907:
989:
402:
949:
970:
1026:
1005:
2473:
2468:
928:
75:
53:
2505:
2225:
1811:
454:
another molt. Species with fewer than the usual 20 segments as adults go through the same stages observed in other polydesmids until reaching maturity, which occurs one molt earlier for 19 segments or two molts earlier for 18 segments. Species with more than the usual 20 segments are thought to add these extra segments through additional molts, adding one segment per molt.
2495:
1823:
421:, adult females have 22 segments and adult males have 21 (including the telson), with a corresponding increase in the number of leg pairs (35 in adult females and 32 in adult males, excluding the gonopods). Some species in this genus also exhibit variation in segment number within the same sex, for example, in
453:
Millipedes in this order typically develop through a series of eight stages, hatching with only 7 segments (including the telson) and 3 pairs of legs, then molting seven times. These eight stages feature 7, 9, 12, 15, 17, 18, 19, then finally 20 segments. The adults then reproduce and die without
437:
Polydesmids grow and develop through a series of molts, adding segments until they reach a fixed number in the adult stage, which is usually the same for a given sex in a given species, at which point the molting and the addition of segments and legs stop. This mode of development, known as
370:, adults have only 18 segments (including the telson), with a corresponding reduction in the number of leg pairs (27 in the adult female, 26 in the adult male, excluding the gonopods). Still other species exhibit
312:
have from 7 to 19 rings. In species with the usual 20 segments, adult females have 31 pairs of legs, but in adult males, the eighth leg pair (the first leg pair of the 7th ring) is modified into a single pair of
1154:"A millipede missing link: Dobrodesmidae, a remarkable new polydesmidan millipede family from Brazil with supernumerary rings (Diplopoda, Polydesmida), and the establishment of a new suborder Dobrodesmidea"
425:, adult males can have as few as 19 segments or as many as 23 (including the telson). The most extreme outlier in segment number among polydesmids, however, is a cave-dwelling species discovered in Brazil,
1347:. Linnean Society of London, Estuarine and Brackish-water Sciences Association. London: Published for the Linnean Society of London and the Estuarine and Brackish-Water Sciences Association by E.J. Brill.
906:
948:
969:
338:
The most common deviation, however, is a reduction in the number of segments. Many species have only 19 segments (including the telson) as adults, including those in the genera
297:, because on most species, each body segment has wide lateral keels known as paranota. These keels are produced by the posterior half (metazonite) of each body ring behind the
301:. Polydesmids have no eyes, and vary in length from 1.4 to 134 mm. Many of the larger species show bright coloration patterns which warn predators of their toxic secretions.
1025:
2716:
988:
2755:
466:, where they burrow by levering with the anterior end of the body. These millipedes feed on decaying vegetation. Some species are prey for funnel-web spiders.
386:(19 in adult females; 18 in adult males), with the expected number of leg pairs given the number of segments in each sex. Even more unusual are two species,
442:, distinguishes this order from most other orders of millipedes. Millipedes in other orders usually continue to molt as adults, developing through either
1780:
Class
Diplopoda de Blainville in Gervais, 1844. In: Animal biodiversity : an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness
1004:
2690:
2729:
927:
352:. In these species, adult females have only 29 pairs of legs, and adult males have only 28 pairs of walking legs. In a few species, including
1791:
1318:
1216:
1870:
1833:
1680:
1352:
1262:
1279:
2827:
1479:"Anamorphosis in Millipedes (Diplopoda) — The Present State of Knowledge with Some Developmental and Phylogenetic Considerations"
1478:
2734:
1587:
1084:"A new genus of millipede (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Dalodesmidae) from Tasmania with a pseudo-articulated gonopod telopodite"
2472:
1815:
2742:
2467:
1380:
325:
Many species deviate from the typical body plan. One striking and unique deviation occurs in adult males of the species
2599:
2586:
331:, which retain 31 pairs of walking legs and feature no gonopods. This millipede is the only species in the infraclass
74:
2669:
2488:
1310:
1032:
409:
A few species deviate by having more than the usual number of segments, including those in the cave-dwelling genus
2760:
2860:
2682:
1863:
1510:"A remarkable new family of spined polydesmoid Diplopoda, including a species lacking gonopods in the male sex"
1208:
1750:
360:
1827:
1697:
2526:
1660:
1242:
934:
447:
443:
439:
376:
61:
2604:
1011:
851:
2791:
980:
401:
2498:
611:
2809:
2855:
2832:
2770:
2638:
2573:
913:
729:
585:
417:
411:
282:
188:
807:
755:
645:
559:
2509:
1856:
1634:
867:
825:
314:
309:
298:
2224:
499:
204:
1725:
883:
237:
69:
2796:
2778:
2625:
1787:
1717:
1676:
1615:
1568:
1521:
1358:
1348:
1314:
1302:
1258:
1241:
Enghoff, Henrik; Golovatch, Sergei; Short, Megan; Stoev, Pavel; Wesener, Thomas (2015-01-01).
