60:). It is due to a summer-to-winter circulation giving rise to upwelling at the summer pole and downwelling at the winter pole. Air rising will expand and cool resulting in a cold summer mesopause and conversely downwelling air results in compression and associated increase in temperature at the winter mesopause. In the mesosphere the summer-to-winter circulation is due to
53:). The altitude of the mesopause for many years was assumed to be at around 85 km (53 mi), but observations to higher altitudes and modeling studies in the last 10 years have shown that in fact there are two mesopauses - one at about 85 km and a stronger one at about 100 km (62 mi), with a layer of slightly warmer air between them.
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Cnossen, Ingrid; Harris, Matthew J.; Arnold, Neil F.; Yiğit, Erdal (2009). "Modelled effect of changes in the CO2 concentration on the middle and upper atmosphere: Sensitivity to gravity wave parameterization".
95:. Observations do show a decrease of temperature of the mesopause, though the magnitude of this decrease varies and is subject to further study. Modeling studies of this phenomenon have also been carried out.
140:"Mesopause structure from Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere, Energetics, and Dynamics (TIMED)/Sounding of the Atmosphere Using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER)"
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acts to cool the atmosphere due to increased radiative emission. This results in a measurable effect - the mesopause should become cooler with increased CO
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Akmaev, R.A.; Fomichev, V.I.; Zhu, X. (2006). "Impact of middle-atmospheric composition changes on greenhouse cooling in the upper atmosphere".
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International Union of Pure and
Applied Chemistry. "mesosphere". Compendium of Chemical Terminology Internet edition
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dissipation, which deposits momentum against the mean east–west flow, resulting in a small north–south circulation.
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Xu, Jiyao; Liu, H.-L.; Yuan, W.; Smith, A.K.; Roble, R. G.; Mertens, C.J.; Russell, J.M.; Mlynczak, M.G. (2007).
242:"How will changes in carbon-dioxide and methane modify the mean structure of the mesosphere and thermosphere?"
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Another feature is that the summer mesopause is cooler than the winter (sometimes referred to as the
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is the point of minimum temperature at the boundary between the
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regions. Due to the lack of solar heating and very strong
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Beig, G.; Keckhut, P.; Lowe, R.P.; et al. (2003).
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462:Ozone layer
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77:troposphere
39:atmospheric
487:Categories
472:Ionosphere
467:Turbopause
430:Tropopause
407:Mesosphere
116:References
105:Jet stream
89:mesosphere
32:mesosphere
440:Mesopause
417:Exosphere
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28:mesopause
21:menopause
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99:See also
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