1027:
discharges, while males had 45.72%. Individuals between the ages of 45 and 68 had an average of 31.73% discharges followed by age group 65–84, with 28.82%. The average length of stay for a patient diagnosed with torn menisci was 2.7 days for males and 3.7 days for females. There was a report of 6,941 hospital discharges for knee repair. Individuals between age 18 and 44 were among the highest with 37.37% total of discharges, followed by the age group 45–64, with a percentage of 36.34%. Males had a slightly higher number of discharges (50.78%) than females (48.66%). The average length of stay for both male and female patients in a hospital setting was 3.1.
767:(torn ACL) is coupled with a torn meniscus, then an arthroscopy is recommended. A meniscal repair has a higher success rate given an adequate blood supply to the peripheral rim. The interior of the meniscus is avascular, but the blood supply can penetrate up to about 6 millimetres (0.24 in). Therefore, meniscus tears that occur near the peripheral rim are able to heal after a meniscal repair. One study found that repair is better than removal (meniscectomy). The amount of rehabilitation time required for a repair is longer, but removing the meniscus can induce
866:
1009:
898:
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it's not unusual to take 2–3 months for the recovery to reach a level where a patient will walk totally smoothly. Many meniscectomy patients don't ever feel a 100% functional recovery, but even years after the procedure they sometimes feel tugging or tension in a part of their knee. There is little medical follow-up after meniscectomy and official medical documentation tends to ignore the imperfections and side-effects of this procedure.
644:
474:
618:
251:(often seen in athletes) and degenerative processes, which are the most common tear seen in all ages of patients. Meniscal tears can occur in all age groups. Traumatic tears are most common in active people aged 10–45. Traumatic tears are usually radial or vertical in the meniscus and more likely to produce a moveable fragment that can catch in the knee and therefore require surgical treatment.
267:," which is seen in sports such as football when the player is hit on the outside of the knee. Individuals who experience a meniscal tear usually experience pain and swelling as their primary symptoms. Another common complaint is joint locking, or the inability to completely straighten the joint. This is due to a piece of the torn cartilage preventing the normal functioning of the knee joint.
25:
655:. Meniscus tears are more likely to heal on their own if they are in what physicians call the "red zone," or the outer edge of the meniscus where blood supply is present. More serious tears may require surgical procedures. Surgery, however, does not appear to be better than non-surgical care. In the long term, degenerative meniscal tears are often associated with
435:
211:, particularly along the joint line, and swelling. These are worse when the knee bears more weight (for example, when running). Another typical complaint is joint locking, when the affected person is unable to straighten the leg fully. This can be accompanied by a clicking feeling. Sometimes, a meniscal tear also causes a sensation that the knee gives way.
414:(a grinding maneuver while the person lies prone and the knee is bent 90°) and the Thessaly test (flexing the affected knee to 20 degrees, pivoting on the knee to see if the pain is reproduced). Bending the knee (into hyperflexion if tolerable), and especially squatting, is typically a painful maneuver if the meniscus is torn. The
1023:, the isolated medial meniscal tear occurs more frequently than any other tear associated with the meniscus. The prevalence of meniscus tears is the same for both knees. In a few studies the having a higher BMI puts more weight on the joints, which can cause the knee to be non-aligned, resulting in an easier tear.
359:
Contraction by the popliteus during knee flexion pulls the lateral meniscus posteriorly, avoiding entrapment within the joint space. The medial meniscus does not have a direct muscular connection. The medial meniscus may shift a few millimeters, while the less stable lateral meniscus may move at least 1 cm.
134:
358:
The joint capsule attaches to the entire periphery of each meniscus but adheres more firmly to the medial meniscus. An interruption in the attachment of the joint capsule to the lateral meniscus, forming the popliteal hiatus, allows the popliteus tendon to pass through to its femoral attachment site.
992:
If the progression criteria are met, the patient can gradually return to "high-impact" activities (like running). However, "heavier activities", like running, skiing, basketball etc., generally any activities where knees bear sudden changes of the direction of movement can lead to repeated injuries.
877:
If the damaged part of the meniscus was removed, patients can usually start walking using a crutch a day or two after surgery. Although each case is different, patients return to their normal activities on average after a few weeks (2 or 3). Still, a completely normal walk will resume gradually, and
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An independent international guideline panel recommended against arthroscopy for degenerative meniscus tears; this conclusion derived from evidence of no lasting benefit and that less than 15% of patients experience even a short-term benefit. Disadvantages include a two to six week recovery time and
301:
reconstruction, there is an increasing chance of meniscus tears. This study showed meniscus tears occurring at a rate of 50–70% depending on how long after the ACL injury the surgery occurred. Meniscal ramp lesions (tears of the medial meniscus posterior horn at the menisco-capsular junction) occur
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material, which makes it more susceptible to rate of loading injuries. Repetitive loading can also lead to injury. Recent studies have shown people who experience rapid rate of loading and/or repetitive loading to be the most susceptible to meniscus tears. People over the age of 60 who have working
270:
Degenerative tears are most common in people from age 40 upward but can be found at any age, especially with obesity. Degenerative meniscal tears are thought to occur as part of the aging process when the collagen fibers within the meniscus start to break down and lend less support to the structure
980:
Patients begin exercises in phase III 14 to 22 weeks after surgery. Phase III's goal and final criterion is to perform sport/work specific movements with no pain or swelling (Fowler, PJ and D. Pompan, 1993). Drills for maximal muscle control, strength, flexibility, movements specific to patient's
885:
program that follows is a lot more intensive. After the surgery, a hinged knee brace is sometimes placed on the patient. This brace allows controlled movement of the knee. The patient is encouraged to walk using crutches from the first day, and most of the times can put partial weight on the knee.
371:
further studied the effects of a radial cut in the peripheral rim of the menisci during loading. In joints with intact menisci, the force was applied through the menisci and articular cartilage; however, a lesion in the peripheral rim disrupted the normal mechanics of the menisci and allowed it to
243:
The menisci are nourished by small blood vessels but have a large area in the center with no direct blood supply (avascular). This presents a problem when there is an injury to the meniscus, as the avascular areas tend not to heal. Without the essential nutrients supplied by blood vessels, healing
939:, and cardiovascular exercises while relieving stress on the body. It has also been shown to significantly improve dependent edema and pain symptoms. No pain gait without crutches or swelling at 4–6 weeks after surgery are the criteria to begin the next phase (Ulrich G.S., and S Aroncyzk, 1993).
910:
There are three phases that follow meniscal surgery. Each phase consists of rehabilitation goals, exercises, and criteria to move on to the next phase. Phase I starts immediately following surgery to 4–6 weeks or until the patient is able meet progression criteria. The goals are to restore normal
183:
force encountered in sports or other forms of physical exertion. The traumatic action is most often a twisting movement at the knee while the leg is bent. In older adults, the meniscus can be damaged following prolonged 'wear and tear'. Especially acute injuries (typically in younger, more active
366:
reported that the collagen fibers of the menisci are oriented in a circumferential pattern. When a compressive force is applied in the knee joint, a tensile force is transmitted to the menisci. The femur attempts to spread the menisci anteroposteriorly in extension and mediolaterally in flexion.