1212:
1181:
1173:
1037:
995:
918:
859:
708:
697:
483:
371:
366:
354:
217:
156:
2819:
2564:
1848:
1541:"A new millipede of the family Ammodesmidae found in central Africa (Diplopoda, Polydesmida)"
1200:
2783:
2721:
2329:
1709:
1668:
1605:
1595:
1558:
1548:
1490:
1250:
1165:
1100:
653:
635:
627:
518:
479:
278:
2357:
2256:
2096:
2054:
2023:
875:
332:
270:
146:
1778:
285:. Millipedes in this order are found in all regions of the world other than Antarctica.
2677:
2664:
2407:
2347:
2319:
2274:
2269:
2144:
2101:
2042:
2005:
1610:
1563:
1494:
1424:
1083:
1079:
954:
833:
789:
745:
669:
593:
567:
541:
259:
52:
2849:
2417:
2390:
2372:
2167:
1774:
1713:
1153:
1149:
976:
960:
815:
797:
779:
771:
685:
619:
601:
575:
549:
528:
491:
487:
382:
327:
209:
2578:
1729:
2630:
2591:
2442:
2380:
2264:
2177:
2086:
2073:
1540:
1428:
1152:; Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes; Iniesta, Luiz Felipe Moretti; Marek, Paul (2016-10-25).
1118:
1016:
939:
841:
763:
737:
718:
510:
394:
388:
340:
225:
31:
1509:
277:, with more than 5,000 species, including all the millipedes reported to produce
2747:
2703:
2558:
2385:
2288:
2172:
2162:
2139:
2091:
1967:
677:
463:
136:
35:
1810:
304:
Adults usually have 20 segments, counting the collum as the first ring and the
281:(HCN). This order is also the most diverse of the millipede orders in terms of
2395:
2339:
2125:
1996:
1950:
1942:
1672:
1588:"The millipede family Ammodesmidae (Diplopoda, Polydesmida) in western Africa"
1392:
1254:
1169:
1104:
661:
2549:
1600:
1553:
1525:
1177:
2651:
2018:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1880:
1843:
1362:
274:
171:
126:
116:
106:
86:
1721:
1619:
1572:
1185:
1822:
2612:
2543:
1665:
Treatise on
Zoology - Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology. The Myriapoda, Volume 2
1342:
1247:
Treatise on
Zoology - Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology. The Myriapoda, Volume 2
475:
17:
1838:
1307:
The
Colonisation of Land: Origins and Adaptations of Terrestrial Animals
1091:
2617:
1344:
Millipedes : keys and notes for the identification of the species
2708:
2134:
1895:
429:, with adult males found to have 40 segments (including the telson).
305:
96:
2695:
2520:
2656:
2804:
400:
1381:"Centipedes and Millipedes with Emphasis on North American Fauna"
1698:"Trunk segment numbers and sequential segmentation in myriapods"
380:(the usual 20 in adult females, but only 19 in adult males) and
2524:
2240:
1926:
1852:
474:
The species of
Polydesmida are variously classified into four
2643:
1477:
Enghoff, Henrik; Dohle, Wolfgang; Blower, J. Gordon (1993).
