569:
725:, where there is no blockage of the arteries supplying the bowel, the treatment is medical rather than surgical. People are admitted to the hospital for resuscitation with intravenous fluids, careful monitoring of laboratory tests, and optimization of their cardiovascular function. NG tube decompression and heparin anticoagulation may also be used to limit stress on the bowel and optimize perfusion, respectively.
51:
709:
As the cause of the ischemia can be due to embolic or thrombotic occlusion of the mesenteric vessels or nonocclusive ischemia, the best way to differentiate between the etiologies is through the use of mesenteric angiography. Though it has serious risks, angiography provides the possibility of direct
243:
supply. It can come on suddenly, known as acute intestinal ischemia, or gradually, known as chronic intestinal ischemia. The acute form of the disease often presents with sudden severe abdominal pain and is associated with a high risk of death. The chronic form typically presents more gradually with
541:
levels. The first device approved by the U.S. FDA (in 2004) used visible light spectroscopy to analyze capillary oxygen levels. Use during aortic aneurysm repair detected when colon oxygen levels fell below sustainable levels, allowing real-time repair. In several studies, specificity has been 83%
346:
Acute intestinal ischemia affects about five per hundred thousand people per year in the developed world. Chronic intestinal ischemia affects about one per hundred thousand people. Most people affected are over 60 years old. Rates are about equal in males and females of the same age. Intestinal
527:
In very early or very extensive acute intestinal ischemia, elevated lactate and white blood cell count may not yet be present. In extensive mesenteric ischemia, bowel may be ischemic but separated from the blood flow such that the byproducts of ischemia are not yet circulating.
326:
may also be used to remove or bypass the obstruction and may be required to remove any intestines that may have died. If not rapidly treated outcomes are often poor. Among those affected even with treatment the risk of death is 70% to 90%. In those with chronic disease
728:
Surgical revascularisation remains the treatment of choice for intestinal ischaemia related to an occlusion of the vessels supplying the bowel, but thrombolytic medical treatment and vascular interventional radiological techniques have a growing role.
682:
In embolic acute intestinal ischemia, CT-Angiography can be of great value for diagnosis and treatment. It may reveal the emboli itself lodged in the superior mesenteric artery, as well as the presence or absence of distal mesenteric branches.
2914:
2899:
489:
Regarding intestinal arterial thrombosis or embolism: "Any patient with an arrhythmia such as atrial fibrillation who complains of abdominal pain is highly suspected of having embolization to the superior mesenteric artery until proved
478:
Intestinal ischemia" should be suspected when individuals, especially those at high risk for acute intestinal ischemia, develop severe and persisting abdominal pain that is disproportionate to their abdominal findings"., or simply,
536:
A number of devices have been used to assess the sufficiency of oxygen delivery to the colon. The earliest devices were based on tonometry, and required time to equilibrate and estimate the pHi, roughly an estimate of local
740:
of those segments is called for. Often, obviously dead segments are removed at the first operation, and a second-look operation is planned to assess segments that are borderline that may be savable after revascularization.
417:
Case series report prevalence of clinical findings and provide the best available, yet biased, estimate of the sensitivity of clinical findings. In a series of 58 patients with intestinal ischemia due to mixed causes:
493:
Regarding nonocclusive intestinal ischemia: "Any patient who takes digitalis and diuretics and who complains of abdominal pain must be considered to have nonocclusive ischemia until proved otherwise."
718:
The treatment of intestinal ischemia depends on the cause and can be medical or surgical. However, if bowel has become necrotic, the only treatment is surgical removal of the dead segments of bowel.
568:
3836:
486:
Regarding intestinal arterial thrombosis or embolism: "early symptoms are present and are relative mild in 50% of cases for three to four days before medical attention is sought".
1605:
Evennett NJ, Petrov MS, Mittal A, Windsor JA (July 2009). "Systematic review and pooled estimates for the diagnostic accuracy of serological markers for intestinal ischemia".
3014:
1930:. Schwartz, Seymour I., 1928-, Brunicardi, F. Charles,, Andersen, Dana K.,, Billiar, Timothy R.,, Dunn, David L.,, Hunter, John G. (Tenth ed.). New York. 16 July 2014.
363:
stage occurs first, in which the primary symptoms are severe abdominal pain and the passage of bloody stools. Many patients get better and do not progress beyond this phase.
4314:
888:). Ischemic colitis can span a wide spectrum of severity; most patients are treated supportively and recover fully, while a minority with very severe ischemia may develop
3518:
1494:
1292:
799:
Acute intestinal ischemia was first described in 1895 while chronic disease was first described in the 1940s. Chronic disease was initially known as angina abdominis.
2245:
Pereira JM, Sirlin CB, Pinto PS, Jeffrey RB, Stella DL, Casola G (2004). "Disproportionate fat stranding: a helpful CT sign in patients with acute abdominal pain".
2059:
2009:
1959:
899:, and bowel rest (that is, no food or water by mouth) until the symptoms resolve. Those with severe ischemia who develop complications such as sepsis, intestinal
542:
for chronic intestinal ischemia and 90% or higher for acute colonic ischemia, with a sensitivity of 71–92%. This device must be placed using endoscopy, however.
2724:
3113:
2818:
Simi M, Pietroletti R, Navarra L, Leardi S (1995). "Bowel stricture due to ischemic colitis: report of three cases requiring surgEsophageal dilatationery".
3152:
2749:
Medina C, Vilaseca J, Videla S, Fabra R, Armengol-Miro J, Malagelada J (2004). "Outcome of patients with ischemic colitis: review of fifty-three cases".
370:
phase can follow if ischemia continues; in this phase, the abdominal pain becomes more widespread, the belly becomes more tender to the touch, and bowel
3007:
1713:
Friedland S, Benaron D, Coogan S, et al. (2007). "Diagnosis of chronic mesenteric ischemia by visible light spectroscopy during endoscopy".
2030:. Townsend, Courtney M., Jr.,, Beauchamp, R. Daniel,, Evers, B. Mark, 1957–, Mattox, Kenneth L., 1938– (20th ed.). Philadelphia, PA. 2017.
4307:
3380:
2035:
1935:
1856:
1573:
857:. Although uncommon in the general population, ischemic colitis occurs with greater frequency in the elderly, and is the most common form of
1851:. Hauser, Stephen C., Pardi, Darrell S., Poterucha, John J., Mayo Clinic. (3rd ed.). Rochester : Mayo Clinic Scientific Press. 2008.
2218:
Staunton M, Malone DE (2005). "Can acute mesenteric ischemia be ruled out using computed tomography? Critically appraised topic |".