889:
Improving symptoms, restoring function, and preventing further injuries are the main goals when rehabilitating. By the end of rehabilitation, normal range of motion, function of muscles and coordination of the body are restored. Personalized rehabilitation programs are designed considering the
214:
A person with a torn meniscus can sometimes remember a specific activity during which the injury was sustained. A tear of the meniscus commonly follows a trauma that involves rotation of the knee while it was slightly bent. These maneuvers also exacerbate the pain after the injury; for example,
735:
is a surgical technique in which a joint is operated on using an endoscopic camera as opposed to open surgery on the joint. The meniscus can either be repaired or completely removed. Surgery is not appropriate for a degenerative meniscus tear, absent locking or catching of the knee, recurrent
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and delays functional recovery. During the 4–6 weeks post-surgical, active and passive non-weight bearing motions which flex the knee up to 90° are recommended. For patients with meniscal transplantation, further knee flexion can damage the allograft because of the increased shear forces and
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In 2008 the U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services reported a combined total of 2,295 discharges for the principal diagnosis of tear of lateral cartilage/meniscus (836.0), tear of medial cartilage/meniscus (836.1), and tear of cartilage/meniscus (836.2). Females had a total of 53.49%
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The first to be implanted in humans is called the NUsurface
Meniscus Implant. The implant is made from medical grade plastic and is designed not to require fixation to bone or soft tissue. The implant could be a good option for younger, active patients who are considered too young for knee
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is imperative when engaging in physical activity because one off-balanced step could mean a meniscus tear. It is highly advised that cleats contain a sole that molds around the foot, no fewer than fourteen cleats per shoe, no lower than a half inch diameter of the cleat tip, and at most, a
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This phase of the rehabilitation program is 6 to 14 weeks after the surgery. The goals for Phase II include being able to restore full ROM, normalized gait, and performing functional movements with control and no pain (Fowler, PJ and D. Pompan, 1993). Also, muscular strengthening and
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activities. The less conservative approach allows the patient to apply a small amount of stress while protecting range of motion. It is likely that a patient with a peripheral tear can pursue the accelerated program, while a patient with a larger tear adopts the conservative program.
1005:. It is more common in males than females, with a ratio of about two and a half males to one female. Males between the ages of 31 and 40 tend to tear their meniscus more frequently than younger men. Females seem to be more likely to tear their meniscus between the ages of 11 and 20.
321:
Tears produce rough surfaces inside the knee, which cause catching, locking, buckling, pain, or a combination of these symptoms. Abnormal loading patterns and rough surfaces inside the knee, especially when coupled with return to sports, significantly increase the risk of developing
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spread when a load was applied. The load now was distributed directly to the articular cartilage. In light of these findings, it is essential to preserve the peripheral rim during partial meniscectomy to avoid irreversible disruption of the structure's hoop tension capability.
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knee extension, reduce and eliminate swelling, regain leg control, and protect the knee (Fowler, PJ and D. Pompan, 1993). During the first 5 days following the surgery, a passive continuous motion machine is used to prevent a prolonged period of immobilization which leads to
346:. The menisci contain 70% type I collagen. The larger semilunar medial meniscus is attached more firmly than the loosely fixed, more circular lateral meniscus. The anterior and posterior horns of both menisci are secured to the tibial plateaus. Anteriorly, the transverse
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For patients selecting non-surgical treatment, physical therapy may reduce symptoms of pain and swelling. This type of rehabilitation focuses on maintenance of full range of motion and functional progression without aggravating symptoms. Physical therapists can employ
771:. Meniscectomy rehab requires four to six weeks. Repair requires four to six months. If conservative treatment is ineffective, surgical intervention may be required. Younger patients are typically more resilient and respond well to this treatment, while older, more
873:
After a successful surgery for treating the destroyed part of the meniscus, patients must follow a rehabilitation program to have the best result. The rehabilitation following a meniscus surgery depends on whether the entire meniscus was removed or repaired.
2181:
Siemieniuk RA, Harris IA, Agoritsas T, Poolman RW, Brignardello-Petersen R, Van de Velde S, Buchbinder R, Englund M, Lytvyn L, Quinlan C, Helsingen L, Knutsen G, Olsen NR, Macdonald H, Hailey L, Wilson HM, Lydiatt A, Kristiansen A, et al. (May 2017).
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of the meniscus. Degenerative tears are usually horizontal, producing both an upper and a lower segment of the meniscus. These segments do not usually move out of place and are therefore less likely to produce mechanical symptoms of catching or locking.
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can perform clinical tests to determine if the pain is caused by compression and impingement of a torn meniscus. The knee is examined for swelling. In meniscal tears, pressing on the joint line on the affected side typically produces tenderness. The
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connects the 2 menisci; posteriorly, the meniscofemoral ligament helps stabilize the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus to the femoral condyle. The coronary ligaments connect the peripheral meniscal rim loosely to the tibia. Although the
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1324:"Epidemiological Evaluation of Meniscal Ramp Lesions in 3214 Anterior Cruciate Ligament–Injured Knees From the SANTI Study Group Database: A Risk Factor Analysis and Study of Secondary Meniscectomy Rates Following 769 Ramp Repairs"
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stresses. If any weight-bearing exercises are applied, a controlled brace should be worn on the knee to keep the knee at near (<10°) or full extension. The suggested exercises target increasing the patient's ROM, muscular and
254:
A meniscus can tear due to an internally or externally rotated knee in a flexed position, with the foot in a flexed position. It is not uncommon for a meniscal tear to occur along with injuries to the anterior cruciate ligament
184:
patients) can lead to displaced tears which can cause mechanical symptoms such as clicking, catching, or locking during motion of the joint. The joint will be in pain when in use, but when there is no load, the pain goes away.
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The last major way to prevent a tear in the meniscus is learning proper technique for the movement that is taking place. For the sports involving quick powerful movements it is important to learn how to cut, turn, land from a
313:
Damage to the meniscus due to rotational forces directed to a flexed knee (as may occur with twisting sports) is the usual underlying mechanism of injury. A valgus force applied to a flexed knee with the foot planted and the
609:
and doing the quadriceps stretch will help loosen the muscles. Toe raises are used to strengthen and stretch the calves. Adequate muscle mass and strength may also aid in maintaining healthy knees. The use of the parallel
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and conform to the surfaces of the bones they rest on. One meniscus rests on the medial tibial plateau; this is the medial meniscus. The other meniscus rests on the lateral tibial plateau; this is the lateral meniscus.
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There are three major ways of preventing a meniscus tear. The first of these is wearing the correct footwear for the sport and surface that the activity is taking place on. This means that if the sport being played is
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pain is present with weightbearing, but the meniscal tear causes pain with a twisting motion of the knee as the meniscal fragment gets pinched, and the capsular attachment gets stretched causing the complaint of pain.
659:. This leads to poor outcomes regardless of treatment type. In the short term, studies have shown arthroscopic partial meniscectomy (APM) is a more effective treatment with regards to function and pain management.
1957:
Herrlin, SV; Wange, PO; Lapidus, G; HĂĄllander, M; Werner, S; Weidenhielm, L (Feb 2013). "Is arthroscopic surgery beneficial in treating non-traumatic, degenerative medial meniscal tears? A five year follow-up".
