
158:
156:
152:
149:
144:
141:
139:
137:
136:
130:
129:
128:
127:
121:
120:
119:
118:
114:
88:
79:
76:
69:
60:
54:
51:
44:
32:This article's
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4128:
4126:
4118:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4087:
4086:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4071:
4061:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4025:Ui-te-Rangiora
4022:
4020:Douglas Mawson
4017:
4012:
4010:Roald Amundsen
4006:
4004:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3949:Gateway cities
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3909:Antarctica Day
3905:
3903:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3828:
3826:
3820:
3819:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3781:
3779:Microorganisms
3776:
3770:
3768:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3743:List of rivers
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3673:Extreme points
3670:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3653:
3648:
3642:
3640:
3633:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3593:Climate change
3585:
3579:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3540:
3531:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3507:Joint Stations
3504:
3503:
3502:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3473:Little America
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3356:United Kingdom
3353:
3352:
3351:
3339:
3334:
3322:
3313:Salyut Station
3310:
3305:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2949:Elichiribehety
2941:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2910:United Kingdom
2907:
2906:
2905:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2837:Leningradskaya
2829:
2828:
2827:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2695:Czech Republic
2692:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2646:Guillermo Mann
2643:
2638:
2633:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2423:Amundsen-Scott
2419:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2396:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2362:Bellingshausen
2358:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2335:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2308:United Kingdom
2304:
2303:
2302:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2218:Czech Republic
2214:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2188:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2155:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2127:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2084:
2082:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2045:
2038:
2030:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1920:
1913:
1912:
1910:Czech Republic
1900:
1888:
1886:Earth sciences
1868:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1850:
1849:External links
1847:
1846:
1845:
1839:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1812:
1799:
1793:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1748:
1723:
1700:
1674:
1644:
1614:
1588:
1561:
1538:
1514:
1502:
1493:
1481:
1466:
1425:
1413:
1383:
1364:
1352:
1290:
1278:
1253:
1220:
1183:
1160:
1141:
1119:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1052:
1049:
1028:
1025:
993:magnetic field
985:Ichthyological
981:Nesting season
977:ornithological
949:climatological
900:
897:
852:NiCd batteries
833:
830:
772:
769:
767:
764:
751:
748:
738:
735:
729:
726:
686:Czech Republic
681:
678:
676:
673:
672:
671:
668:
665:
627:Seymour Island
594:
591:
590:
589:
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:
565:
562:
521:
518:
486:Czech Republic
482:Visegrád Group
456:
453:
429:climatological
412:
409:
407:
404:
377:Czech Republic
348:
347:
340:
336:
335:
333:
332:
329:
326:
323:
320:
317:
314:
307:
306:
305:
303:
299:
298:
295:
291:
290:
287:
283:
282:
279:
275:
274:
271:
267:
266:
263:
259:
258:
254:
253:
250:
246:
245:
240:
234:
233:
223:
219:
218:
215:
211:
210:
193:
187:
186:
183:Czech Republic
171:
167:
166:
132:
131:
122:
116:
115:
108:
107:
101:
100:
99:
98:
95:
94:
90:
89:
84:
81:
80:
74:
67:
62:
61:
41:the key points
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4127:
4116:
4115:Gregor Mendel
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4062:
4060:
4052:
4051:
4048:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4001:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3954:Midwinter Day
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3900:
3894:
3893:Treaty System
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3864:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3821:
3816:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3765:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3748:McMurdo Sound
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3698:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3561:
3556:
3554:
3549:
3547:
3542:
3541:
3538:
3518:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3438:United States
3436:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3348:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3331:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3280:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3264:Komsomolskaya
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3254:Druzhnaya III
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3238:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3074:Georg Forster
3072:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3041:
3040:Arturo Parodi
3038:
3036:
3035:Aguirre Cerda
3033:
3032:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3023:King Baudouin
3021:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2973:
2966:
2962:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2927:United States
2925:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2875:
2874:Juan Carlos I
2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2842:Molodyozhnaya
2840:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2830:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2666:Union Glacier
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2535:
2531:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2415:United States
2412:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2046:
2044:
2039:
2037:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1941:
1936:
1934:
1929:
1927:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1911:
1901:
1899:
1889:
1887:
1877:
1873:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1815:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1759:
1752:
1749:
1737:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1711:
1704:
1701:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1675:
1662:
1655:
1648:
1645:
1632:
1625:
1618:
1615:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1562:
1549:
1542:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1436:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1414:
1401:
1394:
1387:
1384:
1381:, pp. 242–244
1380:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1353:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1288:, pp. 210–217
1287:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1208:
1201:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1126:
1122:
1116:
1112:
1109:(catalogue).
