433:
383:. But these passes provided weak constraints on the magnitude of the intrinsic magnetic field, its orientation and its harmonic structure, in part because the coverage of the planetary field was poor and because of the lack of concurrent observations of the solar wind number density and velocity. Since the discovery, Mercury's magnetic field has received a great deal of attention, primarily because of Mercury's small size and slow 59-day-long rotation.
27:
416:, has not cooled over the years, an outer core that has not been completely solidified, and circulates around the interior. Before the discovery of its magnetic field in 1974, it was thought that because of Mercury's small size, its core had cooled over the years. There are still difficulties with this dynamo theory, including the fact that Mercury has a slow, 59-day-long rotation that could not have made it possible to generate a
424:
only at depth, where a strong field is generated. Because of the planet's slow rotation, the resulting magnetic field is dominated by small-scale components that fluctuate quickly with time. Due to the weak internally generated magnetic field it is also possible that the magnetic field generated by the magnetopause currents exhibits a negative feedback on the dynamo processes, thereby causing the total field to weaken.
3639:
3651:
360:
478:
441:
polar regions. In particular, the magnetic "polar cap" where field lines are open to the interplanetary medium is much larger near the south pole. This geometry implies that the south polar region is much more exposed than in the north to charged particles heated and accelerated by solar windâmagnetosphere interactions. The strength of the
423:
This dynamo is probably weaker than Earth's because it is driven by thermo-compositional convection associated with inner core solidification. The thermal gradient at the coreâmantle boundary is subadiabatic, and hence the outer region of the liquid core is stably stratified with the dynamo operating
696:
James A. Slavin; Brian J. Anderson; Daniel N. Baker; Mehdi Benna; Scott A. Boardsen; George
Gloeckler; Robert E. Gold; George C. Ho; Suzanne M. Imber; Haje Korth; Stamatios M. Krimigis; Ralph L. McNutt Jr.; Larry R. Nittler; Jim M. Raines; Menelaos Sarantos; David Schriver; Sean C. Solomon; Richard
440:
Like Earth's, Mercury's magnetic field is tilted, meaning that the magnetic poles are not located in the same area as the geographic poles. As a result of the north-south asymmetry in
Mercury's internal magnetic field, the geometry of magnetic field lines is different in Mercury's north and south
314:
mission remains an open question. A 1988 J.E.P. Connerney and N.F. Ness review of the
Mariner magnetic data noted eight different papers in which were offered no less than fifteen different mathematical models of the magnetic field derived from spherical harmonic analysis of the two close
291:. Mercury's magnetic field is weaker than Earth's because its core had cooled and solidified more quickly than Earth's. Although Mercury's magnetic field is much weaker than Earth's magnetic field, it is still strong enough to deflect the
505:
made a fly-by of
Mercury back in 1974, its signals measured the bow shock, the entrance and exit from the magnetopause, and that the magnetospheric cavity is ~20 times smaller than Earth's, all of which had presumably decayed during the
1091:; Haje Korth; Michael E. Purucker; Reka M. Winslow; James A. Slavin; Sean C. Solomon; Ralph L. McNutt Jr.; Jim M. Raines; Thomas H. Zurbuchen (September 2011). "The Global Magnetic Field of Mercury from MESSENGER Orbital Observations".
448:
There have been various ways that
Mercury's magnetic field has been measured. In general, the inferred equivalent internal dipole field is smaller when estimated on the basis of magnetospheric size and shape (~150â200 nT
751:
A. V. Lukyanov; S. Barabash; R. Lundin; P. C. Brandt (August 4, 2000). "Energetic neutral atom imaging of
MercuryâČs magnetosphere 2. Distribution of energetic charged particles in a compact magnetosphere â Abstract".
339:(Slavin and Holzer 1979b)." They concluded that "the lack of agreement among models is due to fundamental limitations imposed by the spatial distribution of available observations." Anderson
1328:
D. Heyner; J. Wicht; N. Gomez-Perez; D. Schmitt; H. U. Auster; K. H.Glassmeier (2011). "Evidence from
Numerical Experiments for a Feedback Dynamo Generating Mercury{\rsquo}s Magnetic Field".
331:
is a
Mercury radius of 2436 km). In addition they pointed out that "estimates of the dipole obtained from bow shock and/or magnetopause positions (only) range from approximately 200 nT-R
566:
453:). Recent Earth-based radar measurements of Mercury's rotation revealed a slight rocking motion explaining that Mercury's core is at least partially molten, implying that
1014:
682:
485:
spacraft noted that
Mercury's magnetic field is responsible for several magnetic "tornadoes" â twisted bundles of magnetic fields connecting the planetary field to
3967:
949:
Kabin, K.; Heimpel, M. H.; Rankin, R.; Aurnou, J. M.; GĂłmez-PĂ©rez, N.; Paral, J.; Gombosi, T. I.; Zurbuchen, T. H.; Koehn, P. L.; DeZeeuw, D. L. (2007-06-29).
3972:
1788:
3688:
303:
it interacts with in its orbit is relatively strong, the solar wind dynamic pressure at
Mercury's orbit is also three times larger than at Earth.