724:) to aid in the healing process has become widely accepted among US athletes. Although the procedure has grown in popularity, studies assessing the efficacy of PRP treatment have yielded contradictory results.
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Papastergiou, SG.; Koukoulias, NE.; Mikalef, P.; Ziogas, E.; Voulgaropoulos, H. (Dec 2007). "Meniscal tears in the ACL-deficient knee: correlation between meniscal tears and the timing of ACL reconstruction".
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replacement because that surgery lasts only about 10 years. The implant has been used in clinical trials in Europe since 2008. The first surgery as part of US clinical trials took place in
January 2015 at
296:
meniscal tears. Athletes who constantly experience a high rate of loading (e.g. soccer, rugby) are also susceptible to meniscus tears. Studies have also shown with increasing time between ACL injury and
511:
The functional importance of these classifications, however, is to ultimately determine whether a meniscus is repairable. The repairability of a meniscus depends on a number of factors. These include:
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are all recommended exercises (Ulrich G.S., and S Aroncyzk, 1993). Exercises to increase cardiovascular fitness are also applied to fully prepare the patients to return to their desired activities.
760:. The BMJ Rapid Recommendation includes infographics and shared decision-making tools to facilitate a conversation between doctors and patients about the risks and benefits of arthroscopic surgery.
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rotated externally can result in a lateral meniscus tear. A varus force applied to the flexed knee when the foot is planted and the femur rotated internally result in a tear of the medial meniscus.
1016:
People who work in physically demanding jobs such as construction or professional sports are more at risk of a meniscal tear because of the different stresses to which their knees are subjected.
635:, and stop correctly. It is important to take the time out to perfect these techniques when used. These three major techniques will significantly prevent and reduce the risk of a meniscus tear.
3727:
2383:
Hame, Sharon L.; Nguyen, Virginia; Ellerman, Jessica; Ngo, Stephanie S.; Wang, Jeffrey C.; Gamradt, Seth C. (2012-04-10). "Complications of
Arthroscopic Meniscectomy in the Older Population".
481:
A meniscal tear can be classified in various ways, such as by anatomic location or by proximity to blood supply. Various tear patterns and configurations have been described. These include:
465:
allows quick diagnosis and simultaneous treatment. Recent clinical data shows that MRI and clinical testing are comparable in sensitivity and specificity when looking for a meniscal tear.
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increases much needed stability in the knee if executed properly. Execution of the parallel squat will develop the lower body muscles that will strengthen the hips, knees, and ankles.
508:
These tears can then be further classified by their proximity to the meniscus blood supply, namely whether they are located in the “red-red,” “red-white,” or “white-white” zones.
1560:
Peña, E.; Calvo, B.; MartĂnez, MA.; Palanca, D.; DoblarĂ©, M. (Jun 2005). "Finite element analysis of the effect of meniscal tears and meniscectomies on human knee biomechanics".
1382:"Risk Factors for Lateral Meniscus Posterior Root Tears in the Anterior Cruciate Ligament–Injured Knee: An Epidemiological Analysis of 3956 Patients From the SANTI Study Group"
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training are emphasized using progressive weight bearing and balance exercises. Exercises in this phase can increase knee flexion for more than 90°. Advised exercises include
2676:
831:. Two FDA-approved clinical trials evaluating the implant completed enrollment in June 2018. In September 2019, the manufacturer received breakthrough designation from the
3339:
1322:
Sonnery-Cottet, Bertrand; Praz, Cesar; Rosenstiel, Nikolaus; Blakeney, William G.; Ouanezar, Herve; Kandhari, Vikram; Vieira, Thais Dutra; Saithna, Adnan (November 2018).
449:. The menisci themselves cannot be visualised with plain radiographs. If the diagnosis is not clear from the history and examination, the menisci can be imaged with
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Presently, treatments make it possible for quicker recovery. If the tear is not serious, physical therapy, compression, elevation and icing the knee can heal the
3332:
712:
Accelerated rehabilitation programs can be as successful as the conservative program. The program reduces the time the patient spends using crutches and allows
835:, and the company expected to file for regulatory approval within the following year. In November 2019, the implant became commercially available in Israel.
1927:
828:
682:
Common anti-inflammatory drugs and painkillers prescribed for meniscus tears include acetaminophen, non-steroidal inflammatory drugs, and corticosteroids.
2336:"Adverse outcomes after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy: a study of 700 000 procedures in the national Hospital Episode Statistics database for England"
1064:
Shelbourne KD, Nitz PA (1991). "The O'Donoghue triad revisited. Combined knee injuries involving anterior cruciate and medial collateral ligament tears".
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2751:
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Heckmann TP, Barber-Westin SD, Noyes FR (2006). "Meniscal repair and transplantation: indications, techniques, rehabilitation, and clinical outcome".
171:. When doctors and patients refer to "torn cartilage" in the knee, they actually may be referring to an injury to a meniscus at the top of one of the
1595:
Torg J, Quesdenfeld T (1971). "Effect of shoe type and cleat length on incidence and severity of knee injuries among high school football players".
819:
are available, including arms, legs, joints and other body parts, a prosthetic meniscus replacement has yet to be commercially available worldwide.
786:
are regularly successful, although the procedure is not common and many questions surrounding its use remain. Side effects of meniscectomy include:
1867:"Comparison of Arthroscopic Partial Meniscectomy to Physical Therapy following Degenerative Meniscus Tears: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"
1380:
Praz, Cesar; Vieira, Thais Dutra; Saithna, Adnan; Rosentiel, Nikolaus; Kandhari, Vikram; Nogueira, Helder; Sonnery-Cottet, Bertrand (March 2019).
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The meniscal tear is the most common knee injury. It tends to be more frequent in sports that have rough contact or pivoting sports such as
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Balance exercises on a foam surface in phase 2. The patient tries to maintain balance first with both legs, then with only the affected leg.
421:
Cooper's sign is present in over 92% of tears. It is a subjective symptom of pain in the affected knee when turning over in bed at night.
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When planning sport activities it makes sense to consult a physical therapist and check how much impact the sport will have on the knee.
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597:. Those muscles include the hamstrings, quadriceps, and calf muscles. One popular exercise used to strengthen the hamstrings is the
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764:
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2428:"Combined posterior incision and arthroscopic intra-articular repair of the meniscus. An examination of factors affecting healing"
567:. Regardless of what the activity is, it is important to take the correct precautions to prevent a meniscus tear from happening.
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The graph shows the percentage of meniscus injuries in various age groups. A plurality of injuries came in the 45–84 age range.
689:. Stronger and bigger muscles will protect the meniscus cartilage by absorbing a part of the weight. The patient may be given
310:
The force distribution is across the knee joint, increasing force concentration on the cartilage and other joint structures.
46:
42:
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Fithian, DC.; Kelly, MA.; Mow, VC. (March 1990). "Material properties and structure-function relationships in the menisci".
89:
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effusion or persistent pain. Evidence suggests that it is no better than conservative management in those with and without
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Bucket-handle tear of the lateral meniscus (red). Medial meniscus intact (green). MRI, coronal T2 *-weighted GRE sequence.
