1673:
76:
2705:
4048:
2517:
912:
2955:
3453:
2128:
174:
5624:
1909:
2529:
62:
3431:
938:
2045:
1928:
3813:
2814:
2506:
952:
2922:. The theory was that under the federation, social and economic inequities between the Czech and Slovak halves of the state would be largely eliminated. A number of ministries, such as education, now became two formally equal bodies in the two formally equal republics. However, the centralized political control by the Czechoslovak Communist Party severely limited the effects of federalization.
2066:
2869:
1920:
2648:, German minister of state for Bohemia and Moravia, some 350,000 Czech laborers were dispatched to the Reich. Within the protectorate, all non-war-related industry was prohibited. Most of the Czech population obeyed quiescently up until the final months preceding the end of the war, while thousands were involved in the
3744:
Foreign Trade: Exports were estimated at US$ 17.8 billion in 1985. Exports were machinery (55%), fuel and materials (14%), and manufactured consumer goods (16%). Imports stood at an estimated US$ 17.9 billion in 1985, including fuel and materials (41%), machinery (33%), and agricultural and
3740:
Agriculture: Agriculture was a minor sector, but collectivized farms of large acreage and relatively efficient mode of production enabled the country to be relatively self-sufficient in the food supply. The country depended on imports of grains (mainly for livestock feed) in years of adverse weather.
2475:
Czech-Slovak relations came to be a central issue in
Czechoslovak politics during the 1930s. The increasing feeling of inferiority among the Slovaks, who were hostile to the more numerous Czechs, weakened the country in the late 1930s. Slovakia became autonomous in the fall of 1938, and by mid-1939,
2929:. The movement sought greater political participation and expression in the face of official disapproval, manifested in limitations on work activities, which went as far as a ban on professional employment, the refusal of higher education for the dissidents' children, police harassment and prison.
2910:
against the occupation. This resistance involved a wide range of acts of non-cooperation and defiance: this was followed by a period in which the
Czechoslovak Communist Party leadership, having been forced in Moscow to make concessions to the Soviet Union, gradually put the brakes on their earlier
2460:
During the period between the two world wars
Czechoslovakia was a democratic state. The population was generally literate, and contained fewer alienated groups. The influence of these conditions was augmented by the political values of Czechoslovakia's leaders and the policies they adopted. Under
3422:
was elected first secretary of the KSČ in 1969 (changed to general secretary in 1971) and president of
Czechoslovakia in 1975. Other parties and organizations existed but functioned in subordinate roles to the KSČ. All political parties, as well as numerous mass organizations, were grouped under
2864:
The currency reform of 1953 caused dissatisfaction among
Czechoslovak laborers. To equalize the wage rate, Czechoslovaks had to turn in their old money for new at a decreased value. The banks also confiscated savings and bank deposits to control the amount of money in circulation. In the 1950s,
2861:, reflecting economic discontent. Police and army units put down the rebellion, and hundreds were injured but no one was killed. While its economy remained more advanced than those of its neighbors in Eastern Europe, Czechoslovakia grew increasingly economically weak relative to Western Europe.
3736:
and manufacturing dominated the sector, including machinery, chemicals, food processing, metallurgy, and textiles. The sector was wasteful in its use of energy, materials, and labor and was slow to upgrade technology, but the country was a major supplier of high-quality machinery, instruments,
3663:(capital of Slovakia); these were divided into 109–114 okresy; the kraje were abolished temporarily in Slovakia in 1969–1970 and for many purposes from 1991 in Czechoslovakia; in addition, the Czech Socialist Republic and the Slovak Socialist Republic were established in 1969 (without the word
2761:
in the
December 1938 elections. Almost every decree explicitly stated that the sanctions did not apply to antifascists. Some 250,000 Germans, many married to Czechs, some antifascists, and also those required for the post-war reconstruction of the country, remained in Czechoslovakia. The Beneš
2589:
The eventual goal of the German state under Nazi leadership was to eradicate Czech nationality through assimilation, deportation, and extermination of the Czech intelligentsia; the intellectual elites and middle class made up a considerable number of the 200,000 people who passed through
4029:. Private ownership of any publication or agency of the mass media was generally forbidden, although churches and other organizations published small periodicals and newspapers. Even with this information monopoly in the hands of organizations under KSČ control, all publications were
2159:(4%). Many of the Germans, Hungarians, Ruthenians and Poles and some Slovaks, felt oppressed because the political elite did not generally allow political autonomy for minority ethnic groups. This policy led to unrest among the non-Czech population, particularly in German-speaking
2021:
in France and Italy, while large numbers deserted to Russia in exchange for its support for the independence of
Czechoslovakia from the Austrian Empire. With the outbreak of World War I, Masaryk began working for Czech independence in a union with Slovakia. With Edvard Beneš and
1122:
2785:
made up a large proportion of the town and region's population until the late 1980s/early 1990s. Although defined as "Greeks", the Greek
Communist community of Krnov and the Jeseniky region actually consisted of an ethnically diverse population, including
4302:
4013:
During the era between the World Wars, Czechoslovak democracy and liberalism facilitated conditions for free publication. The most significant daily newspapers in these times were Lidové noviny, Národní listy, Český deník and Československá Republika.
3495:), 1971, 1975, 1978, and 1989 (at which point the leading role of the Communist Party was abolished). It was amended several more times during 1990–1992 (for example, 1990, name change to Czecho-Slovakia, 1991 incorporation of the human rights charter)
2667:(118,000 according to the 1930 census) were virtually annihilated. Many Jews emigrated after 1939; more than 70,000 were killed; 8,000 survived at Terezín. Several thousand Jews managed to live in freedom or in hiding throughout the occupation.
2616:
by the Nazi state. In 1940, in a secret Nazi plan for the
Germanization of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia it was declared that those considered to be of racially Mongoloid origin and the Czech intelligentsia were not to be Germanized.
4748:
PRECLÍK, Vratislav. Masaryk a legie (Masaryk and legions), váz. kniha, 219 str., vydalo nakladatelství Paris Karviná, Žižkova 2379 (734 01 Karviná) ve spolupráci s
Masarykovým demokratickým hnutím (Masaryk Democratic Movement, Prague), 2019,
2744:
who had accepted German or Hungarian citizenship during the occupations. In 1948, this provision was cancelled for the Hungarians, but only partially for the Germans. The government then confiscated the property of the Germans and
4513:"Ján Kačala: Máme nový názov federatívnej republiky (The New Name of the Federal Republic), In: Kultúra Slova (official publication of the Slovak Academy of Sciences Ľudovít Štúr Institute of Linguistics) 6/1990 pp. 192–197"
2186:
surfaced again. The governments of Czechoslovakia and other Central European nations deported ethnic Germans, reducing the presence of minorities in the nation. Most of the Jews had been killed during the war by the Nazis.
3748:
Exchange rate: Official, or commercial, the rate was crowns (Kčs) 5.4 per US$ 1 in 1987. Tourist, or non-commercial, the rate was Kčs 10.5 per US$ 1. Neither rate reflected purchasing power. The exchange rate on the
2670:
Despite the estimated 136,000 deaths at the hands of the Nazi regime, the population in the Reichsprotektorate saw a net increase during the war years of approximately 250,000 in line with an increased birth rate.
2857:. Since citizens lacked significant electoral methods of registering protest against government policies, periodically there were street protests that became violent. For example, there were riots in the town of
1969:. Nationalism became a mass movement in the second half of the 19th century. Taking advantage of the limited opportunities for participation in political life under Austrian rule, Czech leaders such as historian
1196:(the territories of southern Slovakia with a predominantly Hungarian population to Hungary and Zaolzie with a predominantly Polish population to Poland). Between 1939 and 1945, the state ceased to exist, as
2472:", 1921–38) directed against Hungarian attempts to reclaim lost areas. Beneš worked closely with France. Far more dangerous was the German element, which after 1933 became allied with the Nazis in Germany.
2178:), to the disagreement of Slovaks and other ethnic groups. Once a unified Czechoslovakia was restored after World War II (after the country had been divided during the war), the conflict between the
6039:
1556:
The weather is mild winters and mild summers. Influenced by the Atlantic Ocean from the west, the Baltic Sea from the north, and Mediterranean Sea from the south. There is no continental weather.
2889:
2077:
ceased to exist in 1918 when it was incorporated into Czechoslovakia. Czechoslovakia was founded in October 1918, as one of the successor states of the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the end of
2865:
Czechoslovakia experienced high economic growth (averaging 7% per year), which allowed for a substantial increase in wages and living standards, thus promoting the stability of the regime.
1973:(1798–1876) founded various patriotic, self-help organizations which provided a chance for many of their compatriots to participate in communal life before independence. Palacký supported
1291:, which began on 17 November 1989 and ended 11 days later on 28 November when all of the top Communist leaders and Communist party itself resigned. On 31 December 1992, Czechoslovakia
5473:
6958:
6948:
5770:
5192:
2659:
was a period of brutal oppression. Czech losses resulting from political persecution and deaths in concentration camps totaled between 36,000 and 55,000. The Jewish populations of
3974:
5284:
5447:
4870:
1540:
The country was of generally irregular terrain. The western area was part of the north-central European uplands. The eastern region was composed of the northern reaches of the
6953:
6943:
4285:
1884:
6547:
6938:
6928:
6542:
3032:
6032:
3549:
75:
3759:
Fiscal policy: The state was the exclusive owner of means of production in most cases. Revenue from state enterprises was the primary source of revenues followed by
6522:
6517:
5527:
6846:
6933:
6923:
860:
686:
4421:
173:
5593:
1734:
4200:
was an Olympic gold medallist in gymnastics, winning seven gold medals and four silver medals. She represented Czechoslovakia in three consecutive Olympics.
3075:
2980:
691:
6025:
163:
6489:
5792:
1340:
in 1938, the region gradually turned into a state with loosened connections among the Czech, Slovak, and Ruthenian parts. A strip of southern Slovakia and
6512:
3561:
681:
5904:
3693:
Before World War II, the economy was about the fourth in all industrial countries in Europe. The state was based on strong economy, manufacturing cars (
3469:
3399:
3096:
3089:
3082:
3068:
2949:
2695:
1833:
4904:
5782:
4848:
3773:
3516:
629:
4717:
5054:
1931:
1766:
1694:
6291:
2895:
viewed this intervention as vital for the preservation of the Soviet, socialist system and vowed to intervene in any state that sought to replace
2746:
1877:
6087:
6963:
6567:
6392:
6067:
5608:
4008:
3447:
3347:
2885:
2082:
1812:
1672:
1272:
783:
3867:, a Czech entrepreneur and visionary, outlined his ideas in the publication "Budujme stát pro 40 milionů lidí", where he described the future
2880:
was appointed to the key post of First Secretary of the Czechoslovak Communist Party, there was a brief period of liberalization known as the
4985:
4935:
4754:
4497:
4473:
4307:
4145:
4056:
3721:). It was the industrial workshop for the Austro-Hungarian empire. The Slovak lands relied more heavily on agriculture than the Czech lands.
3025:
162:
4687:
3871:
system. Construction of the first motorways in Czechoslovakia begun in 1939, nevertheless, they were stopped after German occupation during
1581:(abbreviated ČSR), or Czechoslovakia, before the formalization of the name in 1920, also known as Czecho-Slovakia or the Czecho-Slovak state
6421:
5777:
5613:
4072:
3511:
3403:
3173:
2174:
The state proclaimed the official ideology that there were no separate Czech and Slovak nations, but only one nation of Czechoslovaks (see
1843:
1620:
1459:
418:
330:
4604:
5089:
6595:
6298:
6174:
5811:
5745:
5520:
4064:
3884:
3488:
3370:
3206:
2970:
restored democracy. This occurred around the same time as the fall of communism in Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany and Poland.
