Mercury regulation in the United States

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wastes. RCRA regulations assign specific waste codes to five types of wastes that are either "characteristic" wastes or "listed" wastes. Mercury is both a characteristic and a listed waste under RCRA. RCRA regulations describe specific disposal requirements for individual waste codes. All mercury-bearing wastes (wastewaters and nonwastewaters) are subject to land disposal restrictions. RCRA regulations also influence product disposal and recycling options for mercury containing products. On February 23, 2011, following ten years of litigation, the EPA released scaled-back air emission rules for industrial boilers and solid waste incinerators. The recently released final rules address hazardous air pollutant ("HAP") emission standards for industrial, commercial and institutional boilers and process heaters (the Boiler Maximum Achievable Control Technology or "Boiler MACT" rule) and commercial and industrial solid waste incineration units (the "CISWI" rule). Industrial boilers and process heaters burn fuels such as natural gas, biomass, coal and oil to produce heat or electricity; CISWIs burn solid waste. The Boiler MACT rules create emission limits for mercury, particulate matter and carbon monoxide for all new coal-fired boilers with heat input greater than 10 million Btu per hour and particulate matter emission limits for new biomass and oil-fired boilers.

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are significant such as water consumption, some of the cereals choices, some specific vegetables as well as a variety of red and white meat. Dietetic practices are able to alter mercury toxicity such as chewing boiled eggs or even chewing gum. In fact, those two practices have been proved to be able to reduce mercury exposure by increasing the mercury release. Such practices, in addition to food intakes, might explain the differences observed between the populations regarding the mercury toxicity. Nutrients intake is another factor explaining the changes in the toxicity levels of mercury as well as their effects. Selenium for example works as a protective agent against mercury toxicity obtained through fish intake. Other nutrients such as thiamine deficiency at the general population demonstrates an aggravation of the mercury exposure symptoms. Similar to thiamine, iron aggravates mercury exposure effect while ascorbic acid will help reduce the mercury toxicity effect. Fat is another agent that participates in the reduction of the mercury toxicity. In fact, higher LDL levels has been proved to help reducing mercury effects.

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might worsen a certain nutrition deficiency. Some of the most common deficiency observed with chronic mercury intake is a selenium deficiency. Such deficiency might impact neuronal functions as well as behaviour disorders and learning disabilities for children. Other deficiencies that are observed with a persisting mercury intake are vitamin E, vitamin B12 and vitamin C. Long term deficiency in vitamin E might cause muscle weakness as well as loss of muscle mass, abnormal eye movements and even vision problems. As for vitamin B12 deficiency, it might cause anemia and confusion for the elderly population. Finally, for long term vitamin C deficiencies, high blood pressure as well as gallbladder disease and stroke are all possible outcomes of those deficiencies. In order to avoid such deficiencies, a higher intake of those nutrients and vitamins are necessary.

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larger species up the food chain, the mercury concentration is magnified. Currently, humans around the world collectively emit 2000 metric tons per year. With strict regulations, the number could be decreased to 800 metric tons, however, if humans continue without stricter regulations, the number will increase to 3400 metric tons. One factor that increases the effects of mercury contamination is the presence of coniferous forests. Additionally, the fact that mercury can travel far distances from its location of release provides further justification for regulation. For instance, mercury contamination occurs in the Arctic and Antarctic, where it has not been released.

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responsibility between exporting and importing countries in protecting human health and the environment from the harmful effects of such chemicals and provides for the exchange of information about potentially hazardous chemicals that may be exported and imported. A key goal of the Rotterdam PIC Convention is to provide technical assistance for developing countries and countries with economies in transition to develop the infrastructure and capacity necessary to implement the provisions of the Convention. Substances covered under the Convention: Mercury compounds including inorganic and organometallic mercury compounds.

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ionic (e.g., divalent) mercury compounds will fall on land and water mainly in the vicinity of the sources (local to regional distances), while elemental mercury vapour is transported on a hemispherical/global scale making mercury emissions a global concern. Another example is the so-called "polar sunrise mercury depletion incidence", where the transformation of elemental mercury to divalent mercury is influenced by increased solar activity and the presence of ice crystals, resulting in a substantial increase in mercury deposition during a three-month period (approximately March to June).