61:
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894:, age of patient, condition of the knee, loss of strength and ROM, and the expectations and motivations of the patient.
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images (normally during weightbearing) can be obtained to rule out other conditions or to see if the patient also has
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in approximately 25% of ACL-injured knees. Lateral meniscal root tears occur in approximately 7% of ACL injured knees
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Typical locations of arthroscopic surgery incisions in a knee joint following surgery for a tear in the meniscus
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Barber FA, Click SD (1997). "Meniscus repair rehabilitation with concurrent anterior cruciate reconstruction".
75:
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Monk, P; Garfjeld
Roberts, P; Palmer, AJ; Bayliss, L; Mafi, R; Beard, D; Hopewell, S; Price, A (March 2017).
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Becker, BE. (Sep 2009). "Aquatic therapy: scientific foundations and clinical rehabilitation applications".
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2121:"Meniscus Repair and Regeneration: A Systematic Review from a Basic and Translational Science Perspective"
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3064:"Rehabilitation following allograft meniscal transplantation: a review of the literature and case study"
2184:"Arthroscopic surgery for degenerative knee arthritis and meniscal tears: a clinical practice guideline"
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The knee may be not be fully mobile; there may be the sensation of knee locking or buckling in the knee.
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Poulsen MR, Johnson DL (February 2011). "Meniscal injuries in the young, athletically active patient".
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If the injury is isolated, then the knee would be relatively stable. However, if an injury such as an
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Another treatment approach in development is a meniscus implant or "artificial meniscus." While many
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2236:"Arthroscopic surgery for degenerative tears of the meniscus: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
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on all surfaces and single leg balance longer than 15 seconds (Ulrich G.S., and S Aroncyzk, 1993).
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patient's surgery type, location repaired (medial or lateral), simultaneous knee injuries, type of
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universities grew a meniscus inside the knee joint of a sheep using a 3-D printer and the sheep's
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2752:"Active Implants Receives FDA Breakthrough Device Designation for NUsurface® Meniscus Implant"
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Shelbourne KD, Patel DV, Adsit WS, Porter DA (1996). "Rehabilitation after meniscal repair".
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355:(LCL) passes in close proximity, the lateral meniscus has no attachment to this structure.
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2978:"The meniscus: review of basic principles with application to surgery and rehabilitation"
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Goldblatt JP, LaFrance RM, Smith JS (2009). "Managing meniscal injuries: The treatment".
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956:, standing on foam surface with two and one leg, abdominal and back strengthening, and
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The knee loses its ability to transmit and distribute load and absorb mechanical shock.
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Matava MJ (February 2007). "Meniscal allograft transplantation: a systematic review".
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2583:"Active Implants launches another NUsurface meniscal implant trial site – MassDevice"
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The second way to prevent a meniscus tear is to strengthen and stretch the major leg
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2283:
Friberger
Pajalic, Katarina; Turkiewicz, Aleksandra; Englund, Martin (1 June 2018).
1987:
1424:
1366:
1308:
1220:
1093:
617:
547:
in many sports. The menisci hold 30–50% of the body load in standing position. Some
4056:
3861:
3829:
3603:
3560:
3555:
3132:
1851:
1608:
1445:
1108:
580:, cleats are an important item in reducing the risk of a meniscus tear. The proper
473:
454:
284:
857:
Shiley Center for
Orthopaedic Research and Education reported growing a meniscus.
841:
Scientists are working to grow an artificial meniscus in the lab. Scientists from
434:
231:. While the ends of the thigh bone and the shin bone have a thin covering of soft
3215:
2516:
141:
Head of right tibia seen from above, showing menisci and attachments of ligaments
3740:
3665:
3644:
3307:
967:
732:
690:
605:; doing standing toe touches can do this. Seated leg extensions strengthen the
462:
151:
24:
3116:
3080:
3063:
2944:
2004:
1150:
1077:
3770:
3627:
3613:
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3453:
3365:
3269:
3265:
3166:
2677:"Artificial Cartilage Could Protect Runners From Arthritis, Knee Replacements"
2301:
2234:
Khan, M.; Evaniew, N.; Bedi, A.; Ayeni, O. R.; Bhandari, M. (25 August 2014).
2136:
1971:
1292:
1239:"Risk factors for meniscal tears: a systematic review including meta-analysis"
957:
757:
686:
606:
602:
560:
2703:"Active Implants Wraps up NUsurface Trial Enrollment | Orthopedics This Week"
2628:"VENUS Clinical Trial for Persistent Knee Pain Now Underway in New York City"
2562:
2468:
Sohn DH, Toth AP (April 2008). "Meniscus transplantation: current concepts".
2396:
2144:
2020:
1892:
1835:
1408:
1400:
1350:
1342:
1204:
1159:
4038:
3994:
3902:
3834:
3801:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3509:
3489:
3467:
3040:
1709:
Rodkey, WG. (2000). "Basic biology of the meniscus and response to injury".
1521:"Meniscectomy as a risk factor for knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review"
1255:
1238:
1052:
982:
924:
850:
741:
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323:
280:
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1546:
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1300:
1264:
1212:
1177:
410:). Similar tests are the Steinmann test (with the patient sitting) and the
3089:
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2105:
1760:
1654:
1616:
1487:
1085:
3990:
3797:
3761:
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1537:
1520:
598:
581:
347:
3248:
3200:"The epidemiology of musculoskeletal tendinous and ligamentous injuries"
2251:
394:
involves pressing on the joint line while stressing the meniscus (using
3853:
1519:
Papalia, R.; Del Buono, A.; Osti, L.; Denaro, V.; Maffulli, N. (2011).
1132:
Kim, Jun-Ho; Ahn, Jin Hwan; Kim, Joo-Hwan; Wang, Joon Ho (2020-10-12).
816:
632:
594:
395:
2199:
3981:
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3744:
3598:
3260:
685:
Exercises can strengthen the muscles around the knee, especially the
564:
548:
544:
175:. Menisci can be torn during innocuous activities such as walking or
172:
2653:"Ohio State surgeon performs country's 1st meniscus implant surgery"
2003:
Jones, Brandon Q.; Covey, Carlton; Marvin
Sineath, Jr (2015-11-15).
3198:
Clayton, Robert A. E.; Court-Brown, Charles M. (December 1, 2008).
133:
4016:
3940:
3880:
3849:
3756:
3407:
2043:"How To Heal A Torn Meniscus Naturally | Exercises & Remedies"
1007:
966:
864:
642:
616:
472:
442:
433:
315:
228:
224:
16:
Rupturing of the fibrocartilage strips in the knee called menisci
4034:
3944:
3898:
3774:
3631:
3532:
2334:
Abram, SGF; Judge, A; Beard, DJ; Price, AJ (24 September 2018).
1134:"Discoid lateral meniscus: importance, diagnosis, and treatment"
961:
802:
Increases progression of arthritis and time to knee replacement.
3709:
3328:
1820:"The Urgent Need for Evidence in Arthroscopic Meniscal Surgery"
4012:
3876:
3476:
2119:
Twomey-Kozak, John; Jayasuriya, Chathuraka T. (January 2020).