2842:
2725:
2583:
2500:
2117:
1787:
1745:
1528:
1357:
1248:
1236:
1205:
770:
744:
6260:
6255:
3333:
1201:
6918:
6343:
5877:
5444:
5292:
3763:. The government spent heavily on social programs, subsidies, and investment. The budget was usually balanced or left a small surplus.
2450:*Jews identified themselves as Germans or Hungarians (and Jews only by religion not ethnicity), the sum is, therefore, more than 100%.
1870:
1652:
676:
2983:
to Czechoslovakia on 21 April 1990, hailing it as a symbolic step of reviving Christianity in the newly-formed post-communist state.
6527:
5672:
3505:
3475:
3434:
3409:
3312:
2838:
2830:
2625:
2612:
they were considered a threat to German rule. Just like Jews, Poles, Serbs, and several other nations, Czechs were considered to be
1395:
1244:
1128:
696:
551:
203:
4519:
2829:(Podkarpatská Rus) was occupied by (and in June 1945 formally ceded to) the Soviet Union. In the 1946 parliamentary election, the
6585:
6373:
5657:
5477:
4273:
3492:
3298:
3018:
1368:
1221:
47:
5642:
5028:
2914:
Meanwhile, one plank of the reform program had been carried out: in 1968–69, Czechoslovakia was turned into a federation of the
2628:
was made into a ghetto way station for Jewish families. On 4 June 1942 Heydrich died after being wounded by an assassin in
2477:
1756:
1363:
6867:
6660:
6482:
6441:
5603:
4312:
4138:
4068:
4047:
3424:
3162:
2846:
2699:
2516:
1797:
1604:
1419:
1391:
1376:
324:
6436:
3724:
After World War II, the economy was centrally planned, with command links controlled by the communist party, similarly to the
2602:. The Czech intellectual elites were to be removed not only from Czech territories but from Europe completely. The authors of
6532:
6048:
5954:
5894:
5698:
5513:
4042:
3677:
3457:
3252:
2986:
2709:
81:
3231:
2704:
2053:
2023:
1950:, who served as its first president from 14 November 1918 to 14 December 1935. He was succeeded by his close ally
1507:
1502:
5029:"HITLER'S PLANS FOR EASTERN EUROPE Selections from Janusz Gumkowski and Kazimierz Leszczynski POLAND UNDER NAZI OCCUPATION"
61:
6537:
5853:
5755:
3741:
Meat production was constrained by a shortage of feed, but the country still recorded high per capita consumption of meat.
3103:
2997:
2027:
1853:
1472:
1384:
1292:
877:
809:
5833:
5708:
4290:
3630:
Late 1938 – March 1939: As above, but Slovakia and Ruthenia gained the status of "autonomous lands". Slovakia was called
6913:
5765:
5713:
5588:
5553:
4268:
3191:
3151:
2782:
2656:
2533:
1724:
1586:
854:
312:
6426:
5984:
5979:
5969:
5728:
4410:
2049:
1947:
1912:
6212:
5911:
5863:
5703:
5662:
5598:
5583:
4442:
3895:
3843:
Slightly after the foundation of Czechoslovakia in 1918, there was a lack of essential infrastructure in many areas –
3803:
3144:
3132:
2818:
2691:
2039:
1776:
1704:
1595:
1577:
757:
718:
318:
306:
6431:
6323:
6281:
5652:
2465:, Czech and Slovak politicians promoted progressive social and economic conditions that served to defuse discontent.
5944:
5718:
3753:
was around Kčs 30 per US$ 1, which became the official rate once the currency became convertible in the early 1990s.
6475:
6207:
6202:
6184:
6092:
5926:
5823:
5735:
3932:
3595:) in today's Slovakia and three counties in today's Ruthenia; both lands and counties were divided into districts (
2164:
1638:
1569:
1410:
300:
5916:
4636:
4197:
492:
6908:
6250:
6113:
5921:
5740:
5647:
5545:
3688:
3482:
3361:
3343:
3061:
2919:
2858:
2750:
1903:
1684:
1661:
1634:
1442:
6416:
6133:
5848:
4890:Škorpila F. B.; Zeměpisný atlas pro měšťanské školy; Státní Nakladatelství; second edition; 1930; Czechoslovakia
6451:
6245:
5949:
5936:
5858:
5828:
4570:
3478:(The Constitutional Document of the Czechoslovak Republic), democratic, in force until 1948, several amendments
3357:
2973:
The word "socialist" was removed from the country's full name on 29 March 1990 and replaced by "federal".
2915:
1436:
5843:
5838:
5667:
5200:
2762:
Decrees still cause controversy among nationalist groups in the Czech Republic, Germany, Austria and Hungary.
2485:
2127:
5989:
5974:
5964:
5889:
5405:
Williams, Kieran, "Civil Resistance in Czechoslovakia: From Soviet Invasion to "Velvet Revolution", 1968–89",
1984:
An advocate of democratic reform and Czech autonomy within Austria-Hungary, Masaryk was elected twice to the
6898:
6318:
6229:
6123:
6006:
5787:
4900:
2954:
1970:
824:
147:
5723:
5623:
4220:
4169:
1957:
The roots of Czech nationalism go back to the 19th century, when philologists and educators, influenced by
1908:
6605:
6338:
6308:
6217:
5959:
5760:
5408:
5235:
4727:
3604:
1923–1927: As above, except that the Slovak and Ruthenian counties were replaced by six (grand) counties (
3452:
3263:
1451:
1406:
1372:
1225:
407:
358:
348:
67:
5058:
4149:
4095:
96:
6903:
6877:
6333:
6118:
4951:
3988:
2018:
1981:, which would protect the Slavic speaking peoples of Central Europe against Russian and German threats.
238:
4244:
4224:
4107:
4099:
3000:
by parliament. On the 31st of December 1992, it formally separated into two independent countries, the
2468:
Foreign minister Beneš became the prime architect of the Czechoslovak-Romanian-Yugoslav alliance (the "
1276:
1231:
After World War II, Czechoslovakia was reestablished under its pre-1938 borders, with the exception of
582:
504:
5055:"Nazi Conspiracy & Aggression Volume I Chapter XIII Germanization & Spoliation Czechoslovakia"
4291:
Czechoslovakia stamp reused by Slovak Republic after 18 January 1939 by overprinting country and value
2574:
On 14 March 1939, the remainder ("rump") of Czechoslovakia was dismembered by the proclamation of the
6456:
6276:
6222:
6148:
6062:
3984:
3954:
3791:
2900:
2629:
2014:
1541:
20:
5474:
Crumbling of Empires and Emerging States: Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia as (Multi)national Countries
5417:
Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present
2932:
During the 1980s, Czechoslovakia became one of the most tightly controlled Communist regimes in the
6675:
6179:
6153:
6143:
4232:
3219:
2877:
2826:
2717:
2649:
2579:
2110:
1995:
1986:
1642:
1399:
1341:
1322:
1284:
1232:
847:
594:
368:
293:
5368:
3864:
3855:, etc. Massive improvement in the following years enabled Czechoslovakia to develop its industry.
1326:
437:
6446:
6128:
5568:
5558:
5412:
5161:
4817:
4809:
4723:
4695:
4341:
3950:
3903:
was free at all levels and compulsory from ages 6 to 15. The vast majority of the population was
3329:
3278:
3269:
3225:
2765:
Following the expulsion of the ethnic German population from Czechoslovakia, parts of the former
2645:
2564:
2168:
1512:
1189:
398:
383:
268:
4208:
4153:
4131:
4115:
4111:
4087:
3745:
forestry products (12%). In 1986, about 80% of foreign trade was with other socialist countries.
3430:
3419:
2925:
The 1970s saw the rise of the dissident movement in Czechoslovakia, represented among others by
2773:
mountain region in northeastern Czechoslovakia, were settled in 1949 by Communist refugees from
2113:. Its territory included some of the most industrialized regions of the former Austria-Hungary.
1999:
648:
606:
528:
2884:. In response, after failing to persuade the Czechoslovak leaders to change course, five other
2845:. Although they would maintain the fiction of political pluralism through the existence of the
2528:
2044:
989:
Calling code +42 was withdrawn in the winter of 1997. The number range was divided between the
6872:
6650:
6552:
6498:
6386:
6353:
6303:
6097:
6077:
5750:
5563:
5093:
4981:
4931:
4864:
4801:
4750:
4493:
4469:
4191:
4177:
3912:
2976:
2967:
2959:
2937:
2854:
2791:
2787:
2733:
2621:
2553:
2521:
1991:
1822:
1447:
1288:
796:
660:
618:
516:
5500:
5495:
5490:
2026:, Masaryk visited several Western countries and won support from influential publicists. The
6411:
5364:
5153:
4793:
4374:
4240:
4157:
4127:
4123:
3996:
3920:
3916:
3533:
2907:
2896:
2754:
2729:
2568:
2510:
2373:
2232:
2074:
1714:
1431:
1349:
1177:
1165:
1024:
731:
570:
480:
404:
392:
389:
377:
132:
3623:): Bohemia, Moravia-Silesia, Slovakia and Sub-Carpathian Ruthenia, divided into districts (
6730:
6328:
5899:
5578:
5573:
5451:
5402:
Wheaton, Bernard; Zdenek Kavav. "The Velvet Revolution: Czechoslovakia, 1988–1991" (1992).
4556:
4350:
4263:
4026:
3938:
3728:. The large metallurgical industry was dependent on imports of iron and non-ferrous ores.
3698:
3324:
3291:
3045:
3005:
2892:
2807:
2778:
2774:
2593:
2481:
2175:
1978:
1939:
1927:
1468:
1424:
1414:
1296:
1256:
1173:
1153:
998:
918:
911:
278:
250:
179:
114:
102:
4236:
4187:
4173:
4083:
2926:
1951:
1217:
540:
456:
5115:
4512:
3608:) in Slovakia and one (grand) county in Ruthenia, and the numbers and boundaries of the
3532:
In the 1930s, the nation formed a military alliance with France, which collapsed in the
2813:
2556:; France ignored the military alliance it had with Czechoslovakia. During October 1938,
6800:
6625:
6557:
6313:
6286:
4835:
4547:
4359:
4259:
4228:
4141:
code for Czechoslovakia is TCH, which is still used in historical listings of results.
4091:
4060:
4018:
3958:
3908:
3718:
3710:
3702:
3183:
3001:
2716:
After World War II, pre-war Czechoslovakia was reestablished, with the exception of Sub
2469:
2098:
1974:
1962:
1464:
1371:
continued to exist in London, supported by the United Kingdom, United States and their
1300:
1169:
1149:
990:
973:
931:
273:
242:
4661:
4303:
Effects on the environment in Czechoslovakia from Soviet influence during the Cold War
3812:
2491:
After 1933, Czechoslovakia remained the only democracy in central and eastern Europe.
