3084:
382:
367:. On a few monuments at this archaeological site, archaeologists have found extended text in a glyphic script. Some signs can be recognized as calendric information but the script as such remains undeciphered. Read in columns from top to bottom, its execution is somewhat cruder than that of the later Classic Maya and this has led epigraphers to believe that the script was also less phonetic than the largely syllabic Maya script. These are, however, speculations.
603:
1558:
1544:
680:
477:
333:
444:
1572:
378:. It has a relief of what appears to be a dead and bloodied captive with two glyphic signs between his legs, probably representing his name. First dated to 500–600 BCE, this was earlier considered the earliest writing in Mesoamerica. However, doubts have been expressed as to this dating, and the monument may have been reused. The Zapotec script went out of use only in the late Classic period.
38:
265:
161:. Fifteen distinct writing systems have been identified in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, many from a single inscription. The limits of archaeological dating methods make it difficult to establish which was the earliest and hence the progenitor from which the others developed. The best documented and deciphered Mesoamerican writing system, and the most widely known, is the classic
794:
that date from the 17th c. onwards. Already by the mid-16th c., use of the Latin script for
Mesoamerican languages seems to have been well established. For writing Maya, colonial manuscripts conventionally adopt a number of special characters and diacritics thought to have been invented by Francisco
535:
is generally considered to be the most fully developed
Mesoamerican writing system, mostly because of its extraordinary aesthetics and because it has been partially deciphered. In Maya writing, logograms and syllable signs are combined. Around 700 different glyphs have been documented, with some 75%
559:
Two other potential writing systems of the pre-classic period have been found in
Mesoamerica: The Tlatilco cylinder seal was found during the time frame of the Olmec occupation of Tlatilco, and appears to contain a non-pictographic script. The Chiapa de Corzo cylinder seal found at that location in
567:
art have been considered as a potential script, although it is attested sparsely and in individual glyphs rather than texts. If it indeed is a writing system, it is "one whose usage is non-textual and only restricted to naming people and places". In this aspect, it resembles later
Central Mexican
472:
was spoken, and the inscriptions found here may be in such a language rather than a Maya one. Some glyphs in this scripts are readable as they are identical to Maya glyphs but the script remains undeciphered. The advanced decay and destruction of these archaeological sites make it improbable that
294:
bark codices, and by extension well-developed writing, existed in Olmec times. It was also long thought that many of the glyphs present on Olmec monumental sculpture, such as those on the so-called "Ambassador
Monument" (La Venta Monument 13), represented an early Olmec script. This suspicion was
503:
Maya writing is attested from the mid-preclassic period in the center of Petén in the Maya lowlands, and lately scholars have suggested that the earliest Maya inscriptions may in fact be the oldest of
Mesoamerica. The earliest inscriptions in an identifiably Maya script date back to 200–300 BCE.
397:
Zapotec scribes were conflated with artists and were often called huezeequichi, meaning 'an artist on paper'. This suggests that writing may have developed out of an older artistic tradition, in which abstract concepts were represented with symbols, which later more concretely came to represent
754:
contained Maya calendar signs and a syllabary). As
European Franciscan missionaries arrived they found that the Cholutecans used rebus principles as a way to translate information into Latin as a teaching aid for the Indians to learn Christian prayers. A number of colonial-era
539:
Maya writing first developed as only utilizing logograms, but later included the use of phonetic complements in order to differentiate between the semantic meanings of the logograms and for context that allows for syllabic spelling of words.
428:
is the direct predecessor of the Maya script, thus giving the Maya script a non-Maya origin. Another artifact with Epi-Olmec script is the Chiapa de Corzo stela which is the oldest monument of the
Americas inscribed with its own date: the
732:
arrived in 1519. Archaeologists have found inside elite Mayan homes personal objects inscribed with the owners' names. In public areas large stone pillars and inscribed monuments have been found clearly meant for the general public.
795:
de la Parra around 1545. The original manuscript of the Popol Vuh is also dated to this period (but only indirectly, by its content). The first major work of Mayan literature known to be originally written in Latin script are the
656:
characteristic of other southeast
Mesoamerican writing systems. Instead, the codices that have been preserved record historical events of this pre-Columbian people, especially those events related to expansionism in the era of
200:
aimed to purge indigenous culture, religion and traditional institutions, which included the destruction of texts of
Mesoamerican and pre-Colombian origin. However, some Mesoamerican texts were spared, particularly from the
727:
When Europeans arrived in the 16th century, they found several writing systems in use that drew from Olmec, Zapotec, and Teotihuacano traditions. Books and other written material were commonplace in Mesoamerica when
424:. The writing system used is very close to the Maya script, using affixal glyphs and Long Count dates, but is read only in one column at a time as is the Zapotec script. It has been suggested that this Isthmian or
787:(before 1581), who drew on indigenous pictorials and living informants to create illustrated texts on history and religion. The colonial-era codices often contain Aztec pictograms or other pictorial elements.
622:
consisted of a set of figurative signs and symbols that served as guides for storytellers as they recounted legends. These storytellers were usually priests and other members of the Mixtec upper class.
1329:
Translated by Arthur J. O Anderson and Charles E Dibble. 13 vols. Monographs of the School of American Research 14. Santa Fe: School of American Research; Salt Lake City: University of Utah, 1950–82.
3064:
1509:
Martinez, Ma. del Carmen Rodríguez; Ponciano Ortíz Ceballos; Michael D. Coe; Richard A. Diehl; Stephen D. Houston; Karl A. Taube; Alfredo Delgado Calderón; "Oldest Writing in the New World", in
1652:
436:
In a 1997 paper, John Justeson and Terrence Kaufman put forward a decipherment of Epi-Olmec. The following year, however, their interpretation was disputed by Stephen Houston and
3059:
806:
to learn about Maya writing, and with digital technologies, Maya writing may indeed face a resurrection. Most notably, this includes work on the representation of Maya glyphs in
618:. Many of its characteristics were later adopted by the Mexica and Mixteca-Puebla writing systems. The origin of the Mixteca-Puebla is the subject of debate amongst experts. The
416:
show examples of another early Mesoamerican writing system. They can be seen to contain calendric information but are otherwise undeciphered. The longest of these texts are on
1268:
Robert T. Jiménez, & Patrick H. Smith. (2008). Mesoamerican Literacies: Indigenous Writing Systems and Contemporary Possibilities. Reading Research Quarterly, 43(1), 28.
645:, a zigzag style in which the reader follows red lines that indicate the way to read. Most of the current knowledge about the writing of the Mixtecans is due to the work of
440:, who unsuccessfully applied Justeson and Kaufman's decipherment system against epi-Olmec script from the back of a hitherto unknown mask. The matter remains under dispute.
3124:
818:
Maya, the expressiveness of Unicode is insufficient (e.g., wrt. the representation of infixes), so, for philological applications, different technologies are required.
3039:
1685:
5766:
3024:
55:
1441:
3199:
2001:
1624:
1477:
Prager, Christian; et al. (2018). "The Digital Exploration of Maya Hieroglyphic Writing and Language". In De Santis, Annamaria; Rossi, Irene (eds.).
205:
of southern Mexico, recording the languages of the area. These surviving texts give anthropologists and historians valuable insight into the origins of
5798:
3029:
1549:
783:
from the Mexica viewpoint, with bilingual Nahuatl/Spanish alphabetic text and illustrations by native artists. There are also the works of Dominican
2033:
398:
spoken language. The Zapotec developed a highly advanced 260-day ritual calendar, and a 365-day secular calendar from their knowledge in astronomy.
1442:"Modelling vagueness-A criteria-based system for the qualitative assessment of reading proposals for the deciphering of Classic Mayan hieroglyphs"
750:
6975:
6868:
3117:
2021:
1598:
Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions, volumes 1–9. Published by the Peabody Museum Press and distributed by the Harvard University Press.
1488:
1200:
1155:
629:
Mixtec writing has been preserved through various archaeological artifacts that have survived the passage of time and the destruction of the
6980:
2935:
2050:
780:
630:
102:
329:
based on other debris. If the authenticity and date can be verified, this will prove to be the earliest writing yet found in Mesoamerica.
74:
4874:
3186:
2994:
2045:
1923:
3049:
2028:
1667:
6636:
6592:
6622:
5731:
2988:
2057:
1180:
862:
121:
81:
4968:
296:
6854:
5571:
3110:
2879:
2809:
2498:
653:
5294:
1362:
Joseph DeChicchis (2012), Current Trends in Mayan Literacy, In: John C. Maher, Jelisava Dobovsek-Sethna, and Cary Duval (eds.),
4555:
2509:
2191:
2006:
1617:
649:, who undertook the task of deciphering the code based on a set of pre-Columbian and colonial documents of the Mixtec culture.