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biomagnification of methylmercury has a most significant influence on the impact on animals and humans. Fish appear to bind methylmercury strongly, nearly 100 percent of mercury that bioaccumulates in predator fish is methylmercury. Consequently, the elimination of methylmercury from fish is very slow. Given steady environmental concentrations, mercury concentrations in individuals of a given fish species tend to increase with age as a result of the slow elimination of methylmercury and increased intake due to changes in trophic position that often occur as fish grow to larger sizes.

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respect to mercury. Even if that state has strict mercury regulations, water quality can be negatively affected by mercury emissions from a neighboring state or country, demonstrating further need for global regulations. Lastly, scientists stress the importance of developing long-term solutions to mercury contamination because, currently, the advice to avoid consuming high amounts of fish prevents people from getting vital nutrients, and is impractical in places where fish is the main source of food.

512: 619:, but does not propose to change those emission standards. According to the EPA, the Power Plant Mercury and Air Toxics Standards are expected to have broad health benefits (due to reductions in several pollutants, not just mercury), including the prevention in the year 2016 of between 6,800 and 17,000 premature deaths and 11,000 non-fatal heart attacks. The EPA has also announced public hearings throughout the month of May. 245:

poorly ventilated indoor spaces. emotional changes (e.g., mood swings, irritability, nervousness, excessive shyness); insomnia; neuromuscular changes (such as weakness, muscle atrophy, twitching); headaches; disturbances in sensations; changes in nerve responses; performance deficits on tests of cognitive function. At higher exposures there may be kidney effects, respiratory failure and death.

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combustion of fossil fuels. Other anthropogenic sources of mercury include: cement production (mercury in lime), mining (iron/steel, zinc, gold), use of fluorescent lamps, various instruments and dental amalgam fillings, manufacturing of products containing mercury (thermometers, manometers and other instruments, electrical and electronic switches) and waste disposal.

724:. POTWs may have mercury discharge limits in their permits, and may have difficulty disposing metal-contaminated sludges; therefore some POTW authorities limit or prohibit their industrial and commercial users from discharging mercury into the sewer system. Some authorities also promote voluntary mercury reduction/elimination practices with their customers. 360:

non-most-favored-nation (non-MFN) countries. For 1994, the tax rate for mercury imports from MFN countries is 16.5 ¢/kg, compared to a 55.1 ¢/kg tax on imports from non-MFN countries (item 2805.40). Due to special treaty agreements, no duty is imposed on mercury imports from Canada, Israel, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Caribbean Basin countries.

570:(MACT), designed to reduce hazardous air pollutant emissions to a maximum achievable degree, by setting a standard at least as stringent as the emission reductions achieved by the average of the top 12% best controlled in the same pollution sources. However, as of early 2011, no federal limits of mercury from coal and oil-fired 615:

proposal aims to reduce emissions from new and existing coal and oil-fired EGUs by 91% from current levels through national quantity-based, numerical emission limits on mercury releases. As part of this new rule, the EPA is also offering a proposal to "monitor" changes to industrial and commercial steam generating units

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ores or from fossil fuel and mineral deposits hidden in the Earth's crust and released into the biosphere, it can be highly mobile, cycling between the Earth's surface and the atmosphere. The Earth's surface soils, water bodies and bottom sediments are thought to be the primary biospheric sinks for mercury.

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production is a significant user of mercury and a source of mercury releases to the environment. The mercury used in this process acts as a catalyst in the chlorine production process. Best practices, such as proper waste management, can minimize the release of mercury. Mercury-free technologies are

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Regulations associated with releases or mercury into the environment impose costs, conditions, and/or restrictions on activities that incidentally discharge mercury into the environment. The following categories describe mercury release regulations: (1) airborne releases; (2) effluent discharges into

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Currently, only Michigan has regulations that specifically require facilities to report the quantities of chemicals used. Under the Part 9 rules of Act 245, Michigan's water pollution control act, businesses that use any substance listed on the "Critical Materials Registry" must report the quantities

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Almost all people have at least trace amounts of methylmercury in their tissues, reflecting methylmercury's widespread presence in the environment and people's exposure through the consumption of fish and shellfish. Although the presence of Mercury is quite common, most people remain below the levels

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Mercury exposure might have a variety of health effects depending on the population. In fact, some populations are affected by a lack of appetite others have seen a reduction of their food or fluid intake as well as a significant weight loss. Those alterations as well as the chronic intake of mercury

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Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulations outline specific classification and disposal requirements for products and wastes that contain mercury. In general, RCRA regulations are waste-specific, not source-specific, and thus may apply to any facility that generates mercury-containing

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plants). A variety of mercury discharge standards have been published in national regulations. Implementation of these standards, along with changes in manufacturing industries to reduce or eliminate use of mercury, has resulted in a reduction of mercury discharges to surface waters since the 1970s.