6892:
6841:
6690:
5361:
5165:
5079:"Vaclav Havel – A Political Tragedy in 6 Acts" by John Keane, published 2000, page 54
5032:
4821:
4181:
4165:
4059:
was a consistent performer on the international scene, with eight appearances in the
3949:, and other religions made up 17% of the country, but there were huge differences in
3787:
3694:
3353:
3010:
2881:
2850:
2799:
2741:
2613:
2599:
2560:
occupied the Sudetenland border region, effectively crippling Czechoslovak defences.
2462:
2397:
2269:
1808:
1268:
468:
374:
354:
345:
2620:
The deportation of Jews to concentration camps was organized under the direction of
4161:
3980:
3872:
3863:
became one of the most modern terminals in the world when it was finished in 1937.
3760:
3750:
3733:
3725:
3537:
3318:
3126:
2721:
2633:
2575:
2557:
2541:
2505:
1966:
1545:
1518:
1496:
1492:
1380:
1337:
1252:
1240:
1213:
1197:
1185:
395:
380:
5467:
4216:
4119:
4103:
2888:. Soviet tanks rolled into Czechoslovakia on the night of 20–21 August 1968.
2641:
6017:
5157:
3637:
1945–1948: As in 1928–1938, except that Ruthenia became part of the Soviet Union.
2567:
assigned a strip of southern Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia to Hungary. Poland
161:
6785:
6725:
5797:
5330:
National Conflict in Czechoslovakia: The Making and Remaking of a State, 1918–87
5018:(1800–1945), Walter Rüegg Cambridge University Press (28 October 2004), page 353
4877:
3942:
3706:
3545:
3138:
2993:
2933:
2834:
2766:
2737:
2549:
2545:
2160:
2078:
2010:
2003:
1958:
1943:
1355:
1939–1945: The remainder of the state was dismembered and became split into the
1333:
1264:
1209:
1181:
4637:"A Brief History of the Czech Republic – Live & Study – Czech Universities"
3464:
Czechoslovakia had the following constitutions during its history (1918–1992):
2065:
1367:, while the rest of Carpathian Ruthenia was occupied and annexed by Hungary. A
6755:
6720:
6700:
5267:
Czechoslovakia: Behind the Curtain Life, Work and Culture in the Communist Era
4212:
4079:
4030:
4022:
3844:
3737:
electronics, aircraft, airplane engines and arms to other socialist countries.
3714:
3660:
3342:ČSR; declared a "people's democracy" (without a formal name change) under the
2989:
with a small force of 200 troops under the command of the U.S.-led coalition.
2360:
2245:
2152:
1565:
1345:
1193:
1008:
362:
4805:
2636:, ordered mass arrests and executions and the destruction of the villages of
2590:
concentration camps and the 250,000 who died during German occupation. Under
2030:
was the main organization that advanced the claims for a Czechoslovak state.
218:
205:
6695:
3900:
3779:
2868:
2410:
1280:
5376:
Czechoslovakia: Profile of a Socialist Republic at the Crossroads of Europe
4438:
3860:
5505:
5456:
4063:
Finals, finishing in second place in 1934 and 1962. The team also won the
3427:. Human rights activists and religious activists were severely repressed.
1919:
1457:
1990–1992: Shortly after the Velvet Revolution, the state was renamed the
6821:
6770:
6765:
6745:
6610:
6379:
6138:
3995:
and other inpatient institutions. There was a substantial improvement in
3992:
3962:
3904:
3868:
3848:
3778:
After World War II, the country was short of energy, relying on imported
3580:
3414:
3241:
2936:
in resistance to the mitigation of controls notified by Soviet president
2675:
2102:
1304:
1287:, Czechoslovaks peacefully deposed their communist government during the
978:
945:
183:
5001:
Gorazd Mesko; Charles B. Fields; Branko Lobnikar; Andrej Sotlar (eds.).
2678:
from the south west. On 9 May 1945, Soviet Red Army troops entered
2644:. In 1943 the German war effort was accelerated. Under the authority of
2582:
was occupied and annexed by Hungary, while the following day the German
2571:
Zaolzie, an area whose population was majority Polish, in October 1938.
1271:, ended when the Soviet Union, assisted by other Warsaw Pact countries,
6795:
6750:
6710:
6670:
6665:
6655:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6615:
6600:
6590:
6580:
6575:
4813:
4781:
3946:
3783:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3541:
3376:
3120:
3116:
3112:
2770:
2664:
2660:
2609:
2347:
2334:
2219:
2206:
2183:
2148:
2144:
2106:
2094:
2090:
2086:
1524:
1485:
1260:
288:
5462:
1398:
ministers, including the prime minister and the minister of interior.
6836:
6826:
6816:
6790:
6780:
6760:
6740:
6735:
6715:
6685:
6645:
6620:
5463:
Orders and Medals of Czechoslovakia including Order of the White Lion
5358:
Battle for the Castle: The Myth of Czechoslovakia in Europe 1914–1948
4594:
Rozdělení Československa, Vladimír Srb, Tomáš Veselý ISBN10809685335x
4204:
3856:
3852:
3656:
3366:
2795:
2679:
2637:
2548:. On 29 September 1938, Britain and France ceded control in the
2330:
2202:
2179:
2156:
2140:
2135:
The new country was a multi-ethnic state, with Czechs and Slovaks as
197:
6467:
4797:
2906:
In the week after the invasion, there was a spontaneous campaign of
5478:
1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
5351:
The Establishment of Communist Regimes in Eastern Europe, 1944–1949
3987:
was available to all citizens. National health planning emphasized
3540:, an active participant in Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (
1417:. In 1960, the country officially became a socialist republic, the
1200:
proclaimed its independence and Carpathian Ruthenia became part of
1002:
994:
6831:
6775:
6705:
6680:
5193:"N. Korea Seize U.S. Ship - 1968 Year in Review - Audio - UPI.com"
4046:
3597:
3451:
3429:
2953:
2867:
2812:
2803:
2758:
2703:
2527:
2515:
2504:
2126:
2064:
2043:
1926:
1918:
1907:
108:
4194:, is considered one of the top athletes in Czechoslovak history.
2608:
believed it would be best if they emigrated overseas, as even in
4148:
won many medals from the world championships and Olympic Games.
870:
6471:
6021:
5509:
3014:
3807:
2769:, especially around Krnov and the surrounding villages of the
882:
5144:
Mares, Vaclav (June 1954). "Czechoslovakia under Communism".
3468:
Temporary constitution of 14 November 1918 (democratic): see
1446:. In late 1989, the communist rule came to an end during the
1111:
1078:
1030:
5016:
Universities in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries
3548:, United Nations and its specialized agencies; signatory of
3418:
the most powerful person in the country during this period.
2598:, it was assumed that around 50% of Czechs would be fit for
4980:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 175–177.
3567:
1918–1923: Different systems in former Austrian territory (
2674:
On 6 May 1945, the third US Army of General Patton entered
1267:
of 1955. A period of political liberalization in 1968, the
1099:
1087:
1081:
1069:
1063:
1048:
1039:
1033:
5457:
U.S. Library of Congress Country Studies, "Czechoslovakia"
1172:, created in 1918, when it declared its independence from
4851:. 6 July 2005. Archived from the original on 30 June 2008
3408:
After World War II, a political monopoly was held by the
1057:
4631:
4629:
4627:
4625:
4492:(18th ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
3489:
1960 Constitution of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
2655:
For the Czechs of the Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia,
5253:
Czechoslovakia and the Czech Republic in World Politics
4757:, pp. 8 – 52, 57 – 120, 124 – 128, 140 – 148, 184 – 190
3824:
3794:. Energy constraints were a major factor in the 1980s.
3579:) compared to former Hungarian territory (Slovakia and
5424:
Czechoslovakia 1968: Reform, Repression and Resistance
5240:
Czechoslovakia 1968: Reform, Repression and Resistance
4930:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 159.
4033:
by the government's Office for Press and Information.
2749:, over 2 million people. Those who remained were
1259:. Its economic status was formalized in membership of
3991:; factory and local health care centres supplemented
3975:
Health and social welfare in Communist Czechoslovakia
1129:
1093:
1084:
1060:
1042:
1036:
1027:
4976:
Teich, Mikuláš; Kováč, Dušan; Brown, Martin (2011).
4926:
Teich, Mikuláš; Kováč, Dušan; Brown, Martin (2011).
4719:
Czechs Celebrate Republic's Birth, 1933/11/06 (1933)
2163:, which initially had proclaimed itself part of the
1934:
rally in Prague on Wenceslas Square, 28 October 1918
1251:. From 1948 to 1989, Czechoslovakia was part of the
1108:
1096:
1054:
1045:
6855:
6809:
6566:
6505:
6402:
6366:
6269:
6238:
6195:
6162:
6106:
6055:
5935:
5876:
5810:
5685:
5631:
5544:
5491:
Border changes after the creation of Czechoslovakia
4286:
Postage stamps and postal history of Czechoslovakia
2849:, except for a short period in the late 1960s (the
1105:
1075:
1051:
966:
876:
866:
853:
843:
823:
806:
793:
780:
767:
754:
741:
728:
715:
703:
670:
654:
642:
628:
612:
600:
588:
576:
564:
550:
534:
522:
510:
498:
486:
474:
462:
443:
431:
417:
299:
287:
256:
234:
190:
30:
5003:Handbook on Policing in Central and Eastern Europe
2747:expelled about 90% of the ethnic German population
4571:"Milestones: 1961–1968 – Office of the Historian"
3591:)): Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, plus 21 counties (
2757:, as 97.32% of Sudeten Germans had voted for the
2740:was abrogated for people of German and Hungarian
2085:. It consisted of the present day territories of
1990:(Austrian Parliament), from 1891 to 1893 for the
1450:followed by the re-establishment of a democratic
5431:Czechoslovakia: Politics, Society, and Economics
5242:(London: Chatto & Windus, 1969), pp. 97–143.
4869:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
4331:In other recognized languages of Czechoslovakia:
3782:and natural gas from the Soviet Union, domestic
3550:conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe
3506:Leaders of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
2732:were promulgated concerning ethnic Germans (see
2495:Munich Agreement, and Two-Step German Occupation
2317:
2189:
1387:and was a founding member of the United Nations.
1188:, while the country lost further territories to
2996:tensions in the government, Czechoslovakia was
2777:who had left their homeland as a result of the
5397:Czechoslovakia: Crossroads and Crises, 1918–88
3311:ČSR; boundaries and government established by
6959:States and territories disestablished in 1992
6949:States and territories disestablished in 1939
6483:
6033:
5521:
5349:Naimark, Norman, and Leonid Gibianskii, eds.