398:, in which adults in each sex can have 18 or 19 segments.
1645:: 448–460 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
1539:
VandenSpiegel, Didier; Golovatch, Sergei I. (2015).
2533:
2435:
2426:
2404:
2371:
2356:
2338:
2316:
2287:
2255:
2186:
2153:
2123:
2114:
2072:
2053:
2035:
2004:
1995:
1966:
1941:
1514:
Proceedings of the
Biological Society of Washington
293:Members of the order Polydesmida are also known as
1586:VandenSpiegel, Didier; Golovatch, Sergei (2012).
921:), an Asian species widely introduced by humans
1374:
1372:
963:) from Vietnam, with unusual mid-dorsal crests
1864:
1639:Annales de la Société Entomologique de France
1429:"External Anatomy of Polydesmida: Body plans"
8:
1287:. Ohio Division of Wildlife. pp. 3, 44.
1508:Loomis, H. F.; Hoffman, Richard L. (1962).
2521:
2432:
2368:
2313:
2252:
2248:
2237:
2120:
2069:
2065:
2001:
1992:
1938:
1934:
1923:
1871:
1857:
1849:
1528:– via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
51:
42:
1609:
1599:
1562:
1552:
1483:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
317:, leaving only 30 pairs of walking legs.
1296:
1294:
1071:
1054:
902:
897:Representative diversity of Polydesmida
1472:
1470:
1468:
482:, the largest (numerically) including
1844:North American Polydesmida - BugGuide
1654:
1652:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
7:
2810:03830260-7972-FF91-F262-1C7CDAF9FCB0
2771:2cd9f438-80b4-46a4-b882-186ec2d97583
2683:bf9f0a1f-089a-482a-9bf5-4302fefed77b
2494:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
405:Flat-backed Millipede (Polydesmida)
1659:Minelli, Alessandro (2015-01-01).
1495:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1993.tb00305.x
478:(names ending in "-idea"), and 29
25:
1696:Fusco, Giuseppe (December 2005).
998:from China, with reduced paranota
2504:
2503:
2493:
2471:
2466:
2223:
1821:
1809:
1714:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2005.05064.x
1243:"Diplopoda — taxonomic overview"
1024:
1003:
987:
968:
947:
926:
905:
374:in segment number, for example,
73:
1839:External Anatomy of Polydesmida
1201:"Vinegaroons and other wizards"
1119:"Polydesmida Leach, 1815 | COL"
979:from the United States showing
639:Humbert & de Saussure, 1869
615:Humbert & de Saussure, 1869
462:Polydesmids are very common in
879:Chamberlin & Hoffman, 1958
415:. For example, in the species
1:
1786:. Zootaxa. pp. 159–164.
1303:"Onychophorans and myriapods"
1061:synonym: Strongylosomatidea
1777:(2011). Zhang, Z.-Q. (ed.).
1385:The Kansas School Naturalist
1379:Shelley, Rowland M. (1999).
1702:Evolution & Development
1278:Henen, Derek; Brown, Jeff.
2877:
1341:Blower, J. Gordon (1985).
1311:Cambridge University Press
1033:Heterocladosoma bifalcatum
605:Loomis & Hoffman, 1962
29:
2484:
2464:
2251:
2247:
2236:
2221:
2068:
1937:
1933:
1922:
1890:
1673:10.1163/9789004188273_012
1661:"Diplopoda — development"
1633:Brölemann, H.-W. (1902).
1391:(3): 1–16. Archived from
1255:10.1163/9789004188273_017
1188:– via ResearchGate.
1170:10.11646/zootaxa.4178.3.4
1105:10.11646/zootaxa.1064.1.4
243:
236:
201:
196:
70:Scientific classification
68:
59:
50:
45:
2198:(flat-backed millipedes)
1834:LucidCentral:Polydesmida
1635:"Myriapodes Cavericoles"
1601:10.3897/zookeys.221.3739
1554:10.3897/zookeys.483.9150
1209:Harvard University Press
30:Not to be confused with
2026:(giant pill millipedes)
1751:"Polydesmid Millipedes"
1123:www.catalogueoflife.org
361:Agenodesmus reticulatus
269:"bond") is the largest
2362:(worm-like millipedes)
2077:(suctorial millipedes)
2059:(worm-like millipedes)
1199:Thomas Eisner (2005).