1105:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1085:
1076:
1073:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1033:Nelson Island
1026:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
941:
939:
938:cyanobacteria
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
898:
896:
894:
890:
886:
881:
879:
873:
869:
865:
859:
857:
853:
849:
844:
840:
831:
829:
825:
823:
819:
815:
812:, occasional
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
788:
783:
779:
770:
765:
763:
761:
757:
749:
747:
745:
736:
734:
727:
725:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
679:
674:
669:
666:
663:
662:
661:
658:
656:
651:
647:
646:Ulu Peninsula
642:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
623:Marambio Base
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
592:
587:
584:
581:
578:
575:
572:
571:
570:
563:
561:
559:
555:
554:Marambio Base
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
519:
517:
515:
510:
506:
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
454:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
433:
430:
426:
425:glaciological
422:
418:
411:First efforts
410:
405:
403:
401:
397:
394:
393:meteorologist
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
345:
341:
330:
327:
324:
321:
318:
315:
312:
304:
296:
288:
280:
272:
264:
251:
244:
243:Gregor Mendel
241:
239:
224:
216:
209:
205:
201:
197:
194:
192:
184:
172:
163:
135:Coordinates:
126:
105:
87:
82:
72:
66:
58:
55:February 2021
48:
42:
40:
35:
30:
26:
21:
20:
3939:Firefighting
3924:Demographics
3847:Colonization
3842:World War II
3506:
3494:
3437:
3366:Port Lockroy
3355:
3325:Sodruzhestvo
3259:Druzhnaya IV
3249:Druzhnaya II
3227:Soviet Union
3226:
3220:Sarie Marais
3195:South Africa
3194:
3182:
3165:
3148:
3126:
3120:Giacomo Bove
3114:
3102:
3063:
3046:
3029:
3017:
3005:
2989:Belgrano III
2978:
2943:
2926:
2915:Fossil Bluff
2909:
2897:
2880:
2863:
2831:
2825:Law-Racoviță
2819:
2807:
2801:Machu Picchu
2795:
2783:
2771:
2759:
2747:
2730:
2718:
2706:
2699:
2694:
2677:
2651:Jorge Boonen
2625:
2613:
2601:
2589:
2547:
2508:
2496:
2485:South Africa
2484:
2472:
2460:
2448:
2306:
2294:
2282:
2270:
2258:
2252:Neumayer III
2246:
2229:
2217:
2159:Captain Prat
1967:
1830:
1803:
1784:
1762:. Retrieved
1751:
1739:. Retrieved
1714:. Retrieved
1703:
1691:. Retrieved
1686:(in Czech).
1677:
1665:. Retrieved
1660:
1647:
1635:. Retrieved
1630:
1617:
1605:. Retrieved
1591:
1579:. Retrieved
1574:
1564:
1552:. Retrieved
1541:
1533:the original
1505:
1496:
1484:
1457:. Retrieved
1445:
1441:
1428:
1416:
1404:. Retrieved
1399:
1386:
1355:
1343:. Retrieved
1331:
1327:
1281:
1251:, pp.218–223
1211:. Retrieved
1206:
1132:. Retrieved
1079:According to
1075:
1030:
973:Ozone layers
942:
910:igneous rock
902:
882:
875:
860:
835:
826:
774:
753:
740:
731:
721:
709:
705:
694:Punta Arenas
683:
675:Construction
659:
643:
635:Cape Lachman
596:
567:
526:Turret Point
523:
502:
458:
434:
417:Soviet Union
414:
373:Pavel Prošek
352:
351:
331:Microbiology
319:Geocryology
316:Climatology
65:
52:
36:
34:lead section
4027:(legendary)
3934:Field camps
3832:Expeditions
3758:Weddell Sea
3738:Lake Vostok
3733:Lake Mercer
3605:Ice shelves
3515: [
3345: [
3328: [
3316: [
3299: [
3291:Pionerskaya
3277: [
3244:Druzhnaya I
3235: [
3188:Dobrowolski
3149:New Zealand
3096:Neumayer II
3087: [
3057:Port Martin
2813:Dobrowolski
2760:New Zealand
2595:Vechernyaya
2473:New Zealand
2405:King Sejong
2392:South Korea
2088:Belgrano II
1776:Cited texts
1688:Czech Radio
1512:, pp. 98–99
1362:, pp. 77–79
1276:, pp. 96–99
1181:, pp. 74–76
1158:, pp. 92–93
947:as well as
848:Solar cells
824:radiation.