4382:
3026:
1878:
8:
4067:in 1976, came in third in 1980, and won the
2736:) and ethnic Hungarians. Under the decrees,
2603:
2591:
1430:1989–1990: Czechoslovakia formally became a
144:
19:"RČS" redirects here. For other topics, see
4367:
4051:Czechoslovak national football team in 1966
2987:Czechoslovakia participated in the Gulf War
1066:
674:Revolutionary National Assembly (1918–1920)
129:
6954:States and territories established in 1945
6944:States and territories established in 1918
6490:
6476:
6468:
6192:
6040:
6026:
6018:
5882:
5816:
5691:
5635:
5528:
5514:
5506:
5289:The official website of the Czech Republic
4768:The Masaryks: The Making of Czechoslovakia
4694:. University of Pittsburgh. Archived from
3562:Administrative divisions of Czechoslovakia
3274:1944 / 1946 – 1991
3033:
3019:
3011:
2476:Slovakia had become independent, with the
1885:
1871:
1646:
1285:ending all over Central and Eastern Europe
172:
27:
6548:Commission against Racism and Intolerance
5468:Czechoslovakia by Encyclopædia Britannica
5369:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367812.001.0001
4025:in Czechoslovakia were controlled by the
3907:. There was a highly developed system of
3774:Resource base of Communist Czechoslovakia
3517:List of prime ministers of Czechoslovakia
2843:February 1948 the Communists seized power
2056:—both key figures in early Czechoslovakia
1923:Czechoslovak troops in Vladivostok (1918)
1390:1946–1948: The country was governed by a
6939:1992 disestablishments in Czechoslovakia
6929:1939 disestablishments in Czechoslovakia
6543:Commission for the Efficiency of Justice
5594:Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)
4782:"Recognition of the Czechoslovak Nation"
4490:Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary
4190:, winner of four Olympic gold medals in
3054:
2890:Soviet Communist Party General Secretary
2632:. Heydrich's successor, Colonel General
2131:Linguistic map of Czechoslovakia in 1930
1932:Czechoslovak declaration of independence
1263:from 1949 and its defense status in the
6292:Serbian-Hungarian Baranya-Baja Republic
4439:"THE COVENANT OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS"
4402:
4324:
3634:, with its own currency and government.
3528:International agreements and membership
3327:of Slovakia and Subcarpathian Ruthenia.
1660:
1649:
1499:, were neighbors between 1949 and 1990)
1208:was proclaimed in the remainder of the
552:KSČ General Secretary / First Secretary
343:
233:
16:Country in Europe; 1918-1939, 1945-1992
6393:Austro-Hungarian concession of Tianjin
5609:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
5383:A History of Czechoslovakia since 1945
5337:A History of the Czechoslovak Republic
4862:
4009:Mass media in Communist Czechoslovakia
3612:were changed in those two territories.
3448:Constitutional Court of Czechoslovakia
2509:The partition of Czechoslovakia after
2323:Ethnicities of Czechoslovakia in 1930
2195:Ethnicities of Czechoslovakia in 1921
6934:1945 establishments in Czechoslovakia
6924:1918 establishments in Czechoslovakia
5905:Germans in Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)
5501:Czechoslovakia after Munich Agreement
5309:Czechoslovakia: The State That Failed
5139:
5137:
5090:"East European Constitutional Review"
4786:The American Political Science Review
4555:
4546:
4308:Former countries in Europe after 1815
4146:Czechoslovak national ice hockey team
4057:Czechoslovakia national football team
3470:History of Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)
3400:History of Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)
2950:History of Czechoslovakia (1989–1992)
2696:History of Czechoslovakia (1948–1989)
1977:and worked for a reorganized federal
805:
792:
779:
766:
753:
740:
727:
714:
710:
653:
641:
637:
627:
611:
599:
587:
575:
563:
559:
549:
533:
521:
509:
497:
485:
473:
461:
442:
430:
426:
416:
255:
7:
6422:Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia
5614:Czech and Slovak Federative Republic
5485:Maps with Hungarian-language rubrics
5395:Stone, Norman, and E. Strouhal, eds.
4427:from the original on 9 October 2022.
4078:Well-known football players such as
3937:In 1991, 46% of the population were
3512:List of presidents of Czechoslovakia
3404:Politics of Communist Czechoslovakia
3174:Czech and Slovak Federative Republic
2013:a number of Czechs and Slovaks, the
1998:, which he had founded in 1889 with
1621:Czech and Slovak Federative Republic
1460:Czech and Slovak Federative Republic
6175:State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs
5422:Windsor, Philip, and Adam Roberts,
5390:A History of the Czechs and Slovaks
5251:Ladislav Cabada and Sarka Waisova,
5225:(New York: The Penguin Press), 150.
4688:"Czecho-Slovakia or Czechoslovakia"
4525:from the original on 19 August 2011
4378:
3885:Society of Communist Czechoslovakia
3207:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
2726:Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
2584:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
2501:German occupation of Czechoslovakia
2118:Ethnic minorities in Czechoslovakia
1358:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
1332:1938–1939: After the annexation of
1206:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
6344:Galician Soviet Socialist Republic
4901:"Československo 1930 (Sčítání)(2)"
4256:Czech Republic / Slovakia
4203:Several accomplished professional
3969:Health, social welfare and housing
2886:members of the Warsaw Pact invaded
2753:of supporting the Nazis after the
2484:of Nazi Germany and the far-right
14:
6878:Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006)
5360:(Oxford University Press, 2009);
5344:The Czechoslovak Economy, 1948–88
5285:"The First Czechoslovak Republic"
4907:from the original on 4 March 2016
4134:were all born in Czechoslovakia.
3412:(KSČ). The leader of the KSČ was
3410:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
2962:signing ceremony in February 1991
2831:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
1942:until it collapsed at the end of
1344:was redeemed by Hungary, and the
1212:. In 1939, after the outbreak of
6299:West Ukrainian People's Republic
5622:
5419:(Oxford University Press, 2009).
5116:"The Story of Greeks in Czechia"
4605:"16. Czechoslovakia (1918–1992)"
4466:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary
4445:from the original on 20 May 2011
4274:Jazz in dissident Czechoslovakia
3811:
3493:Constitutional Law of Federation
1994:, and from 1907 to 1914 for the
1767:Czechoslovak government-in-exile
1671:
1613:Czechoslovak Federative Republic
1405:1948–1989: The country became a
1383:. Czechoslovakia adhered to the
1379:, it was also recognized by the
1224:and sought recognition from the
1216:, former Czechoslovak President
1023:
950:
936:
910:
159:
74:
60:
6442:Romanian occupation of Pokuttia
6068:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
5604:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
5180:A People's History of the World
4411:"Human Development Report 1992"
4313:List of former sovereign states
4269:MDŽ (International Women's Day)
4139:International Olympic Committee
3587:) (also called district units (
3491:with major amendments in 1968 (
3163:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
2700:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
2083:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
1946:. The new state was founded by
1798:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
1605:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
1420:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
1377:German invasion of Soviet Union
6348:(Russian Civil War spill over)
6049:Dissolution of Austria-Hungary
5771:Cold War border fortifications
4184:all come from Czechoslovakia.
4065:European Football Championship
4043:Czechoslovakia at the Olympics
3678:Demographics of Czechoslovakia
3615:1928–1938: Four lands (Czech:
2139:. The population consisted of
2105:, and a region of present-day
1402:was ceded to the Soviet Union.
1:
6964:1918 establishments in Europe
6538:Commissioner for Human Rights
5323:The Genesis of Czechoslovakia
4247:were born in Czechoslovakia.
3500:Heads of state and government
2028:Czechoslovak National Council
1915:, founder and first president
1854:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
1385:Declaration by United Nations
687:Constituent National Assembly
5589:Second Czechoslovak Republic
5158:10.1525/curh.1954.26.154.347
4780:Fenwick, Charles G. (1918).
4666:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
4368:
3999:during the 1960s and 1970s.
3798:Transport and communications
3672:Population and ethnic groups
2992:In 1992, because of growing
2534:Second Czechoslovak Republic
1725:Second Czechoslovak Republic
1491:Germany (both predecessors,
6382:and Transylvania to Romania
5599:Third Czechoslovak Republic
5584:First Czechoslovak Republic
5223:The Cold War: A New History
4952:"Nazis take Czechoslovakia"
4383:
3896:Education in Czechoslovakia
3804:Transport in Czechoslovakia
3756:Fiscal year: Calendar year.
3352:ČSSR; from 1969, after the
2876:In 1968, when the reformer
2720:, which was annexed by the
2692:Third Czechoslovak Republic
2624:, and the fortress town of
2578:, the next day the rest of
2524:was fatally injured in 1942
2436:
2306:
2040:First Czechoslovak Republic
2034:First Czechoslovak Republic
1777:Third Czechoslovak Republic
1705:First Czechoslovak Republic
1235:, which became part of the
1141:-ə-, -slə-, -
99: / Pravda víťazí'
6980:
6863:Czechoslovakia (1991–1992)
6437:Hungarian–Czechoslovak War
6203:Republic of German-Austria
6185:Italian Regency of Carnaro
6134:Berthelot-Apáthy Agreement
6093:1920 Carinthian plebiscite
5265:Murphy, Thomas K. (2018).
5120:Radio Prague International
4557:[ˈtʂeskɔslɔʋenskɔ]
4548:[ˈtʃɛskoslovɛnsko]
4363:
4040:
4006:
3972:
3933:Religion in Czechoslovakia
3930:
3893:
3882:
3801:
3771:
3686:
3675:
3559:
3503:
3445:
3442:Constitutional development
3397:
2947:
2724:and incorporated into the
2689:
2686:Third and Fourth Republics
2498:
2433:
2422:
2409:
2396:
2385:
2372:
2359:
2346:
2303:
2292:
2281:
2268:
2257:
2244:
2231:
2218:
2165:Republic of German-Austria
2115:
2037:
1901:
1639:History of the Czech lands
1632:
1570:Name of the Czech Republic
1563:
178:Czechoslovakia during the
18:
6919:History of Central Europe
6251:Hungarian Soviet Republic
6114:Armistice of Villa Giusti
6002:
5885:
5819:
5694:
5638:
5620:
5445:Online books and articles
4468:(3rd ed.), Longman,
3689:Economy of Czechoslovakia
3483:Ninth-of-May Constitution
3362:Slovak Socialist Republic
3344:Ninth-of-May Constitution
3340:
3309:
3305:
3297:
3277:
3268:
3247:
3240:
3224:
3217:
3204:
3189:
3182:
3171:
3160:
3149:
3142:
3137:
3130:
3125:
3110:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3059:
3052:
2920:Slovak Socialist Republic
2872:Czechoslovakia after 1969
2604:
2441:
2320:
2311:
2192:
1938:The area was part of the
1904:Origins of Czechoslovakia
1685:Origins of Czechoslovakia
1635:History of Czechoslovakia
1624:(ČSFR), or Czechoslovakia
1608:(ČSSR), or Czechoslovakia
1475:on 31 December 1992.
1443:Slovak Socialist Republic
987:
888:
819:
711:
682:Interim National Assembly
666:
644:• 1918–1919 (first)
638:
624:
560:
546:
427:
258:Recognised languages
171:
145:
130:
124:
90:
56:
42:
6452:Uprising in West Hungary
6324:Slovak People's Republic
6282:Banat, Bačka and Baranja
6246:First Hungarian Republic
5269:. McFarland. p. 27.
4849:"Playing the blame game"
4834:"The War of the World",
3709:), ships, ship engines (
3556:Administrative divisions
3358:Czech Socialist Republic
2916:Czech Socialist Republic
2544:demanded control of the
2024:Milan Rastislav Štefánik
1599:(ČSR), or Czechoslovakia
1437:Czech Socialist Republic
36:Československá republika
6873:Saar (assoc. 1950–1956)
6523:Parliamentary Assembly
6518:Committee of Ministers
6427:Polish–Czechoslovak War
6319:Republic of Heinzenland
6230:First Austrian Republic
5496:Interwar Czechoslovakia
5316:A History of the Czechs
5255:(Lexington Books; 2012)
4464:Wells, John C. (2008),
3640:1949–1960: 19 regions (
3394:Government and politics
2167:in accordance with the
1940:Austro-Hungarian Empire
351:(1918–1938, 1945–1948)
235:Official languages
6606:Bosnia and Herzegovina
6432:Hungarian–Romanian War
6339:Slovak Soviet Republic
6309:Republic of Tarnobrzeg
6218:Bohemian Forest Region
6124:Hodža-Bartha Agreement
6098:1921 Sopron plebiscite
6088:Paris Peace Conference
5328:Leff, Carol Skalnick.