406:
377:Prosopodesmus panporus
295:flat-backed millipedes
62:Apheloria virginiensis
2792:Paleobiology Database
1755:The Australian Museum
1301:Colin Little (1983).
981:aposematic coloration
427:Dobrodesmus mirabilis
404:
389:Ammodesmus congoensis
383:Doratodesmus pholeter
355:Hexadesmus lateridens
245:Proterospermatophora
2678:Fauna Europaea (new)
1953:(bristle-millipedes)
1879:Orders of the class
1830:at Wikimedia Commons
1313:. pp. 127–145.
956:Eutrichodesmus aster
935:Tasmaniosoma armatum
914:Asiomorpha coarctata
1205:For Love of Insects
1012:Polydesmus collaris
868:Macrosternodesmidae
852:Trichopolydesmoidea
27:Order of millipedes
1281:Millipedes of Ohio
1211:. pp. 44–73.
884:Trichopolydesmidae
407:
367:Eutynellus flavior
335:without gonopods.
308:as the last ring.
2843:
2842:
2779:Open Tree of Life
2527:Taxon identifiers
2518:
2517:
2480:
2479:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2364:
2283:
2282:
2275:Microdecemplicida
2232:
2231:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2199:
2110:
2109:
2079:
2061:
2049:
2048:
2027:
2011:
2009:(pill millipedes)
1962:
1961:
1954:
1884:
1826:Media related to
1793:978-1-86977-850-7
1433:myriapodology.org
1320:978-0-521-25218-8
1218:978-0-674-01827-3
1150:Shear, William A.
1064:
1038:Paradoxosomatidae
919:Paradoxosomatidae
888:
880:
872:
864:
860:Fuhrmannodesmidae
856:
846:
838:
830:
820:
812:
802:
794:
784:
776:
768:
760:
750:
742:
734:
723:
713:
709:Paradoxosomatidae
702:
698:Paradoxosomatidea
690:
682:
674:
666:
658:
650:
640:
632:
624:
616:
612:Sphaeriodesmoidea
606:
598:
590:
580:
572:
564:
554:
546:
533:
523:
515:
504:
484:Paradoxosomatidae
372:sexual dimorphism
346:Macrosternodesmus
328:Aenigmopus alatus
253:
252:
248:
230:
222:
218:Paradoxosomatidea
214:
192:
175:
16:(Redirected from
2868:
2861:Millipede orders
2836:
2835:
2823:
2822:
2813:
2812:
2800:
2799:
2787:
2786:
2774:
2773:
2764:
2763:
2751:
2750:
2748:NBNSYS0100004793
2738:
2737:
2725:
2724:
2712:
2711:
2699:
2698:
2686:
2685:
2673:
2672:
2660:
2659:
2647:
2646:
2634:
2633:
2621:
2620:
2608:
2607:
2595:
2594:
2582:
2581:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2522:
2507:
2506:
2497:
2496:
2489:List of families
2475:
2470:
2438:
2433:
2429:
2411:
2369:
2363:
2360:
2323:
2314:
2270:Eoarthropleurida
2253:
2249:
2238:
2227:
2197:
2189:
2156:
2128:
2121:
2117:
2078:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2057:
2038:
2025:
2024:Sphaerotheriida
2010:
2007:
2002:
1993:
1952:
1939:
1935:
1924:
1882:
1873:
1866:
1859:
1850:
1825:
1814:Data related to
1813:
1798:
1797:
1785:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1656:
1647:
1646:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1613:
1603:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1566:
1556:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1474:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1421:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1376:
1367:
1366:
1338:
1325:
1324:
1298:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1238:
1223:
1222:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1146:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1088:
1076:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1040:) from Australia
1028:
1007:
991:
972:
951:
930:
909:
886:
878:
870:
862:
854:
844:
836:
828:
818:
810:
800:
792:
782:
774:
766:
758:
749:DeSaussure, 1860
748:
740:
732:
721:
711:
700:
688:
680:
672:
664:
656:
654:Eurymerodesmidae
648:
638:
636:Sphaeriodesmidae
630:
628:Holistophallidae
622:
614:
604:
596:
588:
578:
570:
562:
552:
544:
531:
521:
519:Vaalogonopodidae
513:
502:
448:hemianamorphosis
440:teloanamorphosis
279:hydrogen cyanide
246:
228:
220:
212:
187:
170:
78:
77:
55:
43:
21:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2831:
2826:
2818:
2816:
2808:
2803:
2795:
2790:
2782:
2777:
2769:
2767:
2759:
2754:
2746:
2741:
2733:
2728:
2720:
2715:
2707:
2702:
2694:
2689:
2681:
2676:
2668:
2663:
2655:
2650:
2642:
2637:
2629:
2624:
2616:
2611:
2603:
2598:
2590:
2585:
2577:
2572:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2529:
2519:
2514:
2476:
2446:
2436:
2427:
2422:
2405:
2400:
2361:
2359:
2358:Helminthomorpha
2352:
2334:
2330:Zosterogrammida
2317:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2279:
2257:Arthropleuridea
2243:
2228:
2203:
2187:
2182:
2154:
2149:
2124:
2115:
2106:
2097:Siphonocryptida
2076:
2058:
2056:
2055:Helminthomorpha
2045:
2036:
2031:
2008:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1958:
1929:
1918:
1886:
1877:
1806:
1801:
1794:
1783:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1759:
1757:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1734:
1732:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1658:
1657:
1650:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1476:
1475:
1446:
1437:
1435:
1425:Mesibov, Robert
1423:
1422:
1407:
1398:
1396:
1378:
1377:
1370:
1355:
1340:
1339:
1328:
1321:
1300:
1299:
1292:
1284:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1240:
1239:
1226:
1219:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1148:
1147:
1136:
1127:
1125:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1086:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1063:Brölemann, 1916
1060:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1029:
1020:
1008:
999:
996:paradoxosomatid
992:
983:
973:
964:
952:
943:
942:) from Tasmania
931:
922:
910:
899:
898:
893:
876:Nearctodesmidae
871:Brölemann, 1916
863:Brölemann, 1916
783:Silvestri, 1896
759:Silvestri, 1896
730:Oniscodesmoidea
631:Silvestri, 1909
586:Rhachodesmoidea
571:Brölemann, 1916
532:Brölemann, 1916
472:
460:
435:
333:Helminthomorpha
323:
291:
213:Brölemann, 1916
186:
169:
147:Helminthomorpha
72:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2874:
2872:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2848:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2824:
2814:
2801:
2788:
2775:
2765:
2752:
2739:
2726:
2713:
2700:
2687:
2674:
2665:Fauna Europaea
2661:
2648:
2635:
2622:
2609:
2596:
2583:
2570:
2555:
2539:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2501:
2491:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2441:
2439:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2414:
2412:
2408:incertae sedis
2402:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2396:Palaeosomatida
2393:
2388:
2383:
2377:
2375:
2366:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2348:Amynilyspedida
2344:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2326:
2324:
2320:incertae sedis
2311:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2265:Arthropleurida
2261:
2259:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2192:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2159:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2145:Spirostreptida
2142:
2137:
2131:
2129:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2102:Siphonophorida
2099:
2094:
2089:
2083:
2081:
2063:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2043:Glomeridesmida
2041:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2021:
2015:
2013:
1999:
1990:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1947:
1945:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1868:
1861:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1819:
1818:at Wikispecies
1805:
1804:External links
1802:
1800:
1799:
1792:
1766:
1742:
1708:(6): 608–617.
1688:
1681:
1648:
1625:
1578:
1531:
1500:
1489:(2): 103–234.
1444:
1405:
1368:
1353:
1326:
1319:
1290:
1270:
1263:
1224:
1217:
1191:
1164:(3): 371–390.
