525:. Externally, they are hard to distinguish but the copulatory organs are very different. For example, the male has a distinctive triangular retrolateral lobe below an unusual dorsal apophysis which the others lack. The female has more sclerotization throughout its copulatory openings. The shape of the epigyne depression is also distinctive. There are also differences between examples found different areas. The male spiders found in Zimbabwe have a longer tibial apophysis than those from Zambia.
56:
494:
millimetres (0.067 and 0.071 in) in width. It is generally lighter. The carapace is fawnish-brown covered with brown hairs. The eye field is dark brown with white hairs. Dark rings encircle the eyes. The chelicerae, labium and maxillae are orange. The sternum is yellow. In some examples, the abdomen is yellowish all over with a covering of brown hairs; in others, it is similar to the male except lighter. The spinnerets are always yellowish. The
33:
536:
does not spin webs. Instead, it lives in the tops of trees and descends to attack prey on long threads of silk. The spider makes a dense cocoon when moulting. They live in groups in loose association with each other. They have been noted to mate between
September and January. Juveniles appear in both
469:
is between 1.9 and 2.0 millimetres (0.075 and 0.079 in) long and typically 1.6 millimetres (0.063 in) wide. Most examples have a fawnish-brown abdomen, while some are dark brown. Some have a light pattern of three or four spots, although this is usually quite faint. The underside is light.
493:
The female is larger than the male. It has a carapace that is between 2.1 and 2.3 millimetres (0.083 and 0.091 in) long and between 1.6 and 1.8 millimetres (0.063 and 0.071 in) wide and an abdomen between 2.1 and 2.5 millimetres (0.083 and 0.098 in) in length and between 1.7 and 1.8
541:
spiders undertake complex displays and dances during courtship. The males also undertake aggressive displays between themselves. They are hesitant attacking other spiders. The species nests under strips of bark and between flat overlapping flakes of bark. Generally, the spiders are difficult to
290:
with a longer lamella, which is recalled in the species name, and two distinctive tibial appendages, or apophyses, one with a characteristic triangular lobe. Examples found in
Zimbabwe have one longer tibial apophysis. The female has a heart-shaped depression in the
440:
that is between 1.9 and 2.1 millimetres (0.075 and 0.083 in) long and between 1.3 and 1.6 millimetres (0.051 and 0.063 in) wide, covered in short brown and whitish hairs. Lines formed of white hairs line the sides of the carapace. It has a darker
274:
between 1.9 and 2.5 millimetres (0.075 and 0.098 in) long. The female is larger than the male and generally lighter, ranging generally from fawnish-brown to dark brown. The species is similar to
1196:
Wesołowska, Wanda; Cumming, Meg S. (2008). "Taxonomy and
Natural History of a Species Rich Assemblage of Jumping Spiders (Araneae: Salticidae); A Long-Term Study of a Suburban Site in Zimbabwe".
1383:
490:
has a distinctive arrangement of two tibial appendages, or apophyses. One is short and stumpy, pointing upwards, and the other is longer and points downwards.
1225:
Wesołowska, Wanda; Cumming, Meg S. (2011). "New species and records of jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae) from Sengwa
Wildlife Research Area in Zimbabwe".
393:. In 2016, Prószyński created a group of genera named Menemerines after the genus. The vast majority of the species in Menemerines are members of the genus
1480:
1357:
1396:
1014:
Fernández-Rubio, Fidel (2013). "La etimologĂa de los nombres de las arañas (Araneae)" [The etymology of the names of spiders (Araneae)].
266:
trees as well as in houses and other areas of human habitation. It descends to attack prey on long threads of silk. It is a small spider, with a
1465:
482:
are brown with white hairs visible on the palpal femur. The embolus is short with a lamella that is of a slightly longer length. The
1475:
1455:
386:
in 2015. The tribe is ubiquitous across most of the continents of the world. It is allocated to the subclade
Saltafresia in the
1450:
1401:
574:
458:
454:
603:
trees. Examples that live in the Sengwa
Wildlife Research Area in Zimbabwe have been found on the bark of trees of the
462:
446:
1470:
1156:
Richman, David B.; Jackson, Robert R. (1992). "A review of the ethology of jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae)".