793:
Persistent and significant swelling and stiffness in the knee.
740:. Surgery appears to offer no benefit to adults who have mild
18:
2901:"Lab-grown meniscus could one day prevent arthritis in knees"
2727:"NUsurface® | Meniscus Implant | Knee Pain | Active Implants"
2285:"Update on the risks of complications after knee arthroscopy"
1237:
Snoeker, BA.; Bakker, EW.; Kegel, CA.; Lucas, C. (Jun 2013).
935:, can be used to rehab patients because it encompasses ROM,
263:— these three problems occurring together are known as the "
799:
The full knee may be in full motion after tear of meniscus.
748:
rare but serious adverse effects that can occur, including
2777:"World's First "Artificial Meniscus" Available in Israel"
775:
patients do not have a favorable outcome after a repair.
2851:
223:
There are two menisci in the knee. They sit between the
3144:
3142:
527:
Associated injuries (anterior cruciate ligament injury)
187:
A tear of the medial meniscus can occur as part of the
1799:"What Happens If You Leave A Torn Meniscus Untreated?"
1734:
1732:
1472:"The menisci: basic science and advances in treatment"
2852:"Total Meniscus Replacement for the Knee | Orthonika"
1932:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question"
901:
Day one through ten of arthroscopy surgical recovery.
461:
into the joint space. In straightforward cases, knee
207:
The common signs and symptoms of a torn meniscus are
3238:
1865:
Li, Juntan; Zhu, Wannan; Gao, Xiang; Li, Xu (2020).
960:
strengthening. The proposed criteria include normal
621:
Proper parallel squat form to improve knee stability
453:(an MRI scan). This technique has replaced previous
4033:
4011:
3989:
3975:
3939:
3897:
3875:
3848:
3796:
3769:
3755:
3653:
3626:
3574:
3531:
3508:
3475:
3466:
3429:
3406:
3373:
3364:
3298:
3242:
215:getting out of a car is often reported as painful.
145:
126:
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2976:Brindle, T.; Nyland, J.; Johnson, DL. (Apr 2001).
247:The two most common causes of a meniscal tear are
2079:
2077:
1670:"Knee biomechanics of the dynamic squat exercise"
838:Other implants include TRAMMPOLIN and Orthonika.
2801:Orthopaedic Research Laboratory (ORL) Nijmegen.
675:drugs, or corticosteroid injections to increase
601:. It is also important to properly stretch the
292:and kneeling are common are more susceptible to
2922:
2920:
2463:
2461:
2005:"Nonsurgical Management of Knee Pain in Adults"
1628:
1626:
1960:Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy
1944:, American Medical Society for Sports Medicine
3721:
3340:
8:
1928:American Medical Society for Sports Medicine
1922:
1920:
1232:
1230:
981:work/sport, low to high rate exercises, and
1042:
1040:
3986:
3766:
3728:
3714:
3706:
3472:
3370:
3347:
3333:
3325:
3239:
3151:"Rehabilitation following meniscal repair"
2927:Jeong, HJ.; Lee, SH.; Ko, CS. (Sep 2012).
2828:"TRAMMPOLIN - Meniscus compleet vervangen"
2176:
2174:
2172:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1021:United States National Library of Medicine
132:
123:
3174:
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2152:
1900:
1882:
1685:
1536:
1495:
1254:
1167:
1149:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
3062:Fritz JM, Irrgang JJ, Harner CD (1996).
1444:"Anatomy of Meniscus" 1994. May. 21011.
896:
2426:Scott GA, Jolly BL, Henning CE (1986).
2385:The American Journal of Sports Medicine
1824:The American Journal of Sports Medicine
1389:The American Journal of Sports Medicine
1331:The American Journal of Sports Medicine
1036:
2608:"New hope for treating knee injuries"
2544:
2542:
163:is a rupturing of one or more of the
7:
2803:"Biostable Prosthesis of a Meniscus"
2240:Canadian Medical Association Journal
1470:Rath, E.; Richmond, JC. (Aug 2000).
1138:Journal of Experimental Orthopaedics
585:three-eighths inch of cleat length.
551:where a meniscus tear is common are
47:adding citations to reliable sources
2064:Journal of Musculoskeletal Medicine
1281:Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc
334:The menisci are C-shaped wedges of
259:and the medial collateral ligament
3226:– via www.injuryjournal.com.
881:If the meniscus was repaired, the
418:of the joint is often restricted.
14:
4082:Dislocations, sprains and strains
3916:Anterior cruciate ligament injury
3500:Slipped capital femoral epiphysis
3149:Cavanaugh JT, Killian SE (2012).
1574:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2005.01.009
833:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
765:anterior cruciate ligament injury
720:The use of platelet rich plasma (
2444:10.2106/00004623-198668060-00006
1687:10.1097/00005768-200101000-00020
1647:10.1097/00003086-199003000-00004
235:, the menisci are made of tough
23:
1458:Classification of meniscal tear
1107:Themes, U. F. O. (2017-03-25).
34:needs additional citations for
1609:10.1080/10671188.1971.10615058
667:Initial treatment may include
495:Peripheral, longitudinal tears
191:, together with a tear of the
1:
2352:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31771-9
2289:BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders
2098:10.1016/s0749-8063(97)90120-1
1871:BioMed Research International
1753:10.1016/S0278-5919(20)30114-9
695:anti-inflammatory medications
3566:Patellofemoral pain syndrome
3216:10.1016/j.injury.2008.06.021
2880:Hospital for Special Surgery
2681:U.S. News & World Report
2549:Beck, Melinda (2015-05-04).
2517:10.1097/BLO.0b013e318030c24e
1562:Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon)
861:Post-surgical rehabilitation
853:. Similarly, researchers at
679:, endurance, and strength.
504:Complex, degenerative tears
457:, which involved injecting
353:lateral collateral ligament
179:. They can also be torn by
4103:
3155:Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med
3117:10.1016/j.pmrj.2009.05.017
3081:10.2519/jospt.1996.24.2.98
2945:10.5792/ksrr.2012.24.3.129
2876:"New Fixes for Worn Knees"
2551:"New Fixes for Worn Knees"
2125:Clinics in Sports Medicine
1151:10.1186/s40634-020-00294-y
1078:10.1177/036354659101900509
451:magnetic resonance imaging
197:medial collateral ligament
193:anterior cruciate ligament
167:strips in the knee called
3167:10.1007/s12178-011-9110-y
3068:J Orthop Sports Phys Ther
3019:J Orthop Sports Phys Ther
2807:orthopaedicresearchlab.nl
2302:10.1186/s12891-018-2102-y
2137:10.1016/j.csm.2019.08.003
2009:American Family Physician
1972:10.1007/s00167-012-1960-3
1293:10.1007/s00167-007-0414-9
1243:J Orthop Sports Phys Ther
501:Horizontal cleavage tears
385:After noting symptoms, a
140:
131:
2905:sandiegouniontribune.com
2505:Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res
2397:10.1177/0363546512443043
1836:10.1177/0363546516650180
1401:10.1177/0363546518818820
1343:10.1177/0363546518800717
1205:10.3810/psm.2011.02.1870
754:surgical site infections
326:if not already present.