3517:
1841:
1173:
1065:
652:
603:
950:
1705:
1831:
1710:
574:
547:
371:
Before 1974, it was thought that Mercury could not generate a magnetic field because of its relatively small diameter and lack of an
3989:
3918:
1632:
379:
made a fly-by of Mercury (somewhere around April 1974), it detected a magnetic field that was about 1/100th the total magnitude of
1575:
550:(JAXA) to Mercury. It is launched in October 2018. Part of its mission objectives will be to elucidate Mercury's magnetic field.
3984:
347:
data from many orbits around Mercury â as opposed to just a few high-speed flybys â found that the dipole moment is 195 ± 10 nT-R
1025:
698:
1600:
3449:
3343:
1872:
1862:
1781:
1611:
1405:
3845:
3787:
3681:
2180:
1088:
723:
300:
2503:
3499:
3469:
3363:
3338:
2423:
2403:
1808:
2943:
1208:
1524:
4010:
3850:
2993:
2948:
2743:
2190:
842:
461:
spacecraft was expected to make more than 500 million measurements of Mercury's magnetic field using its sensitive
2303:
788:
4119:
3721:
3642:
2208:
1774:
497:
encountered magnetic "tornadoes" during its second fly-by on October 6, 2008, which could possibly replenish the
380:
276:
242:
1736:
K. H. Glassmeier; et al. (2010). "The fluxgate magnetometer of the BepiColombo Mercury Planetary Orbiter".
1662:
The European Space Agency (Esa) has signed an industrial contract to build a probe to send to the planet Mercury
925:
4020:
3802:
3782:
3674:
3444:
3348:
3368:
1499:
596:
951:"Global MHD modeling of Mercury's magnetosphere with applications to the MESSENGER mission and dynamo theory"
4114:
4030:
3903:
3898:
3711:
3598:
3088:
2498:
1925:
432:
270:
727:
4015:
3855:
3531:
3003:
2898:
1935:
1446:
2888:
3825:
3273:
3098:
3093:
3028:
2683:
2488:
2433:
2263:
2243:
1836:
1607:
543:
498:
3388:
3860:
3398:
3378:
3278:
3163:
3153:
2938:
2843:
2603:
2483:
2448:
2328:
2298:
2293:
2248:
2137:
1986:
1940:
1905:
1885:
1745:
1438:
1380:
1337:
1300:
1245:
1100:
965:
761:
486:
469:
made six different sets of magnetic field measurements as it passed through Mercury's magnetopause.
3654:
3486:
3358:
3258:
3253:
3133:
3123:
3103:
3058:
2923:
2638:
2538:
2478:
2408:
2323:
2283:
2213:
1950:
1910:
1890:
1451:
1050:
3650:
1183:
660:
630:
3913:
3618:
3494:
3439:
3413:
3333:
3298:
3268:
3263:
3013:
2983:
2883:
2798:
2788:
2773:
2768:
2678:
2578:
2568:
2518:
2473:
2398:
2368:
2358:
2233:
2228:
2203:
2175:
1945:
1915:
1895:
1550:
1474:
1361:
1269:
1124:
981:
2453:
2338:
1429:
Giacomo Giampieri; André Balogh (2001). "Modelling of magnetic field measurements at Mercury".
3945:
3928:
3889:
3835:
3752:
3233:
3158:
3083:
3063:
3023:
2978:
2973:
2963:
2958:
2903:
2808:
2803:
2763:
2698:
2668:
2663:
2653:
2633:
2593:
2553:
2533:
2458:
2418:
2393:
2348:
2318:
2006:
1991:
1930:
1920:
1900:
1353:
1261:
1116:
1061:
676:
26:
989:
870:
4091:
4076:
3939:
3403:
3383:
3293:
3243:
3238:
3223:
3208:
3198:
3178:
3173:
3113:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3043:
3033:
3018:
2988:
2953:
2933:
2873:
2868:
2853:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2753:
2688:
2673:
2648:
2643:
2623:
2608:
2588:
2583:
2558:
2523:
2468:
2463:
2428:
2388:
2353:
2278:
2273:
2238:
2223:
2132:
2122:
2102:
2069:
2064:
2036:
2021:
2001:
1797:
1753:
1749:
1715:
1456:
1442:
1345:
1308:
1253:
1108:
973:
769:
765:
436:
Mercury's magnetic field tends to be stronger at the equator than at other areas of Mercury.