1243:
1177:
1146:
1112:
1078:
1036:
3593:
3000:
1662:
2163:
4300:
4265:
4112:
1985:
1903:
1237:
1171:
1140:
1106:
1072:
1030:
1417:
Levy PJ, Krausz MM, Manny J (1990). "Acute mesenteric ischemia: improved results—a retrospective analysis of ninety-two patients".
2525:
915:. Most patients make a full recovery; occasionally, after severe ischemia, patients may develop long-term complications such as a
4010:
4442:
4151:
3763:
3746:
3251:
3246:
3123:
61:(CT) showing dilated loops of small bowel with thickened walls (black arrow), findings characteristic of ischemic bowel due to
3276:
2792:
4005:
3961:
3855:
3677:
4216:
2363:
Meng, X; Liu, L; Jiang, H (August 2010). "Indications and procedures for second-look surgery in acute mesenteric ischemia".
4062:
2279:
Kao, Lillian S., and Tammy Lee. PreTest
Surgery: PreTest Self-assessment and Review. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical, 2009.
678:
Evidence of adjacent solid organ infarctions to the kidney or spleen, consistent with a cardiac embolic shower phenomenon
3971:
3490:
3098:
2595:
2406:
Brandt, LJ; Boley, SJ (May 2000). "AGA technical review on intestinal ischemia. American
Gastrointestinal Association".
819:
specifically. It has also been defined as poor circulation in the vessels supplying blood flow to any or several of the
3185:
3081:
1678:
Lee ES, Bass A, Arko FR, et al. (2006). "Intraoperative colon mucosal oxygen saturation during aortic surgery".
548:
Finding on colonoscopy may include: fragile mucosa, segmental erythema, longitudinal ulcer, and loss of haustrations
355:
While not always present and often overlapping, three progressive phases of intestinal ischemia have been described:
2721:
3551:
3480:
2063:
2013:
1963:
1880:
1382:
Font VE, Hermann RE, Longworth DL (1989). "Chronic mesenteric venous thrombosis: difficult diagnosis and therapy".
2654:
Brandt LJ, Boley SJ (2000). "AGA technical review on intestinal ischemia. American
Gastrointestinal Association".
3824:
3780:
3733:
3539:
3157:
651:
645:
617:
611:
249:
115:
3850:
2845:
Cappell M (1998). "Intestinal (mesenteric) vasculopathy. II. Ischemic colitis and chronic mesenteric ischemia".
771:
The prognosis depends on prompt diagnosis (less than 12–24 hours and before gangrene) and the underlying cause:
4170:
3485:
3443:
3256:
3131:
3118:
3059:
2929:
573:
319:
288:
66:
3088:
474:
In the absence of adequate quantitative studies to guide diagnosis, various heuristics help guide diagnosis:
4351:
4095:
3872:
3613:
3405:
3064:
1565:
1980:. Corman, Marvin L., 1939-, Preceded by: Corman, Marvin L., 1939- ( ed.). Philadelphia. October 2012.
4175:
3899:
3882:
3292:
3266:
3142:
3093:
3054:
3032:
3024:
514:
480:
268:
155:
103:
2739:
Feldman: Sleisenger & Fordtran's
Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease, 7th ed., 2002 Saunders, p. 2332.
4399:
4107:
4015:
3976:
3904:
2691:"American Gastroenterological Association Medical Position Statement: guidelines on intestinal ischemia"
2544:
1750:"Use of T-stat to Predict Colonic Ischemia during and after Endovascular Aneurysm Repair: A case report"
1509:"American Gastroenterological Association Medical Position Statement: guidelines on intestinal ischemia"
1488:
1286:
784:
722:
276:
163:
4026:
3207:
374:
decreases, resulting in abdominal bloating, no further bloody stools, and absent bowel sounds on exam.
4146:
4090:
3911:
3807:
3390:
3385:
3219:
3137:
3103:
877:
414:
Symptoms of intestinal ischemia vary and can be acute (especially if embolic), subacute, or chronic.
1067:(1st ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 621.
425:
was present in 95% (median of 24 hours duration). The other three patients presented with shock and
4404:
4389:
4361:
4240:
4050:
3943:
3926:
3887:
3860:
3812:
3655:
3632:
3625:
3574:
3546:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3375:
2918:
1797:
Clair, Daniel G.; Beach, Jocelyn M. (2016-03-10). Campion, Edward W. (ed.). "Mesenteric
Ischemia".
659:
639:
633:
605:
599:
584:
580:
382:
304:
284:
260:
179:
147:
58:
4409:
4252:
4117:
4100:
4085:
4072:
4055:
3921:
3448:
3420:
3180:
3076:
3041:
2774:
2636:
2472:
2388:
2053:
2003:
1953:
1874:
1830:
1630:
426:
386:
94:
3556:
3354:
1898:. Williams, Christopher B. (Christopher Beverley) (5th ed.). Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Pub.
2443:"Systematic review of survival after acute mesenteric ischaemia according to disease aetiology"
381:
phase can develop as fluids start to leak through the damaged colon lining. This can result in
4447:
4230:
4211:
3584:
2969:
2940:
2862:
2827:
2766:
2712:
2671:
2628:
2571:
2507:
2464:
2423:
2380:
2345:
2262:
2227:
2186:
2144:
2100:
2041:
2031:
1991:
1981:
1941:
1931:
1909:
1899:
1862:
1852:
1822:
1814:
1779:
1730:
1695:
1658:
1622:
1587:
1579:
1569:
1530:
1476:
1426:
1399:
1364:
1323:
1274:
1233:
1227:
1208:
1167:
1161:
1136:
1130:
1102:
1096:
1068:
1062:
1026:
1020:
986:
904:
280:
170:
74:
2490:
Nuzzo, Alexandre; Corcos, Olivier (13 October 2016). "Reversible Acute
Mesenteric Ischemia".
4356:
4277:
4197:
4192:
4182:
4044:
3916:
3844:
3662:
3569:
3564:
3494:
3453:
3261:
3226:
2854:
2758:
2702:
2663:
2618:
2610:
2499:
2454:
2415:
2372:
2335:
2327:
2254:
2178:
2136:
2090:
1806:
1769:
1761:
1722:
1687:
1614:
1520:
1466:
1391:
1354:
1315:
1266:
1200:
978:
866:
854:
844:
698:
296:
87:
83:
884:
or by using sigmoid or endoscopic placement of a visible light spectroscopic catheter (see
4414:
4235:
4165:
4031:
3966:
3931:
3802:
3667:
3603:
3505:
3424:
3415:
3365:
3305:
3190:
3167:
2728:
2194:
850:
791:
In the case of prompt diagnosis and therapy, acute intestinal ischemia can be reversible.