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Given these findings, the EPA reversed its earlier decision by offering a final revision of the 'appropriate and necessary finding' for coal and oil-fired EGUs by ultimately deciding to exclude these units from the 112 list. In its place, the EPA issued a rule to permanently cap and reduce mercury

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At a federal level, only facilities that exceed threshold planning quantities for mercury under SARA Title III regulations must report that quantity to their local emergency planning commission. EPA is currently considering a chemical use inventory, which would track the quantities of chemicals used

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systems. The two main pathways by which terrestrial plants can be exposed to mercury are uptake from soils into the roots and absorption directly from the air. Potential exposure routes for terrestrial animals include the following: (1) ingestion of mercury-contaminated food; (2) direct contact with

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While much is generally known about mercury bioaccumulation and biomagnification, the process is extremely complex and involves complicated biogeochemical cycling and ecological interactions. As a result, although accumulation/magnification can be observed, the extent of mercury biomagnification in

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A very important factor in the impacts of mercury to the environment is its ability to build up in organisms and up along the food chain. All forms of mercury can accumulate in organisms. However, methylmercury is taken up at a faster rate than other forms and bioaccumulates to a greater extent. The

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Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) is a complex global development issue. Reaching out to individual miners is challenging, with an estimated 10-15 million artisanal and small-scale gold miners globally in approximately 70 countries. ASGM is the largest demand sector for mercury globally

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Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act establishes emergency release, inventory, and release reporting requirements. The requirement includes the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI), which requires facilities in the manufacturing sector (SIC codes 20-39) to report releases to air, water, and

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waste. The ADA study and other research supported EPA's 2014 estimate that dental offices—over 100,000 nationwide—were annually sending 4.4 tons of mercury to POTWs. This finding contributed to the agency's decision to develop national effluent limitations for dental offices, which became effective

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Currently, only Minnesota has a use-restriction law providing that mercury sold in the state will be used only for medical, dental, instructional, research, or manufacturing purposes. Sellers must provide buyers with a material safety data sheet and have the buyer sign a statement of proper use and

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Because mercury can travel from its release location to areas all over the world, and because fish is traded worldwide, mercury regulation that only focuses on the state or national level is not sufficient. Examples of this ineffectiveness include states in the U.S. that regulate water quality with

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Elemental (metallic) mercury primarily causes health effects when it is breathed as a vapor where it can be absorbed through the lungs. These exposures can occur when elemental mercury is spilled or products that contain elemental mercury break and expose mercury to the air, particularly in warm or

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The majority of atmospheric anthropogenic emissions are released as gaseous elemental mercury. The atmospheric residence time of elemental mercury is in the range of months to roughly one year. This makes transport on a hemispherical scale possible and emissions in any continent can thus contribute

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The different forms mercury exists in (such as elemental mercury vapour, methylmercury, or mercuric chloride) are commonly designated "species". As mentioned above, the main groups of mercury species are elemental mercury, inorganic and organic mercury forms. Speciation is the term commonly used to

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Mercury occurs naturally in the environment and exists in many forms. In pure form, it is known as "elemental" or "metallic" mercury. Elemental mercury is a shiny, silver-white metal that is liquid at room temperature. It is not found in this form in nature, but in compounds and inorganic salts. If

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Under the Title V Operating Permits program, states may impose emissions fees up to $ 25/ton of emissions for all chemicals. Facilities releasing mercury are subject to this fee for their mercury emissions. Without a differential fee structure, the fee alone is not likely to be high enough to spur

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determined the regulation of coal and oil-fired EGUs to be "appropriate and necessary" under the Clean Air Act, Section 112(c) standards for mercury emissions, adding these units to the list of sources that must be regulated. This push gained further impetus in 2005, when the EPA released a report

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The Strategic and Critical Materials Stockpile Act regulates mercury that the Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) sells from the National Defense Stockpile. The amount of mercury sold from the stockpile has the potential to affect the mercury market, although DLA considers its impact on the market when