1134:
1110:
1080:Robert Mesibov
1070:
1067:
1066:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1030:
1023:
1021:
1009:
1002:
1000:
993:
986:
984:
974:
967:
965:
953:
946:
944:
932:
925:
923:
911:
904:
901:
900:
896:
895:
894:
892:
891:
890:
889:
887:Verhoeff, 1910
881:
873:
865:
855:Verhoeff, 1910
849:
848:
847:
839:
834:Cryptodesmidae
823:
822:
821:
808:Opisotretoidea
805:
804:
803:
790:Haplodesmoidea
787:
786:
785:
777:
769:
756:Pyrgodesmoidea
753:
752:
751:
746:Oniscodesmidae
743:
733:Simonsen, 1990
726:
725:
715:
714:
705:
704:
694:
693:
692:
691:
683:
675:
670:Gomphodesmidae
667:
659:
646:Xystodesmoidea
643:
642:
641:
633:
625:
609:
608:
607:
599:
594:Rhachodesmidae
583:
582:
581:
573:
568:Aphelidesmidae
560:Platyrhacoidea
557:
556:
555:
542:Chelodesmoidea
538:
537:
535:
525:
524:
522:Verhoeff, 1940
516:
507:
506:
496:
471:
470:Classification
468:
459:
456:
444:euanamorphosis
434:
431:
423:D. subterranea
418:D. tuberculata
322:
319:
290:
287:
251:
250:
247:Verhoeff, 1900
241:
240:
234:
233:
232:
231:
223:
215:
207:
199:
198:
194:
193:
181:
177:
176:
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
66:
65:
57:
56:
48:
47:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2873:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2834:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2511:
2502:
2500:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2474:
2469:
2445:(superfamily)
2444:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2373:Archipolypoda
2370:
2367:
2365:
2355:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2286:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2235:
2226:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2168:Chordeumatida
2166:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2122:
2119:
2113:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2074:Colobognatha
2071:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2052:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2006:Oniscomorpha
2003:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1965:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1874:
1869:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1795:
1789:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1770:
1767:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1689:
1684:
1682:9789004188273
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1641:(in French).
1640:
1636:
1629:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1594:(221): 1–17.
1593:
1589:
1582:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1395:on 2016-11-12
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1354:90-04-07698-0
1350:
1346:
1345:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1283:
1282:
1274:
1271:
1266:
1264:9789004188273
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1195:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1124:
1120:
1114:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1058:
1055:
1048:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1027:
1022:
1019:) from Europe
1018:
1014:
1013:
1006:
1001:
997:
990:
985:
982:
978:
977:Xystodesmidae
975:A species of
971:
966:
962:
961:Haplodesmidae
958:
957:
950:
945:
941:
937:
936:
929:
924:
920:
916:
915:
908:
903:
885:
882:
877:
874:
869:
866:
861:
858:
857:
853:
850:
843:
840:
835:
832:
831:
827:
826:Polydesmoidea
824:
819:Hoffman, 1980
817:
816:Opisotretidae
814:
813:
811:Hoffman, 1980
809:
806:
799:
798:Haplodesmidae
796:
795:
791:
788:
781:
780:Pyrgodesmidae
778:
773:
772:Cyrtodesmidae
770:
765:
762:
761:
757:
754:
747:
744:
739:
736:
735:
731:
728:
727:
724:. 12 families
720:
717:
716:
710:
707:
706:
699:
696:
695:
687:
686:Xystodesmidae
684:
679:
676:
671:
668:
663:
660:
655:
652:
651:
647:
644:
637:
634:
629:
626:
621:
620:Campodesmidae
618:
617:
613:
610:
603:
602:Tridontomidae
600:
595:
592:
591:
587:
584:
577:
576:Platyrhacidae
574:
569:
566:
565:
561:
558:
551:
550:Chelodesmidae
548:
547:
543:
540:
539:
536:
534:. 13 families
530:
529:Leptodesmidea
527:
526:
520:
517:
512:
509:
508:
503:Hoffman, 1980
501:
498:
497:
495:
493:
492:Chelodesmidae
489:
488:Xystodesmidae
485:
481:
477:
469:
467:
465:
457:
455:
451:
449:
445:
441:
432:
430:
428:
424:
420:
419:
414:
413:
403:
399:
397:
396:
391:
390:
385:
384:
379:
378:
373:
369:
368:
363:
362:
357:
356:
351:
350:Bacillidesmus
347:
343:
342:
336:
334:
330:
329:
320:
318:
316:
311:
307:
302:
300:
296:
288:
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
261:
257:
249:
242:
239:
235:
227:
224:
219:
216:
211:
210:Leptodesmidea
208:
206:
203:
202:
200:
195:
190:
185:
182:
179:
178:
173:
168:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
153:Subterclass:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
76:
71:
67:
64:
63:
58:
54:
49:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2534:
2443:Xyloiuloidea
2418:Pleurojulida
2406:
2391:Euphoberiida
2386:Cowiedesmida
2381:Archidesmida
2318:
2196:Polydesmida
2195:
2173:Siphoniulida
2087:Platydesmida
2037:Limacomorpha
1900:Superphylum
1883:(millipedes)
1779:
1769:
1758:. Retrieved
1754:
1745:
1733:. Retrieved
1705:
1701:
1691:
1664:
1642:
1638:
1628:
1591:
1581:
1547:(483): 1–7.