232:
241:
led to its discovery in 1974; the spacecraft measured the field's strength as 1.1% that of
4086:
4081:
4025:
3373:
3328:
3323:
3308:
3303:
3288:
3283:
3213:
3193:
3188:
3143:
3118:
3108:
3048:
3038:
2928:
2858:
2838:
2793:
2758:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2693:
2628:
2618:
2573:
2528:
2513:
2508:
2493:
2413:
2383:
2378:
2333:
2258:
2198:
2170:
2165:
2117:
2107:
2079:
2074:
2026:
2016:
1880:
1233:
1178:
1142:
442:
320:
288:
77:
1657:
1341:
1304:
1249:
1104:
969:
3820:
3418:
3408:
3393:
3353:
3318:
3313:
3203:
3183:
3168:
3148:
3138:
3128:
3053:
3008:
2998:
2968:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2893:
2863:
2833:
2828:
2783:
2778:
2738:
2728:
2718:
2613:
2598:
2563:
2548:
2443:
2438:
2373:
2343:
2308:
2288:
2268:
2253:
2218:
2142:
2059:
2054:
1968:
515:
417:
413:
409:
408:; i.e., by the convection of electrically conductive molten iron in the planet's outer
95:
1460:
773:
4108:
3870:
3865:
3777:
3772:
3697:
3423:
3228:
3218:
2878:
2848:
2748:
2733:
2543:
2313:
2160:
2084:
2011:
1996:
1146:
405:
399:
387:
296:
258:
246:
1128:
985:
510:
flyby. Even though the field is just over 1% as strong as Earth's, its detection by
279:. At the Hermean equator, the relative strength of the magnetic field is around 300
4066:
3797:
3792:
3767:
3248:
2723:
2658:
2363:
2112:
2031:
1682:
1365:
1273:
699:"MESSENGER Observations of Reconnection and Its Effects on Mercury's Magnetosphere"
462:
280:
145:
83:
813:
514:
was taken by some scientists as an indication that Mercury's outer core was still
977:
900:
493:
Scientists noted that Mercury's magnetic field can be extremely "leaky," because
4071:
3977:
3840:
3830:
3564:
538:
164:
87:
3812:
3762:
3736:
3731:
3549:
2127:
1757:
372:
292:
254:
237:
201:
116:
46:
4061:
4056:
3757:
3726:
3623:
3581:
3557:
1349:
1112:
726:; James A. Slavin; Haje Korth; Michael E. Purucker; Sean C. Solomon (2011).
454:
311:
250:
1357:
1265:
1120:
3509:
1313:
1288:
1151:
412:. A dynamo is generated by a large iron core that has sunk to a planet's
306:
Whether the magnetic field changed to any significant degree between the
1257:
1099:(6051). American Association for the Advancement of Science: 1859â1862.
4040:
3908:
1244:(7122). Katlenberg-Lindau: Max-Planck Institute of Germany: 1056â1058.
567:"MESSENGER Data from Mercury Orbit Confirms Theories, Offers Surprises"
359:
284:
231:(meaning the field has only two magnetic poles) apparently global, on
489:â that are some 800 km wide or a third the total radius of the planet.
477:
4035:
3962:
3934:
3716:
1475:"Iron 'snow' helps maintain Mercury's magnetic field, scientists say"
1056:. In Faith Vilas; Clark R. Chapman; Mildred Shapley Matthews (eds.).
228:
216:
105:
3666:
760:(14â15). Laurel, Maryland: Applied Physics Laboratory: 1677â1684.
728:"Mercury's magnetopause and bow shock from MESSENGER observations"
624:
622:
620:
523:
476:
431:
358:
1015:"Mercury: its composition, internal structure and magnetic field"
1551:"Magnetic Tornadoes Could Liberate Mercury's Tenuous Atmosphere"
1528:
1525:"Magnetic Tornadoes Could Liberate Mercury's Tenuous Atmosphere"
1409:
1406:"Magnetic field lines differ at Mercury's north and south poles"
817:
519:
445:
and the tilt of the dipole moment are completely unconstrained.
184:
3670:
1770:
1576:"How Magnetic Tornadoes Might Regenerate Mercury's Atmosphere"
1202:
1200:
31:
Graph showing relative strength of Mercury's magnetic field.
386:
The magnetic field itself is thought to originate from the
1766:
404:
The origins of the magnetic field can be explained by the
864:
862:
836:
834:
1500:"Mercury's magnetic field measured by MESSENGER orbiter"
901:"Molten core solves mystery of Mercury's magnetic field"
1289:"A feedback dynamo generating Mercury's magnetic field"
245:. The origin of the magnetic field can be explained by
1287:
K. H. Glassmeier; H. U. Auster; U. Motschmann (2007).
894:
892:
890:
501:(or "exosphere", as referred to by astronomers). When
1060:. The University of Arizona Press. pp. 494â513.
299:. Because Mercury's magnetic field is weak while the
465:. During its first 88 days in orbit around Mercury,
4049:
3998:
3955:
3879:
3811:
3745:
3704:
3611:
3591:
3574:
3539:
3530:
3508:
3485:
3478:
3462:
3432:
2189:
2151:
2093:
2045:
1977:
1959:
1871:
1855:
1824:
1817:
1234:"A deep dynamo generating Mercury's magnetic field"
215:
207:
197:
182:
163:
144:
136:
131:
123:
115:
104:
93:
76:
66:
61:
53:
41:
36:
1633:"Molten core may explain Mercury's magnetic field"
659:. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Archived from
367:led to the discovery of Mercury's magnetic field.
697:D. Starr; Pavel TrĂĄvnĂÄek; Thomas H. Zurbuchen.