157:
systems. They are often called hieroglyphs due to the iconic shapes of many of the glyphs, a pattern superficially similar to
88:
6861:
5427:
5066:
2971:
2814:
1662:
626:
Mixtec writing has been categorized as being a mixture of pictorial and logographic, rather than a complete logogram system.
300:
59:
2950:
2226:
1112:
Pohl, John M. D. (2005). "The Griffin Fragment: A Mixtec Drinking Vessel Portraying the Pace Sign for 'Hill of the Turkey".
5536:
5437:
5061:
4119:
2982:
2976:
2960:
2201:
1705:
827:
1586:
Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions Program, at the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University.
70:
6847:
6826:
4114:
3889:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3181:
2946:
2016:
3500:
2106:
1363:
6727:
6706:
5386:
5381:
5076:
4978:
3191:
2648:
2520:
1848:
1657:
370:
The earliest known monument with Zapotec writing is a "Danzante" stone, officially known as Monument 3, found in
2875:
469:
1588:
6794:
5391:
4958:
2759:
2602:
1610:
1290:
Mendieta, G.de (1971). Historia Eclesiastica Indiana . Mexico, DF: Editorial Porrua (Original work published 1945)
48:
5044:
4766:
4319:
3906:
3565:
1460:
1217:
796:
197:
2111:
6544:
6530:
5835:
4418:
4221:
2582:
2186:
1988:
1963:
1677:
381:
193:
6149:
4334:
2331:
1077:
Kubler, George (1974). "Review of Picture Writing from Ancient Southern Mexico: Mixtec Place Signs and Maps".
810:
since 2016 (not yet concluded by 2020). The goal of encoding Maya hieroglyphs in Unicode is to facilitate the
776:
610:
Mixtec writing emerged during the 13th century, much later than the systems previously mentioned. Mixtec is a
652:
Although the Mixtecs had a set of symbols that allowed them to record historical dates, they did not use the
6833:
5861:
4474:
4354:
3837:
3741:
3218:
3176:
3133:
2883:
2658:
1828:
577:
360:
258:
254:
178:
3923:
6985:
5551:
4988:
4490:
4480:
4413:
3356:
2301:
1300:
658:
580:, the Maya glyphic system continued to be used, but much less so. Other post-classic cultures such as the
413:
389:. The left column gives a Long Count date of 8.5.16.9.9, or 162 CE. The other columns are glyphs from the
238:
206:
95:
6935:
6840:
6629:
6578:
6038:
5960:
5724:
5663:
5217:
5096:
4798:
4530:
4206:
3390:
3378:
3351:
3336:
2804:
2653:
2286:
2040:
2011:
1810:
1785:
1750:
242:
222:
214:
1938:
363:
after the decline of the Olmec civilization, the Zapotecs of present-day Oaxaca built an empire around
1196:
6699:
6450:
6127:
5623:
5526:
5278:
5242:
4647:
4570:
4151:
3980:
3963:
3640:
3279:
3088:
2955:
2819:
2784:
2393:
2281:
1996:
1978:
1878:
1314:
El Códice florentino: Manuscrito 218-20 de la Colección Palatina de la Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana
906:
737:
356:
158:
146:
4070:
4060:
3635:
5422:
5144:
4667:
4050:
4040:
3689:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3373:
2921:
2683:
1913:
1715:
1695:
3699:
3600:
2940:
1245:
729:
691:
The Aztec writing system is adopted from writing systems used in Central Mexico. It is related to
321:
with 62 characters unlike any yet seen in Mesoamerica. This block was discovered by locals in the
181:
has been conserved, partly in indigenous scripts and partly in postconquest transcriptions in the
6685:
6662:
6296:
6185:
6175:
6067:
6010:
5996:
5953:
5658:
5541:
5376:
5268:
5227:
5181:
5176:
5071:
5053:
4721:
4652:
4617:
4565:
4398:
4378:
4371:
4366:
4124:
4055:
3777:
3155:
3044:
3034:
2764:
2673:
2452:
2196:
2141:
2116:
1780:
1775:
1745:
1740:
1452:
1346:. Translated by Fernando Horcasitas and Doris Heyden. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1971.
1094:
1016:
930:
832:
417:
386:
189:
142:
5918:
371:
1133:
Huisi Tacu. Estudio interpretativo de un libro mixteco antiguo. Codex Vindobonensis Mexicanus I
6808:
6801:
6773:
6537:
6523:
6435:
6324:
6234:
6213:
6192:
6120:
6052:
5911:
5869:
5821:
5556:
5546:
5191:
5186:
5091:
5086:
4993:
4948:
4848:
4771:
4751:
4741:
4731:
4726:
4662:
4657:
4585:
4520:
4505:
4455:
4450:
4393:
4329:
4287:
4129:
4015:
3938:
3454:
3449:
3326:
3069:
2999:
2965:
2688:
2678:
2388:
2356:
2266:
2236:
2166:
2131:
2101:
2097:
1898:
1873:
1805:
1795:
1633:
1597:
1484:
1416:
1316:. Fascimile ed., 3 vols. Florence: Giunti Barbera and México: Secretaría de Gobernación, 1979.
1237:
1229:
1208:
1176:
1151:
922:
858:
852:
332:
307:
281:
226:
218:
202:
166:
1364:
Literacy for Dialogue in Multilingual Societies. Proceedings of Linguapax Asia Symposium 2011
1277:
M.R. Romero. (2003). Los zapotcos, la escritura y la historia . In M.A. Romero Frizzi (Ed.),
6942:
6880:
6780:
6734:
6720:
6678:
6553:
6499:
6480:
6414:
6406:
6392:
6385:
6310:
6106:
6081:
6017:
5989:
5975:
5904:
5890:
5807:
5780:
5717:
5628:
5531:
5353:
5196:
4823:
4803:
4793:
4788:
4672:
4428:
4361:
4349:
4314:
4309:
4292:
4231:
4196:
4156:
3958:
3953:
3901:
3852:
3736:
3670:
3610:
3560:
3505:
3422:
3400:
3385:
3331:
3321:
3255:
2769:
2709:
2693:
2576:
2540:
2447:
2351:
2151:
1968:
1943:
1760:
1755:
1221:
1086:
1008:
981:
914:
772:
764:
425:
421:
407:
390:
230:
5601:
1602:
736:
Early post-Columbian sources preserve and document aspects of indigenous literature (e.g.,
602:
6766:
6458:
6399:
6345:
6338:
6317:
6303:
6287:
6265:
6220:
6113:
6088:
6060:
6045:
5968:
5946:
5939:
5897:
5857:
5828:
5516:
5486:
5309:
5232:
4998:
4928:
4838:
4833:
4818:
4781:
4761:
4697:
4687:
4677:
4642:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4510:
4495:
4465:
4460:
4344:
4339:
4186:
4176:
4166:
4030:
3995:
3990:
3970:
3864:
3822:
3762:
3645:
3615:
3525:
3485:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3361:
3341:
3289:
3272:
3260:
2892:
2571:
2530:
2515:
2478:
2442:
2336:
2231:
2146:
2121:
2082:
2067:
1888:
1725:
1592:
1557:
696:
355:
Another candidate for earliest writing system in Mesoamerica is the writing system of the
350:
322:
234:
174:
4963:
4146:
1449:
Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Methods in the Humanities 2018 (COMHUM 2018)
544:
5113:
985:
910:
771:. Codex Mendoza (around 1541) is a mixed pictorial, alphabetic Spanish manuscript. The
6903:
6787:
6671:
6651:
6560:
6428:
6359:
6258:
6206:
6199:
6031:
6024:
6003:
5982:
5883:
5876:
5638:
5566:
5561:
5412:
5396:
5371:
5314:
5304:
5299:
5139:
5013:
4973:
4943:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4853:
4828:
4776:
4716:
4682:
4632:
4580:
4545:
4500:
4470:
4423:
4383:
4282:
4236:
4191:
4109:
4045:
4000:
3985:
3948:
3928:
3896:
3884:
3832:
3827:
3817:
3807:
3802:
3719:
3704:
3694:
3660:
3650:
3595:
3580:
3545:
3395:
3299:
3247:
3137:
2925:
2909:
2823:
2789:
2633:
2608:
2565:
2555:
2545:
2535:
2493:
2276:
2087:
2077:
1770:
1730:
1720:
1577:
1563:
784:
768:
745:
704:
692:
619:
597:
585:
468:
culture. It is likely that in this area in late Pre-Classic times an ancient form of a
461:
437:
364:
314:
269:
170:
1342:
Translated by Doris Heyden. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1994. Durán, Diego.