4726:. 1933. Archived from
4692:Slovak Studies Program
4354:
4345:
4336:
4052:
3461:
3438:
3264:Subcarpathian Ruthenia
3249:Southern Slovakia and
2963:
2873:
2833:was the winner in the
2823:
2713:
2592:
2537:
2525:
2513:
2132:
2097:making up present day
2070:
2069:Czechoslovakia in 1928
2057:
2050:Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk
1948:Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk
1935:
1924:
1916:
1913:Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk
1695:Washington Declaration
1587:Czecho-Slovak Republic
1452:parliamentary republic
1407:Marxist-Leninist state
1273:invaded Czechoslovakia
1157:
859:left (Pre 1939) right
408:parliamentary republic
359:parliamentary republic
349:parliamentary republic
6533:Court of Human Rights
6334:Republic of Prekmurje
6119:Armistice of Belgrade
4641:czechuniversities.com
4553:Slovak pronunciation:
4488:Roach, Peter (2011),
4050:
3955:constituent republics
3915:supplemented general
3455:
3433:
3313:the 1920 constitution
2957:
2871:
2853:) the country had no
2816:
2802:and Turkish speaking
2707:
2531:
2519:
2508:
2486:Slovak People's Party
2478:First Slovak Republic
2130:
2068:
2047:
1930:
1922:
1911:
1596:Czechoslovak Republic
1578:Czechoslovak Republic
1471:(Slovakia) until the
1222:a government-in-exile
1176:. In 1938, after the
802:17 – 28 November 1989
113:'La vérité vaincra' (
32:Czechoslovak Republic
6417:Polish–Ukrainian War
6277:Republic of Zakopane
6223:German South Moravia
6063:Treaty of Versailles
5673:World Heritage Sites
5450:1 April 2011 at the
5388:Seton-Watson, R. W.
5061:on 28 September 2015
4544:Czech pronunciation:
3943:Evangelical Lutheran
3919:and institutions of
3859:'s civil airport in
3792:hydroelectric energy
3701:), trams, aircraft (
2998:peacefully dissolved
2841:won in Slovakia. In
2751:collectively accused
2630:Operation Anthropoid
2015:Czechoslovak Legions
1832:
1807:
1786:
1755:
1744:
1590:, or Czecho-Slovakia
1542:Carpathian Mountains
1488:1918–1938, 1945–1992
1473:peaceful dissolution
1463:, consisting of the
1427:of the Soviet Union.
1392:coalition government
148:Nad Tatrou sa blýska
21:RCS (disambiguation)
6914:Geography of Europe
6180:Free State of Fiume
5429:Wolchik, Sharon L.
5234:Philip Windsor and
5221:John Lewis Gaddis,
4978:Slovakia in History
4928:Slovakia in History
4233:Martina Navratilova
3989:preventive medicine
3951:religious practices
3734:Extractive industry
3717:), turbines, guns (
3713:), cannons, shoes (
3644:) divided into 270
3481:The Communist 1948
3356:, consisted of the
3301:government-in-exile
2827:Carpathian Ruthenia
2718:carpathian Ruthenia
2650:resistance movement
2580:Carpathian Ruthenia
2540:In September 1938,
2137:constituent peoples
2111:Carpathian Ruthenia
2081:and as part of the
1996:Czech Realist Party
1844:Federative Republic
1746:Bohemia and Moravia
1643:History of Slovakia
1529:Soviet Union member
1400:Carpathian Ruthenia
1369:government-in-exile
1342:Carpathian Ruthenia
1323:democratic republic
1239:(a republic of the
1233:Carpathian Ruthenia
1204:, while the German
848:Czechoslovak koruna
656:• 1992 (last)
369:Government-in-exile
331:Federative Republic
215: /
48:Government-in-exile
6868:Russia (1996–2022)
6447:Silesian Uprisings
6261:Kingdom of Hungary
6256:Hungarian Republic
5854:Telecommunications
5569:Congress of Vienna
5559:Kingdom of Bohemia
5413:Timothy Garton Ash
5122:. 17 December 2020
4724:Universal Newsreel
4698:on 15 October 2013
4245:Daniela Hantuchová
4207:players including
4053:
3913:vocational schools
3823:. You can help by
3659:, and (from 1970)
3575:, a small part of
3462:
3439:
3336:(1939–1945).
3325:autonomous regions
3323:ČSR; included the
3283:1991–present
3279:Zakarpattia Oblast
3270:Zakarpattia Oblast
3253:Carpathian Ukraine
3226:Kingdom of Hungary
2964:
2911:liberal policies.
2874:
2824:
2714:
2646:Karl Hermann Frank
2565:First Vienna Award
2538:
2526:
2514:
2169:self-determination
2133:
2071:
2058:
2017:, fought with the
1936:
1925:
1917:
1247:seized power in a
399:socialist republic
384:socialist republic
325:Socialist Republic
107:'Veritas vincit' (
101:(Czech /
6886:
6885:
6553:Venice Commission
6513:Secretary General
6499:Council of Europe
6465:
6464:
6457:Battle of Budaörs
6387:Austrian Littoral
6362:
6361:
6304:Komancza Republic
6078:Treaty of Trianon
6015:
6014:
5998:
5997:
5872:
5871:
5806:
5805:
5793:Political parties
5709:Foreign relations
5681:
5680:
5564:Habsburg monarchy
5203:on 31 August 2011
4987:978-0-521-80253-6
4937:978-0-521-80253-6
4755:978-80-87173-47-3
4686:Votruba, Martin.
4575:history.state.gov
4499:978-0-521-15253-2
4475:978-1-4058-8118-0
3997:rural health care
3917:secondary schools
3841:
3840:
3476:1920 constitution
3390:
3389:
3385:
3384:
3284:
3275:
3238:
3213:
3202:
3180:
3169:
3158:
2977:Pope John Paul II
2968:Velvet Revolution
2938:Mikhail Gorbachev
2855:liberal democracy
2788:Greek Macedonians
2734:Potsdam Agreement
2657:German occupation
2622:Reinhard Heydrich
2554:Munich Conference
2532:Territory of the
2522:Reinhard Heydrich
2520:The car in which
2451:
2446:
2445:
2316:
2315:
1992:Young Czech Party
1971:František Palacký
1965:and pride in the
1895:
1894:
1862:
1861:
1823:Velvet Revolution
1735:German occupation
1544:and lands of the
1448:Velvet Revolution
1411:Soviet domination
1350:annexed by Poland
1289:Velvet Revolution
1016:
1015:
962:
961:
958:
957:
924:
923:
797:Velvet Revolution
784:Soviet occupation
737:30 September 1938
692:National Assembly
677:National Assembly
614:• 1987–1989
602:• 1969–1987
590:• 1968–1969
578:• 1953–1968
566:• 1948–1953
536:• 1989–1992
524:• 1976–1989
512:• 1968–1975
500:• 1957–1968
493:Antonín Zápotocký
488:• 1953–1957
476:• 1948–1953
464:• 1938–1939
433:• 1918–1935
219:50.083°N 14.417°E
164:
50:
6971:
6909:Former republics
6492:
6485:
6478:
6469:
6412:Aster Revolution
6403:Post World War I
6385:South Tyrol and
6350:
6349:
6193:
6163:Successor states
6084:
6083:
6074:
6073:
6042:
6035:
6028:
6019:
5883:
5817:
5692:
5636:
5626:
5530:
5523:
5516:
5507:
5356:Orzoff, Andrea.
5335:Mantey, Victor.
5321:Kalvoda, Josef.
5296:
5295:on 4 March 2007.
5291:. Archived from
5271:
5270:
5262:
5256:
5249:
5243:
5232:
5226:
5219:
5213:
5212:
5210:
5208:
5199:. Archived from
5189:
5183:
5176:
5170:
5169:
5152:(154): 347–354.
5141:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5127:
5112:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5101:
5092:. Archived from
5086:
5080:
5077:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5066:
5057:. Archived from
5051:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5040:
5031:. Archived from
5025:
5019:
5013:
5007:
5006:
4998:
4992:
4991:
4973:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4962:
4948:
4942:
4941:
4923:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4912:
4897:
4891:
4888:
4882:
4874:
4868:
4860:
4858:
4856:
4845:
4839:
4838:Allen Lane 2006.
4832:
4826:
4825:
4777:
4771:
4766:Z. A. B. Zeman,
4764:
4758:
4746:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4714:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4703:
4683:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4672:
4662:"Czechoslovakia"
4658:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4633:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4615:
4601:
4595:
4592:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4581:
4567:
4561:
4559:
4554:
4550:
4545:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4530:
4524:
4517:
4509:
4503:
4502:
4485:
4479:
4478:
4461:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4450:
4435:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4415:
4407:
4390:
4386:
4380:
4371:
4365:
4364:Чеськословеньско
4337:Tschechoslowakei
4329:
3985:free health care
3953:between the two
3921:higher education
3836:
3833:
3815:
3808:
3583:): three lands (
3534:Munich Agreement
3435:Federal Assembly
3423:umbrella of the
3302:
3282:
3273:
3256:
3255:
3236:
3211:
3200:
3196:
3178:
3167:
3156:
3055:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3012:
2908:civil resistance
2897:Marxism-Leninism
2878:Alexander Dubček
2839:Democratic Party
2755:Munich Agreement
2607:
2606:
2597:
2586:was proclaimed.
2511:Munich Agreement
2449:
2434:Total population
2318:
2304:Total population
2190:
2075:Bohemian Kingdom
1887:
1880:
1873:
1715:Munich Agreement
1681:
1680:
1675:
1665:
1647:
1432:federal republic
1297:sovereign states
1293:peacefully split
1279:governments and
1277:Marxist–Leninist
1178:Munich Agreement
1166:landlocked state
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
954:
953:
940:
939:
928:
927:
915:
914:
906:
905:
890:
889:
839:
838:
830:
776:25 February 1948
758:Re-establishment
732:Munich Agreement
697:Federal Assembly
595:Alexander Dubček
571:Klement Gottwald
481:Klement Gottwald
452:
438:Tomáš G. Masaryk
393:Marxist-Leninist
378:Marxist-Leninist
335:
259:
230:
229:
227:
226:
225:
220:
216:
213:
212:
211:
208:
193:and largest city
176:
166:
165:
156:
152:
151:
141:
137:
136:
120:
119:'Truth prevails'
78:
64:
45:
28:
6979:
6978:
6974:
6973:
6972:
6970:
6969:
6968:
6889:
6888:
6887:
6882:
6851:
6805:
6731:North Macedonia
6562:
6501:
6496:
6466:
6461:
6405:armed conflicts
6404:
6398:
6358:
6347:
6346:
6329:Hutsul Republic
6265:
6234:
6191:
6158:
6149:Clemenceau Note
6102:
6081:
6080:
6071:
6070:
6051:
6046:
6016:
6011:
5994:
5985:Public holidays
5980:National anthem
5931:
5900:Sudeten Germans
5868:
5802:
5677:
5627:
5618:
5579:Austria-Hungary
5574:Austrian Empire
5540:
5534:
5472:Katrin Boeckh:
5461:English/Czech:
5452:Wayback Machine
5441:
5436:
5406:
5342:Myant, Martin.