249:. The magnetic field is strong enough near the
1549:NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center (2009-06-02).
964:(1). University of California, Berkeley: 1â15.
275:The magnetic field is about 1.1% as strong as
3682:
1782:
8:
681:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
597:"Magnetic Fields of the Terrestrial Planets"
19:
1147:"NASA Spots Mysterious 'Spider' on Mercury"
631:"Mercury: Magnetic Field and Magnetosphere"
3689:
3675:
3667:
3536:
3482:
1821:
1789:
1775:
1767:
1683:"ESA Science & Technology: Fact Sheet"
1437:(14â15). Imperial College, London: 163â7.
18:
1450:
1312:
1209:"Measuring the Magnetic Field of Mercury"
1404:Lynn Jenner; Brian Dunbar (2011-06-16).
335:(Russell 1977) to approximately 400 nT-R
1051:"Mercury's Magnetic Field and Interior"
633:. University of California, Los Angeles
558:
457:helps maintain the magnetic field. The
428:Magnetic poles and magnetic measurement
674:
390:, although this is uncertain as yet.
7:
1049:J.E.P. Connerney; N.F. Ness (1988).
518:, or at least partially liquid with
1711:Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
722:Reka Moldovan; Brian J. Anderson;
548:Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
14:
3990:Sura Ionospheric Heating Facility
1658:"European probe aims for Mercury"
3649:
3638:
3637:
1523:Steigerwald, Bill (2009-06-02).
1013:Lidunka VoÄadlo; Lars Stixrude.
25:
1232:Christensen, Ulrich R. (2006).
843:"The Magnetic Poles of Mercury"
319:flybys, with reported centered
283:, which is weaker than that of
1612:Lunar and Planetary Laboratory
1174:"Science: Mercury's Magnetism"
629:C. T. Russell; J. G. Luhmann.
16:Mercury's small magnetic field
1:
3846:Interplanetary magnetic field
3788:Magnetosphere particle motion
2181:Skinakas (hypothetical basin)
1656:Amos, Jonathan (2008-01-18).
1574:Brian Ventrudo (2009-06-03).
1461:10.1016/S0032-0633(01)00101-5
899:Jon Cartwright (2007-05-04).
774:10.1016/S0032-0633(01)00106-4
595:Russell, C. T. (1992-12-03).
301:interplanetary magnetic field
3470:Hypothetical moon of Mercury
1531:/Goddard Space Flight Center
1379:Randy Russell (2009-05-29).
1207:Staff Writers (2011-05-20).
1182:. 1975-03-31. Archived from
978:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.11.028
924:Randy Russell (2009-06-01).
841:Randy Russell (2009-05-29).
789:"New Discoveries at Mercury"
787:Tony Phillips (2008-07-03).
573:. 2011-06-06. Archived from
323:ranging from 136 to 350 nT-R
227:is approximately a magnetic
869:Jerry Coffey (2009-07-24).
820:Goddard Space Flight Center
754:Planetary and Space Science
4136:
3851:Heliospheric current sheet
3518:Mercury-crossing asteroids
1631:David Shiga (2007-05-03).
1601:"Mercury's Magnetic Field"
926:"Magnetosphere of Mercury"
542:is a joint mission of the
397:
268:
3632:
1804:
1758:10.1016/j.pss.2008.06.018
343:2011, using high-quality
132:Magnetospheric parameters
24:
3803:Van Allen radiation belt
3783:Magnetosphere chronology
871:"Mercury Magnetic Field"
704:. University of Colorado
225:Mercury's magnetic field
20:Magnetosphere of Mercury
3712:Atmospheric circulation
3599:Colonization of Mercury
1750:2010P&SS...58..287G
1599:Kerri Donaldson Hanna.
1443:2001P&SS...49.1637G
1385:Windows to the Universe
1350:10.1126/science.1207290
1113:10.1126/science.1211001
930:Windows to the Universe
847:Windows to the Universe
766:2001P&SS...49.1677L
321:magnetic dipole moments
271:Magnetic field strength
208:Maximum particle energy
3722:Earth's magnetic field
814:"Planetary Fact Sheet"
490:
437:
381:Earth's magnetic field
368:
243:Earth's magnetic field
189:Na, O, K, Mg, Ca, S, H
82:2 to 6 Ă 10
3826:Coronal mass ejection
3746:Earth's magnetosphere
2944:Kuan Han-Chʻing
1608:University of Arizona
657:Planetary Fact Sheets
544:European Space Agency
480:
473:Field characteristics
435:
362:
3999:Other magnetospheres
3861:Solar particle event
2994:Li Chʻing-Chao
1314:10.1029/2007GL031662
1145:(January 30, 2008).
1089:Catherine L. Johnson
724:Catherine L. Johnson
651:Williams, David, R.
487:interplanetary space
3450:Inter-crater plains
1342:2011Sci...334.1690H
1336:(6063): 1690â1693.
1305:2007GeoRL..3422201G
1258:10.1038/nature05342
1250:2006Natur.444.1056C
1186:on January 22, 2011
1105:2011Sci...333.1859A
1087:Brian J. Anderson;
970:2008Icar..195....1K
812:Williams, David R.