55:
498:
has a wide notch on the rearmost edge and a heart-shaped depression. The copulatory openings lead to wide highly
483:
422:
287:
521:
282:
1322:
1238:
Wiśniewski, Konrad (2020). "Over 40 years with jumping spiders: on the 70th birthday of Wanda Wesołowska".
330:
during her career, making her one of the most prolific in the field. She allocated the spider to the genus
1284:
42:
1126:
1427:
180:
1422:
1344:
502:
insemination ducts that have an unusual morphology. There are distinctive accessory glands and small
1460:
1169:
319:
315:
233:
229:
196:
615:
trees. The spider also lives in houses and areas of habitation, including the museum in
Bulawayo.
236:, one of over 500 descriptions she has written during her lifetime. The spider lives in groups in
1263:
1213:
1068:
515:
340:
and contains over 60 species. The genus name derives from two Greek words, meaning certainly and
276:
50:
1080:
Maddison, Wayne P.; Hedin, Marshal C. (2003). "Jumping spider phylogeny (Araneae: Salticidae)".
553:
spiders are found throughout Africa and Asia, and have been identified as far as Latin
America.
1388:
1409:
1331:
1255:
1019:
1414:
1247:
1205:
1142:
1114:
1089:
1060:
1036:
640:
387:
372:
337:
32:
1048:
513:
genus are difficult to distinguish. The species is particularly similar to the related
499:
383:
311:
216:
137:
1101:
Mariante, Rafael M.; Hill, David E. (2020). "First report of the Asian jumping spider
1444:
1267:
475:
442:
405:
375:
127:
1217:
1072:
1336:
1051:(2015). "A phylogenetic classification of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)".
1370:
1316:
1173:
503:
487:
466:
379:
327:
271:
97:
1307:
1064:
1251:
450:
390:
341:
270:
that is between 1.9 and 2.3 millimetres (0.075 and 0.091 in) long and an
147:
1023:
611:
605:
599:
593:
471:
367:
332:
262:
256:
250:
244:
224:
157:
87:
67:
1259:
1118:
1040:
1147:
1130:
1031:
Hasson, Oren (1995). "A fly in spider's clothing: what size the spider?".
1301:
1209:
1033:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences
582:
578:
566:
558:
542:
observe in the wild, being secretive and shy, and using camouflage well.
479:
437:
361:
352:
286:
but differs in the design of its copulatory organs. The male has a short
267:
107:
1362:
495:
346:
323:
307:
292:
228:
that lives in South Africa, Zambia and
Zimbabwe. The species was first
212:
1375:
587:
570:
238:
117:
77:
1278:
1093:
837:
835:
810:
808:
806:
359:
Genetic analysis has shown that the genus is related to the genera
562:
220:
1349:
399:
1282:
1131:"Pragmatic classification of the World's Salticidae (Araneae)"
728:
726:
585:
in 1979. The spider lives in trees, particularly the bark of
793:
791:
789:
565:, Zambia, in 1963. Zimbabwean examples have been seen in
557:
is found in South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The male
344:. The genus shares some characteristics with the genera
573:
in 1998. Examples found in South Africa are found in
1291:
436:is a small spider. The male has a flat dark brown
985:
949:
901:
841:
814:
409:. The species name derives from two Latin words,
1105:(Araneae: Salticidae: Chrysillini) in Brazil".
705:
925:
913:
732:
295:and an unusual insemination duct morphology.
8:
961:
693:
1158:Bulletin of the British Arachnology Society
416:
410:
336:. The genus was first described in 1868 by
1279:
997:
973:
889:
877:
865:
853:
826:
797:
780:
768:
681:
669:
31:
20:
1146:
421:, which describe the shape of the male's
756:
744:
717:
628:
937:
634:
632:
7:
651:. 18.0. Bern: Natural History Museum
486:has a large lump at its base. The
445:. The spider has a very low brown
14:
1428:urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:034534
1178:in Africa (Araneae: Salticidae)"
1174:"A revision of the spider genus
397:, with additional examples from
378:until that was reconstituted as
322:in 1999. It was one of over 500
54:
1227:Journal of Afrotropical Zoology
1481:Taxa named by Wanda Wesołowska
1016:Revista ibĂ©rica de AracnologĂa
371:. The genus was placed in the
1:
986:Wesołowska & Cumming 2011
950:Wesołowska & Cumming 2008
902:Wesołowska & Cumming 2008
842:Wesołowska & Cumming 2008
815:Wesołowska & Cumming 2008
639:World Spider Catalog (2017).