737:
456:
401:, and confusion. Patients who progress to this phase are often critically ill and require
332:
328:
236:
232:
79:
2992:
2289:
861:. Causes of the reduced blood flow can include changes in the systemic circulation (e.g.
1455:"Contemporary management of acute mesenteric ischemia: Factors associated with survival"
4384:
4346:
4272:
4187:
3741:
3714:
3579:
3514:
3510:
3400:
3370:
2340:
2315:
1774:
1749:
912:
858:
422:
402:
245:
111:
2923:
2858:
2707:
2690:
2667:
2419:
1525:
1508:
1319:
1270:
732:
If the ischemia has progressed to the point that the affected intestinal segments are
331:
is the treatment of choice. Those who have thrombosis of the vein may be treated with
299:. Chronic disease is a risk factor for acute disease. The best method of diagnosis is
4436:
4205:
4158:
3951:
3894:
3877:
3789:
3534:
3361:
3236:
3202:
3147:
2980:
2614:
2079:"Diagnosis of bowel infarction: a comparison of plain films and CT scans in 23 cases"
1558:
1450:
315:
272:
264:
193:
159:
151:
2778:
2476:
2182:
2140:
2028:
Sabiston textbook of surgery : the biological basis of modern surgical practice
1634:
895:
Patients with mild to moderate ischemic colitis are usually treated with IV fluids,
545:
Findings on gastroscopy may include edematous gastric mucosa, and hyperperistalsis.
17:
4080:
3992:
3865:
3768:
3719:
3704:
3699:
3695:
3608:
3433:
3349:
3241:
3231:
3197:
2640:
2392:
1834:
1553:
462:
323:
2127:
Alpern M, Glazer G, Francis I (1988). "Ischemic or infarcted bowel: CT findings".
2934:
1359:
1342:
1257:
Boley, SJ, Brandt, LJ, Veith, FJ (1978). "Ischemic disorders of the intestines".
4260:
4022:
4000:
3831:
3751:
3395:
3296:
3049:
2964:
2722:
http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?ss=15&doc_id=3069&nbr=2295
862:
816:
690:
520:
398:
394:
390:
371:
300:
292:
175:
142:
2945:
2563:
1449:
Park WM, Gloviczki P, Cherry KJ, Hallett JW, Bower TC, Panneton JM, Schleck C,
4373:
4327:
4036:
3709:
3687:
3332:
3271:
2908:
2762:
2376:
2331:
2095:
2078:
1765:
1726:
1691:
1618:
1204:
982:
870:
820:
459:
in 16% (not stated if this number also included occult blood – presumably not)
450:
62:
2045:
1995:
1945:
1866:
1818:
4323:
3986:
3956:
3819:
3797:
3650:
3501:
3475:
3337:
3327:
3214:
3175:
3108:
2975:
1913:
1591:
1471:
1454:
896:
881:
876:
Ischemic colitis is usually suspected on the basis of the clinical setting,
517:>10.5 in 98% (probably an overestimate as only tested in 81% of patients)
201:
4292:
2770:
2716:
2675:
2632:
2575:
2511:
2503:
2468:
2427:
2384:
2349:
2266:
2231:
1826:
1783:
1734:
1699:
1626:
1534:
1480:
1368:
1212:
990:
50:
2866:
2831:
2190:
2148:
2104:
1810:
1430:
1403:
1395:
1327:
4421:
4335:
3620:
3598:
3310:
2623:
2258:
1278:
916:
900:
733:
523:
elevated 91% (probably an overestimate as only tested in 57% of patients)
510:
In a series of 58 patients with intestinal ischemia due to mixed causes:
444:
438:
340:
253:
119:
3672:
3438:
3342:
3314:
1166:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. pp. 323–324.
920:
908:
336:
2891:
4138:
3756:
3642:
2903:
2459:
2442:
889:
823:
organs, including the stomach, liver, colon and intestine. The terms
432:
27:
Restriction of blood flow to the small intestine resulting in injury
2441:
Schoots IG, Koffeman GI, Legemate DA, Levi M, van Gulik TM (2004).
3588:
3318:
1583:
1341:
Oldenburg WA, Lau LL, Rodenberg TJ, Edmonds HJ, Burger CD (2004).
710:
infusion of vasodilators in the setting of nonocclusive ischemia.
557:
311:
240:
189:
1191:
Sreenarasimhaiah, J (April 2005). "Chronic mesenteric ischemia".
1163:
Vascular medicine : a companion to
Braunwald's heart disease
880:, and laboratory test results; the diagnosis can be confirmed by
2164:"Acute mesenteric ischemia: diagnosis with contrast-enhanced CT"
4296:
2996:
1025:(Aufl. 2014 ed.). New York: Springer Verlag. p. 182.
587:
depends on whether a small bowel obstruction (SBO) is present.
279:. There are four mechanisms by which poor blood flow occurs: a
2162:
Taourel P, Deneuville M, Pradel J, RĂ©gent D, Bruel J (1996).
2316:"Diagnosis and management of intestinal ischaemic disorders"
1896:
Practical gastrointestinal endoscopy : the fundamentals
756:
Trans-femoral antegrade intestinal angioplasty and stenting
2596:"Systematic review: the epidemiology of ischaemic colitis"
1849:
Mayo Clinic gastroenterology and hepatology board review
1098:
CT and MR Angiography: Comprehensive
Vascular Assessment
1193:
Best
Practice & Research. Clinical Gastroenterology
502:
It is difficult to diagnose intestinal ischemia early.
873:. In most cases, no specific cause can be identified.
281:
blood clot from elsewhere getting lodged in an artery
2881:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1306:
Hunter G, Guernsey J (1988). "Mesenteric ischemia".
969:
Bobadilla, JL (August 2013). "Mesenteric ischemia".
4372:
4334:
4251:
4137:
4130:
4071:
3985:
3942:
3788:
3779:
3732:
3686:
3641:
3527:
3414:
3304:
3291:
3166:
3040:
3031:
2955:
2885:
686:Late findings, which indicate dead bowel, include:
259:Risk factors for acute intestinal ischemia include
210:
200:
185:
169:
141:
133:
125:
93:
73:
40:
35:
2793:"Brighton marathon runner died from bowel failure"
1648:
1646:
1644:
1557:
1101:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 318.
907:may require more aggressive interventions such as
2689:American Gastroenterological Association (2000).
1653:Cronenwett, Jack L.; Wayne Johnston, K. (2014).
560:are often normal or show non-specific findings.
2570:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
1748:Lee ES, Pevec WC, Link DP, et al. (2008).
1444:
1442:
1440:
892:and become critically, sometimes fatally, ill.