522:and possibly other
21:
1706:"MM - BepiColombo"
1293:Geophys. Res. Lett
1022:UCL Earth Sciences
491:
438:
369:
257:, which induces a
4102:
4101:
3956:Research projects
3924:
3895:
3836:Geomagnetic storm
3753:Birkeland current
3664:
3663:
3607:
3606:
3526:
3525:
3458:
3457:
2504:ChĆng ChʼĆl
2499:Chiang Kʻui
2138:Santa MarĂa Rupes
2007:Mearcair Planitia
1992:Borealis Planitia
1987:ApÄrangi Planitia
1738:Planet. Space Sci
1431:Planet. Space Sci
1381:"Mercury's Poles"
1067:978-0-8165-1085-6
443:quadrupole moment
222:
221:
211:up to 50 keV
67:Radius of Mercury
4127:
4120:Mercury (planet)
3940:Van Allen Probes
3922:
3893:
3705:Submagnetosphere
3691:
3684:
3677:
3668:
3653:
3641:
3640:
3537:
3483:
3004:Liang Kʻai
2209:Africanus Horton
2133:Resolution Rupes
2123:Enterprise Rupes
2103:Antoniadi Dorsum
2070:Goldstone Vallis
2065:Goldstone Catena
2037:Utaridi Planitia
2022:Stilbon Planitia
2002:Caloris Planitia
1822:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1744:(1â2): 287â299.
1733:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1714:. Archived from
1701:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1605:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1454:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1219:
1204:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1074:
1055:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1030:
1024:. Archived from
1019:
1010:
1004:
1003:
1001:
1000:
994:
988:. Archived from
955:
946:
940:
939:
937:
936:
921:
915:
914:
912:
911:
896:
885:
884:
882:
881:
866:
857:
856:
854:
853:
838:
829:
828:
826:
825:
809:
803:
802:
800:
799:
784:
778:
777:
748:
742:
741:
739:
738:
732:
719:
713:
712:
710:
709:
703:
693:
687:
686:
680:
672:
670:
668:
663:on 28 March 2014
648:
642:
641:
639:
638:
626:
615:
614:
612:
611:
601:
592:
586:
585:
583:
582:
563:
388:dynamo mechanism
375:. However, when
310:mission and the
72:
71:2,439.7 ± 1.0 km
29:
22:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4045:
3994:
3951:
3875:
3807:
3741:
3700:
3698:Magnetospherics
3695:
3665:
3660:
3628:
3603:
3587:
3570:
3541:
3522:
3504:
3474:
3454:
3428:
3349:Sholem Aleichem
2185:
2176:Rembrandt Basin
2171:Raditladi Basin
2166:Pantheon Fossae
2153:
2147:
2118:Discovery Rupes
2108:Adventure Rupes
2095:
2089:
2080:Haystack Vallis
2075:Haystack Catena
2047:
2041:
2027:Suisei Planitia
2017:Sobkou Planitia
1979:
1973:
1961:
1955:
1867:
1851:
1832:Albedo features
1813:
1800:
1795:
1765:
1735:
1734:
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1698:
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1198:
1189:
1187:
1172:
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1157:
1155:
1143:Clara Moskowitz
1141:
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571:The Watchtowers
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475:
430:
402:
396:
357:
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326:
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267:
192:
178:
159:
78:Magnetic moment
70:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4133:
4131:
4123:
4122:
4117:
4115:Magnetospheres
4107:
4106:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4095:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4053:
4051:
4050:Related topics
4047:
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4033:
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4023:
4018:
4013:
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4000:
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3828:
3823:
3821:Magnetic cloud
3817:
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3805:
3800:
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3567:(2018âpresent)
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2796:
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2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2744:Guido d'Arezzo
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2206:
2201:
2195:
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2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2157:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2143:Victoria Rupes
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2099:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2060:Arecibo Vallis
2057:
2055:Arecibo Catena
2051:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1983:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1969:Caloris Montes
1965:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
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1877:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1847:Magnetic field
1844:
1839:
1834:
1828:
1826:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1771:
1764:
1763:
1728:
1704:Staff (2008).
1696:
1674:
1648:
1623:
1591:
1580:Universe Today
1566:
1541:
1515:
1491:
1466:
1452:10.1.1.25.5685
1421:
1396:
1371:
1320:
1299:(22): L22201.