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Exposure to mercury differs depending on the type of food as well as dietetic practices. In fact, the biggest contribution of mercury comes from different fish sources and seafood. This contribution is estimated to be around 20 to 85% of the mercury intake of the general population. Other sources

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The largest emissions of mercury to the global atmosphere occur from combustion of fossil fuels; mainly coal in utility, industrial, and residential boilers. As much as two thirds of the total emission of ca. 2269 tonnes of mercury emitted from all anthropogenic sources worldwide in 2000 came from

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Being an element, mercury cannot be broken down or degraded into harmless substances. Mercury may change between different states and species in its cycle, but its simplest form is elemental mercury, which itself is harmful to humans and the environment. Once mercury has been liberated from either

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Mercury is an element and cannot be destroyed. Policies designed to decrease the production, use and trade of mercury must be accompanied by access to viable, safe and secure long term storage. Investing in supply, trade, and storage issue is more efficient than trying to control mercury release.

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Methylmercury has different ways of transferring itself. In fact, methylmercury is transferred through maternal milk during breast feeding. This methylmercury in breast feeding milk is transferred through fatty cells that allows the methylmercury to be transported through the milk. Another way of

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Mercury in the air eventually settles into water or onto land where it can be washed into water. Once deposited, certain microorganisms can change it into methylmercury, a highly toxic form that builds up in fish, shellfish and animals that eat fish. The general population is primarily exposed to

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agreed on the need to develop a global legally binding instrument on mercury. Participation in the intergovernmental negotiating committee (INC) is open to all Governments. Following the conclusion of the negotiations, the text will be open for signature at a diplomatic conference (Conference of

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vacated the CAMR on the grounds that it illegally exempts utilities from the list of regulated source categories under the MACT standards. On March 16, 2011 EPA proposes Mercury and Air Toxic Standards, the first nationwide limits on coal-fired power plant emissions of mercury. Specifically, the

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Inorganic mercury released into the atmosphere is converted to methylmercury by the action of microbes that live in aquatic systems including lakes, rivers, wetlands, sediments, soils and the open ocean. The methylmercury is absorbed by plankton and small fish. As these organisms are consumed by

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Speciation influences the transport of mercury within and between environmental compartments including the atmosphere and oceans, among others. For example, the speciation is a determining factor for how far from the source mercury emitted to air is transported. Mercury adsorbed on particles and

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is the largest single anthropogenic source of mercury air emissions. Coal burning for power generation is increasing. Although coal contains only small concentrations of mercury, it is burnt in very large volumes. Household burning of coal is also a significant source of mercury emissions and a

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Additionally, according to the report the two latter categories saw 96% and 98% reductions of total mercury release, respectively, between the 15-year period between 1990 and 2005 while power plant emissions fell by only 10%. By 2005, coal-fired power plants made up the largest single source of

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FIFRA covers the sale and use of pesticides, including registration of chemicals that meet health and safety tests. Until recently, several mercury compounds were registered as pesticides, bactericides, and fungicides. By 1991, however, all registrations for mercury compounds in paints had been

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For fetuses, infants, and children, the primary health effect of methylmercury is impaired neurological development. Methylmercury exposure in the womb, which can result from a mother's consumption of fish and shellfish that contain methylmercury, can adversely affect a baby's growing brain and

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The "Toolkit for identification and quantification of mercury releases", the "Mercury Toolkit", is intended to assist countries to develop a mercury releases inventory. It provides a standardized methodology and accompanying database enabling the development of consistent national and regional

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Moreover, speciation determines how to control mercury emissions to air. For example, emissions of inorganic mercuric compounds (such as mercuric chloride) are captured reasonably well by some control devices (such as wet-scrubbers), while capture of elemental mercury tends to be low for most

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is a means for formally obtaining and disseminating information so that decisions can be made by importing countries as to whether they wish to receive future shipments of certain chemicals and for ensuring compliance with these decisions by exporting countries. The Convention promotes shared

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Seven northeastern states (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New York, New Hampshire, Vermont, Rhode Island) published a regional TMDL for mercury in 2007. The TMDL covers more than 10,000 lakes, ponds, and reservoirs, and over 46,000 river miles (74,000 km). The focus of the plan is on

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The Mercury-Containing and Rechargeable Battery Management Act of 1996 (Battery Act) phases out the use of mercury in batteries, and provides for the efficient and cost-effective disposal of used nickel cadmium (Ni-Cd) batteries, used small sealed lead-acid (SSLA) batteries, and certain other