759:Open retrograde intestinal angioplasty stenting
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
1343:"Acute mesenteric ischemia: a clinical review"
231:is a medical condition in which injury to the
4308:
3008:
583:(CT scan) is often used. The accuracy of the
8:
3114:Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction
2220:Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal
1493:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1291:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1132:Mesenteric Vascular Disease: Current Therapy
343:, with surgery used if they do not improve.
1560:Cope's Early Diagnosis of the Acute Abdomen
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
4315:
4301:
4293:
4134:
3785:
3301:
3153:Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis
3037:
3015:
3001:
2993:
2882:
2058:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2008:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1958:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
572:CT image showing mesenteric ischemia with
217:: 5 per 100,000 per year (developed world)
49:
32:
2706:
2622:
2562:Amini, Afshin; Nagalli, Shivaraj (2023),
2458:
2339:
2094:
1773:
1524:
1470:
1358:
1124:
1122:
1090:
1088:
2077:Smerud M, Johnson C, Stephens D (1990).
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
835:refers to ischemia of the large bowel.
567:
310:Treatment of acute ischemia may include
932:
318:provided at the site of obstruction by
2051:
2001:
1951:
1872:
1657:(Eighth ed.). Elsevier Saunders.
1486:
1284:
576:and gas in mesenterial and liver veins
347:ischemia was first described in 1895.
307:(CT) used when that is not available.
3381:Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
971:The Surgical Clinics of North America
815:generally defined as ischemia of the
630:prevalence of intestinal ischemia 62%
596:prevalence of intestinal ischemia 23%
291:, and insufficient blood flow due to
7:
2594:Higgins P, Davis K, Laine L (2004).
2294:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
1384:Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine
2799:. Press Association. 28 August 2013
285:new blood clot forming in an artery
1022:Geriatric Trauma and Critical Care
781:arterial thrombosis: 77% mortality
316:medications to break down the clot
25:
4266:Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
4113:Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
1978:Corman's colon and rectal surgery
1232:. Berlin: Springer. p. 420.
4011:Secondary sclerosing cholangitis
2615:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2004.01903.x
1928:Schwartz's principles of surgery
1680:The Journal of Surgical Research
1246:from the original on 2017-09-08.
1180:from the original on 2017-09-08.
1149:from the original on 2017-09-08.
1115:from the original on 2017-09-08.
1081:from the original on 2017-09-08.
1039:from the original on 2017-09-08.
778:arterial embolism: 54% mortality
775:venous thrombosis: 32% mortality
3252:Gastric antral vascular ectasia
3247:Portal hypertensive gastropathy
3124:Gastroesophageal reflux disease
2492:New England Journal of Medicine
2183:10.1148/radiology.199.3.8637978
2141:10.1148/radiology.166.1.3336673
1799:New England Journal of Medicine
1556:; Silen, William (April 2005).
675:Intestinal mesenteric stranding
4006:Primary sclerosing cholangitis
3856:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
3678:Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome
2447:The British Journal of Surgery
1453:, Harmsen WS, Noel AA (2002).
885:
481:pain out of proportion to exam
287:, a blood clot forming in the
194:medications to break down clot
1:
4063:Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction
2859:10.1016/S0889-8553(05)70034-0
2708:10.1016/S0016-5085(00)70182-X
2668:10.1016/S0016-5085(00)70183-1
2420:10.1016/s0016-5085(00)70183-1
1655:Rutherford's vascular surgery
1526:10.1016/s0016-5085(00)70182-x
1320:10.1016/S0025-7125(16)30731-3
1271:10.1016/S0011-3840(78)80018-5
867:constriction of blood vessels
745:Methods for revascularization
3972:Postcholecystectomy syndrome
3491:Intestinal pseudoobstruction
3099:Esophageal motility disorder
2549:Society for Vascular Surgery
1360:10.1001/archinte.164.10.1054
273:prone to forming blood clots
160:prone to forming blood clots
2847:Gastroenterol Clin North Am
2314:Sreenarasimhaiah J (2003).
1564:(21st ed.). New York:
1129:Gustavo S. Oderich (2014).
865:) or local factors such as
762:Trans-catheter thrombolysis
666:Intestinal mesenteric edema
4464:
3957:Gallstone / Cholelithiasis
3481:Functional colonic disease
3277:Zollinger–Ellison syndrome
1095:Geoffrey D. Rubin (2012).
842:
750:Open surgical thrombectomy
654:(at prevalence of 62%) 61%
648:(at prevalence of 62%) 93%
620:(at prevalence of 23%) 95%
614:(at prevalence of 23%) 79%
3158:Acute esophageal necrosis
2763:10.1007/s10350-003-0033-6
2377:10.1007/s00595-009-4140-4
2332:10.1136/bmj.326.7403.1372
2096:10.2214/ajr.154.1.2104734
1894:Cotton, Peter B. (2003).
1766:10.1016/j.jvs.2007.09.037
1727:10.1016/j.gie.2006.05.007
1692:10.1016/j.jss.2006.05.014
1619:10.1007/s00268-009-0074-7
1205:10.1016/j.bpg.2004.11.002
1160:Creager, Mark A. (2013).
1135:. Springer. p. 105.
983:10.1016/j.suc.2013.04.002
652:negative predictive value
646:positive predictive value
618:negative predictive value
612:positive predictive value
250:unintentional weight loss
239:occurs due to not enough
116:unintentional weight loss
57:
48:
3257:Gastric dumping syndrome
3132:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
3119:Diffuse esophageal spasm
829:large intestine ischemia
813:small intestine ischemia
574:pneumatosis intestinalis
320:interventional radiology
289:superior mesenteric vein
67:superior mesenteric vein
3873:Alcoholic liver disease
3406:Bile acid malabsorption
3350:Peptic (duodenal) ulcer
1566:Oxford University Press
1472:10.1067/mva.2002.120373
4443:Diseases of intestines
3883:Hepatic encephalopathy
3267:Buried bumper syndrome
3198:Peptic (gastric) ulcer
3082:Mallory–Weiss syndrome
3025:human digestive system
2820:Hepatogastroenterology
2797:The Guardian newspaper
2603:Aliment Pharmacol Ther
2504:10.1056/NEJMicm1509318
1879:: CS1 maint: others (
1519:(5): 951–3. May 2000.
1019:Yelon, Jay A. (2014).
839:In the large intestine
785:non-occlusive ischemia
577:
515:White blood cell count
269:chronic kidney failure
256:, and fear of eating.
156:chronic kidney failure
4108:Pancreatic pseudocyst
3977:Porcelain gallbladder
3089:Zenker's diverticulum
2545:"Mesenteric Ischemia"
2526:"Mesenteric ischemia"
2290:"Intestinal Ischemia"
2062:) CS1 maint: others (
2012:) CS1 maint: others (
1962:) CS1 maint: others (
1811:10.1056/NEJMra1503884
1396:10.3949/ccjm.56.8.823
1226:Liapis, C.D. (2007).