279:The meniscus is made of
4052:Achilles tendon rupture
4047:Patellar tendon rupture
3541:Chondromalacia patellae
3041:10.2519/jospt.2006.2177
1939:: an initiative of the
1779:wa.kaiserpermanente.org
1256:10.2519/jospt.2013.4295
987:strengthening exercises
750:blood clots in the legs
663:Conservative treatments
647:Tear of medial meniscus
477:Types of meniscus tears
3518:Angular limb deformity
2482:10.1055/s-0030-1247813
1013:
972:
902:
870:
648:
622:
524:Chronicity of the tear
478:
439:
3439:Boutonniere deformity
1668:Escamilla RF (2001).
1635:Clin Orthop Relat Res
1488:10.1136/bjsm.34.4.252
1011:
970:
900:
868:
829:Wexner Medical Center
825:Ohio State University
646:
620:
476:
437:
3926:Patellar dislocation
3675:Abnormal angulation
3599:Bunion/hallux valgus
3393:Subacromial bursitis
2781:www.businesswire.com
2756:www.businesswire.com
2632:www.businesswire.com
2432:J Bone Joint Surg Am
2346:(10160): 2194–2202.
1884:10.1155/2020/1709415
1674:Med Sci Sports Exerc
784:Meniscus transplants
705:, cold therapy, and
703:electric stimulation
578:association football
557:association football
381:Physical examination
338:located between the
288:conditions in which
43:improve this article
3814:Dislocated shoulder
3495:Protrusio acetabuli
3449:Swan neck deformity
3383:Adhesive capsulitis
2933:Knee Surg Relat Res
2683:. February 27, 2015
2555:Wall Street Journal
2252:10.1503/cmaj.140433
1113:Musculoskeletal Key
498:Bucket-handle tears
244:cannot take place.
3867:Gamekeeper's thumb
3824:Separated shoulder
3783:Dislocation of jaw
3671:Ligamentous laxity
3523:Unequal leg length
3299:External resources
2899:Fikes, Bradley J.
2587:www.massdevice.com
1597:Research Quarterly
1538:10.1093/bmb/ldq043
1109:"Meniscal Anatomy"
1014:
973:
954:stationary bicycle
903:
871:
649:
623:
479:
440:
203:Signs and symptoms
161:tear of a meniscus
4069:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4003:Rotator cuff tear
3971:
3970:
3957:High ankle sprain
3703:
3702:
3695:Joint dislocation
3622:
3621:
3462:
3461:
3388:Rotator cuff tear
3322:
3321:
3264:: Current injury
3210:(12): 1338–1344.
2200:10.1136/bmj.j1982
1930:(24 April 2014),
1775:"Meniscus Repair"
1711:Instr Course Lect
1337:(13): 3189–3197.
1048:Meniscus Injuries
1019:According to the
817:bionic body parts
813:artificial joints
673:anti-inflammatory
553:American football
530:Healing potential
233:hyaline cartilage
157:
156:
121:Medical condition
119:
118:
111:
93:
4094:
4025:Pulled hamstring
3987:
3931:Knee dislocation
3911:Tear of meniscus
3767:
3730:
3723:
3716:
3707:
3690:Bone malrotation
3679:Valgus deformity
3551:Luxating patella
3473:
3371:
3349:
3342:
3335:
3326:
3240:
3228:
3227:
3195:
3189:
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2500:
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2391:(6): 1402–1405.
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1448:, Meniscal Tear.
1442:
1429:
1428:
1386:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1328:
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1313:
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1098:
1097:
1061:
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1044:
913:muscular atrophy
855:Scripps Research
669:physical therapy
412:Apley grind test
362:In 1978, Shrive
344:femoral condyles
249:traumatic injury
136:
127:Tear of meniscus
124:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
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3967:
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3893:
3889:Hip dislocation
3871:
3844:
3792:
3760:
3751:
3734:
3704:
3699:
3683:Varus deformity
3661:Joint stiffness
3649:
3640:Cauliflower ear
3618:
3570:
3546:Genu recurvatum
3527:
3504:
3458:
3425:
3402:
3360:
3357:musculoskeletal
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3323:
3318:
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3232:
3231:
3197:
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3192:
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3147:
3140:
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3101:
3097:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3032:10.1.1.557.8818
3025:(10): 795–814.
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2736:
2734:
2731:Active Implants
2725:
2724:
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2377:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2246:(14): 1057–64.
2233:
2232:
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2180:
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2170:
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2117:
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2041:
2040:
2036:
2015:(10): 875–883.
2002:
2001:
1997:
1956:
1947:
1945:
1941:ABIM Foundation
1937:Choosing Wisely
1926:
1925:
1918:
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1741:Clin Sports Med
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1476:Br J Sports Med
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1320:
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1287:(12): 1438–44.
1277:
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1228:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1117:
1115:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1066:Am J Sports Med
1063:
1062:
1058:
1045:
1038:
1033:
999:
978:
945:
929:Aquatic therapy
908:
863:
809:
781:
730:
707:ultrasonography
665:
641:
628:
591:
573:
537:
471:
459:contrast medium
432:
416:range of motion
383:
378:
332:
308:
306:Pathophysiology
277:
221:
205:
122:
115:
104:
98:
95:
58:"Meniscus tear"
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4100:
4098:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4074:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4043:
4041:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4021:
4019:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4005:
3999:
3997:
3984:
3973:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3953:Sprained ankle
3949:
3947:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3907:
3905:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3885:
3883:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3858:
3856:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3840:Bankart lesion
3837:
3832:
3827:
3817:
3806:
3804:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3785:
3779:
3777:
3764:
3753:
3752:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3725:
3718:
3710:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3636:
3634:
3624:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3611:
3609:Hallux rigidus
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3580:
3578:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3537:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3514:
3512:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3481:
3479:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3435:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3416:Cubitus valgus
3412:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3398:Winged scapula
3395:
3390:
3385:
3379:
3377:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3344:
3337:
3329:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3272:
3252:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3243:Classification
3236:
3235:External links
3233:
3230:
3229:
3190:
3138:
3095:
3054:
3009:
2968:
2929:"Meniscectomy"
2916:
2891:
2867:
2843:
2832:www.nmtrix.com
2818:
2793:
2768:
2743:
2718:
2694:
2668:
2644:
2619:
2599:
2574:
2538:
2495:
2457:
2418:
2375:
2326:
2275:
2223:
2168:
2131:(1): 125–163.
2111:
2073:
2054:
2034:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1953:, which cites
1916:
1857:
1830:(4): 965–973.
1810:
1790:
1766:
1747:(3): 595–612.
1728:
1701:
1660:
1641:(252): 19–31.
1622:
1603:(2): 203–211.
1587:
1568:(5): 498–507.
1552:
1511:
1462:
1450:
1430:
1395:(3): 598–605.