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The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommends that exposures to mercury metal be limited to an average of 0.05 mg/m over a 10-hour workday in addition to a ceiling limit of 0.1 mg/m. The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)

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Methylmercury is a type of mercury that is liquid at room temperature. The methylmercury is used for the preservation of grains that are used for animal food. The methylmercury is obtained through the methylation of the mercury with the presence of anaerobic bacteria in the waters as well as

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In fact, those nutrients are able not only to affect the mercury bioavailability but they affect as well their immunological influences as well as their biochemical, cytological and metabolic responses to mercury. On the other hand, multiple nutrients are found to interact with several other

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Regulations associated with mercury use in commerce impose costs, conditions, and/or restrictions associated with obtaining, selling, using, or transporting mercury. The following categories describe mercury use regulations: (1) commerce-related regulations such as taxes and transportation

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The Food and Drug Administration is responsible for mercury in food, drugs, and cosmetics. Mercury use as a preservative or antimicrobial is limited to eye-area cosmetics or ointments in concentrations below 60ppm. Yellow mercuric oxide is not recognized as a safe and effective ophthalmic

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The Department of Transportation regulates hazardous materials transport under the Hazardous Materials Transportation Act (HMTA). Mercury and mercury compounds are hazardous substances subject to packaging, shipping and transportation rules for hazardous materials. RCRA regulations for

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Mercury and several mercury compounds are subject to import taxes under the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States, which identifies import taxes on all goods imported into the United States from most-favored-nation (MFN) countries, as well as from special treaty nations and

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anti-infective ingredient. The FDA also regulates dental amalgam under FFDCA. Dental mercury is classified as a Class I medical device, with extensive safety regulations on its use. Dental amalgam alloy is classified as a Class II device, subject to additional special controls.

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United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Washington, D.C. (2012-02-16). "National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants From Coal- and Oil-Fired Electric Utility Steam Generating Units and Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel-Fired Electric Utility,

1176:. According to one of the basic obligations, Parties will have to reduce their emissions for these three metals below their levels in 1990 (or an alternative year between 1985 and 1995). The Protocol aims to cut emissions from industrial sources (iron and steel industry, 1184:. It lays down stringent limit values for emissions from stationary sources and suggests best available techniques (BAT) for these sources, such as special filters or scrubbers for combustion sources or mercury-free processes. The Protocol requires Parties to phase out 810:

land for all listed chemicals, including mercury. Other sections require facilities to report spills of listed substances above a threshold reporting quantity (reportable quantities), and the quantities of chemicals stored above a specified threshold planning quantity.

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system of regulations, with the goal of a 70% reduction, from 48 to 15 tons annually. The proposed cap was set to be phased in two distinct phases, the first set at 38 tons annually while the second phase, set to commence 2018, required a cap of 15 tons annually.

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The Internal Revenue Code imposes taxes on 40 chemicals, including mercury, that are sold by the manufacturer, producer, or importer . The tax rate for mercury is $ 4.45/ton, the second highest tax rate listed (10 substances have the highest tax rate of $

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was brought into force in 1992 in order to prevent the transportation of hazardous wastes to developing countries. Over 170 countries have now joined the convention, including Australia who became a member of the Basel Convention on 5 February 1992.

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methylmercury through the diet (especially fish) and to elemental mercury vapors due to dental amalgams. Depending on local mercury pollution load, substantial additional contributions to the intake of total mercury can occur through air and water.

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region through scientific collaboration and policy negotiation. The Convention has been extended by eight protocols that identify specific measures to be taken by Parties to cut their emissions of air pollutants. The Executive Body adopted the

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Current anthropogenic (associated with human activity) releases from the mobilization of mercury impurities in raw materials such as fossil fuels – particularly coal, and to a lesser extent gas and oil and other extracted, treated and recycled

60:(FDA), as well as a variety of state and local authorities. EPA published the Mercury and Air Toxics Standards (MATS) regulation in 2012; the first federal standards requiring power plants to limit emissions of mercury and other toxic gases. 1377:. Reducing mercury in products may be the most effective means to control mercury in waste. Sound management should consider all stages of the product's life-cycle. Clear regulation can prompt manufacturers to produce mercury-free products. 1397:

The management of mercury and mercury-containing waste is the last step in the product life-cycle. The elimination of mercury in products and processes may be the most efficient way to avoid the presence of any form of mercury in waste.