5314:Hermann, A. H.
5307:Heimann, Mary.
5303:
5301:Further reading
5283:
5280:
5275:
5274:
5264:
5263:
5259:
5250:
5246:
5233:
5229:
5220:
5216:
5206:
5204:
5191:
5190:
5186:
5177:
5173:
5146:Current History
5143:
5142:
5135:
5125:
5123:
5114:
5113:
5109:
5099:
5097:
5088:
5087:
5083:
5078:
5074:
5064:
5062:
5053:
5052:
5048:
5038:
5036:
5035:on 17 July 2012
5027:
5026:
5022:
5014:
5010:
5000:
4999:
4995:
4988:
4975:
4974:
4970:
4960:
4958:
4950:
4949:
4945:
4938:
4925:
4924:
4920:
4910:
4908:
4899:
4898:
4894:
4889:
4885:
4861:
4854:
4852:
4847:
4846:
4842:
4833:
4829:
4798:10.2307/1945847
4779:
4778:
4774:
4765:
4761:
4747:
4743:
4733:
4731:
4730:on 7 April 2014
4716:
4715:
4711:
4701:
4699:
4685:
4684:
4680:
4670:
4668:
4660:
4659:
4655:
4645:
4643:
4635:
4634:
4623:
4613:
4611:
4603:
4602:
4598:
4593:
4589:
4579:
4577:
4569:
4568:
4564:
4552:
4543:
4542:
4538:
4528:
4526:
4522:
4515:
4511:
4510:
4506:
4500:
4487:
4486:
4482:
4476:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4448:
4446:
4437:
4436:
4432:
4424:
4413:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4393:
4389:
4384:Tshekhaslavakey
4369:Cheskoslovensko
4330:
4326:
4321:
4299:
4282:
4264:List of Slovaks
4253:
4225:Hana Mandlíková
4209:Jaroslav Drobný
4108:Ladislav Petráš
4100:Vladimír Šmicer
4088:Antonín Panenka
4045:
4039:
4027:Communist Party
4011:
4005:
3977:
3971:
3939:Roman Catholics
3935:
3929:
3898:
3892:
3887:
3881:
3837:
3831:
3828:
3821:needs expansion
3806:
3800:
3776:
3770:
3691:
3685:
3680:
3674:
3564:
3558:
3536:of 1938. After
3530:
3525:
3508:
3502:
3450:
3444:
3406:
3398:Main articles:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3380:
3374:
3365:
3351:
3337:
3328:
3322:
3316:
3300:
3292:Austria-Hungary
3281:
3272:
3251:
3250:
3237:1939–1945
3235:
3232:Slovak Republic
3212:1939–1945
3210:
3201:1938–1939
3199:
3194:
3193:
3179:1990–1992
3177:
3168:1960–1990
3166:
3157:1948–1960
3155:
3152:Fourth Republic
3127:Austrian Empire
3119:
3115:
3097:1989–1992
3090:1948–1989
3083:1945–1948
3076:1938–1945
3069:1918–1938
3048:
3039:
3006:Slovak Republic
2952:
2946:
2893:Leonid Brezhnev
2808:Caucasus Greeks
2779:Greek Civil War
2775:Northern Greece
2702:
2690:Main articles:
2688:
2605:Generalplan Ost
2594:Generalplan Ost
2503:
2497:
2482:satellite state
2458:
2456:Interwar period
2442:
2325:
2321:
2312:
2197:
2193:
2176:Czechoslovakism
2125:
2120:
2063:
2042:
2036:
1979:Austrian Empire
1961:, promoted the
1906:
1900:
1891:
1834:Post-revolution
1757:Slovak Republic
1663:
1656:
1645:
1633:Main articles:
1631:
1572:
1562:
1469:Slovak Republic
1434:comprising the
1425:satellite state
1415:command economy
1364:Slovak Republic
1313:
1311:Characteristics
1257:planned economy
1245:Communist Party
1184:became part of
1174:Austria-Hungary
1162:Česko-Slovensko
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1104:
1092:
1074:
1026:
1022:
1012:
1011:code is "CSHH".
1006:
999:Slovak Republic
983:
951:
937:
919:Austria-Hungary
909:
836:
835:
834:
828:
812:
799:
786:
773:
760:
747:
734:
724:28 October 1918
721:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
657:
645:
615:
603:
591:
583:Antonín Novotný
579:
567:
537:
525:
513:
505:Antonín Novotný
501:
489:
477:
465:
453:
447:1935–1938
446:
434:
413:
342:
341:
336:
333:
329:
327:
323:
321:
317:
315:
313:Second Republic
311:
309:
305:
283:
257:
223:
221:
217:
214:
209:
206:
204:
202:
201:
200:
194:
186:
180:interwar period
167:
160:
157:
154:
142:
139:
118:
112:
106:
100:
94:
86:
85:
84:
79:
71:
70:
65:
51:
44:
38:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6977:
6975:
6967:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6899:Czechoslovakia
6891:
6890:
6884:
6883:
6881:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6859:
6857:
6856:Former members
6853:
6852:
6850:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6813:
6811:
6807:
6806:
6804:
6803:
6801:United Kingdom
6798:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6626:Czech Republic
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6572:
6570:
6564:
6563:
6561:
6560:
6558:Pompidou Group
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6509:
6507:
6503:
6502:
6497:
6495:
6494:
6487:
6480:
6472:
6463:
6462:
6460:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6408:
6406:
6400:
6399:
6397:
6396:
6390:
6383:
6377:
6370:
6368:
6364:
6363:
6360:
6359:
6357:
6356:
6351:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6314:Lemko Republic
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6295:
6294:
6289:
6287:Banat Republic
6279:
6273:
6271:
6267:
6266:
6264:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6242:
6240:
6236:
6235:
6233:
6232:
6227:
6226:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6208:German Bohemia
6199:
6197:
6190:
6189:
6188:
6187:
6177:
6172:
6170:Czechoslovakia
6166:
6164:
6160:
6159:
6157:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6110:
6108:
6104:
6103:
6101:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6075:
6065:
6059:
6057:
6053:
6052:
6047:
6045:
6044:
6037:
6030:
6022:
6013:
6012:
6010:
6009:
6003:
6000:
5999:
5996:
5995:
5993:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5941:
5939:
5933:
5932:
5930:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5908:
5907:
5902:
5892:
5886:
5880:
5874:
5873:
5870:
5869:
5867:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5820:
5814:
5808:
5807:
5804:
5803:
5801:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5783:Prime Minister
5780:
5775:
5774:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5732:
5731:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5695:
5689:
5683:
5682:
5679:
5678:
5676:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5639:
5633:
5629:
5628:
5621:
5619:
5617:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5550:
5548:
5542:
5541:
5539: articles
5537:Czechoslovakia
5535:
5533:
5532:
5525:
5518:
5510:
5504:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5482:
5481:
5470:
5465:
5459:
5454:
5440:
5439:External links
5437:
5435:
5434:
5427:
5420:
5403:
5400:
5393:
5386:
5381:Renner, Hans.
5379:
5372:
5354:
5347:
5340:
5333:
5326:
5319:
5312:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5298:
5297:
5279:
5276:
5273:
5272:
5257:
5244:
5227:
5214:
5184:
5178:Chris Harman,
5171:
5133:
5107:
5096:on 15 May 2013
5081:
5072:
5046:
5020:
5008:
4993:
4986:
4968:
4943:
4936:
4918:
4892:
4883:
4840:
4836:Niall Ferguson
4827:
4792:(4): 715–718.
4772:
4759:
4741:
4709:
4678:
4653:
4621:
4596:
4587:
4562:
4536:
4504:
4498:
4480:
4474:
4456:
4430:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4379:טשעכאסלאוואקיי
4372:
4357:
4355:Czechosłowacja
4348:
4339:
4332:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4288:
4281:
4280:Postage stamps
4278:
4277:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4260:List of Czechs
4257:
4252:
4249:
4229:Martina Hingis
4221:Miloslav Mečíř
4198:Věra Čáslavská
4178:Miroslav Šatan
4170:Marián Gáborík
4061:FIFA World Cup
4038:
4035:
4019:Communist rule
4007:Main article:
4004:
4001:
3973:Main article:
3970:
3967:
3959:Czech Republic
3931:Main article:
3928:
3925:
3909:apprenticeship
3894:Main article:
3891:
3888:
3883:Main article:
3880:
3877:
3839:
3838:
3832:September 2016
3818:
3816:
3802:Main article:
3799:
3796:
3772:Main article:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3757:
3754:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3719:Zbrojovka Brno
3687:Main article:
3684:
3681:
3676:Main article:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3651:1960–1992: 10
3649:
3638:
3635:
3632:Slovenský štát
3628:
3613:
3602:
3560:Main article:
3557:
3554:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3523:Foreign policy
3521:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3487:The Communist
3485:
3479:
3472:
3446:Main article:
3443:
3440:
3425:National Front
3395:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3346:following the
3339:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3296:
3294:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3276:
3267:
3259:
3258:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3228:
3223:
3215:
3214:
3203:
3195: Republic
3187:
3186:
3184:Czech Republic
3181:
3170:
3159:
3148:
3145:Third Republic
3141:
3136:
3133:First Republic
3129:
3124:
3108:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3065:
3058:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3015:
3002:Czech Republic
2960:Visegrád Group
2948:Main article:
2945:
2942:
2847:National Front
2687:
2684:
2499:Main article:
2496:
2493:
2470:Little Entente
2457:
2454:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2327:
2326:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2199:
2198:
2124:
2121:
2099:Czech Republic
2062:
2059:
2054:Milan Štefánik
2048:A monument to
2038:Main article:
2035:
2032:
1975:Austro-Slavism
1963:Czech language
1902:Main article:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1882:
1875:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1677:
1676:
1668:
1667:
1664:Czechoslovakia
1658:
1657:
1650:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1616:
1609:
1600:
1591:
1582:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1489:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1465:Czech Republic
1455:
1428:
1403:
1388:
1353:
1330:
1325:championed by
1318:
1317:
1312:
1309:
1301:Czech Republic
1275:. In 1989, as
1170:Central Europe
1158:Československo
1019:Czechoslovakia
1014:
1013:
991:Czech Republic
988:
985:
984:
982:
981:
976:
974:Czech Republic
970:
968:
964:
963:
960:
959:
956:
955:
948:
942:
941:
934:
932:Czech Republic
925:
922:
921:
916:
902:
901:
896:
886:
885:
880:
874:
873:
868:
864:
863:
857:
851:
850:
845:
841:
840:
831:
829:(1990 formula)
821:
820:
817:
816:
815:1 January 1993
813:
807:
804:
803:
800:
794:
791:
790:
789:21 August 1968
787:
781:
778:
777:
774:
768:
765:
764:
761:
755:
752:
751:
748:
742:
739:
738:
735:
729:
726:
725:
722:
716:
713:
712:
709:
708:
705:
701:
700:
672:
668:
667:
664:
663:
658:
655:
652:
651:
646:
643:
640:
639:
636:
635:
632:
630:Prime Minister
626:
625:
622:
621:
616:
613:
610:
609:
604:
601:
598:
597:
592:
589:
586:
585:
580:
577:
574:
573:
568:
565:
562:
561:
558:
557:
554:
548:
547:
544:
543:
538:
535:
532:
531:
526:
523:
520:
519:
517:Ludvík Svoboda
514:
511:
508:
507:
502:
499:
496:
495:
490:
487:
484:
483:
478:
475:
472:
471:
466:
463:
460:
459:
454:
451: 1945–1948
444:
441:
440:
435:
432:
429:
428:
425:
424:
421:
415:
414:
412:
411:
402:
387:
372:
366:
357:authoritarian
352:
339:
338:
337:
319:Third Republic
307:First Republic
303:
297:
296:
291:
285:
284:
282:
281:
276:
271:
266:
262:
260:
254:
253:
236:
232:
231:
224:50.083; 14.417
195:
192:
188:
187:
177:
169:
168:
158:
122:
121:
88:
87:
80:
73:
72:
66:
59:
58:
57:
54:
53:
40:
39:
34:
31:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6976:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6896:
6894:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6860:
6858:
6854:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6842:United States
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6814:
6812:
6808:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6691:Liechtenstein
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6573:
6571:
6569:
6565:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6510:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6493:
6488:
6486:
6481:
6479:
6474:
6473:
6470:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6409:
6407:
6401:
6394:
6391:
6388:
6384:
6381:
6378:
6375:
6372:
6371:
6369:
6365:
6355:
6352:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6284:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6274:
6272:
6268:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6243:
6241:
6237:
6231:
6228:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6205:
6204:
6201:
6200:
6198:
6194:
6186:
6183:
6182:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6167:
6165:
6161:
6155:
6154:Clerk Mission
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6144:Smuts Mission
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6111:
6109:
6105:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6082:(for Hungary)
6079:
6076:
6072:(for Austria)
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6060:
6058:
6054:
6050:
6043:
6038:
6036:
6031:
6029:
6024:
6023:
6020:
6008:
6005:
6004:
6001:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5942:
5940:
5938:
5934:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5897:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5887:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5875:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5809:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5756:People's Army
5754:
5752:
5749:
5748:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5730:
5727:
5726:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5696:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5684:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5640:
5637:
5634:
5630:
5625:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5551:
5549:
5547:
5543:
5538:
5531:
5526:
5524:
5519:
5517:
5512:
5511:
5508:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5488:
5487:
5486:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5449:
5446:
5443:
5442:
5438:
5432:
5428:
5425:
5421:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5404:
5401:
5398:
5394:
5391:
5387:
5384:
5380:
5377:
5374:Paul, David.