575:Rust De Winter Nature Reserve
1018:(in Spanish) (22): 125–130.
1497:
1065:10.1636/arac-43-03-231-292
1053:The Journal of Arachnology
926:Richman & Jackson 1992
914:Richman & Jackson 1992
449:that has white hairs. The
1466:Spiders described in 1999
1252:10.11646/zootaxa.4899.1.3
733:Maddison & Hedin 2003
326:identified by the Polish
186:
179:
51:Scientific classification
49:
39:
30:
23:
1082:Invertebrate Systematics
962:Mariante & Hill 2020
694:Mariante & Hill 2020
546:Distribution and habitat
1476:Spiders of South Africa
1456:Invertebrates of Zambia
522:Menemerus transvaalicus
283:Menemerus transvaalicus
1451:Arthropods of Zimbabwe
1135:Ecologica Montenegrina
1119:10.5281/zenodo.3875200
1041:10.1098/rspb.1995.0140
417:
411:
43:Menemerus semilimbatus
1148:10.37828/em.2017.12.1
457:are light brown; the
1210:10.3161/067.058.0108
976:, pp. 292, 294.
706:Fernández-Rubio 2013
649:World Spider Catalog
609:genus and trunks of
474:and brown or orange
904:, pp. 196–197.
1323:Menemerus bifurcus
1293:Menemerus bifurcus
1049:Maddison, Wayne P.
643:Menemerus bifurcus
555:Menemerus bifurcus
534:Menemerus bifurcus
516:Menemerus formosus
434:Menemerus bifurcus
304:Menemerus bifurcus
277:Menemerus formosus
208:Menemerus bifurcus
190:Menemerus bifurcus
25:Menemerus bifurcus
1471:Spiders of Africa
1438:
1437:
1410:Open Tree of Life
1285:Taxon identifiers
1198:Annales Zoologici
1170:Wesołowska, Wanda
1127:Prószyński, Jerzy
645:Wesolowska, 1999"
537:March and April.
204:
203:
16:Species of spider
1488:
1431:
1430:
1418:
1417:
1405:
1404:
1392:
1391:
1379:
1378:
1366:
1365:
1353:
1352:
1340:
1339:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1280:
1271:
1234:
1221:
1192:
1182:
1165:
1152:
1150:
1122:
1097:
1076:
1044:
1035:(261): 223–226.
1027:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
977:
971:
965:
959:
953:
947:
941:
935:
929:
923:
917:
911:
905:
899:
893:
887:
881:
875:
869:
863:
857:
851:
845:
839:
830:
824:
818:
812:
801:
795:
784:
778:
772:
766:
760:
754:
748:
742:
736:
730:
721:
715:
709:
703:
697:
691:
685:
679:
673:
667:
661:
660:
658:
656:
636:
470:It has brownish
465:are orange. The
420:
414:
320:Wanda Wesołowska
234:Wanda Wesołowska
192:
172:M. bifurcus
59:
58:
35:
21:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1426:
1421:
1413:
1408:
1400:
1395:
1387:
1382:
1374:
1369:
1361:
1356:
1348:
1343:
1335:
1330:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1287:
1274:
1237:
1224:
1195:
1180:
1168:
1155:
1125:
1103:Menemerus nigli
1100:
1094:10.1071/IS02044
1079:
1047:
1030:
1013:
1009:
1004:
998:Wesołowska 1999
996:
992:
984:
980:
974:Wesołowska 1999
972:
968:
960:
956:
948:
944:
936:
932:
924:
920:
912:
908:
900:
896:
890:Wesołowska 1999
888:
884:
878:Wesołowska 1999
876:
872:
866:Wesołowska 1999
864:
860:
854:Wesołowska 1999
852:
848:
840:
833:
827:Wesołowska 1999
825:
821:
813:
804:
798:Wesołowska 1999
796:
787:
781:Prószyński 2017
779:
775:
769:Prószyński 2017
767:
763:
755:
751:
743:
739:
731:
724:
716:
712:
704:
700:
692:
688:
682:Wesołowska 1999
680:
676:
670:Wiśniewski 2020
668:
664:
654:
652:
638:
637:
630:
626:
621:
561:was found near
548:
531:
509:Spiders of the
431:
314:that was first
301:
200:
194:
188:
175:
53:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1494:
1492:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1443:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1419:
1406:
1393:
1380:
1367:
1354:
1341:
1328:
1313:
1297:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1273:
1272:
1235:
1222:
1204:(1): 167–230.