894:
679:
476:
6969:
6910:
6759:
6692:
6615:
6585:
6443:
6421:
6352:
6248:
6227:
6074:
5932:
5850:
5843:
5814:
5773:
5688:
5678:
5673:
5648:
5643:
5576:
5460:
5154:
4813:
4756:
4408:
4181:
4065:
4020:
3975:
3943:
3792:
3729:
3709:
3682:
3655:
3585:
3570:
3555:
3510:
3267:
2870:
2866:
2779:
2623:
2592:
2560:
2504:
2472:
2311:
2271:
2261:
2256:
2246:
2241:
2176:
2171:
2126:
1858:
1853:
1690:
1647:
760:
756:
708:
707:
writing, although they have been said to be slowly developing phonetic principles in
700:
674:
642:
611:
581:
473:
more monuments with these scripts will come to light making possible a decipherment.
430:
1456:
934:
443:
17:
6366:
6331:
6272:
5759:
5521:
5417:
5330:
5222:
5123:
4933:
4746:
4711:
4692:
4627:
4622:
4515:
4403:
4277:
4201:
4141:
4010:
4005:
3916:
3911:
3847:
3787:
3767:
3724:
3714:
3665:
3550:
3530:
3520:
3368:
3346:
3304:
2862:
2838:
2794:
2744:
2739:
2628:
2613:
2597:
2462:
2413:
2408:
2383:
2361:
2326:
2206:
1908:
1843:
1800:
803:
791:
646:
516:. The most elaborate inscriptions are considered to be those at classic sites like
457:
318:
182:
4575:
2346:
1225:
1090:
790:
Later indigenous literature employed Latin script exclusively, e.g., the Books of
687:, showing the use of semasiological writing combined with phonetic glyph elements.
27:
One of six cradles of civilization thought to have developed writing independently
1281:
Mexico, DF: Centro de Investigacion y Estudios Superiores en Antropologia Social.
1053:
949:
719:
name glyphs for example, do combine logographic elements with phonetic readings.
6949:
6713:
6644:
5925:
5616:
5476:
5237:
5081:
4938:
4843:
4612:
4540:
4525:
4433:
4226:
4136:
4035:
4025:
3879:
3842:
3797:
3782:
3757:
3677:
3605:
3590:
3294:
2858:
2848:
2719:
2663:
2467:
2398:
2251:
2221:
1928:
1820:
1700:
564:
532:
509:
498:
290:
ceramics show representations of something that may be codices, suggesting that
210:
162:
150:
134:
37:
814:
use of the script. For representing the degree of flexibility and variation of
536:
having been deciphered. Around 7000 texts in Maya script have been documented.
5606:
5581:
5149:
4592:
4082:
4077:
3933:
3874:
3515:
2896:
2734:
2714:
2341:
2156:
1948:
1710:
1571:
1539:
1478:
662:
551:
but the style is not nearly as accomplished as the classic Maya inscriptions.
543:
Post-classic inscriptions are found at the Yucatán peninsula in sites such as
505:
326:
1233:
165:. Earlier scripts with poorer and varying levels of decipherment include the
145:, is one of three known places in the world where writing is thought to have
6917:
6896:
6889:
5683:
5668:
5505:
5252:
5201:
5168:
5003:
4894:
4443:
4171:
4087:
3812:
2917:
2913:
2888:
2638:
1973:
1863:
1303:. The Codex Mendoza. 4 vols. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992.
1037:
918:
741:
513:
154:
138:
5611:
3102:
2422:
2092:
1392:
1241:
926:
893:
Pohl, Mary E. D.; Pope, Kevin O.; Nagy, Christopher von (6 December 2002).
264:
5653:
5633:
5596:
5591:
5471:
5432:
5273:
5032:
4917:
4808:
4550:
4438:
4388:
4259:
3772:
3575:
3535:
3316:
3309:
3160:
2904:
2754:
2316:
2296:
2291:
2181:
2161:
1585:
972:
Campbell, L.; Kaufman, T. (1985). "Maya Linguistics: Where Are We Now?".
521:
517:
485:
802:
Since the mid 1990s, Maya intellectuals attended workshops organized by
560:
Mexico also appears to be an example of an unknown Mesoamerican script.
5740:
5247:
5118:
5008:
4983:
4869:
4706:
4560:
4535:
4304:
4211:
3859:
3473:
3284:
2900:
2437:
2366:
2321:
2062:
1958:
1933:
1918:
1838:
1833:
1790:
1765:
1735:
1020:
807:
1480:
Crossing Experiences in Digital Epigraphy: From Practice to Discipline
1098:
6741:
4485:
4297:
4216:
4161:
3869:
3540:
2843:
2833:
2729:
2704:
2216:
2211:
2136:
2072:
1953:
1903:
1893:
1868:
880:"Maya and Other Mesoamerican Scripts," in The World's Writing Systems
638:
615:
375:
1012:
5108:
5103:
4953:
4736:
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4324:
3235:
2483:
2427:
2418:
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1883:
716:
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634:
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548:
525:
475:
465:
442:
380:
337:
331:
291:
287:
263:
1135:. Amsterdam: Centro de Estudios y Documentación Latinoamericanos.
5586:
5481:
504:
Early examples include the painted inscriptions at the caves of
177:, all of which date back to the 1st millennium BC. An extensive
5713:
5503:
5458:
5351:
5030:
4915:
4257:
3471:
3233:
3216:
3106:
1606:
584:
did not have fully developed writing systems, but instead used
149:. Mesoamerican scripts deciphered to date are a combination of
31:
1327:
General History of the Things of New Spain: Florentine Codex.
3065:
Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
295:
reinforced in 2002 by the announcement of the discovery of
999:
Kelley, David H. (1966). "A Cylinder Seal from Tlatilco".
325:
and was dated by the archaeologists to approximately 900
340:
between his legs are likely his name, Earthquake 1.
1201:"The Origin of Writing Systems: Preclassic Mesoamerica"
1040:
Center for Ancient American Studies, Barnardsville, NC.
257:, with Zapotec and Maya writing flourishing during the
3060:
Painting in the Americas before European colonization
221:. Languages recorded in Mesoamerican writing include
6927:
6878:
6818:
6751:
6661:
6607:
6570:
6510:
6491:
6472:
6377:
6283:
6244:
6171:
6098:
5797:
5790:
5751:
5405:
5364:
5323:
5287:
5261:
5210:
5167:
5132:
5052:
5043:
4862:
4270:
4102:
3750:
3493:
3484:
3169:
3148:
2931:
2854:
2829:
2800:
2775:
2750:
2725:
2700:
2669:
2644:
2619:
2588:
2551:
2526:
2489:
2458:
2433:
2404:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2380:
1987:
1819:
1676:
1640:
1344:
Book of the Gods and Rites and the Ancient Calendar
1150:. New York: Thames & Hudson. pp. 110–114.
336:Monument 3 at San José Mogote. The two shaded
237:, and various other languages, particularly of the
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
606:Line 37 of the Códice Vindobonensis or Yuta Tnoho
1393:"Ancient Scripts: Mesoamerican Writing Systems"
3040:Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas
3025:Category: Archaeological sites in the Americas
1175:. México: Editorial Trillas. pp. 99–109.
1114:Record of the Art Museum, Princeton University
857:. Oxford University Press. 2012. p. 762.
5725:
3118:
1618:
456:In the highland Maya archaeological sites of
8:
633:. Among these objects are four pre-Hispanic
555:Other potential Mesoamerican writing systems
253:In Mesoamerica, writing emerged during the
6095:
5794:
5732:
5718:
5710:
5500:
5455:
5361:
5348:
5049:
5040:
5027:
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4267:
4254:
3490:
3481:
3468:
3230:
3226:
3213:
3145:
3125:
3111:
3103:
3008:
1625:
1611:
1603:
1529:Writing Systems: A Linguistic Introduction
1279:Escritura zapoteca: 2,500 anos de historia
1038:The Writing System of Ancient Teotihuacan.
568:writing systems such as Mixtec and Aztec.
385:Detail showing glyphs from 2nd century CE
3030:Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
1550:Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal
775:, compiled 1545–1590 by Franciscan friar
637:written on tanned deer skin covered with
614:system that was used by the pre-Hispanic
412:A small number of artifacts found in the
306:In September 2006, a report published in
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
1634:Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures
1340:The History of the Indies of New Spain.