723:non-occlusive disease
672:Bowel wall thickening
571:
470:Diagnostic heuristics
277:myocardial infarction
164:myocardial infarction
3912:Hepatorenal syndrome
3851:Budd–Chiari syndrome
3808:Autoimmune hepatitis
3633:Intestinal adhesions
3391:Short bowel syndrome
3220:Functional dyspepsia
3138:Esophageal stricture
3104:Nutcracker esophagus
2543:Dr. Rabih A. Chaer.
2259:10.1148/rg.243035084
1061:Britt, L.D. (2012).
878:physical examination
691:Intramural bowel gas
18:Mesenteric ischaemia
4051:Choledocholithiasis
3922:Metabolic disorders
3888:Acute liver failure
3861:Portal hypertension
3813:Alcoholic hepatitis
3656:Radiation proctitis
3575:Mesenteric ischemia
3547:Gastroenterocolitis
3376:Blind loop syndrome
3186:Ménétrier's disease
3094:Barrett's esophagus
2083:AJR Am J Roentgenol
1715:Gastrointest Endosc
809:mesenteric ischemia
581:Computed tomography
564:Computed tomography
305:computed tomography
261:atrial fibrillation
229:Intestinal ischemia
180:computed tomography
148:Atrial fibrillation
59:Computed tomography
36:Intestinal ischemia
4226:Undefined location
4217:Grynfeltt–Lesshaft
4118:Pancreatic fistula
4101:Pancreatic abscess
4056:Biliary dyskinesia
4027:Mirizzi's syndrome
3528:Large and/or small
3208:Dieulafoy's lesion
3077:Boerhaave syndrome
2956:External resources
2727:2007-09-27 at the
2135:(1 Pt 1): 149–52.
1064:Acute care surgery
863:low blood pressure
853:(colon) is termed
699:Free abdominal air
658:Early findings on
578:
427:metabolic acidosis
395:low blood pressure
387:metabolic acidosis
351:Signs and symptoms
297:spasms of arteries
293:low blood pressure
206:~80% risk of death
104:sudden severe pain
4430:
4429:
4290:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4126:
4125:
3728:
3727:
3585:Bowel obstruction
3287:
3286:
2990:
2989:
2853:(4): 827–60, vi.
2037:978-0-323-29987-9
1937:978-0-07-179675-0
1858:978-1-4200-9224-0
1575:978-0-19-517545-5
1347:Arch. Intern. Med
1308:Med Clin North Am
977:(4): 925–40, ix.
905:bowel perforation
807:The related term
753:Intestinal bypass
695:Portal venous gas
410:Clinical findings
226:
225:
171:Diagnostic method
129:> 60 years old
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
4455:
4317:
4310:
4303:
4294:
4278:Pneumoperitoneum
4135:
4045:Common bile duct
3927:Wilson's disease
3917:Peliosis hepatis
3786:
3663:Proctalgia fugax
3570:Abdominal angina
3495:Ogilvie syndrome
3444:Pseudomembranous
3302:
3262:Gastric volvulus
3227:Pyloric stenosis
3038:
3023:Diseases of the
3017:
3010:
3003:
2994:
2883:
2871:
2870:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2751:Dis Colon Rectum
2746:
2740:
2737:
2731:
2720:
2710:
2695:Gastroenterology
2686:
2680:
2679:
2656:Gastroenterology
2651:
2645:
2644:
2626:
2600:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2564:"Bowel Ischemia"
2559:
2553:
2552:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2462:
2460:10.1002/bjs.4459
2438:
2432:
2431:
2408:Gastroenterology
2403:
2397:
2396:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2343:
2326:(7403): 1372–6.
2311:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2199:
2193:. Archived from
2168:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2124:
2109:
2108:
2098:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2057:
2049:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2007:
1999:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1957:
1949:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1878:
1870:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1777:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1650:
1639:
1638:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1563:
1550:
1539:
1538:
1528:
1513:Gastroenterology
1505:
1499:
1498:
1492:
1484:
1474:
1446:
1435:
1434:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1362:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1290:
1282:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1229:Vascular surgery
1223:
1217:
1216:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1126:
1117:
1116:
1092:
1083:
1082:
1058:
1041:
1040:
1016:
995:
994:
966:
855:ischemic colitis
849:Ischemia of the
845:Ischemic colitis
833:ischemic colitis
825:colonic ischemia
787:: 73% mortality.
669:Bowel dilatation
532:During endoscopy
399:rapid heart rate
88:gastroenterology
84:vascular surgery
53:
33:
21:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4426:
4368:
4362:Small intestine
4357:Large intestine
4330:
4321:
4291:
4282:
4247:
4236:Internal hernia
4122:
4067:
4032:Biliary fistula
3990:
3981:
3967:Adenomyomatosis
3962:Cholesterolosis
3938:
3932:Hemochromatosis
3803:Viral hepatitis
3775:
3724:
3682:
3668:Rectal prolapse
3637:
3604:Fecal impaction
3594:Intussusception
3557:Crohn's disease
3523:
3506:Toxic megacolon
3418:
3416:Large intestine
3410:
3355:Curling's ulcer
3308:
3306:Small intestine
3295:
3283:
3191:Gastroenteritis
3162:
3027:
3021:
2991:
2986:
2985:
2951:
2950:
2894:
2880:
2875:
2874:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2802:
2800:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2738:
2734:
2729:Wayback Machine
2688:
2687:
2683:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2598:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2580:
2578:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2298:
2296:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2166:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2126:
2125:
2112:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2050:
2038:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2000:
1988:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1950:
1938:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1906:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1871:
1859:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1805:(10): 959–968.
1796:
1795:
1791:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1665:
1652:
1651:
1642:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1576:
1552:
1551:
1542:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1485:
1448:
1447:
1438:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1353:(10): 1054–62.
1340:
1339:
1335:
1314:(5): 1091–115.