1544:
1534:
1517:
1513:
1503:
1486:
1482:
1436:. Retrieved
1432:
1397:. Retrieved
1393:the original
1388:
1384:
1343:
1306:
1280:
1273:
1246:
1204:
1194:
1161:
1157:
1126:. Retrieved
1122:
1113:
1096:
1090:
1074:
1057:
1031:
1017:Polydesmidae
1010:
955:
940:Dalodesmidae
933:
912:
842:Polydesmidae
837:Karsch, 1880
764:Ammodesmidae
741:Loomis, 1958
738:Dorsoporidae
722:Pocock, 1887
719:Polydesmidea
665:Pocock, 1909
657:Causey, 1951
579:Pocock, 1895
563:Pocock, 1895
511:Dalodesmidae
505:. 2 families
500:Dalodesmidea
473:
461:
452:
436:
426:
422:
416:
410:
408:
393:
387:
381:
375:
365:
359:
353:
349:
345:
341:Brachydesmus
339:
337:
326:
324:
303:
294:
292:
266:
262:
255:
254:
244:
226:Polydesmidea
205:Dalodesmidea
183:
166:
163:Superorder:
143:Infraclass:
60:
46:Polydesmida
40:
32:Platydesmida
2856:Polydesmida
2704:iNaturalist
2592:Polydesmida
2579:Polydesmida
2565:Polydesmida
2559:Wikispecies
2535:Polydesmida
2178:Stemmiulida
2163:Callipodida
2155:Nematophora
2140:Spirobolida
2092:Polyzoniida
1951:Polyxenida
1943:Penicillata
1828:Polydesmida
1816:Polydesmida
1667:: 267–302.
1520:: 145–158.
1249:: 363–453.
845:Leach, 1815
829:Leach, 1815
712:Daday, 1889
701:Daday, 1889
678:Oxydesmidae
464:leaf litter
433:Development
289:Description
265:"many" and
256:Polydesmida
229:Leach, 1815
221:Daday, 1889
191:, 1815
184:Polydesmida
137:Chilognatha
113:Subphylum:
36:Polyzoniida
2850:Categories
2510:Millipedes
2437:Juliformia
2340:Pentazonia
2126:Juliformia
1997:Pentazonia
1912:Subphylum
1908:Arthropoda
1881:Diplopoda
1760:2022-09-11
1438:2022-02-20
1399:2013-10-14
1128:2024-07-05
1049:References
801:Cook, 1895
793:Cook, 1895
775:Cook, 1896
767:Cook, 1896
703:. 1 family
689:Cook, 1895
681:Cook, 1895
673:Cook, 1896
662:Euryuridae
649:Cook, 1895
623:Cook, 1896
597:Carl, 1903
589:Carl, 1903
553:Cook, 1895
545:Cook, 1895
514:Cook, 1896
283:morphology
275:millipedes
258:(from the
197:Suborders
133:Subclass:
107:Arthropoda
2499:Diplopoda
2188:Merocheta
2019:Glomerida
1914:Myriapoda
1902:Ecdysozoa
1735:25 August
1526:0006-324X
1178:1175-5334
1099:: 39–49.