895:"Olmec Origins of Mesoamerican Writing"
844:
1440:Diehr, Franziska; et al. (2018).
6869:American Printing House for the Blind
6645:International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
6297:Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)
1380:Arte, pronunciación y orthographia de
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
695:and both are thought to descend from
7:
1048:
1046:
1032:
1030:
882:. England: Oxford. pp. 172–182.
781:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
683:Detail of first page from the Aztec
452:Abaj Takalik and Kaminaljuyú scripts
190:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
60:adding citations to reliable sources
2058:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Venezuela
986:10.1146/annurev.an.14.100185.001155
854:The Oxford Companion to Archaeology
3050:Indigenous cuisine of the Americas
2029:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Colombia
1517:313, no. 5793, pp. 1610–1614.
317:, a writing-tablet-sized block of
25:
2041:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Ecuador
2012:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Bolivia
1171:López Ramos, Juan Arturo (1987).
954:(MA thesis). University of Nevada
563:Certain iconographic elements in
464:writing has been found dating to
433:on the stela dates it to 36 BCE.
3082:
2034:Archaeological sites in Colombia
2007:Cultures of Pre-Cabraline Brazil
1570:
1556:
1542:
1502:Michael D. Coe and Justin Kerr,
759:are preserved, most notably the
751:Relación de las cosas de Yucatán
36:
2017:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Chile
1173:Esplendor de la antigua Mixteca
313:announced the discovery of the
47:needs additional citations for
3198:Languages by writing system /
1514:
1483:. De Gruyter. pp. 65–83.
1054:"Ancient Scripts: Teotihuacan"
249:Pre-Classic and Classic Period
71:"Mesoamerican writing systems"
1:
6637:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
6593:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
2961:Spanish Conquest of Guatemala
2022:Archaeological sites in Chile
1226:10.1080/00438243.1986.9979981
1091:10.1525/aa.1974.76.3.02a00840
974:Annual Review of Anthropology
828:Canadian Aboriginal syllabics
480:Maya glyphs in stucco at the
6976:Mesoamerican writing systems
6848:National Braille Association
6827:Braille Institute of America
6545:Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)
3055:Mesoamerican writing systems
2051:Archaeological sites in Peru
1531:. Hutchinson (London), 1985.
641:. These codices are read in
402:Epi-Olmec or Isthmian script
359:culture. Rising in the late
198:Catholic Church missionaries
194:Spanish colonial authorities
6981:Logographic writing systems
6728:Refreshable braille display
6707:Optical braille recognition
6304:Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)
5836:Chinese (mainland Mandarin)
4979:New Epoch Notation Painting
2951:Spanish Conquest of Yucatán
1524:, Aschehoug, Denmark, 2000.
7002:
6795:Thakur Vishva Narain Singh
2977:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
2880:Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil
1506:, Thames and Hudson. 1997.
1504:The Art of the Maya Scribe
1218:Routledge & Kegan Paul
948:Nolte, Jaycob (May 2021).
779:includes a history of the
672:
595:
496:
405:
348:
279:
6531:Mainland Chinese Mandarin
5709:
5512:
5499:
5467:
5454:
5360:
5347:
5045:Chinese family of scripts
5039:
5026:
4924:
4911:
4266:
4253:
4115:Boyd's syllabic shorthand
3480:
3467:
3242:
3229:
3225:
3212:
3200:by first written accounts
3144:
3078:
3020:
3011:
2375:
2202:Llanos de Moxos (Bolivia)
961:– via ScholarWorks.
878:Macri, Martha J. (1996).
797:Annals of the Cakchiquels
447:Stela 5 from Abaj Takalik
6518:Chinese semi-syllabaries
5781:Unicode braille patterns
5767:International uniformity
4222:Thomas Natural Shorthand
3089:Civilizations portal
2046:Cultural periods of Peru
1421:linguistics.berkeley.edu
1325:Sahagún, Bernardino de.
1312:Sahagún, Bernardino de.
1148:The Great Archaeologists
6855:Blindness organizations
6834:Braille Without Borders
6623:Canadian currency marks
6245:Egyptian lineage family
5428:Southwest Paleohispanic
2983:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
1829:Mesoamerican chronology
1131:Jansen, Marten (1982).
1079:American Anthropologist
1036:Taube, Karl A. (2000),
951:Writing of the Americas
919:10.1126/science.1078474
387:La Mojarra Stela 1
179:Mesoamerican literature
147:developed independently
6172:Russian lineage family
5572:Great Lakes Algonquian
4481:Greco-Iberian alphabet
4414:Gabelsberger shorthand
3357:Inscriptional Parthian
1686:Archaeological periods
1397:www.ancientscripts.com
1366:, Tokyo 2012, p. 71-82
1301:Patricia Rieff Anawalt
1058:www.ancientscripts.com
688:
607:
489:
448:
414:Isthmus of Tehuantepec
394:
341:
272:
207:Mesoamerican languages
6936:Accessible publishing
6862:Schools for the blind
6841:Japan Braille Library
6630:Computer Braille Code
6284:Indian lineage family
5664:Old Persian cuneiform
4531:Carolingian minuscule
3337:Ancient North Arabian
2989:List of Conquistadors
2876:Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal
2287:Quebrada de Humahuaca
1706:Caddoan Mississippian
1513:, 15 September 2006,
1376:Francisco de la Parra
1299:Berdan, Frances, and
1146:Fagan, Brian (2014).
777:Bernardino de Sahagún
740:'s manuscript of the
723:Post-Columbian Period
682:
620:Mixtec writing system
605:
508:and La Cobanerita in
479:
470:Mixe–Zoquean language
446:
384:
335:
268:The 62 glyphs of the
267:
6700:Mountbatten Brailler
6055:(largely reassigned)
5838:(largely reassigned)
5387:Southeastern Iberian
5382:Northeastern Iberian
3280:Egyptian hieroglyphs
2956:Francisco de Montejo
2884:Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I
1997:Andean civilizations
1924:Shaft tomb tradition
159:Egyptian hieroglyphs
56:improve this article
18:Mesoamerican scripts
6652:Nemeth braille code
6438:(reassigned vowels)
5963:(extended to 8-dot)
5537:Canadian Aboriginal
5423:Khitan small script
5145:Khitan large script
4335:Coorgi–Cox alphabet
2922:Manco Inca Yupanqui
2227:Manteño-Huancavilca
1696:Ancestral Puebloans
1527:Sampson, Geoffrey.
1417:"progress overview"
1382:... cakchequel. ms.
911:2002Sci...298.1984P
905:(5600): 1984–1987.
767:, and the works by
654:long count calendar
578:post-classic period
572:Post-Classic Period
6686:Braille translator
6663:Braille technology
6639:(science; GS8/GS6)
6608:Symbols in braille
6538:Taiwanese Mandarin
6053:Taiwanese Mandarin
5659:Nwagu Aneke script
5211:Other logosyllabic
5133:Chinese-influenced
5072:Oracle bone script
5054:Chinese characters
4989:Ojibwe Hieroglyphs
4379:Eclectic shorthand
4367:Duployan shorthand
4320:Caucasian Albanian
4120:Canadian syllabics
3156:History of writing
3045:Columbian exchange
3035:Portal:Mesoamerica
2187:La Tolita (Tumaco)
2002:Indigenous peoples
1741:Hopewell tradition
1668:Indigenous peoples
1591:2011-09-27 at the
1522:Under slangehimlen
1249:(online facsimile)
1001:American Antiquity
833:Cherokee syllabary
711:by the use of the
689:
608:
490:
449:
418:La Mojarra Stela 1
395:
342:
273:
255:Pre-classic Period
6963:
6962:
6959:
6958:
6881:tactile alphabets
6809:William Bell Wait
6802:Sabriye Tenberken
6603:
6602:
6468:
6467:
6453:(Japanese vowels)
6251:-mediated scripts
6178:-mediated scripts
5705:
5704:
5701:
5700:
5697:
5696:
5557:Ditema tsa Dinoko
5495:
5494:
5450:
5449:
5446:
5445:
5343:
5342:
5339:
5338:
5163:
5162:
5022:
5021:
4907:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4249:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4098:
4097:
3463:
3462:
3450:Teeline Shorthand
3208:
3207:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3070:Pre-Columbian art
3006:
3005:
3000:Francisco Pizarro
2966:Pedro de Alvarado
2282:Pucará de Tilcara
1520:Nielsen, Jesper,
1490:978-3-11-060720-8
1209:World Archaeology
1199:(February 1986).