1188:. It also introduces measures to lower heavy metal emissions from other products, such as mercury in batteries, and proposes the introduction of management measures for other mercury-containing products, such as electrical components ( 672:

or POTWs) are classified as “indirect dischargers” and are subject to local sewage authority requirements. Industrial indirect dischargers, and some commercial facilities (including dental offices) are also subject to EPA regulations.

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Many states have operated independently from the federal EPA in setting their own emission reduction targets. In 2007, 18 states proposed more stringent abatement levels than what was proposed at the federal level at the time.

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Some micro-organisms can produce organic mercury, particularly methylmercury, from other mercury forms. Methylmercury can accumulate in living organisms and reach high levels in fish and marine mammals via a process called

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not sealed off, mercury slowly evaporates into the air, forming a vapor. The quantity of vapor formed increases as temperatures rise. Elemental mercury is traditionally used in thermometers and some electrical switches.

1990:

Albers JW, Kallenbach LR, Fine LJ, Langolf GD, Wolfe RA, Donofrio PD, Alessi AG, Stolp-Smith KA, Bromberg MB (November 1988). "Neurological abnormalities associated with remote occupational elemental mercury exposure".

574:(EGUs) were on the books. The development of a regulatory policy framework to guide the emissions of mercury from power plants is on-going, the major developments of which have occurred largely within the last decade. 3738: 3818: 660:(NPDES). Facilities discharging to a river, lake or coastal water body are called "direct dischargers." Most permits are issued by state environmental agencies; EPA issues permits in certain jurisdictions. 444:

canceled by EPA or voluntarily withdrawn by the manufacturer. Registrations for calo-chlor and calo-gran, the last mercury-based pesticides registered for use in the United States (to control pink and grey

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Current anthropogenic releases resulting from mercury used intentionally in products and processes, due to releases during manufacturing, leaks, disposal or incineration of spent products or other releases

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Minnesota published its statewide TMDL for mercury in 2007. Ninety-nine percent of the mercury in Minnesota waters is from air deposition; two-thirds of the state's water bodies have been contaminated by

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NPDES permits include technology-based effluent limitations, which are based on the performance of control and treatment technologies. Facilities that discharge to sewage treatment plants (also called

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Fate and transport research is important in setting and implementing national, regional and global priorities. It also helps establish baselines to monitor and assess progress on mercury reductions.

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Those multifactorial correlations are extremely hard to establish. In fact, concluding that it is a protective or aggravating correlation is always complicated and dependent on metabolic conditions.

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The North Sea Directive between Denmark, Belgium, France, Germany, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom was created to reduce the amount of mercury going into the

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of each substance used and released. Mercury is included the Critical Materials Registry. The state uses this information to assist in permit development and compliance in its water program.

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governs pollution of surface waters. In the first several decades since enactment of the 1972 law, EPA and states’ approach to mercury pollution focused on discharges to surface waters from

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reductions in mercury emissions. For instance, Wisconsin's largest source of mercury air emissions, an electric utility, would only pay $ 15.90 for its mercury releases (.63 ton @$ 25/ton).

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For other industries, limitations for mercury discharges may be included in permits if appropriate, according to the “best professional judgement” (BPJ) of the permit-issuing agency.

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Sundberg J, Ersson B, Lonnerdal B, Oskarsson A (1999). "Protein binding of mercury in milk and plasma from mice and man—a comparison between methylmercury and inorganic mercury".

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EPA and state agencies publish fish consumption advisories which identify fishing locations (water bodies) and types of fish that should be avoided due to mercury contamination.

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Drenner, Ray W.; Chumchal, Matthew M. (2013). "Effects of Mercury Deposition and Coniferous Forests on the Mercury Contamination of Fish in the South Central United States".

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reducing atmospheric deposition of mercury, which is the principal pollution source, rather than developing additional controls on point source or nonpoint source discharges.

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The Clean Water Act requires states to identify water bodies that are not meeting water quality standards, and to develop plans to address these impairments, in the form of

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17 mg/kg (dry wt) and .85 kg/hectare annual loading rate for sludge sold or distributed for application to a lawn or home garden (40 CFR 503, Table 3 of §503.13)

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17 mg/kg (dry wt) and 17 kg/hectare cumulative loading for sludge applied on agricultural, forest and publicly accessible lands (40 CFR 503, Table 2 of §503.13)

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Elemental mercury in the atmosphere can undergo transformation into inorganic mercury forms, providing a significant pathway for deposition of emitted elemental mercury.