1305:
1304:
1300:
1283:
1259:Curr Probl Surg
1256:
1255:
1251:
1240:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1174:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1143:
1128:
1127:
1120:
1109:
1094:
1093:
1086:
1075:
1060:
1059:
1044:
1033:
1018:
1017:
998:
968:
967:
934:
929:
851:large intestine
847:
841:
805:
797:
769:
747:
738:bowel resection
716:
707:
566:
554:
540:
534:
508:
500:
472:
457:rectal bleeding
453:> 100 in 33%
412:
353:
333:anticoagulation
275:, and previous
237:small intestine
222:: 1 per 100,000
218:
106:
80:General surgery
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4461:
4459:
4451:
4450:
4445:
4435:
4434:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4424:
4419:
4418:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4394:
4393:
4392:
4387:
4378:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4340:
4338:
4332:
4331:
4322:
4320:
4319:
4312:
4305:
4297:
4288:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4275:
4273:Hemoperitoneum
4270:
4269:
4268:
4257:
4255:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4214:
4201:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4173:
4162:
4161:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4143:
4141:
4132:
4128:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4077:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4053:
4040:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4013:
4008:
3997:
3995:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3948:
3946:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3902:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3885:
3875:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3794:
3792:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3744:
3742:Blood in stool
3738:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3717:
3715:Anal dysplasia
3712:
3707:
3702:
3692:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3647:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3582:
3580:Angiodysplasia
3577:
3572:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3549:
3544:
3543:
3542:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3515:Diverticulosis
3511:Diverticulitis
3508:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3488:
3478:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3436:
3430:
3428:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3401:Milroy disease
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3371:Tropical sprue
3368:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3324:
3322:
3299:
3293:Lower GI tract
3289:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3172:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3046:
3044:
3035:
3033:Upper GI tract
3029:
3028:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3012:
3005:
2997:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2972:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2937:
2926:
2911:
2895:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2886:Classification
2879:
2878:External links
2876:
2873:
2872:
2837:
2810:
2784:
2741:
2732:
2681:
2646:
2586:
2554:
2535:
2517:
2482:
2433:
2414:(5): 954–968.
2398:
2355:
2306:
2281:
2272:
2237:
2210:
2154:
2110:
2069:
2036:
2019:
1986:
1969:
1936:
1919:
1904:
1886:
1857:
1840:
1789:
1760:(3): 632–634.
1740:
1721:(2): 294–300.
1705:
1670:
1664:978-1455753048
1663:
1640:
1613:(7): 1374–83.
1597:
1574:
1540:
1500:
1436:
1409:
1374:
1333:
1298:
1249:
1238:
1218:
1183:
1172:
1152:
1141:
1118:
1107:
1084:
1073:
1042:
1031:
996:
931:
930:
928:
925:
913:intensive care
859:bowel ischemia
843:Main article:
840:
837:
804:
801:
796:
793:
789:
788:
782:
779:
776:
768:
765:
764:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
746:
743:
715:
712:
706:
703:
702:
701:
696:
693:
680:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
656:
655:
649:
643:
637:
631:
622:
621:
615:
609:
603:
597:
565:
562:
553:
550:
538:
533:
530:
525:
524:
518:
507:
504:
499:
496:
495:
494:
491:
487:
484:
471:
468:
467:
466:
460:
454:
448:
442:
436:
430:
423:abdominal pain
411:
408:
407:
406:
403:intensive care
375:
364:
352:
349:
329:bypass surgery
248:after eating,
246:abdominal pain
224:
223:
212:
208:
207:
204:
198:
197:
187:
183:
182:
173:
167:
166:
145:
139:
138:
137:Acute, chronic
135:
131:
130:
127:
123:
122:
114:after eating,
112:abdominal pain
97:
91:
90:
77:
71:
70:
55:
54:
46:
45:
44:Bowel ischemia
42:
38:
37:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4460:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4423:
4420:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4371:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4318:
4313:
4311:
4306:
4304:
4299:
4298:
4295:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4254:
4250:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4203:
4202:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4160:
4157:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4147:Diaphragmatic
4145:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4133:
4129:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4070:
4064:
4061:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4042:
4041:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4021:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3988:
3984:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3952:Cholecystitis
3950:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3941:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3895:Liver abscess
3893:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3878:Liver failure
3876:
3874:
3871:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3830:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3818:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3731:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3640:
3634:
3631:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3619:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3535:Enterocolitis
3533:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3413:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3362:Malabsorption
3360:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3237:Gastroparesis
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3203:Cushing ulcer
3201:
3200:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3148:Megaesophagus
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3018:
3013:
3011:
3006:
3004:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2954:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2888:
2884:
2877:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2841:
2838:
2833:
2829:
2826:(3): 279–81.
2825:
2821:
2814:
2811:
2798:
2794:
2788:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2745:
2742:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2726:
2723:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2685:
2682:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2662:(5): 954–68.
2661:
2657:
2650:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2624:2027.42/74164
2620:
2616:
2612:
2609:(7): 729–38.
2608:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2587:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2539:
2536:
2532:. 2019-04-24.
2531:
2527:
2521:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2486:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2437:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2402:
2399:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2365:Surgery Today
2359:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2310:
2307:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2282:
2276:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2253:(3): 703–15.
2252:
2248:
2247:Radiographics
2241:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2214:
2211:
2200:on 2008-02-27
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2089:(1): 99–103.
2088:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2029:
2023:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2005:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1987:9781451111149
1983:
1979:
1973:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1905:1-4051-0235-7
1901:
1897:
1890:
1887:
1882:
1876:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1793:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1744:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1709:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1674:
1671:
1666:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1561:
1555:
1554:Cope, Zachary
1549:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1501:
1496:
1490:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1465:(3): 445–52.
1464:
1460:
1459:J. Vasc. Surg
1456:
1452:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1425:(4): 372–80.
1424:
1420:
1413:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1302:
1299:
1294:
1288:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1253:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1239:9783540309567
1235:
1231:
1230:
1222:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1199:(2): 283–95.
1198:
1194:
1187:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1173:9781437729306
1169:
1165:
1164:
1156:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1142:9781493918478
1138:
1134:
1133:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1108:9781469801834
1104:
1100:
1099:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1074:9781608314287
1070:
1066:
1065:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1032:9781461485018
1028:
1024:
1023:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
997:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
933:
926:
924:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
874:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
846:
838:
836:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
802:
800:
794:
792:
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
773:
772:
766:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
748:
744:
742:
739:
735:
730:
726:
724:
719:
713:
711:
704:
700:
697:
694:
692:
689:
688:
687:
684:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
664:
663:
661:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
638:
635:
632:
629:
628:
627:
626:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
604:
601:
598:
595:
594:
593:
592:
588:
586:
582:
575:
570:
563:
561:
559:
551:
549:
546:
543:
531:
529:
522:
519:
516:
513:
512:
511:
505:
503:
497:
492:
488:
485:
482:
477:
476:
475:
469:
464:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
431:
428:
424:
421:
420:
419:
415:
409:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
373:
369:
365:
362:
358:
357:
356:
350:
348:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
325:
321:
317:
313:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
265:heart failure
262:
257:
255:
251:
247:
242:
238:
234:
230:
221:
216:
213:
209:
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
188:
184:
181:
177:
174:
172:
168:
165:
161:
157:
153:
152:heart failure
149:
146:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
98:
96:
92:
89:
85:
81:
78:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
47:
43:
39:
34:
19:
4225:
4204:
4081:Pancreatitis
4043:
3993:biliary tree
3866:Nutmeg liver
3843:
3769:Hematochezia
3720:Pruritus ani
3705:Anal abscess
3700:Anal fistula
3696:Anal fissure
3609:Constipation
3563:
3434:Appendicitis
3242:Gastroptosis
3232:Achlorhydria
3071:
3060:Eosinophilic
2974:
2963:
2939:
2928:
2913:
2898:
2850:
2846:
2840:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2801:. Retrieved
2796:
2787:
2757:(2): 180–4.