822:Ultraviolet
814:Dust storms
794:Heat losses
650:rain shadow
631:Bibby Point
475:set out to
322:Glaciology
297:Operational
222:Established
200:Graham Land
157: /
4089:Categories
3837:Heroic Age
3688:South Pole
3598:Heat waves
3567:Antarctica
3337:Sovetskaya
3200:Borga Base
3084:Neumayer I
2984:Belgrano I
2903:ITU PolReC
2661:Risopatrón
2223:Eco-Nelson
2192:Great Wall
2113:San Martín
2069:Year-round
1956:Facilities
1804:Antarktida
1764:2 February
1741:2 February
1716:2 February
1712:(in Czech)
1693:2 February
1667:2 February
1637:2 February
1607:2 February
1581:2 February
1577:(in Czech)
1554:2 February
1459:2 February
1406:2 February
1345:2 February
1213:2 February
1134:16 January
1086:References
1041:Eco-Nelson
718:Icebreaker
421:biological
365:Antarctica
328:Hydrology
325:Limnology
302:Activities
257:Population
229:2007-02-22
208:Antarctica
145:57°52′56″W
142:63°48′02″S
125:Antarctica
3989:Transport
3728:Lake CECs
3705:ice sheet
3661:ice sheet
3630:Volcanoes
3620:Mountains
3575:Geography
3512:Weddell-1
3463:Ellsworth
3453:East Base
3431:Station W
3426:Station V
3421:Station T
3416:Station P
3411:Station O
3406:Station N
3401:Station J
3396:Station G
3391:Station F
3386:Station E
3381:Station D
3376:Station C
3371:Station B
3361:South Ice
3215:SANAE III
3137:Dome Fuji
3006:Australia
2994:Ellsworth
2979:Argentina
2753:Zucchelli
2712:Maldonado
2583:Primavera
2563:Decepción
2548:Argentina
2400:Jang Bogo
2300:Vernadsky
2288:Arctowski
2264:Concordia
2235:Concordia
2197:Zhongshan
2123:Australia
2098:Esperanza
2080:Argentina
1898:Geography
1448:: 49–62.
1334:: 38–57.
832:Operation
558:Cape Town
441:Prydz Bay
249:Elevation
238:Named for
39:summarize
4059:Category
3964:Religion
3866:Politics
3784:Wildlife
3753:Ross Sea
3615:Glaciers
3443:Brockton
3342:Vostok I
3210:SANAE II
3176:Maudheim
3079:Filchner
2937:Shirreff
2852:Russkaya
2847:Progress
2784:Pakistan
2741:Gondwana
2631:Carvajal
2614:Bulgaria
2573:Melchior
2568:Matienzo
2490:SANAE IV
2377:Progress
2103:Marambio
1575:denik.cz
1125:Archived
1051:See also
1001:Bacteria
989:Gammarus
918:glaciers
914:Volcanic
899:Research
864:Inmarsat
696:port in
655:Regolith
593:Location
507:and the
490:Slovakia
389:genetics
281:Seasonal
4069:Commons
3984:Tourism
3929:Economy
3902:Society
3824:History
3794:Mammals
3683:Islands
3639:Regions
3610:Geology
3588:Climate
3483:Plateau
3468:Hallett
3269:Lazarev
3232:Druzhba
3205:SANAE I
3154:Hallett
3064:Germany
3052:Charcot
3018:Belgium
2944:Uruguay
2820:Romania
2731:Germany
2719:Finland
2707:Ecuador
2688:Taishan
2636:Collins
2602:Belgium
2590:Belarus
2514:Artigas
2509:Uruguay
2428:McMurdo
2339:Bharati
2319:Rothera
2295:Ukraine
2247:Germany
2202:Qinling
2108:Orcadas