3815: 1574: 241:). Impacts on cognitive thinking, memory, attention, language, and fine motor and visual spatial skills have been seen in children exposed to methylmercury in the womb. 168:

to the deposition in other continents. Estimates developed in the early 2000s are that less than half of all mercury deposition within the U.S. comes from U.S. sources.

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requesting Congressional authorization for sales. DLA accepts daily bids for mercury. Over the last year, the price of DLA mercury has ranged from $ 57 – 82 per flask.

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Mercury use regulations affect only those facilities that use mercury as an input. They do not affect those sources that release mercury incidentally as a by-product.

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Through the early 21st century, most POTWs did not regulate the dental amalgam waste (which contains mercury) disposed down the drains at dental offices. In 2005 the

2238:. United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards and Office of Research and Development. 1997-12-01. Archived from 3885: 955:

These recommendations are for methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations; CMC ≡ Criterion Maximum Concentration (acute); CCC ≡ Criterion Continuous Concentration (chronic)

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Moreover, a variety of fish, milk, meat and wheat accompagned of selenium, zinc, magnesium, and vitamins C, E and B allow an alteration of the mercury metabolism.

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regulated batteries. The statute applies to battery and product manufacturers, battery waste handlers, and certain battery and product importers and retailers.

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Natural sources - releases due to natural mobilization of naturally occurring mercury from the Earth's crust, such as volcanic activity and weathering of rocks

3285: 2266: 1505: 3379: 3266: 3249: 3232: 3215: 3198: 3181: 3153: 3136: 3119: 586:, which linked 2/3's of the total amount of mercury released in 1990 to three source categories: stationary power plants, municipal waste combustors, and 2922: 1342:

health hazard. The objective of this partnership area is continued minimization and elimination of mercury releases from coal combustion where possible.

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Mercury (and other metals) that are discharged to POTWs are frequently typically removed within the treatment system and end up in the sewage plant's

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Re-mobilization of historic anthropogenic mercury releases previously deposited in soils, sediments, water bodies, landfills and waste/tailings piles.

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Ullrich, Susanne; Tanton, Trevor; Abdrashitova, Svetlana (2001). "Mercury in the Aquatic Environment: A Review of Factors Affecting Methylation".

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For methylmercury, the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) has estimated a safe daily intake level of 0.1 μg/kg body weight per day.

3675: 3464: 2801: 2961:. Mercury Study Report to Congress (Report). United States Environmental Protection Agency. December 1997. pp. 3–7–3–8. EPA 452-R-97/003. 867: 559: 394: 2293:. EPA-452/R-97-008. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards and Office of Research and Development. 3440: 1308: 453: 34: 3658: 648:

However, in the 21st century, mercury is still entering many water bodies through atmospheric deposition, mainly from combustion of coal.

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Inorganic mercury compounds or mercury salts, more commonly found in nature, include mercuric sulphide (HgS), mercuric oxide (HgO) and

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Pacyna JM, EG Pacyna (2005). "Anthropogenic sources and global inventory of mercury emissions". In Percival JB, Parsons MD (eds.).

85:). Most of these are white powders or crystals, except for mercuric sulphide which is red and turns black after exposure to light. 3401: 2987: 2726: 2666: 3589: 3569: 2286: 2228: 1369:

Transition success has been demonstrated in thermometers, switches and relays, batteries other than button cells, thermostats,

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Organic mercury is formed when mercury combines with carbon and other elements. Examples of organic mercury compounds are

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Industrial-Commercial-Institutional, and Small Industrial-Commercial-Institutional Steam Generating Units." Final rule.

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EPA has included limitations for mercury discharges in nine of the technology-based industrial/commercial regulations ("

57: 38: 3325: 1056:

57 mg/kg (dry wt) for sludge sold or distributed for other types of land disposal (40 CFR 503, Table 1 of §503.13)

1599: 1102:

EPA maximum recommended fish tissue methylmercury residue based on a total fish consumption rate of 0.0175 kg/day

728: 29: 2185:

Bloom NS, Watras CJ, Hurley JP (1991). "Impact of acidification on the methylmercury cycle of remote seepage lakes".