2754:
2750:
2744:
2735:
2701:(5): 951–3.
2698:
2694:
2684:
2659:
2655:
2649:
2606:
2602:
2589:
2579:, retrieved
2567:
2557:
2548:
2538:
2529:
2520:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2453:(1): 17–27.
2450:
2446:
2436:
2411:
2407:
2401:
2371:(8): 700–5.
2368:
2364:
2358:
2323:
2319:
2309:
2297:. Retrieved
2293:
2284:
2275:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2202:. Retrieved
2195:the original
2177:(3): 632–6.
2174:
2170:
2157:
2132:
2128:
2086:
2082:
2072:
2027:
2022:
1977:
1972:
1927:
1922:
1895:
1889:
1848:
1843:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1757:
1753:
1743:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1686:(1): 19–24.
1683:
1679:
1673:
1654:
1610:
1607:World J Surg
1606:
1600:
1559:
1516:
1512:
1503:
1489:cite journal
1462:
1458:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1390:(8): 823–8.
1387:
1383:
1377:
1350:
1346:
1336:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1287:cite journal
1262:
1258:
1252:
1228:
1221:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1162:
1155:
1131:
1097:
1063:
1021:
974:
970:
894:
875:
848:
832:
828:
824:
812:
808:
806:
798:
790:
770:
731:
727:
720:
717:
708:
685:
681:
657:
624:
623:
590:
589:
579:
555:
547:
544:
535:
526:
509:
501:
473:
463:constipation
416:
413:
378:
367:
361:hyper active
360:
354:
345:
324:Open surgery
309:
258:
228:
227:
219:
214:
143:Risk factors
107:
99:
4390:Hemorrhagic
4261:Peritonitis
4023:Cholestasis
4001:Cholangitis
3944:Gallbladder
3832:Fatty liver
3752:Hematemesis
3734:GI bleeding
3540:Necrotizing
3469:Lymphocytic
3464:Collagenous
3459:Microscopic
3396:Steatorrhea
3297:Enteropathy
3143:Inlet patch
3065:Herpetiform
3050:Esophagitis
2965:MedlinePlus
2530:Mayo Clinic
2498:(15): e31.
2226:(1): 9–12.
1754:J Vasc Surg
1265:(4): 1–85.
919:or chronic
817:small bowel
803:Terminology
705:Angiography
640:specificity
634:sensitivity
625:SBO present
606:specificity
600:sensitivity
552:Plain X-ray
521:Lactic acid
506:Blood tests
490:otherwise."
391:dehydration
377:Finally, a
301:angiography
176:Angiography
162:, previous
126:Usual onset
41:Other names
4437:Categories
4374:Infarction
4328:infarction
4253:Peritoneal
4231:Incisional
4152:Congenital
4096:Hereditary
4073:Pancreatic
4037:Haemobilia
3710:Hemorrhoid
3688:Anal canal
3626:Infectious
3614:Functional
3449:Ulcerative
3333:Duodenitis
3272:Gastrinoma
2981:radio/2726
2941:DiseasesDB
2581:2023-12-21
2568:StatPearls
2204:2007-09-27
1584:2004058138
927:References
871:blood clot
821:mesenteric
734:gangrenous
591:SBO absent
451:heart rate
63:thrombosis
4396:Location
4343:Location
4324:Ischaemia
4241:Richter's
4198:Spigelian
4193:Obturator
4183:Umbilical
4016:Ascending
3987:Bile duct
3820:Cirrhosis
3798:Hepatitis
3781:Accessory
3651:Proctitis
3502:Megacolon
3476:Dysentery
3386:Whipple's
3338:Jejunitis
3328:Enteritis
3215:Dyspepsia
3176:Gastritis
3109:Achalasia
3042:Esophagus
2976:eMedicine
2803:29 August
2171:Radiology
2129:Radiology
2054:cite book
2046:921338900
2004:cite book
1996:820121142
1954:cite book
1946:855332914
1875:cite book
1867:285067394
1819:0028-4793
1451:Ilstrup D
917:stricture
897:analgesia
886:Diagnosis
882:endoscopy
767:Prognosis
714:Treatment
662:include:
498:Diagnosis
368:paralytic
211:Frequency
202:Prognosis
196:, surgery
186:Treatment
75:Specialty
4448:Ischemia
4422:Gangrene
4336:Ischemia
4171:Indirect
4166:Inguinal
3900:Pyogenic
3845:Vascular
3621:Diarrhea
3599:Volvulus
3565:Vascular
3504: /
3493: /
3454:Ischemic
3421:Appendix
3311:Duodenum
3181:Atrophic
3055:Candidal
2779:24204840
2771:15043287
2725:Archived
2717:10784595
2676:10784596
2633:15043513
2576:32119414
2512:27732829
2477:23812099
2469:14716789
2428:10784596
2385:20676851
2350:12816826
2267:15143223
2232:15835585
1914:50731401
1827:26962730
1784:18295116
1735:17137857
1700:16978651
1635:20115312
1627:19424744
1592:56324163
1535:10784595
1481:11877691
1369:15159262
1244:Archived
1213:15833694
1178:Archived
1147:Archived
1113:Archived
1079:Archived
1037:Archived
991:23885938
901:gangrene
445:diarrhea
439:vomiting
372:motility
341:warfarin
335:such as
312:stenting
271:, being
254:vomiting
190:Stenting
158:, being
120:vomiting
95:Symptoms
4212:Petit's
4188:Femoral
4091:Chronic
3905:Amoebic
3673:Anismus
3439:Colitis
3366:Coeliac
3343:Ileitis
3315:Jejunum
3168:Stomach
3072:Rupture
2935:D065666
2867:9890115
2832:7590579
2641:9575677
2393:9926212