2093:Carlini
2008:Related
1872:Portals
1491:, p. 91
1479:, p. 88
1423:, p. 82
930:endemic
810:aerosol
806:Plywood
778:Climate
690:Hamburg
514:Ukraine
498:Hungary
406:History
339:Website
313:Botany
227: (
170:Country
3666:shield
3625:Tundra
3458:Eights
3296:Pobeda
3183:Poland
3171:Norway
3166:Norway
3142:Mizuho
3047:France
3011:Wilkes
2999:Sobral
2969:Closed
2898:Turkey
2881:Sweden
2832:Russia
2808:Poland
2789:Jinnah
2772:Norway
2736:Kohnen
2700:Mendel
2683:Kunlun
2671:Yelcho
2578:Petrel
2558:Cámara
2538:Summer
2497:Turkey
2449:Brazil
2442:Others
2433:Palmer
2382:Vostok
2354:Russia
2344:Maitri
2314:Halley
2283:Poland
2271:Norway
2230:France
2211:Europe
2141:Mawson
1982:Events
1837:
1810:
1791:
1510:Adámek
1489:Adámek
1477:Adámek
1421:Adámek
1379:Prošek
1360:Adámek
1286:Prošek
1274:Adámek
1249:Prošek
1179:Adámek
1156:Adámek
1117:
1019:, and
995:. The
920:. The
782:Wooden
615:Strait
546:Warsaw
494:Poland
391:, the
294:Status
289:Summer
286:Period
180:
4074:Index
3994:Women
3944:Flags
3919:Crime
3857:Years
3799:Krill
3789:Birds
3774:Flora
3519:]
3495:Other
3488:Siple
3349:]
3332:]
3320:]
3303:]
3286:Oasis
3281:]
3239:]
3159:Vanda
3132:Asuka
3127:Japan
3115:Italy
3103:India
3091:]
3030:Chile
2932:Lenie
2920:Signy
2864:Spain
2857:Soyuz
2765:Vanda
2748:Italy
2678:China
2626:Chile
2478:Scott
2466:Showa
2461:Japan
2367:Mirny
2331:India
2276:Troll
2259:Italy
2184:China
2151:Chile
2136:Davis
2131:Casey
1657:(PDF)
1627:(pdf)
1438:(PDF)
1396:(PDF)
1324:(PDF)
1203:(PDF)
1128:(PDF)
1107:(PDF)
1068:Notes
934:algae
906:chalk
856:UTC−3
698:Chile
484:(the
357:Czech
3979:Time
3767:Life
3448:Byrd
2891:Wasa
2886:Svea
2796:Peru
2724:Aboa
2502:TARS
1835:ISBN
1808:ISBN
1789:ISBN
1766:2017
1743:2017
1718:2017
1695:2017
1669:2017
1661:muni
1639:2017
1609:2017
1583:2017
1556:2017
1461:2017
1408:2017
1400:muni
1347:2017
1215:2017
1207:muni
1136:2023
1115:ISBN
951:and
766:Base
760:Zlín
714:Port
633:and
496:and
471:and
385:Brno
308:List
278:Type
3274:Mir
2777:Tor
1450:doi
1336:doi
1031:On
880:).
818:PVC
787:Oak
625:on
532:on
383:in
4091::
3517:ru
3347:es
3330:ru
3318:lt
3301:ru
3279:ru
3237:ru
3089:de
1726:^
1659:.
1629:.
1573:.
1517:^
1469:^
1444:.
1440:.
1398:.
1367:^
1330:.
1326:.
1293:^
1256:^
1223:^
1205:.
1186:^
1163:^
1144:^
1123:.
1093:^
1015:,
1011:,
1007:,
936:,
912:.
858:.
720:,
516:.
492:,
488:,
467:,
463:,
427:,
423:,
402:.
359::
265:20
3559:e
3552:t
3545:v
2049:e
2042:t
2035:v
1939:e
1932:t
1925:v
1874::
1843:.
1816:.
1797:.
1768:.
1745:.
1720:.
1697:.
1671:.
1641:.
1611:.
1585:.
1558:.
1463:.
1452::
1446:1
1410:.
1349:.
1338::
1332:3
1217:.
1138:.
874:(
653:(
355:(
273:0
231:)
57:)
53:(
43:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