5373:
5370:
5366:
5363:
5362:online review
5359:
5355:
5352:
5348:
5345:
5341:
5338:
5334:
5331:
5327:
5324:
5320:
5317:
5313:
5310:
5306:
5305:
5300:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5281:
5277:
5268:
5261:
5258:
5254:
5248:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5231:
5228:
5224:
5218:
5215:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5188:
5185:
5182:, 1999, p 625
5181:
5175:
5172:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5140:
5138:
5134:
5121:
5117:
5111:
5108:
5095:
5091:
5085:
5082:
5076:
5073:
5060:
5056:
5050:
5047:
5034:
5030:
5024:
5021:
5017:
5012:
5009:
5004:
4997:
4994:
4989:
4983:
4979:
4972:
4969:
4957:
4953:
4947:
4944:
4939:
4933:
4929:
4922:
4919:
4906:
4902:
4896:
4893:
4887:
4884:
4881:, 6 July 2005
4880:
4879:
4872:
4866:
4850:
4844:
4841:
4837:
4831:
4828:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4776:
4773:
4769:
4763:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4745:
4742:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4720:
4713:
4710:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4682:
4679:
4667:
4663:
4657:
4654:
4642:
4638:
4632:
4630:
4628:
4626:
4622:
4610:
4606:
4600:
4597:
4591:
4588:
4576:
4572:
4566:
4563:
4558:
4549:
4540:
4537:
4521:
4514:
4508:
4505:
4501:
4495:
4491:
4484:
4481:
4477:
4471:
4467:
4460:
4457:
4444:
4440:
4434:
4431:
4423:
4419:
4412:
4406:
4403:
4396:
4385:
4376:
4373:
4370:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4346:Csehszlovákia
4343:
4340:
4338:
4334:
4333:
4328:
4325:
4318:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4242:
4241:Petra Kvitová
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4201:
4199:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4183:
4182:Pavol Demitra
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4158:Dominik Hašek
4155:
4151:
4150:Peter Šťastný
4147:
4142:
4140:
4135:
4133:
4129:
4128:Peter Pekarík
4125:
4124:Róbert Vittek
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4096:Tomáš Rosický
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4076:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4049:
4044:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4002:
4000:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3976:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3934:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3911:training and
3910:
3906:
3902:
3897:
3889:
3886:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3835:
3826:
3822:
3819:This section
3817:
3814:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3775:
3768:Resource base
3767:
3762:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3690:
3682:
3679:
3671:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3629:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3527:
3522:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3499:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3477:
3473:
3471:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3441:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3426:
3421:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3405:
3401:
3393:
3381:
3378:
3372:
3371:Ukrainian SSR
3368:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3354:Prague Spring
3349:
3345:
3338:
3335:
3331:
3326:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3303:
3299:Czechoslovak
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3280:
3271:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3246:
3243:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3227:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3209:
3208:
3198:
3197:
3188:
3185:
3176:
3175:
3165:
3164:
3154:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3140:
3135:
3134:
3128:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3036:
3031:
3029:
3024:
3022:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:In 1989, the
2961:
2956:
2951:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2928:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2912:
2909:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2882:Prague Spring
2879:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2860:
2859:Plzeň in 1953
2856:
2852:
2851:Prague Spring
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2800:Pontic Greeks
2797:
2793:
2789:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2742:ethnic origin
2739:
2735:
2731:
2730:Beneš decrees
2727:
2723:
2719:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2615:
2614:untermenschen
2611:
2601:
2600:Germanization
2596:
2595:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2535:
2530:
2523:
2518:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2471:
2466:
2464:
2463:Tomas Masaryk
2455:
2453:
2452:
2440:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2310:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2129:
2122:
2119:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2067:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1954:(1884–1948).
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1933:
1929:
1921:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1897:
1888:
1883:
1881:
1876:
1874:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1809:Prague Spring
1806:
1805:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1659:
1654:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1628:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1559:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1327:Tomáš Masaryk
1324:
1321:1918–1937: A
1320:
1319:
1316:Form of state
1315:
1314:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1295:into the two
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1269:Prague Spring
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1237:Ukrainian SSR
1234:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1123:
1116:
1020:
1010:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
986:
980:
977:
975:
972:
971:
969:
967:Today part of
965:
949:
947:
944:
943:
935:
933:
930:
929:
926:
920:
917:
913:
908:
907:
904:
903:
900:
897:
895:
892:
891:
887:
884:
881:
879:
875:
872:
869:
865:
862:
858:
856:
852:
849:
846:
842:
832:
826:
822:
818:
814:
811:
801:
798:
788:
785:
775:
772:
762:
759:
750:14 March 1939
749:
746:
736:
733:
723:
720:
706:
702:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
669:
665:
662:
659:
650:
647:
633:
631:
623:
620:
617:
608:
605:
596:
593:
584:
581:
572:
569:
555:
553:
545:
542:
539:
530:
527:
518:
515:
506:
503:
494:
491:
482:
479:
470:
467:
458:
455:
450:
439:
436:
422:
420:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
365:)(1938–1939)
364:
360:
356:
353:
350:
347:
344:
332:
326:
320:
314:
308:
304:
302:
298:
295:
292:
290:
286:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
264:
263:
261:
252:
248:
244:
241:, after 1948
240:
237:
228:
199:
196:
189:
185:
181:
175:
170:
149:
134:
133:Kde domov můj
127:
123:
117:, unofficial)
116:
110:
104:
98:
97:Pravda vítězí
93:
89:
83:
77:
69:
63:
55:
49:
41:
37:
29:
26:
22:
6904:Eastern Bloc
6862:
6847:EU relations
6506:Institutions
6169:
5955:Coat of arms
5945:Architecture
5895:Demographics
5766:Naval Forces
5741:Legal system
5719:Human rights
5699:Constitution
5686:
5536:
5484:
5483:
5430:
5423:
5416:
5409:Adam Roberts
5396:
5389:
5382:
5375:
5357:
5350:
5343:
5336:
5329:
5322:
5315:
5308:
5293:the original
5288:
5266:
5260:
5252:
5247:
5239:
5236:Adam Roberts
5230:
5222:
5217:
5205:. Retrieved
5201:the original
5196:
5187:
5179:
5174:
5149:
5145:
5124:. Retrieved
5119:
5110:
5098:. Retrieved
5094:the original
5084:
5075:
5065:27 September
5063:. Retrieved
5059:the original
5049:
5037:. Retrieved
5033:the original
5023:
5015:
5011:
5002:
4996:
4977:
4971:
4959:. Retrieved
4955:
4946:
4927:
4921:
4909:. Retrieved
4895:
4886:
4876:
4853:. Retrieved
4843:
4830:
4789:
4785:
4775:
4767:
4762:
4744:
4732:. Retrieved
4728:the original
4718:
4712:
4700:. Retrieved
4696:the original
4691:
4681:
4669:. Retrieved
4665:
4656:
4644:. Retrieved
4640:
4612:. Retrieved
4608:
4599:
4590:
4578:. Retrieved
4574:
4565:
4539:
4527:. Retrieved
4507:
4489:
4483:
4465:
4459:
4447:. Retrieved
4433:
4418:hdr.undp.org
4417:
4405:
4327:
4262: /
4237:Jana Novotná
4202:
4196:
4188:Emil Zátopek
4186:
4174:Marián Hossa
4162:Peter Bondra
4154:Jaromír Jágr
4143:
4136:
4132:Marek Hamšík
4116:Ján Pivarník
4112:Marián Masný
4084:Pavel Nedvěd
4077:
4069:Olympic gold
4054:
4016:
4012:
3981:World War II
3978:
3941:, 5.3% were
3936:
3899:
3873:World War II
3842:
3829:
3825:adding to it
3820:
3777:
3761:turnover tax
3751:black market
3726:Soviet Union
3723:
3692:
3664:
3652:
3645:
3641:
3631:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3609:
3605:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3538:World War II
3531:
3463:
3460:in 1990–1992
3458:coat of arms
3420:Gustáv Husák
3413:
3407:
3341:
3319:Nazi Germany
3310:
3262:
3248:
3230:
3218:
3205:
3190:
3172:
3161:
3150:
3143:
3131:
3111:
3102:
3095:
3088:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3060:
3043:Czechoslovak
3042:
3041:Timeline of
2991:
2985:
2975:
2972:
2965:
2931:
2927:Václav Havel
2924:
2913:
2905:
2875:
2863:
2825:
2817:
2764:
2722:Soviet Union
2715:
2712:in 1960–1989
2710:coat of arms
2673:
2669:
2654:
2634:Kurt Daluege
2619:
2588:
2576:Slovak State
2573:
2562:
2558:Nazi Germany
2542:Adolf Hitler
2539:
2490:
2480:set up as a
2474:
2467:
2459:
2448:
2447:
2322:
2194:
2173:
2136:
2134:
2072:
2008:
2000:Karel Kramář
1985:
1983:
1967:Czech people
1956:
1952:Edvard Beneš
1937:
1619:
1612:
1603:
1594:
1585:
1576:
1555:
1546:Danube River
1539:
1519:Soviet Union
1497:East Germany
1493:West Germany
1458:
1441:
1435:
1418:
1381:Soviet Union
1375:; after the
1362:
1356:
1338:Nazi Germany
1253:Eastern Bloc
1249:coup in 1948
1241:Soviet Union
1230:
1218:Edvard Beneš
1214:World War II
1186:Nazi Germany
1161:
1018:
1017:
899:Succeeded by
898:
893:
878:Internet TLD
867:Calling code
719:Proclamation
649:Karel Kramář
607:Gustáv Husák
541:Václav Havel
529:Gustáv Husák
457:Edvard Beneš
448:
410:(1989–1992)
401:(1969–1989)
396:single-party
386:(1948–1969)
381:single-party
371:(1939–1945)
294:Czechoslovak
246:
239:Czechoslovak
125:
111:, 1990–1992)
105:, 1918–1990)
92:Motto:
91:
82:Coat of arms
35:
25:
6786:Switzerland
6726:Netherlands
6354:Lajtabánság
6270:Short-lived
6213:Sudetenland
6129:Pichon Line
5917:Health care
5824:Agriculture
5798:Sudetenland
5736:LGBT rights
5729:enforcement
5039:13 February
4961:12 February
4878:Prague Post
4734:22 February
4092:Milan Baroš
3945:, 30% were
3845:paved roads
3667:from 1990).