2341:1126251
2299:27 July
2191:8637978
2149:3336673
2105:2104734
1835:3952010
1775:2707776
1431:2321134
1419:Surgery
1404:2691119
1328:3045452
921:colitis
909:surgery
795:History
660:CT scan
585:CT scan
337:heparin
303:, with
220:Chronic
108:Chronic
65:of the
4410:Spleen
4385:Anemic
4381:Types
4206:Lumbar
4176:Direct
4159:Hiatus
4139:Hernia
3991:Other
3757:Melena
3643:Rectum
3126:(GERD)
2970:001156
2865:
2830:
2777:
2769:
2715:
2674:
2639:
2631:
2574:
2510:
2475:
2467:
2426:
2391:
2383:
2348:
2338:
2265:
2230:
2189:
2147:
2103:
2044:
2034:
1994:
1984:
1944:
1934:
1912:
1902:
1865:
1855:
1833:
1825:
1817:
1782:
1772:
1733:
1698:
1661:
1633:
1625:
1590:
1582:
1572:
1533:
1479:
1429:
1402:
1367:
1326:
1279:365467
1277:
1236:
1211:
1170:
1139:
1105:
1071:
1029:
989:
890:sepsis
558:X-rays
556:Plain
447:in 35%
441:in 35%
435:in 44%
433:nausea
4405:Brain
4400:Heart
4352:Heart
4347:Brain
4131:Other
4086:Acute
3837:MASLD
3790:Liver
3764:Lower
3747:Upper
3589:Ileus
3425:Colon
3319:Ileum
3134:(LPR)
2946:29034
2924:557.9
2909:K55.9
2775:S2CID
2637:S2CID
2599:(PDF)
2473:S2CID
2389:S2CID
2198:(PDF)
2167:(PDF)
1831:S2CID
1631:S2CID
903:, or
869:or a
831:, or
465:in 7%
389:with
383:shock
379:shock
241:blood
233:large
215:Acute
134:Types
100:Acute
4415:Limb
4326:and
3519:SCAD
2930:MeSH
2919:9-CM
2863:PMID
2828:PMID
2805:2013
2767:PMID
2713:PMID
2672:PMID
2629:PMID
2572:PMID
2508:PMID
2465:PMID
2424:PMID
2381:PMID
2346:PMID
2301:2021
2263:PMID
2228:PMID
2187:PMID
2145:PMID
2101:PMID
2064:link
2060:link
2042:OCLC
2032:ISBN
2014:link
2010:link
1992:OCLC
1982:ISBN
1964:link
1960:link
1942:OCLC
1932:ISBN
1910:OCLC
1900:ISBN
1881:link
1863:OCLC
1853:ISBN
1823:PMID
1815:ISSN
1780:PMID
1731:PMID
1696:PMID
1659:ISBN
1623:PMID
1588:OCLC
1580:LCCN
1570:ISBN
1531:PMID
1495:link
1477:PMID
1427:PMID
1400:PMID
1365:PMID
1324:PMID
1293:link
1275:PMID
1234:ISBN
1209:PMID
1168:ISBN
1137:ISBN
1103:ISBN
1069:ISBN
1027:ISBN
987:PMID
911:and
736:, a
385:and
339:and
283:, a
3825:PBC
3552:IBD
3486:IBS
2915:ICD
2900:ICD
2855:doi
2759:doi
2703:doi
2699:118
2664:doi
2660:118
2619:hdl
2611:doi
2500:doi
2496:375
2455:doi
2416:doi
2412:118
2373:doi
2336:PMC
2328:doi
2324:326
2320:BMJ
2255:doi
2179:doi
2175:199
2137:doi
2133:166
2091:doi
2087:154
1807:doi
1803:374
1770:PMC
1762:doi
1723:doi
1688:doi
1684:136
1615:doi
1521:doi
1517:118
1467:doi
1423:107
1392:doi
1355:doi
1351:164
1316:doi
1267:doi
1201:doi
979:doi
811:or
721:In
642:93%
636:83%
608:92%
602:64%
314:or
295:or
235:or
4439::
3989:/
3587::
3568::
3364::
2979::
2968::
2944::
2933::
2922::
2907::
2904:10
2861:.
2851:27
2849:.
2824:42
2822:.
2795:.
2773:.
2765:.
2755:47
2753:.
2711:.
2697:.
2693:.
2670:.
2658:.
2635:.
2627:.
2617:.
2607:19
2605:.
2601:.
2566:,
2547:.
2528:.
2506:.
2494:.
2471:.
2463:.
2451:91
2449:.
2445:.
2422:.
2410:.
2387:.
2379:.
2369:40
2367:.
2344:.
2334:.
2322:.
2318:.
2292:.
2261:.
2251:24
2249:.
2224:56
2222:.
2185:.
2173:.
2169:.
2143:.
2131:.
2113:^
2099:.
2085:.
2081:.
2056:}}
2052:{{
2040:.
2006:}}
2002:{{
1990:.
1956:}}
1952:{{
1940:.
1908:.
1877:}}
1873:{{
1861:.
1829:.
1821:.
1813:.
1801:.
1778:.
1768:.
1758:47
1756:.
1752:.
1729:.
1719:65
1717:.
1694:.
1682:.
1643:^
1629:.
1621:.
1611:33
1609:.
1586:.
1578:.
1568:.
1543:^
1529:.
1515:.
1511:.
1491:}}
1487:{{
1475:.
1463:35
1461:.
1457:.
1439:^
1421:.
1398:.
1388:56
1386:.
1363:.
1349:.
1345:.
1322:.
1312:72
1310:.
1289:}}
1285:{{
1273:.
1263:15
1261:.
1242:.
1207:.
1197:19
1195:.
1176:.
1145:.
1121:^
1111:.
1087:^
1077:.
1045:^
1035:.
999:^
985:.
975:93
973:.
935:^
923:.
827:,
537:CO
397:,
393:,
366:A
359:A
322:.
267:,
263:,
252:,
192:,
178:,
154:,
150:,
118:,
110::
102::
86:,
82:,
4316:e
4309:t
4302:v
4025:/
3698:/
3517:/
3513:/
3427:)
3423:/
3419:(
3321:)
3317:/
3313:/
3309:(
3016:e
3009:t
3002:v
2917:-
2902:-
2892:D
2869:.
2857::
2834:.
2807:.
2781:.
2761::
2719:.
2705::
2678:.
2666::
2643:.
2621::
2613::
2551:.
2514:.
2502::
2479:.
2457::
2430:.
2418::
2395:.
2375::
2352:.
2330::
2303:.
2269:.
2257::
2234:.
2207:.
2181::
2151:.
2139::
2107:.
2093::
2066:)
2048:.
2016:)
1998:.
1966:)
1948:.
1916:.
1883:)
1869:.
1837:.
1809::
1786:.
1764::
1737:.
1725::
1702:.
1690::
1667:.
1637:.
1617::
1594:.
1537:.
1523::
1497:)
1483:.
1469::
1433:.
1406:.
1394::
1371:.
1357::
1330:.
1318::
1295:)
1281:.
1269::
1215:.
1203::
993:.
981::
539:2
483:.
429:.
405:.
69:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