1197:Justeson, John S.
1157:978-0-500-05181-8
282:Olmec hieroglyphs
227:Classical Nahuatl
167:Olmec hieroglyphs
132:
131:
124:
106:
16:(Redirected from
6993:
6952:
6945:
6943:Braille literacy
6938:
6920:
6913:
6906:
6899:
6892:
6871:
6864:
6857:
6850:
6843:
6836:
6829:
6811:
6804:
6797:
6790:
6783:
6776:
6769:
6762:
6744:
6737:
6735:Slate and stylus
6730:
6723:
6721:Perkins Brailler
6716:
6709:
6702:
6695:
6688:
6681:
6679:Braille embosser
6674:
6654:
6647:
6640:
6632:
6625:
6618:
6596:
6588:
6581:
6563:
6556:
6547:
6540:
6533:
6526:
6519:
6503:
6500:American Braille
6484:
6481:Algerian Braille
6461:
6454:
6446:
6439:
6431:
6424:
6417:
6410:
6402:
6395:
6388:
6370:
6362:
6355:
6348:
6341:
6334:
6327:
6320:
6313:
6306:
6299:
6276:
6268:
6261:
6237:
6230:
6223:
6216:
6209:
6202:
6195:
6188:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6123:
6116:
6109:
6096:
6091:
6084:
6077:
6070:
6063:
6056:
6048:
6041:
6034:
6027:
6020:
6013:
6006:
5999:
5992:
5985:
5978:
5971:
5964:
5956:
5949:
5942:
5935:
5928:
5921:
5914:
5907:
5900:
5893:
5886:
5879:
5872:
5865:
5853:
5846:
5839:
5831:
5824:
5817:
5810:
5795:
5783:
5776:
5769:
5762:
5745:
5734:
5727:
5720:
5711:
5501:
5456:
5362:
5354:Semi-syllabaries
5349:
5050:
5041:
5028:
4913:
4268:
4255:
4157:Japanese Braille
3742:Zanabazar square
3611:Nepalese scripts
3501:Bengali–Assamese
3491:
3482:
3469:
3386:Pitman shorthand
3231:
3227:
3214:
3146:
3127:
3120:
3113:
3104:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3009:
2995:Spanish Conquest
2972:Spanish Conquest
2947:Spanish Conquest
2936:Spanish Conquest
2378:
2377:
1627:
1620:
1613:
1604:
1580:
1575:
1574:
1566:
1561:
1560:
1552:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1516:
1495:
1494:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1459:. Archived from
1446:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1389:
1383:
1373:
1367:
1360:
1347:
1336:
1330:
1323:
1317:
1310:
1304:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1282:
1275:
1269:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1250:
1244:. Archived from
1205:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1050:
1041:
1034:
1025:
1024:
996:
990:
989:
969:
963:
962:
960:
959:
945:
939:
938:
890:
884:
883:
875:
869:
868:
849:
773:Florentine Codex
765:Florentine Codex
631:Spanish conquest
426:Epi-Olmec script
422:Tuxtla Statuette
408:Epi-Olmec script
391:Epi-Olmec script
127:
120:
116:
113:
107:
105:
64:
40:
32:
21:
7001:
7000:
6996:
6995:
6994:
6992:
6991:
6990:
6966:
6965:
6964:
6955:
6948:
6941:
6934:
6923:
6916:
6909:
6902:
6895:
6888:
6874:
6867:
6860:
6853:
6846:
6839:
6832:
6825:
6814:
6807:
6800:
6793:
6786:
6779:
6772:
6767:Charles Barbier
6765:
6758:
6747:
6740:
6733:
6726:
6719:
6712:
6705:
6698:
6691:
6684:
6677:
6670:
6657:
6650:
6643:
6635:
6628:
6621:
6614:
6599:
6591:
6584:
6577:
6566:
6559:
6552:
6543:
6536:
6529:
6522:
6517:
6506:
6498:
6492:Frequency-based
6487:
6479:
6464:
6457:
6449:
6442:
6434:
6427:
6420:
6413:
6405:
6398:
6391:
6384:
6373:
6365:
6358:
6351:
6344:
6337:
6330:
6323:
6316:
6309:
6302:
6295:
6288:Bharati Braille
6285:
6279:
6271:
6264:
6257:
6246:
6240:
6233:
6226:
6219:
6212:
6205:
6198:
6191:
6184:
6173:
6167:
6160:
6155:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6126:
6119:
6112:
6105:
6094:
6087:
6080:
6073:
6066:
6059:
6051:
6044:
6037:
6030:
6023:
6016:
6009:
6002:
5995:
5988:
5981:
5974:
5967:
5959:
5952:
5945:
5938:
5931:
5924:
5917:
5910:
5903:
5896:
5889:
5882:
5875:
5868:
5862:Unified English
5856:
5849:
5842:
5834:
5827:
5820:
5813:
5806:
5791:Braille scripts
5786:
5779:
5772:
5765:
5758:
5747:
5743:
5738:
5693:
5508:
5491:
5487:Stokoe notation
5463:
5442:
5401:
5356:
5335:
5319:
5283:
5262:Logoconsonantal
5257:
5206:
5159:
5128:
5035:
5018:
4999:Siglas poveiras
4920:
4899:
4858:
4762:Younger Futhark
4466:Gregg shorthand
4262:
4241:
4094:
3746:
3476:
3459:
3238:
3221:
3204:
3177:Writing systems
3165:
3140:
3138:writing systems
3131:
3101:
3092:
3083:
3081:
3074:
3016:
3007:
2997:
2986:
2980:
2974:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2949:
2938:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2893:Quemuenchatocha
2891:
2882:
2878:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2822:
2691:
2600:
2574:
2563:
2510:Human Sacrifice
2507:
2499:Human Sacrifice
2496:
2470:
2443:Mayan Languages
2371:
1983:
1815:
1672:
1653:Genetic history
1636:
1631:
1593:Wayback Machine
1576:
1569:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1499:
1498:
1491:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1463:
1444:
1439:
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1399:
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1386:
1374:
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1361:
1350:
1337:
1333:
1324:
1320:
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1307:
1298:
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1276:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1254:
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1248:
1203:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1183:
1170:
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1158:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1062:
1060:
1052:
1051:
1044:
1035:
1028:
1013:10.2307/2694503
998:
997:
993:
971:
970:
966:
957:
955:
947:
946:
942:
892:
891:
887:
877:
876:
872:
865:
851:
850:
846:
841:
824:
744:) and writing (
725:
697:Zapotec writing
677:
671:
600:
594:
574:
557:
501:
495:
454:
410:
404:
372:San José Mogote
361:Pre-Classic era
353:
351:Zapotec writing
347:
345:Zapotec writing
323:Olmec heartland
284:
278:
251:
175:Isthmian script
128:
117:
111:
108:
65:
63:
53:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6999:
6997:
6989:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6968:
6967:
6961:
6960:
6957:
6956:
6954:
6953:
6946:
6939:
6931:
6929:
6928:Related topics
6925:
6924:
6922:
6921:
6914:
6907:
6904:New York Point
6900:
6893:
6885:
6883:
6876:
6875:
6873:
6872:
6865:
6858:
6851:
6844:
6837:
6830:
6822:
6820:
6816:
6815:
6813:
6812:
6805:
6798:
6791:
6788:Harris Mowbray
6784:
6777:
6770:
6763:
6755:
6753:
6749:
6748:
6746:
6745:
6738:
6731:
6724:
6717:
6710:
6703:
6696:
6689:
6682:
6675:
6672:Braille e-book
6667:
6665:
6659:
6658:
6656:
6655:
6648:
6641:
6633:
6626:
6619:
6611:
6609:
6605:
6604:
6601:
6600:
6598:
6597:
6589:
6582:
6574:
6572:
6568:
6567:
6565:
6564:
6557:
6550:
6549:
6548:
6541:
6534:
6527:
6514:
6512:
6508:
6507:
6505:
6504:
6495:
6493:
6489:
6488:
6486:
6485:
6476:
6474:
6470:
6469:
6466:
6465:
6463:
6462:
6455:
6447:
6440:
6432:
6425:
6418:
6411:
6403:
6396:
6389:
6381:
6379:
6375:
6374:
6372:
6371:
6363:
6356:
6349:
6342:
6335:
6328:
6321:
6314:
6307:
6300:
6292:
6290:
6281:
6280:
6278:
6277:
6269:
6262:
6254:
6252:
6242:
6241:
6239:
6238:
6231:
6224:
6217:
6210:
6203:
6196:
6189:
6181:
6179:
6169:
6168:
6166:
6165:
6164:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6124:
6117:
6110:
6102:
6100:
6093:
6092:
6085:
6078:
6071:
6064:
6057:
6049:
6042:
6035:
6028:
6021:
6014:
6007:
6000:
5993:
5986:
5979:
5972:
5965:
5957:
5950:
5943:
5936:
5929:
5922:
5915:
5908:
5901:
5894:
5887:
5880:
5873:
5866:
5854:
5847:
5840:
5832:
5825:
5818:
5811:
5803:
5801:
5799:French-ordered
5792:
5788:
5787:
5785:
5784:
5777:
5770:
5763:
5755:
5753:
5749:
5748:
5739:
5737:
5736:
5729:
5722:
5714:
5707:
5706:
5703:
5702:
5699:
5698:
5695:
5694:
5692:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5639:Linear Elamite
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5620:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5513:
5510:
5509:
5504:
5497:
5496:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5468:
5465:
5464:
5461:Sign languages
5459:
5452:
5451:
5448:
5447:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5440:
5438:Quốc Âm Tân Tự
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5413:Espanca script
5409:
5407:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5372:Linear Elamite
5368:
5366:
5358:
5357:
5352:
5345:
5344:
5341:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5333:
5327:
5325:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5291:
5289:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5265:
5263:
5259:
5258:
5256:
5255:
5253:Yi (Classical)
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5214:
5212:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5173:
5171:
5165:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5136:
5134:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5100:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5079:
5077:Bronze scripts
5074:
5069:
5064:
5058:
5056:
5047:
5037:
5036:
5031:
5024:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5017:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4916:
4909:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4892:
4890:Flag semaphore
4887:
4885:New York Point
4882:
4880:Telegraph code
4877:
4875:Maritime flags
4872:
4866:
4864:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4829:Visible Speech
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4799:Sorang Sompeng
4796:
4791:
4786:
4785:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4701:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4683:Galik alphabet
4680:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4583:
4581:Tironian notes
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4447:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4426:
4424:Garay alphabet
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4375:
4374:
4364:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4352:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4274:
4272:
4264:
4263:
4258:
4251:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4207:Sorang Sompeng
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4130:Déné syllabics
4127:
4117:
4112:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4085:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3914:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3856:
3855:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3497:
3495:
3488:
3478:
3477:
3472:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3425:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3391:Proto-Sinaitic
3388:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3371:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3252:
3251:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3152:
3150:
3142:
3141:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3107:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3004:
3003:
2992:
2969:
2944:
2933:
2929:
2928:
2907:
2886:
2873:
2856:
2855:Notable Rulers
2852:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2827:
2826:
2824:Neo-Inca State
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2595:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2569:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2502:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2043:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1993:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
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1856:
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1846:
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1831:
1825:
1823:
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1814:
1813:
1808:
1803:
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1670:
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1644:
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1637:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1622:
1615:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1582:
1581:
1578:Society portal
1567:
1564:Writing portal
1553:
1537:
1536:External links
1534:
1533:
1532:
1525:
1518:
1507:
1497:
1496:
1489:
1469:
1466:on 2020-02-08.
1432:
1408:
1384:
1368:
1348:
1338:Durán, Diego.
1331:
1318:
1305:
1292:
1283:
1270:
1261:
1188:
1181:
1163:
1156:
1138:
1123:
1104:
1085:(3): 670–672.
1069:
1042:
1026:
991:
980:(1): 187–198.
964:
940:
885:
870:
863:
843:
842:
840:
837:
836:
835:
830:
823:
820:
799:(since 1571).
746:Diego de Landa
724:
721:
705:semasiographic
693:Mixtec writing
685:Boturini Codex
673:Main article:
670:
667:
612:semasiographic
598:Mixtec writing
596:Main article:
593:
592:Mixtec writing
590:
586:semasiographic
573:
570:
556:
553:
497:Main article:
494:
491:
482:Museo de sitio
453:
450:
438:Michael D. Coe
406:Main article:
403:
400:
349:Main article:
346:
343:
315:Cascajal block
297:similar glyphs
280:Main article:
277:
274:
270:Cascajal block
259:Classic Period
250:
247:
223:Classical Maya
171:Zapotec script
130:
129:
44:
42:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6998:
6987:
6986:Proto-writing
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6973:
6971:
6951:
6947:
6944:
6940:
6937:
6933:
6932:
6930:
6926:
6919:
6915:
6912:
6911:Night writing
6908:
6905:
6901:
6898:
6894:
6891:
6887:
6886:
6884:
6882:
6877:
6870:
6866:
6863:
6859:
6856:
6852:
6849:
6845:
6842:
6838:
6835:
6831:
6828:
6824:
6823:
6821:
6819:Organisations
6817:
6810:
6806:
6803:
6799:
6796:
6792:
6789:
6785:
6782:
6781:Valentin Haüy
6778:
6775:
6771:
6768:
6764:
6761:
6760:Louis Braille
6757:
6756:
6754:
6750:
6743:
6739:
6736:
6732:
6729:
6725:
6722:
6718:
6715:
6711:
6708:
6704:
6701:
6697:
6694:
6693:Braille watch
6690:
6687:
6683:
6680:
6676:
6673:
6669:
6668:
6666:
6664:
6660:
6653:
6649:
6646:
6642:
6638:
6634:
6631:
6627:
6624:
6620:
6617:
6616:Braille music
6613:
6612:
6610:
6606:
6594:
6590:
6587:
6583:
6580:
6579:Luxembourgish
6576:
6575:
6573:
6569:
6562:
6558:
6555:
6551:
6546:
6542:
6539:
6535:
6532:
6528:
6525:
6521:
6520:
6516:
6515:
6513:
6509:
6501:
6497:
6496:
6494:
6490:
6482:
6478:
6477:
6475:
6471:
6460:
6456:
6452:
6448:
6445:
6441:
6437:
6433:
6430:
6426:
6423:
6419:
6416:
6412:
6408:
6404:
6401:
6397:
6394:
6390:
6387:
6383:
6382:
6380:
6378:Other scripts
6376:
6368:
6364:
6361:
6357:
6354:
6350:
6347:
6343:
6340:
6336:
6333:
6329:
6326:
6322:
6319:
6315:
6312:
6308:
6305:
6301:
6298:
6294:
6293:
6291:
6289:
6282:
6274:
6270:
6267:
6263:
6260:
6256:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6243:
6236:
6232:
6229:
6225:
6222:
6218:
6215:
6211:
6208:
6204:
6201:
6197:
6194:
6190:
6187:
6183:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6170:
6159:
6154:
6151:
6150:Northern Sámi
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6131:
6129:
6125:
6122:
6118:
6115:
6111:
6108:
6104:
6103:
6101:
6099:Nordic family
6097:
6090:
6086:
6083:
6079:
6076:
6072:
6069:
6065:
6062:
6058:
6054:
6050:
6047:
6043:
6040:
6039:South African
6036:
6033:
6029:
6026:
6022:
6019:
6015:
6012:
6008:
6005:
6001:
5998:
5994:
5991:
5987:
5984:
5980:
5977:
5973:
5970:
5966:
5962:
5961:Luxembourgish
5958:
5955:
5951:
5948:
5944:
5941:
5937:
5934:
5930:
5927:
5923:
5920:
5916:
5913:
5909:
5906:
5902:
5899:
5895:
5892:
5888:
5885:
5881:
5878:
5874:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5852:
5848:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5833:
5830:
5826:
5823:
5819:
5816:
5812:
5809:
5805:
5804:
5802:
5800:
5796:
5793:
5789:
5782:
5778:
5775:
5774:ASCII braille
5771:
5768:
5764:
5761:
5757:
5756:
5754:
5750:
5742:
5735:
5730:
5728:
5723:
5721:
5716:
5715:
5712:
5708:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5589:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5514:
5511:
5507:
5502:
5498:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5469:
5466:
5462:
5457:
5453:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5410:
5408:
5404:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5369:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5350:
5346:
5332:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5322:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5305:Attic (Greek)
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5292:
5290:
5286:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5260:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5243:Proto-Elamite
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5209:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5170:
5166:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5131:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5055:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5029:
5025:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4923:
4919:
4914:
4910:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4861:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4757:Elder Futhark
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4648:Old Hungarian
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4476:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4256:
4252:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4182:Masaram Gondi
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4152:Gunjala Gondi
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4101:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4079:
4076:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3965:
3964:Old Sundanese
3962:
3961:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3907:Old Maldivian
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3891:
3890:Bilang-bilang
3888:
3887:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3710:Sylheti Nagri
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3679:
3676:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3511:Brahmi script
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3470:
3466:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3406:South Arabian
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3352:Inscriptional
3350:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3244:
3241:
3237:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3215:
3211:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3128:
3123:
3121:
3116:
3114:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3091:
3090:
3077:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3019:
3015:
3010:
3001:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2984:
2978:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2941:Hernán Cortés
2937:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2379:
2374:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1989:South America
1986:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1812:
1811:Weeden Island
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1786:Poverty Point
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
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1751:Mississippian
1749:
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1678:North America
1675:
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1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1648:Paleo-Indians
1646:
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1251:on 2009-11-22
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1007:(5): 744–46.