1279:
1224:
1196:
1165:
1134:
1079:
1066:
1041:
1005:
941:
916:
886:
875:Universe Today
858:
830:
804:
779:
743:
714:
688:
643:
616:
587:
557:
555:
552:
546:(ESA) and the
534:
528:
474:
471:
429:
426:
418:magnetic field
414:center of mass
395:
392:
356:
353:
348:
336:
332:
328:
324:
266:
263:
233:planet Mercury
220:
219:
213:
212:
209:
205:
204:
199:
198:Plasma sources
195:
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187:
180:
179:
174:
168:
161:
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155:
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138:
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113:
112:
109:
102:
101:
98:
96:field strength
91:
90:
80:
74:
73:
68:
64:
63:
62:Internal field
59:
58:
55:
54:Discovery date
51:
50:
43:
39:
38:
34:
33:
30:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4132:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4093:
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4088:
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4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4074:
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4068:
4065:
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4058:
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4054:
4052:
4048:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
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4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
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4009:
4007:
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3997:
3991:
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3900:
3897:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3878:
3872:
3871:Space weather
3869:
3867:
3866:Space climate
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
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3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3778:Magnetosphere
3776:
3774:
3773:Magnetosheath
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3750:
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3744:
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3669:
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3498:
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3488:
3484:
3481:
3477:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3445:Ghost craters
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
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3400:
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3390:
3387:
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3255:
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3210:
3207:
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3200:
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3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
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3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
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3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
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2947:
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2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2899:Judah Ha-Levi
2897:
2895:
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2807:
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2800:
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2697:
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2607:
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2600:
2597:
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2161:Caloris Basin
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2012:Odin Planitia
2010:
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1997:Budh Planitia
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1718:on 2016-11-13
1717:
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1080:
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1042:
1031:on 2011-09-28
1027:
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1016:
1009:
1006:
995:on 2012-03-27
991:
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905:Physics World
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577:on 2013-02-04
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406:dynamo theory
401:
400:Dynamo theory
393:
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378:
374:
366:
361:
354:
352:
346:
342:
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318:
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298:
297:magnetosphere
295:, inducing a