1193:
1166:
1153:
1123:
1098:
1088:(4): 529–549.
1077:
1059:(3): 231–292.
1045:
1028:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1002:
1000:, p. 294.
990:
978:
966:
954:
952:, p. 197.
942:
940:, p. 225.
930:
918:
906:
894:
892:, p. 339.
882:
880:, p. 292.
870:
868:, p. 252.
858:
856:, p. 265.
846:
844:, p. 196.
831:
829:, p. 264.
819:
817:, p. 195.
802:
800:, p. 266.
785:
783:, p. 116.
773:
771:, p. 112.
761:
759:, p. 278.
749:
747:, p. 231.
737:
735:, p. 541.
722:
720:, p. 233.
710:
708:, p. 128.
698:
686:
684:, p. 251.
674:
662:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
547:
544:
530:
527:
430:
427:
384:Wayne Maddison
312:jumping spider
300:
297:
217:jumping spider
202:
201:
195:
184:
183:
177:
176:
169:
167:
163:
162:
155:
151:
150:
145:
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135:
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125:
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105:
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81:
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65:
61:
60:
47:
46:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1482:
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1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
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1190:
1186:
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1128:
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1120:
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1087:
1083:
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1058:
1054:
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1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1011:
1006:
999:
994:
991:
988:, p. 85.
987:
982:
979:
975:
970:
967:
963:
958:
955:
951:
946:
943:
939:
934:
931:
928:, p. 35.
927:
922:
919:
916:, p. 34.
915:
910:
907:
903:
898:
895:
891:
886:
883:
879:
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871:
867:
862:
859:
855:
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838:
836:
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828:
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807:
803:
799:
794:
792:
790:
786:
782:
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765:
762:
758:
757:Maddison 2015
753:
750:
746:
745:Maddison 2015
741:
738:
734:
729:
727:
723:
719:
718:Maddison 2015
714:
711:
707:
702:
699:
695:
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650:
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584:
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556:
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540:
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517:
512:
507:
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497:
491:
489:
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468:
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460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
439:
435:
428:
426:
424:
419:
413:
408:
407:
406:Leptorchestes
402:
401:
396:
392:
389:
385:
381:
377:
376:Heliophaninae
374:
370:
369:
364:
363:
357:
355:
354:
349:
348:
343:
339:
335:
334:
329:
328:arachnologist
325:
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317:
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309:
305:
298:
296:
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289:
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279:
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235:
231:
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193:
191:
185:
182:
181:Binomial name
178:
174:
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165:
164:
161:
160:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
139:
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133:
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128:Araneomorphae
126:
123:
122:
119:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
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99:
96:
93:
92:
89:
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76:
73:
72:
69:
66:
63:
62:
57:
52:
48:
45:
44:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1292:
1275:
1243:
1239:
1230:
1226:
1201:
1197:
1188:
1184:
1175:
1161:
1157:
1138:
1134:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1085:
1081:
1056:
1052:
1032:
1015:
1007:Bibliography
993:
981:
969:
964:, p. 3.
957:
945:
933:
921:
909:
897:
885:
873:
861:
849:
822:
776:
764:
752:
740:
713:
701:
696:, p. 1.
689:
677:
672:, p. 6.