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766:
762:
761:Codex Mendoza
758:
757:Aztec codices
753:
752:
747:
743:
739:
734:
731:
730:Hernán Cortés
722:
720:
718:
714:
710:
709:their writing
706:
702:
698:
694:
686:
681:
676:
675:Aztec writing
669:Aztec writing
668:
666:
664:
660:
655:
650:
648:
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643:boustrophedon
640:
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83:
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73: –
72:
68:
67:Find sources:
61:
57:
51:
50:
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
6451:Thai and Lao
6128:Scandinavian
5760:1829 braille
5752:Braille cell
5552:Cypro-Minoan
5418:Pahawh Hmong
5331:Sitelen Pona
5295:Hindu-Arabic
4628:Mundari Bani
4202:Pahawh Hmong
4011:Tamil-Brahmi
3917:Eveyla Akuru
3912:Dhives Akuru
3379:Paleo-Hebrew
3246:
3182:undeciphered
3080:
3054:
3013:
2863:Moctezuma II
2820:Inca history
2745:Andean Music
2689:Architecture
2684:Architecture
2679:Architecture
2674:Architecture
2670:Architecture
2664:Gender Roles
2409:Tenochtitlan
2332:Timoto–Cuica
2327:Tierradentro
2112:Casma–Sechin
1844:Chalcatzingo
1528:
1521:
1510:
1503:
1479:
1472:
1461:the original
1448:
1435:
1424:. Retrieved
1420:
1411:
1400:. Retrieved
1396:
1387:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1326:
1321:
1313:
1308:
1295:
1286:
1278:
1273:
1264:
1253:. Retrieved
1246:the original
1213:
1207:
1191:
1172:
1166:
1147:
1141:
1132:
1126:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1061:. Retrieved
1057:
1004:
1000:
994:
977:
973:
967:
956:. Retrieved
950:
943:
902:
898:
888:
879:
873:
853:
847:
815:
811:
804:Linda Schele
801:
792:Chilam Balam
789:
749:
735:
726:
690:
684:
651:
647:Alfonso Caso
628:
625:
609:
575:
565:Teotihuacano
562:
558:
545:Chichén Itza
542:
538:
530:
502:
493:Maya writing
481:
458:Abaj Takalik
455:
435:
411:
396:
369:
354:
308:
305:
285:
252:
239:Oto-Manguean
187:
183:Latin script
133:
118:
112:January 2008
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
6950:RoboBraille
6774:Róża Czacka
6714:Perforation
6511:Independent
6409:(Bhutanese)
6144:Greenlandic
5815:Azerbaijani
5617:Jindai moji
5506:Syllabaries
5477:SignWriting
5377:Celtiberian
5279:Hieroglyphs
5082:Seal script
5067:Traditional
4939:Blissymbols
4844:Warang Citi
4819:Tolong Siki
4772:Marcomannic
4752:Dalecarlian
4742:Anglo-Saxon
4722:Pau Cin Hau
4613:Medefaidrin
4566:Merovingian
4526:Blackletter
4434:Asomtavruli
4227:Warang Citi
4036:Ulu scripts
3981:New Tai Lue
3924:Mon–Burmese
3778:Bhattiprolu
3606:Nandinagari
3433:ʾEsṭrangēlā
3192:constructed
2926:Túpac Amaru
2910:Manco Cápac
2859:Moctezuma I
2770:Agriculture
2765:Agriculture
2760:Agriculture
2751:Agriculture
2694:Road System
2583:Mathematics
2448:Muysc Cubun
2302:San Agustín
2252:Monte Verde
1929:Teotihuacan
1821:Mesoamerica
1716:Coles Creek
1701:Anishinaabe
1658:Archaeology
785:Diego Durán
769:Diego Durán
715:principle.
659:Ocho Venado
576:During the
533:Maya script
499:Maya script
462:Kaminaljuyú
365:Monte Albán
243:Uto-Aztecan
163:Maya script
151:logographic
139:Mesopotamia
135:Mesoamerica
6970:Categories
6502:(obsolete)
6483:(obsolete)
6275:(Pakistan)
6186:Belarusian
6068:Vietnamese
6011:Portuguese
5997:Philippine
5954:Lithuanian
5607:Hentaigana
5602:Man'yōgana
5062:Simplified
4949:Ersu Shaba
4863:Non-linear
4668:Old Uyghur
4658:Old Permic
4653:Old Italic
4586:Visigothic
4521:Beneventan
4456:Glagolitic
4419:Gadabuursi
4083:Kolezhuthu
4078:Vatteluttu
4016:Tanchangya
3939:Saurashtra
3516:Devanagari
3374:Phoenician
3327:Manichaean
2897:Tisquesusa
2871:Cuauhtémoc
2867:Cuitláhuac
2197:Lauricocha
2167:Gran Chaco
2157:Cupisnique
2142:Chinchorro
2117:Chachapoya
2107:Caral–Supe
1949:Tlaxcaltec
1939:Teuchitlán
1854:Chupícuaro
1781:Plum Bayou
1776:Plaquemine
1746:Marksville
1711:Chichimeca
1426:2020-04-23
1402:2020-04-24
1255:2009-06-09
1063:2020-04-23
958:2022-04-13
839:References
663:Tilantongo
661:, lord of
506:Naj Tunich
431:Long Count
319:serpentine
301:San Andres
245:families.
219:government
188:After the
173:, and the
82:newspapers
6918:Vibratese
6897:Moon type
6890:Decapoint
6571:Eight-dot
6524:Cantonese
6473:Reordered
6436:Inuktitut
6325:Malayalam
6235:Ukrainian
6214:Mongolian
6193:Bulgarian
6156:Norwegian
6121:Icelandic
5912:Hungarian
5870:Esperanto
5822:Cantonese
5406:Redundant
5218:Anatolian
5169:Cuneiform
5097:bird-worm
5033:Logograms
5004:Testerian
4918:Ideograms
4895:Moon type
4782:Staveless
4673:Mongolian
4618:Molodtsov
4576:Sütterlin
4444:Mkhedruli
4310:Bassa Vah
4260:Alphabets
4232:Mwangwego
4197:Mwangwego
4172:Kharosthi
4125:Blackfoot
4088:Malayanma
3959:Sundanese
3954:Sukhothai
3902:Malayalam
3853:Khom Thai
3813:Goykanadi
3737:Tocharian
3690:ʼPhags-pa
3561:Khudabadi
3506:Bhaiksuki
3401:Samaritan
3332:Nabataean
3187:inventors
2918:Atahualpa
2914:Pachacuti
2889:Nemequene
2755:Chinampas
2577:Astronomy
2566:Astronomy
2546:Mythology
2541:Mythology
2536:Mythology
2531:Mythology
2527:Mythology
2357:Wankarani
2347:Tuncahuán
2237:Marajoara
2192:Las Vegas
2078:Atacameño
1974:Xochipala
1914:Purépecha
1874:Epi-Olmec
1864:Cuicuilco
1806:Troyville
1796:St. Johns
1234:0043-8243
816:classical
742:Popol Vuh
588:writing.