1372:
1314:
1270:
1226:
1193:Phys Sportsmed
1183:
1124:
1099:
1056:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1029:
998:
995:
977:
974:
944:
941:
922:cardiovascular
920:strength, and
907:
904:
883:rehabilitation
862:
859:
808:
805:
804:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
780:
777:
769:osteoarthritis
738:osteoarthritis
729:
726:
714:weight bearing
664:
661:
657:osteoarthritis
640:
637:
627:
624:
590:
587:
572:
569:
536:
533:
532:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
518:Activity level
516:
506:
505:
502:
499:
496:
493:
486:
470:
469:Classification
467:
447:osteoarthritis
431:
428:
423:Osteoarthritic
402:movements and
382:
379:
377:
374:
340:tibial plateau
336:fibrocartilage
331:
328:
307:
304:
276:
273:
237:fibrocartilage
220:
217:
204:
201:
165:fibrocartilage
155:
154:
149:
143:
142:
138:
137:
129:
128:
120:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4099:
4088:
4087:Knee injuries
4085:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3978:
3974:
3964:
3961:
3958:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3921:Unhappy triad
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3825:
3821:
3818:
3815:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3731:
3726:
3724:
3719:
3717:
3712:
3711:
3708:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3654:General terms
3652:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3573:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3530:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3444:Mallet finger
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3421:Cubitus varus
3419:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3358:
3350:
3345:
3343:
3338:
3336:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3314:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3304:
3301:
3297:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3245:
3241:
3234:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3194:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3111:(9): 859–72.
3110:
3106:
3099:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3074:(2): 98–106.
3073:
3069:
3065:
3058:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3013:
3010:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2972:
2969:
2964:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2939:(3): 129–36.
2938:
2934:
2930:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2906:
2902:
2895:
2892:
2881:
2877:
2871:
2868:
2857:
2853:
2847:
2844:
2833:
2829:
2822:
2819:
2808:
2804:
2797:
2794:
2782:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2744:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2719:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2695:
2682:
2678:
2672:
2669:
2658:
2654:
2648:
2645:
2633:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2609:
2603:
2600:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2575:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2499:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2476:(2): 163–72.
2475:
2471:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2438:(6): 847–61.
2437:
2433:
2429:
2422:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2379:
2376:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2330:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2055:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1996:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1966:(2): 358–64.
1965:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1861:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1814:
1811:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1680:(1): 127–41.
1679:
1675:
1671:
1664:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1591:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1556:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1531:(1): 89–106.
1530:
1526:
1522:
1515:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1383:
1376:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1325:
1318:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1274:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1249:(6): 352–67.
1248:
1244:
1240:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1199:(1): 123–30.
1198:
1194:
1187:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1128:
1125:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1022:
1017:
1010:
1006:
1004:
996:
994:
990:
988:
984:
975:
969:
965:
963:
959:
955:
951:
950:neuromuscular
942:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
923:
919:
918:neuromuscular
914:
905:
899:
895:
893:
892:meniscal tear
887:
884:
879:
875:
867:
860:
858:
856:
852:
848:
844:
839:
836:
834:
830:
826:
820:
818:
814:
806:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
788:
787:
785:
778:
776:
774:
770:
766:
761:
759:
755:
751:
745:
743:
739:
734:
727:
725:
723:
718:
715:
710:
708:
704:
698:
696:
692:
688:
683:
680:
678:
674:
670:
662:
660:
658:
654:
645:
638:
636:
634:
625:
619:
615:
613:
608:
604:
600:
596:
588:
586:
583:
579:
570:
568:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
534:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
513:
512:
509:
503:
500:
497:
494:
491:
487:
484:
483:
482:
475:
468:
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
436:
429:
427:
424:
419:
417:
413:
409:
408:valgus stress
405:
401:
397:
393:
392:McMurray test
388:
380:
375:
373:
370:
365:
360:
356:
354:
349:
345:
341:
337:
329:
327:
325:
319:
317:
311:
305:
303:
300:
295:
291:
286:
282:
274:
272:
268:
266:
265:unhappy triad
262:
258:
252:
250:
245:
241:
238:
234:
230:
226:
218:
216:
212:
210:
202:
200:
198:
194:
190:
189:unhappy triad
185:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
153:
150:
148:
144:
139:
135:
130:
125:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
4057:Shin splints
3862:Pulled elbow
3830:ALPSA lesion
3741:subluxations
3737:Dislocations
3604:Hallux varus
3561:Patella baja
3556:Patella alta
3306:
3274:
3255:
3207:
3203:
3193:
3161:(1): 46–58.
3158:
3154:
3108:
3104:
3098:
3071:
3067:
3057:
3022:
3018:
3012:
2988:(2): 160–9.
2985:
2982:J Athl Train
2981:
2971:
2936:
2932:
2908:. Retrieved
2904:
2894:
2883:. Retrieved
2879:
2870:
2859:. Retrieved
2855:
2846:
2835:. Retrieved
2831:
2821:
2810:. Retrieved
2806:
2796:
2785:. Retrieved
2783:. 2019-11-18
2780:
2771:
2760:. Retrieved
2758:. 2019-09-19
2755:
2746:
2735:. Retrieved
2733:. 2016-01-01
2730:
2721:
2710:. Retrieved
2706:
2697:
2685:. Retrieved
2680:
2671:
2660:. Retrieved
2656:
2647:
2636:. Retrieved
2634:. 2015-11-09
2631:
2622:
2611:. Retrieved
2602:
2591:. Retrieved
2589:. 2016-02-03
2586:
2577:
2566:. Retrieved
2554:
2508:
2504:
2498:
2473:
2469:
2435:
2431:
2421:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2343:
2339:
2329:
2292:
2288:
2278:
2243:
2239:
2191:
2187:
2128:
2124:
2114:
2092:(4): 433–7.
2089:
2085:
2070:(12): 471–7.
2067:
2063:
2057:
2046:. Retrieved
2037:
2012:
2008:
1998:
1963:
1959:
1946:, retrieved
1935:
1874:
1870:
1860:
1827:
1823:
1813:
1802:. Retrieved
1793:
1782:. Retrieved
1778:
1769:
1744:
1740:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1677:
1673:
1663:
1638:
1634:
1600:
1596:
1590:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1528:
1524:
1514:
1482:(4): 252–7.
1479:
1475:
1465:
1453:
1392:
1388:
1375:
1334:
1330:
1317:
1284:
1280:
1273:
1246:
1242:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1141:
1137:
1127:
1116:. Retrieved
1112:
1102:
1072:(5): 474–7.
1069:
1065:
1059:
1046:
1025:
1018:
1015:
1000:
997:Epidemiology
991:
979:
946:
909:
888:
880:
876:
872:
840:
837:
821:
810:
782:
762:
758:nerve damage
746:
731:
719:
711:
699:
684:
681:
666:
650:
629:
592:
574:
543:is a common
538:
521:Tear pattern
515:Age/strength
510:
507:
485:Radial tears
480:
455:arthrography
441:
420:
384:
368:
363:
361:
357:
333:
320:
312:
309:
294:degenerative
285:viscoelastic
278:
275:Risk factors
269:
253:
246:
242:
222:
213:
206:
186:
160:
158:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3666:Contracture
3645:Torticollis
3359:deformities
3308:MedlinePlus
2826:BarrySmit.
2707:ryortho.com
2687:February 6,
2657:The Lantern
2470:J Knee Surg
2086:Arthroscopy
1877:: 1709415.