665:
653:. Retrieved
648:
642:
610:
604:
598:
592:
586:
581:in 1976 and
569:in 1962 and
554:
550:
549:
538:
533:
532:
520:
514:
510:
508:
504:spermathecae
492:
433:
432:
404:
398:
394:
366:
360:
358:
351:
345:
338:Eugène Simon
331:
303:
302:
281:
275:
261:
255:
249:
243:
237:
223:
207:
206:
205:
189:
187:
171:
170:
158:
124:Infraorder:
41:
40:The related
24:
18:
1371:iNaturalist
1317:Wikispecies
1246:(1): 5–14.
1164:(2): 33–37.
1113:(1): 1–21.
938:Hasson 1995
500:sclerotized
488:palpal bulb
429:Description
380:Chrysillini
232:in 1999 by
144:Subfamily:
98:Chelicerata
94:Subphylum:
1461:Salticidae
1445:Categories
1191:: 251–353.
619:References
472:spinnerets
451:chelicerae
391:Salticoida
197:Wesołowska
148:Salticinae
138:Salticidae
88:Arthropoda
1268:232337200
1233:: 75–104.
1176:Menemerus
1141:: 1–133.
1107:Peckhamia
1024:1576-9518
624:Citations
612:Trichilia
606:Combretum
600:Spathodea
594:Jacaranda
577:in 1972,
551:Menemerus
539:Menemerus
529:Behaviour
511:Menemerus
480:pedipalps
443:eye field
395:Menemerus
368:Phintella
333:Menemerus
316:described
263:Trichilia
257:Spathodea
251:Jacaranda
245:Combretum
230:described
225:Menemerus
166:Species:
159:Menemerus
108:Arachnida
74:Kingdom:
68:Eukaryota
1389:10711941
1308:Q1940340
1302:Wikidata
1260:33756825
1218:83575177
1172:(1999).
1129:(2017).
1073:85680279
583:Tshipise
579:Pretoria
567:Bulawayo
559:holotype
438:carapace
362:Helvetia
353:Pellenes
299:Taxonomy
268:carapace
134:Family:
84:Phylum:
78:Animalia
64:Domain:
1415:3545238
1363:2169066
1350:1212781
1240:Zootaxa
496:epigyne
484:cymbium
467:abdomen
463:sternum
459:maxilae
447:clypeus
423:embolus
347:Hypaeus
342:diurnal
324:species
308:species
293:epigyne
288:embolus
272:abdomen
219:in the
213:species
154:Genus:
118:Araneae
114:Order:
104:Class:
1402:883370
1376:674886
1266:
1258:
1216:
1071:
1022:
655:8 June
588:Acacia
571:Harare
478:. The
455:labium
239:Acacia
199:, 1999
1384:IRMNG
1337:3ZQ64
1264:S2CID
1214:S2CID
1185:Genus
1181:(PDF)
1069:S2CID
563:Kitwe
418:furca
388:clade
373:tribe
306:is a
221:genus
211:is a
1397:ITIS
1358:GBIF
1256:PMID
1244:4899
1020:ISSN
657:2017
597:and
519:and
476:legs
461:and
453:and
415:and
403:and
400:Kima
365:and
350:and
280:and
260:and
1423:WSC
1345:EoL
1332:CoL
1248:doi
1206:doi
1143:doi
1115:doi
1111:205
1090:doi
1061:doi
1037:doi
412:bis
382:by
318:by
310:of
215:of
1447::
1425::
1412::
1399::
1386::
1373::
1360::
1347::
1334::
1319::
1304::
1262:.
1254:.
1242:.
1229:.
1212:.
1202:58
1200:.
1189:10
1187:.
1183:.
1160:.
1139:12
1137:.
1133:.
1109:.
1086:17
1084:.
1067:.
1057:43
1055:.
834:^
805:^
788:^
725:^
647:.
631:^
591:,
506:.
425:.
356:.
254:,
248:,
242:,
1276:{
1270:.
1250::
1231:7
1220:.
1208::
1162:9
1151:.
1145::
1121:.
1117::
1096:.
1092::
1075:.
1063::
1043:.
1039::
1026:.
659:.
641:"
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