514:Guatemala
192:in 1521,
6554:Japanese
6415:Georgian
6407:Dzongkha
6393:Armenian
6311:Gujarati
6176:Cyrillic
6107:Estonian
6082:Yugoslav
6018:Romanian
5990:Nigerian
5905:Hawaiian
5891:Ghanaian
5808:Albanian
5669:Sumerian
5634:Linear B
5597:Katakana
5592:Hiragana
5542:Cherokee
5472:ASLwrite
5433:Bopomofo
5288:Numerals
5274:Hieratic
5233:Isthmian
5202:Sumerian
5182:Assyrian
5177:Akkadian
4834:Vithkuqi
4809:Tifinagh
4777:Medieval
4732:Pisidian
4727:Phrygian
4698:Vagindra
4643:Ol Chiki
4551:Interlac
4506:Kayah Li
4496:Jenticha
4451:Veso Bey
4439:Nuskhuri
4429:Georgian
4399:Formosan
4394:Etruscan
4389:Enochian
4345:Cyrillic
4330:Coelbren
4288:Armenian
4187:Meroitic
4177:Mandombe
4167:Jenticha
4031:Tigalari
3996:Tai Viet
3991:Tai Tham
3971:Tagbanwa
3823:Javanese
3773:Baybayin
3763:Balinese
3751:Southern
3646:Pracalit
3641:Pachumol
3616:Bhujimol
3576:Mahajani
3536:Gurmukhi
3526:Gujarati
3494:Northern
3474:Abugidas
3455:Ugaritic
3443:Maḏnḥāyā
3317:Tifinagh
3310:Solitreo
3248:Numerals
3161:Grapheme
3149:Overview
3014:See also
2932:Conquest
2905:Zoratama
2572:Calendar
2561:Calendar
2556:Calendar
2552:Calendar
2521:Religion
2516:Religion
2505:Religion
2494:Religion
2490:Religion
2479:Numerals
2473:Numerals
2434:Language
2414:Multiple
2352:Valdivia
2337:Tiwanaku
2297:Saladoid
2292:Quimbaya
2182:Kuhikugu
2162:Diaguita
2152:Chorrera
1969:Veraguas
1964:Veracruz
1944:Tlatilco
1756:Mogollon
1663:Cultures
1641:Americas
1589:Archived
1457:67865187
1120:: 81–90.
935:19494498
927:12471256
822:See also
518:Palenque
510:El Petén
488:, Mexico
486:Palenque
420:and the
311:magazine
215:religion
155:syllabic
6459:Tibetan
6400:Burmese
6386:Amharic
6369:(India)
6346:Sinhala
6339:Punjabi
6318:Kannada
6266:Persian
6221:Russian
6161:Swedish
6139:Finnish
6114:Faroese
6089:Zambian
6061:Turkish
6046:Spanish
5969:Maltese
5947:Latvian
5940:Italian
5919:Iñupiaq
5898:Guarani
5858:English
5829:Catalan
5746:⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑
5741:Braille
5624:Kikakui
5562:Eskayan
5547:Cypriot
5397:Dunging
5269:Demotic
5248:Tenevil
5192:Hittite
5187:Elamite
5140:Jurchen
5119:Sawndip
5114:Chữ Nôm
5014:Zapotec
5009:Yerkish
4984:Nsibidi
4969:Miꞌkmaw
4959:Isotype
4929:Adinkra
4870:Braille
4854:Zaghawa
4824:Vellara
4804:Sunuwar
4794:Sidetic
4789:Shavian
4717:Osmanya
4707:Ol Onal
4561:Kurrent
4546:Insular
4536:Fraktur
4511:Klingon
4501:Kaddare
4475:Archaic
4384:Elbasan
4372:Chinook
4362:Deseret
4350:Bosnian
4305:Avoiuli
4293:Avestan
4283:Ariyaka
4212:Tengwar
4110:Bharati
4071:Serawai
4061:Pasemah
4046:Lampung
4001:Lai Tay
3986:Tai Noi
3949:Sinhala
3929:Pallava
3897:Makasar
3885:Lontara
3860:Kulitan
3833:Kannada
3828:Kadamba
3818:Hanunoo
3808:Grantha
3803:Fakkham
3720:Tibetan
3705:Soyombo
3700:Siddhaṃ
3695:Sharada
3671:Litumol
3661:Tirhuta
3651:Ranjana
3636:Kvemmol
3596:Multani
3581:Marchen
3546:Kalinga
3486:Brahmic
3423:Sogdian
3362:Psalter
3342:Pahlavi
3322:Mandaic
3300:Cursive
3285:Elymaic
3256:Aramaic
2901:Tundama
2830:Peoples
2815:History
2810:History
2805:History
2801:History
2795:Cuisine
2790:Cuisine
2785:Cuisine
2780:Cuisine
2776:Cuisine
2634:Warfare
2629:Warfare
2624:Warfare
2620:Warfare
2614:Society
2609:Economy
2598:Society
2593:Society
2589:Society
2459:Writing
2453:Quechua
2438:Nahuatl
2405:Capital
2342:Toyopán
2322:Tairona
2232:Mapuche
2147:Chiripa
2122:Chancay
2093:Cañaris
2068:Amotape
2063:El Abra
1979:Zapotec
1959:Totonac
1934:Tepanec
1919:Quelepa
1889:Mezcala
1879:Huastec
1849:Cholula
1839:Capacha
1834:Acolhua
1791:Sinagua
1766:Patayan
1736:Hohokam
1726:Fremont
1511:Science
1242:2243103
1220:: 449.
1021:2694503
907:Bibcode
899:Science
808:Unicode
738:Ximenez
635:codices
616:Mixtecs
357:Zapotec
309:Science
231:Zapotec
211:culture
203:Yucatán
96:scholar
6879:Other
6752:People
6742:Braigo
6561:Korean
6429:Hebrew
6360:Telugu
6259:Arabic
6249:Arabic
6207:Kyrgyz
6200:Kazakh
6134:Danish
6032:Slovak
6025:Samoan
6004:Polish
5983:Navajo
5884:German
5877:French
5744:
5689:Yugtun
5679:Woleai
5629:Kpelle
5612:Sōgana
5532:Byblos
5310:Muisca
5228:Cretan
5197:Luwian
5155:Tangut
4974:Mixtec
4944:Dongba
4849:Yezidi
4839:Wancho
4814:Todhri
4767:Gothic
4747:Cipher
4688:Manchu
4678:Evenki
4663:Orkhon
4608:Manchu
4603:Lydian
4598:Lycian
4541:Gaelic
4491:Hanifi
4486:Hangul
4461:Gothic
4409:Fraser
4404:Fox II
4340:Coptic
4315:Carian
4298:Pazend
4271:Linear
4217:Thaana
4162:Sarati
4103:Others
4066:Rejang
4051:Lembak
4041:Incung
4021:Telugu
3976:Tai Le
3870:Langdi
3793:Chakma
3683:Karani
3656:Tamyig
3631:Kummol
3626:Himmol
3621:Golmol
3601:Nagari
3586:Meitei
3571:Lepcha
3556:Khojki
3541:Kaithi
3428:Syriac
3416:Musnad
3295:Ashuri
3290:Hebrew
3273:Elifba
3268:Arabic
3261:Hatran
3236:Abjads
2844:Muisca
2839:Mayans
2834:Aztecs
2468:Script
2463:Script
2423:Bacatá
2394:Muisca
2277:Pucará
2272:Piaroa
2267:Paiján
2262:Omagua
2217:Lupaca
2212:Lokono
2177:Kalina
2172:Huetar
2132:Chavín
2127:Chango
2102:Nariño
2098:Capulí
2088:Calima
2083:Aymara
2073:Arawak
1954:Toltec
1904:Olmecs
1899:Nicoya
1894:Mixtec
1869:Diquis
1771:Picosa
1761:Oshara
1731:Glades
1721:Dorset
1487:
1455:
1240:
1232:
1179:
1154:
1099:674740
1097:
1019:
933:
925:
861:
812:modern
763:, the
701:Aztecs
699:. The
639:stucco
376:Oaxaca
338:glyphs
286:Early
235:Mixtec
217:, and
169:, the
98:
91:
84:
77:
69:
6595:(GS8)
6586:Kanji
6444:Khmer
6422:Greek
6353:Tamil
6286:i.e.
6247:i.e.
6228:Tatar
6174:i.e.
6075:Welsh
5976:Māori
5933:Irish
5851:Dutch
5844:Czech
5654:Nüshu
5522:Bamum
5517:Afaka
5324:Other
5315:Roman
5300:Abjad
5223:Bagam
5124:Bowen
5109:Kanji
5104:Hanja
5092:small
5087:large
4994:Olmec
4964:Kaidā
4954:Emoji
4934:Aztec
4737:Runic
4712:Osage
4693:Oirat
4638:Ogham
4571:Sigla
4516:Latin
4471:Greek
4355:Early
4325:Cirth
4278:Adlam
4147:Geʽez
4142:Fox I
4006:Tamil
3865:Lanna
3848:Khmer
3838:Karen
3788:Buhid
3768:Batak
3725:Uchen
3715:Takri
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