1525:Br Med Bull
1460:, sportsmd.
779:Transplants
733:Arthroscopy
691:paracetamol
677:flexibility
671:, bracing,
490:parrot-beak
463:arthroscopy
152:Orthopedics
4076:Categories
3614:Hammer toe
3485:Coxa valga
3468:Lower limb
3454:Wrist drop
3366:Upper limb
2910:2018-02-06
2885:2018-02-06
2861:2018-03-20
2837:2018-03-20
2812:2018-03-20
2787:2020-01-07
2762:2019-10-22
2737:2018-07-31
2712:2018-07-31
2662:2018-02-06
2638:2020-01-13
2613:2018-02-06
2593:2018-02-06
2568:2018-02-06
2511:: 142–57.
2295:(1): 179.
2048:2021-07-20
1804:2021-08-16
1784:2021-08-16
1717:: 189–93.
1118:2021-08-16
1031:References
958:quadriceps
851:stem cells
687:quadriceps
607:quadriceps
603:hamstrings
561:ice hockey
539:Tear of a
535:Prevention
225:thigh bone
69:newspapers
3995:upper arm
3835:SLAP tear
3802:upper arm
3762:ligaments
3594:Foot drop
3589:Flat feet
3584:Club foot
3490:Coxa vara
3355:Acquired
3268:Old tear
3027:CiteSeerX
2856:Orthonika
2563:0099-9660
2194:: j1982.
2145:1556-228X
2021:0002-838X
1893:2314-6141
1409:0363-5465
1351:0363-5465
1160:2197-1153
1144:(1): 81.
1053:eMedicine
985:and back
983:abdominal
976:Phase III
925:endurance
773:sedentary
742:arthritis
639:Treatment
626:Technique
589:Stretches
430:Radiology
400:extension
387:physician
376:Diagnosis
324:arthritis
290:squatting
281:cartilage
229:shin bone
209:knee pain
181:traumatic
177:squatting
147:Specialty
99:July 2014
3991:Shoulder
3963:Turf toe
3798:Shoulder
3788:Whiplash
3375:shoulder
3224:19036362
3185:22442106
3125:19769921
3105:PM&R
3049:17063840
3004:16558666
2963:22977789
2533:10148618
2525:17279042
2490:18500070
2413:25464984
2405:22495145
2370:30262336
2321:29859074
2270:25157057
2218:28490431
2163:31767102
2029:26554281
1988:20181472
1980:22437659
1911:32190650
1844:27432053
1723:10829174
1696:11194098
1582:15836937
1547:21247936
1506:10953895
1425:58619840
1417:30649904
1367:52965559
1359:30307740
1309:21495974
1301:17899001
1265:23628788
1221:26777411
1213:21378495
1178:33044686
1094:45964892
943:Phase II
937:strength
933:swimming
847:Columbia
807:Implants
653:meniscus
599:leg curl
582:footwear
571:Footwear
541:meniscus
488:Flap or
348:ligament
227:and the
3982:tendons
3977:Muscles
3854:forearm
3749:strains
3745:sprains
3176:3535118
3133:3243134
3090:8832473
2954:3438273
2452:3755440
2361:6238020
2312:5984803
2261:4188648
2209:5426368
2154:6884076
2106:9276048
1948:29 July
1902:7073498
1852:6035282
1761:8800538
1655:2406069
1617:5282789
1497:1724227
1446:Anatomy
1169:7550551
1086:1962712
906:Phase I
843:Cornell
728:Surgery
595:muscles
396:flexion
367:Shrive
330:Anatomy
169:menisci
83:scholar
3757:Joints
3313:001071
3222:
3204:Injury
3183:
3173:
3131:
3123:
3088:
3047:
3029:
3002:
2995:155528
2992:
2961:
2951:
2561:
2531:
2523:
2488:
2450:
2411:
2403:
2368:
2358:
2340:Lancet
2319:
2309:
2268:
2258:
2216:
2206:
2161:
2151:
2143:
2104:
2027:
2019:
1986:
1978:
1909:
1899:
1891:
1850:
1842:
1759:
1721:
1694:
1653:
1615:
1580:
1545:
1504:
1494:
1423:
1415:
1407:
1365:
1357:
1349:
1307:
1299:
1263:
1219:
1211:
1176:
1166:
1158:
1092:
1084:
1003:soccer
756:, and
565:tennis
549:sports
545:injury
369:et al.
364:et al.
219:Causes
173:tibiae
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
4017:thigh
3941:Ankle
3881:thigh
3850:Elbow
3408:elbow
3289:836.2
3285:836.0
3270:M23.2
3266:S83.2
3129:S2CID
2529:S2CID
2409:S2CID
1984:S2CID
1848:S2CID
1421:S2CID
1385:(PDF)
1363:S2CID
1327:(PDF)
1305:S2CID
1217:S2CID
1090:S2CID
931:, or
612:squat
492:tears
443:X-ray
404:varus
316:femur
90:JSTOR
76:books
4037:and
4035:Knee
4015:and
3993:and
3945:foot
3943:and
3901:and
3899:Knee
3879:and
3852:and
3800:and
3775:neck
3773:and
3771:Head
3747:and
3632:neck
3630:and
3628:Head
3576:foot
3533:knee
3431:hand
3280:9-CM
3220:PMID
3181:PMID
3121:PMID
3086:PMID
3045:PMID
3000:PMID
2959:PMID
2689:2018
2559:ISSN
2521:PMID
2486:PMID
2448:PMID
2401:PMID
2366:PMID
2317:PMID
2266:PMID
2214:PMID
2159:PMID
2141:ISSN
2102:PMID
2025:PMID
2017:ISSN
1976:PMID
1950:2014
1907:PMID
1889:ISSN
1875:2020
1840:PMID
1757:PMID
1719:PMID
1692:PMID
1651:PMID
1613:PMID
1578:PMID
1543:PMID
1502:PMID
1413:PMID
1405:ISSN
1355:PMID
1347:ISSN
1297:PMID
1261:PMID
1209:PMID
1174:PMID
1156:ISSN
1082:PMID
962:gait
845:and
815:and
633:jump
563:and
342:and
283:, a
195:and
62:news
4039:leg
4013:Hip
3979:and
3903:leg
3877:Hip
3759:and
3510:leg
3477:hip
3276:ICD
3257:ICD
3212:doi
3171:PMC
3163:doi
3113:doi
3076:doi
3037:doi
2990:PMC
2949:PMC
2941:doi
2513:doi
2509:455
2478:doi
2440:doi
2393:doi
2356:PMC
2348:doi
2344:392
2307:PMC
2297:doi
2256:PMC
2248:doi
2244:186
2204:PMC
2196:doi
2192:357
2188:BMJ
2149:PMC
2133:doi
2094:doi
1968:doi
1897:PMC
1879:doi
1832:doi
1749:doi
1682:doi
1643:doi
1639:252
1605:doi
1570:doi
1533:doi
1492:PMC
1484:doi
1397:doi
1339:doi
1289:doi
1251:doi
1201:doi
1164:PMC
1146:doi
1074:doi
1051:at
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722:PRP
693:or
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299:ACL
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