3546:Warsaw Pact
3456:Federative
3317:Annexed by
3139:Sudetenland
3104:1993–
2994:nationalist
2981:papal visit
2934:Warsaw Pact
2835:Czech lands
2792:Macedonians
2767:Sudetenland
2738:citizenship
2550:Appeasement
2546:Sudetenland
2536:(1938–1939)
2488:in power .
2437:14,726,158
2339:10,066,000
2307:13,607,385
2171:principle.
2161:Sudetenland
2093:, parts of
2079:World War I
2011:World War I
2004:Josef Kaizl
1959:Romanticism
1944:World War I
1788:Coup d'état
1662:History of
1618:1990–1992:
1602:1960–1990:
1593:1945–1960:
1584:1938–1939:
1575:1918–1938:
1531:until 1991)
1527:1991–1992 (
1423:. It was a
1348:region was
1334:Sudetenland
1265:Warsaw Pact
1210:Czech Lands
1182:Sudetenland
894:Preceded by
861:(Post 1939)
810:Dissolution
771:Coup d'état
763:10 May 1945
699:(1969–1992)
694:(1948–1969)
689:(1946–1948)
684:(1945–1946)
679:(1920–1939)
671:Legislature
661:Jan Stráský
619:Miloš Jakeš
222: /
6893:Categories
6756:San Marino
6721:Montenegro
6701:Luxembourg
6596:Azerbaijan
5788:Parliament
5714:Government
5126:24 October
4911:2 December
4671:27 January
4646:27 January
4614:27 January
4580:27 January
4397:References
4213:Ivan Lendl
4166:Petr Klíma
4080:Jan Koller
4041:See also:
4023:mass media
4003:Mass media
3865:Tomáš Baťa
3784:brown coal
3732:Industry:
3661:Bratislava
3619:, Slovak:
3504:See also:
3375:Oblast of
3360:(ČSR) and
2944:After 1989
2901:capitalism
2837:, and the
2819:Spartakiad
2708:Socialist
2423:Foreigners
2374:Hungarians
2361:Ruthenians
2293:Foreigners
2246:Ruthenians
2233:Hungarians
2211:8,759,701
2153:Hungarians
2116:See also:
1566:Hyphen War
1564:See also:
1536:Topography
1480:Neighbours
1346:Trans-Olza
1009:ISO 3166-3
469:Emil Hácha
363:rump state
301:Government
289:Demonym(s)
46:1939–1945
6810:Observers
6696:Lithuania
6376:to Poland
6107:Diplomacy
5922:Languages
5912:Education
5864:Transport
5834:Companies
5778:President
5761:Air Force
5704:Elections
5658:Mountains
5648:Districts
5632:Geography
5166:249083197
4822:146969818
4806:0003-0554
4342:Hungarian
4217:Jan Kodeš
4192:athletics
4120:Ján Mucha
4104:Petr Čech
3993:hospitals
3901:Education
3890:Education
3780:crude oil
3665:Socialist
3606:(veľ)župy
3437:in Prague
3348:1948 coup
3046:statehood
2411:Romanians
2352:3,229,000
2224:3,123,305
2155:(5%) and
2123:Ethnicity
2061:Formation
1987:Reichsrat
1848:1990–1992
1838:1989–1992
1802:1948–1989
1781:1945–1948
1771:1939–1945
1761:1939–1945
1750:1939–1945
1739:1938–1945
1729:1938–1939
1709:1918–1938
1521:1945–1991
1515:1918–1938
1396:communist
1281:communism
1133:-oh-sloh-
855:Drives on
837:very high
745:Partition
419:President
334:(1990–92)
328:(1948–89)
322:(1945–48)
316:(1938–39)
310:(1918–38)
269:Hungarian
52:1945–1992
43:1918–1939
6822:Holy See
6771:Slovenia
6766:Slovakia
6746:Portugal
6611:Bulgaria
6528:Congress
6395:to China
6389:to Italy
6380:Bukovina
6367:Cessions
6139:Vix Note
6056:Treaties
6007:Category
5927:Religion
5849:Taxation
5746:Military
5687:Politics
5554:Timeline
5448:Archived
5415:(eds.),
4905:Archived
4903:. 2011.
4865:cite web
4702:29 March
4520:Archived
4449:12 April
4443:Archived
4422:Archived
4335:German:
4297:See also
4031:reviewed
3963:Slovakia
3927:Religion
3905:literate
3869:motorway
3849:railways
3581:Ruthenia
3415:de facto
3242:Slovakia
3220:Slovakia
3062:Pre-1918
3004:and the
2781:. These
2569:occupied
2182:and the
2103:Slovakia
1813:Invasion
1653:a series
1651:Part of
1467:and the
1440:and the
1361:and the
1305:Slovakia
1198:Slovakia
1164:) was a
1007:Current
979:Slovakia
946:Slovakia
844:Currency
184:Cold War
182:and the
155:(Slovak)
6796:Ukraine
6751:Romania
6711:Moldova
6676:Ireland
6671:Iceland
6666:Hungary
6656:Germany
6651:Georgia
6641:Finland
6636:Estonia
6631:Denmark
6616:Croatia
6601:Belgium
6591:Austria
6586:Armenia
6581:Andorra
6576:Albania
6568:Members
6374:Galicia
6239:Hungary
6196:Austria
5970:Museums
5937:Culture
5878:Society
5859:Tourism
5829:Banking
5812:Economy
5546:History
5433:(1990).
5426:(1969).
5399:(1989).
5392:(1943).
5385:(1989).
5378:(1990).
5346:(1989).
5339:(1973).
5332:(1988).
5325:(1986).
5318:(1975).
5311:(2009).
5278:Sources
5207:8 April
5100:8 April
4956:HISTORY
4855:30 June
4814:1945847
4609:uca.edu
4529:5 April
4375:Yiddish
4251:Culture
4017:During
3947:Atheist
3879:Society
3853:bridges
3788:nuclear
3683:Economy
3621:krajiny
3577:Silesia
3573:Moravia
3569:Bohemia
3542:Comecon
3377:Ukraine
3369:of the
3334:Hungary
3330:Annexed
3121:Silesia
3117:Moravia
3113:Bohemia
2979:made a
2822:in 1960
2771:Jesenik
2665:Moravia
2661:Bohemia
2626:Terezín
2610:Siberia
2552:at the
2426:239,000
2389:354,000
2378:653,000
2365:745,000
2355:21.93%
2348:Germans
2342:68.35%
2335:Slovaks
2296:238,784
2261:180,534
2250:461,449
2237:744,621
2227:22.95%
2220:Germans
2214:64.37%
2207:Slovaks
2184:Slovaks
2151:(22%),
2149:Germans
2147:(16%),
2145:Slovaks
2143:(51%),
2109:called
2107:Ukraine
2095:Silesia
2091:Moravia
2087:Bohemia
2009:During
1898:Origins
1629:History
1552:Climate
1548:basin.
1525:Ukraine
1513:Romania
1503:Hungary
1486:Austria
1413:with a
1299:of the
1261:Comecon
1255:with a
1243:). The
1220:formed
1202:Hungary
1190:Hungary
1137:-ee-ə,
808:•
795:•
782:•
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756:•
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730:•
717:•
704:History
445:•
405:Federal
390:Federal
375:Unitary
355:Federal
346:Unitary
340:Details
210:14°25′E
207:50°05′N
191:Capital
140:(Czech)
126:Anthem:
6837:Mexico
6827:Israel
6817:Canada
6791:Turkey
6781:Sweden
6761:Serbia
6741:Poland
6736:Norway
6716:Monaco
6686:Latvia
6661:Greece
6646:France
6621:Cyprus
5950:Cinema
5844:Mining
5839:Energy
5668:States
5663:Rivers
5643:Cities
5476:, in:
5371:online
5353:(1997)
5164:
4984:
4934:
4820:
4812:
4804:
4770:(1976)
4753:
4496:
4472:
4351:Polish
4205:tennis
4130:, and
4037:Sports
4021:, the
3979:After
3957:; see
3861:Ruzyně
3857:Prague
3786:, and
3657:Prague
3646:okresy
3625:okresy
3610:okresy
3598:okresy
3367:Oblast
3364:(SSR).
3192:Second
2796:Vlachs
2783:Greeks
2728:. The
2698:, and
2680:Prague
2676:Pilsen
2642:Ležáky
2638:Lidice
2429:1.62%
2418:0.10%
2415:14,000
2405:0.52%
2402:76,000
2392:2.40%
2381:4.43%
2368:5.06%
2331:Czechs
2299:1.75%
2288:0.17%
2285:23,139
2282:Others
2277:0.56%
2274:75,852
2264:1.33%
2253:3.39%
2240:5.47%
2203:Czechs
2180:Czechs
2157:Rusyns
2141:Czechs
2019:Allies
1655:on the
1641:, and
1615:(ČSFR)
1611:1990:
1508:Poland
1409:under
1373:Allies
1226:Allies
1194:Poland
1180:, the
1154:Slovak
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279:Polish
265:German
251:Slovak
247:·
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198:Prague
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128:
115:French
103:Slovak
6832:Japan
6776:Spain
6706:Malta
6681:Italy
5990:Sport
5975:Music
5965:Media
5890:Crime
5653:Lakes
5162:S2CID
4818:S2CID
4810:JSTOR
4523:(PDF)
4516:(PDF)
4425:(PDF)
4414:(PDF)
4360:Rusyn
4319:Notes
3711:Škoda
3699:Tatra
3695:Škoda
3653:kraje
3642:kraje
3589:kraje
2899:with
2804:Urums
2759:NSDAP
2398:Poles
2270:Poles
1560:Names
1394:with
1283:were
1150:Czech
1118:
833:0.897
274:Rusyn
249:
243:Czech
109:Latin
5960:Flag
5751:Army
5411:and
5209:2020
5128:2022
5102:2020
5067:2015
5041:2014
4982:ISBN
4963:2020
4932:ISBN
4913:2014
4871:link
4857:2008
4802:ISSN
4751:ISBN
4736:2012
4704:2009
4673:2021
4648:2021
4616:2021
4582:2021
4531:2010
4494:ISBN
4470:ISBN
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4243:and
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