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
272:
264:
262:
260:
259:magnetosphere
256:
252:
248:
247:dynamo theory
244:
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127:400 km/s
126:
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107:
103:
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97:
92:
89:
85:
81:
79:
75:
69:
65:
60:
56:
52:
49:
48:
44:
42:Discovered by
40:
35:
28:
23:
4072:Ring systems
4067:Lunar swirls
4005:
3944:
3927:
3798:Ring current
3793:Plasmasphere
3768:Magnetopause
3648:
3636:
3556:
3548:
3369:SveinsdĂłttir
3274:Rachmaninoff
3099:Michelangelo
3094:Mendes Pinto
3029:Ma Chih-Yuan
2684:Gainsborough
2489:Chao Meng-Fu
2434:Brunelleschi
2264:Amru Al-Qays
2244:Al-Hamadhani
2113:Beagle Rupes
2032:Tir Planitia
1926:Michelangelo
1846:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1720:. Retrieved
1716:the original
1709:
1699:
1687:. Retrieved
1677:
1666:. Retrieved
1661:
1651:
1640:. Retrieved
1636:
1626:
1615:. Retrieved
1594:
1583:. Retrieved
1579:
1569:
1558:. Retrieved
1555:ScienceDaily
1554:
1544:
1533:. Retrieved
1518:
1507:. Retrieved
1503:
1494:
1483:. Retrieved
1481:. 2008-05-08
1479:ScienceDaily
1478:
1469:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1413:. Retrieved
1399:
1388:. Retrieved
1384:
1374:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1296:
1292:
1282:
1241:
1237:
1227:
1216:. Retrieved
1212:
1188:. Retrieved
1184:the original
1177:
1168:
1156:. Retrieved
1150:
1137:
1096:
1092:
1082:
1071:. Retrieved
1057:
1044:
1033:. Retrieved
1026:the original
1021:
1008:
997:. Retrieved
990:the original
961:
957:
944:
933:. Retrieved
929:
919:
908:. Retrieved
904:
878:. Retrieved
874:
850:. Retrieved
846:
822:. Retrieved
807:
796:. Retrieved
793:Science@Nasa
792:
782:
757:
753:
746:
735:. Retrieved
733:. EPSC â DPS
717:
706:. Retrieved
691:
665:. Retrieved
661:the original
656:
646:
635:. Retrieved
608:. Retrieved
590:
579:. Retrieved
575:the original
570:
561:
537:
536:
530:
511:
507:
502:
494:
492:
482:
466:
463:magnetometer
458:
450:
447:
439:
422:
403:
385:
376:
370:
364:
344:
340:
316:
307:
305:
274:
253:to slow the
236:
235:. Data from
224:
223:
175:
171:
170:10â100
156:
152:
146:Magnetopause
45:
3978:Unwin Radar
3904:Double Star
3841:Heliosphere
3831:Solar flare
3565:BepiColombo
3561:(2004â2015)
3553:(1973â1975)
3532:Exploration
3399:Villa-Lobos
3379:To Ngoc Van
3344:Shakespeare
3279:Raden Saleh
3164:Mussorgskij
2844:Hovnatanian
2604:Dostoevskij
2484:Chaikovskij
2449:Callicrates
2329:Baranauskas
2299:Aristoxenes
2294:Apollodorus
2046:Canyons and
1936:Shakespeare
1873:Quadrangles
1863:Quadrangles
667:6 September
539:BepiColombo
531:BepiColombo
455:iron "snow"
165:Magnetotail
100:300 nT
94:Equatorial
4109:Categories
4026:Ganymedian
3899:Cluster II
3880:Satellites
3856:Heliopause
3813:Solar wind
3763:Ionosphere
3737:Polar wind
3732:Jet stream
3550:Mariner 10
3359:Stravinsky
3259:Praxiteles
3254:Polygnotus
3134:Monteverdi
3104:Mickiewicz
3059:Mark Twain
2639:Enheduanna
2539:Cunningham
2409:Botticelli
2324:Balanchine
2284:Anguissola
2214:Ahmad Baba
2152:Basins and
2128:Hero Rupes
2094:Ridges and
1978:Plains and
1837:Atmosphere
1722:2014-02-07
1668:2008-01-21
1664:. BBC News
1642:2011-07-25
1617:2011-07-25
1585:2011-07-25
1560:2011-07-25
1535:2009-07-18
1509:2019-08-22
1485:2011-07-18
1415:2011-07-18
1390:2011-07-18
1218:2011-07-16
1213:SpaceDaily
1190:2011-07-23
1073:2012-01-01
1035:2011-07-16
999:2011-07-16
935:2011-07-16
910:2011-07-16
880:2011-07-16
852:2011-07-16
824:2011-07-25
798:2011-07-16
737:2011-07-26
708:2011-07-27
637:2011-07-18
610:2011-07-26
581:2011-07-26
554:References
512:Mariner 10
503:Mariner 10
499:atmosphere
398:See also:
377:Mariner 10
373:atmosphere
365:Mariner 10
363:Data from
317:Mariner 10
308:Mariner 10
293:solar wind
269:See also:
255:solar wind
238:Mariner 10
202:Solar wind
119:parameters
117:Solar wind
57:April 1974
47:Mariner 10
4062:Gas torus
4057:Flux tube
4041:Neptunian
4031:Saturnian
3985:SuperDARN
3886:Full list
3758:Bow shock
3727:Geosphere
3624:Sub-Earth
3582:Mercury-P
3558:MESSENGER
3510:Asteroids
3479:Astronomy
3414:Xiao Zhao
3389:VelĂĄzquez
3334:Scarlatti
3299:Rembrandt
3284:Raditladi
3269:Qi Baishi
3264:Prokofiev
3014:Lovecraft
2984:Lermontov
2884:Izquierdo
2799:Hiroshige
2789:Hemingway
2774:Hawthorne
2769:Hauptmann
2679:Futabatei
2579:Derzhavin
2569:Delacroix
2519:Coleridge
2474:Cervantes
2399:Boccaccio
2369:Belinskij
2359:Beethoven
2304:AĆvaghoáčŁa
2234:Al-Akhtal
2229:Akutagawa
2204:Abu Nuwas
1962:volcanoes
1941:Raditladi
1906:Discovery
1886:Beethoven
1818:Geography