476:suborders
395:A. granum
321:Variation
310:Juveniles
167:Merocheta
127:Diplopoda
117:Myriapoda
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
18:Merocheta
2613:BugGuide
2544:Wikidata
2428:Eugnatha
2116:Eugnatha
1896:Animalia
1894:Kingdom
1775:Shear, W
1730:21401688
1722:16336414
1620:23129978
1573:25755621
1363:13439686
1186:27811714
1082:(2005).
480:families
412:Devillea
315:gonopods
238:Synonyms
157:Eugnatha
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
2820:6915374
2550:Q282015
2242:Extinct
1906:Phylum
1611:3487632
1592:ZooKeys
1564:4351444
1545:ZooKeys
1158:Zootaxa
1092:Zootaxa
458:Ecology
180:Order:
123:Class:
2833:394548
2817:uBio:
2797:304613
2784:119130
2768:NZOR:
2735:154416
2657:1POLDO
2605:167521
2508:
2135:Julida
1928:Living
1790:
1728:
1720:
1679:
1618:
1608:
1571:
1561:
1524:
1361:
1351:
1317:
1261:
1215:
1184:
1176:
490:, and
364:, and
348:, and
306:telson
299:collum
267:desmos
174:, 1895
2828:WoRMS
2805:Plazi
2761:71419
2722:10515
2717:IRMNG
2709:47734
2670:11566
2631:7NFFC
1784:(PDF)
1726:S2CID
1285:(PDF)
1087:(PDF)
271:order
260:Greek
189:Leach
2756:NCBI
2730:ITIS
2696:1247
2691:GBIF
2652:EPPO
2644:6472
2618:5251
2600:BOLD
1788:ISBN
1737:2020
1718:PMID
1677:ISBN
1616:PMID
1569:PMID
1522:ISSN
1359:OCLC
1349:ISBN
1315:ISBN
1259:ISBN
1213:ISBN
1182:PMID
1174:ISSN
1162:4178
1097:1064
392:and
263:poly
172:Cook
2743:NBN
2639:EoL
2626:CoL
2587:AFD
2574:ADW
1710:doi
1669:doi
1606:PMC
1596:doi
1559:PMC
1549:doi
1491:doi
1487:109
1251:doi
1166:doi
1101:doi
446:or
273:of
34:or
2852::
2830::
2807::
2794::
2781::
2758::
2745::
2732::
2719::
2706::
2693::
2680::
2667::
2654::
2641::
2628::
2615::
2602::
2589::
2576::
2561::
2546::
1753:.
1724:.
1716:.
1704:.
1700:.
1675:.
1663:.
1651:^
1643:71
1637:.
1614:.
1604:.
1590:.
1567:.
1557:.
1543:.
1518:75
1516:.
1512:.
1485:.
1481:.
1447:^
1431:.
1427:.
1408:^
1389:45
1387:.
1383:.
1371:^
1357:.
1329:^
1309:.
1305:.
1293:^
1257:.
1245:.
1227:^
1207:.
1203:.
1180:.
1172:.
1160:.
1156:.
1137:^
1121:.
1095:.
1089:.
994:A
494:.
486:,
450:.
358:,
344:,
2309:a
2307:h
2305:t
2303:a
2301:n
2299:g
2297:o
2295:l
2293:i
2291:h
2289:C
1988:a
1986:h
1984:t
1982:a
1980:n
1978:g
1976:o
1974:l
1972:i
1970:h
1968:C
1872:e
1865:t
1858:v
1796:.
1763:.
1739:.
1712::
1706:7
1685:.
1671::
1622:.
1598::
1575:.
1551::
1497:.
1493::
1441:.
1402:.
1365:.
1323:.
1267:.
1253::
1221:.
1168::
1131:.
1107:.
1103::
1036:(
1015:(
959:(
938:(
917:(
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