1685:. esa.int
1447:CiteSeerX
508:MESSENGER
495:MESSENGER
483:MESSENGER
467:MESSENGER
459:MESSENGER
355:Discovery
345:MESSENGER
312:MESSENGER
251:bow shock
151:1.4
140:Intrinsic
37:Discovery
3643:Category
3592:See also
3575:Proposed
3542:and past
3487:Transits
3364:Sullivan
3339:Schubert
3234:Petrarch
3159:Murasaki
3154:MunkĂĄcsy
3084:Melville
3024:Lysippus
2979:Leopardi
2974:Larrocha
2964:Kurosawa
2959:Kunisada
2904:Kalidasa
2809:Hodgkins
2804:Hitomaro
2764:Harunobu
2699:Ghiberti
2669:Flaubert
2664:Firdousi
2654:Faulkner
2634:Eminescu
2594:Dominici
2554:De Graft
2534:Couperin
2459:Carducci
2419:Bramante
2404:Boethius
2394:Bjornson
2319:Balagtas
2249:Al-JÄhiz
1980:plateaus
1951:Victoria
1911:Eminescu
1891:Borealis
1842:Features
1689:April 5,
1504:phys.org
1358:22194574
1266:17183319
1158:July 20,
1152:Fox News
1129:26991651
1121:21960627
986:55170805
677:cite web
289:Ganymede
287:'s moon
265:Strength
148:distance
4092:Neptune
4077:Jupiter
4036:Uranian
4016:Martian
4006:Hermian
3909:Geotail
3619:Fiction
3612:Related
3584:(~2031)
3540:Current
3440:Geology
3404:Vivaldi
3384:Tolstoj
3294:Raphael
3244:Picasso
3239:Phidias
3224:Oskison
3209:Neumann
3199:Nureyev
3179:Nampeyo
3174:Nabokov
3124:MoliĂšre
3114:Mistral
3079:Matisse
3074:Matabei
3069:Martial
3044:Mansart
3034:Machaut
3019:Lu Hsun
2989:Lessing
2954:Kulthum
2934:Kipling
2924:Kertész
2889:JanĂĄÄek
2874:Imhotep
2869:Ictinus
2854:Hun Kal
2824:Holberg
2819:Holbein
2814:Hokusai
2754:Han Kan
2689:Gauguin
2674:Flaiano
2649:Equiano
2644:Enwonwu
2624:Eastman
2609:Dowland
2589:Dickens
2584:Desprez
2559:Debussy
2524:Copland
2479:CĂ©zanne
2469:Calvino
2464:Carolan
2429:Bruegel
2389:Bernini
2354:Beckett
2279:Angelou
2274:Aneirin
2239:Alencar
2224:Aksakov
2191:Craters
2048:valleys
1946:Tolstoj
1916:Hokusai
1896:Debussy
1856:Regions
1825:General
1809:Outline
1798:Mercury
1746:Bibcode
1439:Bibcode
1366:2350973
1338:Bibcode
1330:Science
1301:Bibcode
1274:4342216
1246:Bibcode
1101:Bibcode
1093:Science
1058:Mercury
966:Bibcode
762:Bibcode
533:mission
394:Origins
285:Jupiter
277:Earth's
4087:Uranus
4082:Saturn
4021:Jovian
3963:EISCAT
3935:THEMIS
3923:(2015)
3921:
3894:(2016)
3892:
3717:Aurora
3655:Portal
3374:Titian
3329:Sander
3324:Rudaki
3309:Rivera
3304:Renoir
3289:Rameau
3214:Nizami
3194:Neruda
3189:Nawahi
3144:Mozart
3119:Mofolo
3109:Milton
3049:Mansur
3039:Mahler
2949:Kuiper
2929:Khansa
2859:Hurley
2839:Horace
2794:Hesiod
2759:Handel
2724:Goethe
2714:Glinka
2709:Giotto
2704:Gibran
2694:Geddes
2629:Eitoku
2619:Dvorak
2574:Derain
2529:Copley
2514:Chu Ta
2509:Chopin
2494:Chekov
2454:CamÔes
2424:Brontë
2414:Brahms
2384:Berkel
2379:Benoit
2339:BartĂłk
2334:Balzac
2259:Amaral
2199:Abedin
2154:fossae
1931:Neruda
1921:Kuiper
1901:Derain
1449:
1364:
1356:
1272:
1264:
1238:Nature
1127:
1119:
1064:
984:
958:Icarus
606:â IGPP
524:metals
516:liquid
341:et al.
229:dipole
217:Aurora
167:length
106:Dipole
4011:Lunar
3973:SHARE
3968:HAARP
3929:Polar
3914:IMAGE
3890:Arase
3495:Earth
3463:Moons
3433:Other
3419:Yeats
3409:Vyasa
3394:Verdi
3354:Sinan
3319:Rodin
3314:Rizal
3204:Nervo
3184:Navoi
3169:Myron
3149:Munch
3139:Moody
3129:Monet
3064:MartĂ
3054:March
3009:Liszt
2999:Li Po
2969:Lange
2939:KĆshĆ
2919:Kenko
2914:Keats
2909:Karsh
2894:Jokai
2864:Ibsen
2834:Homer
2829:Holst
2784:Heine
2779:Haydn
2739:Grieg
2729:Gogol
2719:Gluck
2614:Durer
2599:Donne
2564:Degas
2549:Dario
2444:Byron
2439:Burns
2374:Bello
2349:BashĆ
2344:Barma
2309:Atget
2289:Anyte
2269:Andal
2254:Alver
2219:Ailey
2096:rupes
1604:(PDF)
1362:S2CID
1270:S2CID
1125:S2CID
1054:(PDF)
1029:(PDF)
1018:(PDF)
993:(PDF)
982:S2CID
954:(PDF)
731:(PDF)
702:(PDF)
600:(PDF)
183:Main
124:Speed
3946:Wind
3500:Mars
3424:Zola
3229:Ovid
3219:Okyo
3089:Mena
2879:Ives
2849:Hugo
2749:Hals
2734:Goya
2544:Dali
2314:Bach
1881:Bach
1691:2015
1529:NASA
1410:NASA
1354:PMID
1262:PMID
1179:Time
1160:2011
1117:PMID
1062:ISBN
818:NASA
683:link
669:2016
653:"Dr"
604:UCLA
520:iron
481:The
410:core
185:ions
137:Type
111:0.0°
108:tilt
3919:MMS
3249:Poe
2659:Fet
2364:Bek
1754:doi
1457:doi
1346:doi
1334:334
1309:doi
1254:doi
1242:444
1109:doi
1097:333
974:doi
962:195
770:doi
4111::
1752:.
1742:58
1740:.
1708:.
1660:.
1635:.
1610:â
1606:.
1578:.
1553:.
1527:.
1502:.
1477:.
1455:.
1445:.
1435:49
1433:.
1408:.
1383:.
1360:.
1352:.
1344:.
1332:.
1307:.
1297:34
1295:.
1291:.
1268:.
1260:.
1252:.
1240:.
1236:.
1211:.
1199:^
1176:.
1149:.
1123:.
1115:.
1107:.
1095:.
1020:.
980:.
972:.
960:.
956:.
928:.
903:.
889:^
873:.
861:^
845:.
833:^
816:.
791:.
768:.
758:49
756:.
679:}}
675:{{
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