881: 223:

sediments and soils. In fact, most microbes that live in lakes, rivers, oceans are able to create the methylmercury.

209:

nutrients and elements in such a manner that would affect the mercury exposure toxicity as well as their metabolism.

3168:

EPA. "Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Steam Electric Power Generating Point Source Category."

2523:

Rallo, Manuela; Lopez-Anton, M. Antonia (2011-11-17). "Mercury policy and regulations for coal-fired power plants".

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started between US and Canada in 1972 and was designed to limit various pollutants in the lakes, including mercury.

52:(Hg) that is permitted in air, water, soil, food and drugs. The regulations are promulgated by agencies such as the 2936: 1955:

Smith RG, Vorwald AJ, Patil LS, Mooney TF (1970). "Effects of exposure to mercury in the manufacture of chlorine".

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transportation would be the placenta barrier that allows the methylmercury to be accumulated at the fetus levels.

41:. The types of fish to eat are categorized based on the mercury levels found in fish and the risk to human health. 3375: 3890: 1161: 771: 542:

The primary piece of federal legislation governing the airborne release of mercury in the United States is the

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recommends that metallic mercury exposures be limited to an average of 0.025 mg/m over an 8-hour workday.

1906: 1905:

Steuerwald U, Weihe P, Jørgensen PJ, Bjerve K, Brock J, Heinzow B, Budtz-Jørgensen E, Grandjean P (May 2000).

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EPA-approved method to detect Hg in water. Lower detection methods are available, but not yet approved by EPA

3605: 3090: 2748: 731:(ADA) estimated that 50% of the mercury entering POTWs was discharged by dental offices, as they disposed of 693:

Electric power plants. In 2015 EPA added mercury effluent limitations to its electric power plant regulation.

448:) were voluntarily canceled by the manufacturer in November 1993. Existing stocks may be sold until depleted. 97: 3306:

EPA. "Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Dental Category; Proposed Rule." 2014-10-22. 79

2769: 975: 599: 551: 547: 563: 2478: 1739:

Hill CH (1979). "Studies on the ameliorating effect of ascorbic acid on mineral toxicities in the chick".

1416:

mercury inventories. National inventories will assist countries to identify and address mercury releases.

93: 3515: 3359:

EPA. "Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Dental Category; Final Rule." 2017-06-14. 82

2616: 611: 3378:(Report). United States Environmental Protection Agency. September 1994. p. 29. EPA 832/R-93/003. 2470: 2419: 2366: 2312: 2194: 1816: 1697: 1637: 1550: 1320:

Most of the priorities for action to reduce risk from mercury have been defined within partnerships:

1238: 1197: 1776:"Placental Transfer of Mercuric Chloride, Phenyl Mercury Acetate and Methyl Mercury Acetate in Mice" 762:

Sludges applied below these levels may be disposed of on farms or other open land, or in landfills.

3544: 3519: 3196:

EPA. "Inorganic Chemicals Manufacturing Point Source Category." Effluent Guidelines and Standards.

2808: 2483: 1357: 1209: 677: 705:

Pesticide manufacturing (including a zero discharge of pollutants requirement for some facilities)

3433: 3213:

EPA. "Nonferrous Metals Manufacturing Point Source Category." Effluent Guidelines and Standards.

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EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). (1997). Mercury Study Report to Congress. Volume VI:

2210: 2026: 1937: 1721: 1226:

Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal

1147:

Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution and The 1998 Aarhus Protocol on Heavy Metals

2093:

McFarland RB, Reigel H (August 1978). "Chronic mercury poisoning from a single brief exposure".

17: 3655: 1857: 3341: 2916: 2825: 2637: 2550: 2496: 2435: 2392: 2110: 2075: 2018: 1972: 1929: 1885: 1832: 1756: 1713: 1668: 1628:

Pacyna EG, Pacyna JM (July 2006). "Global anthropogenic mercury emission inventory for 2000".

1566: 1441: 1329:(estimated at 650-1000 tonnes in 2005). Low mercury and mercury free solutions are available. 1267: 1177: 1173: 186: 78: 49: 3134:

EPA. "Centralized Waste Treatment Point Source Category." Effluent Guidelines and Standards.

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contaminated soil; (3) ingestion of mercury-contaminated drinking water; and (4) inhalation.

3360: 3307: 3173: 2958: 2540: 2532: 2488: 2427: 2382: 2374: 2355:"Integrating mercury science and policy in the marine context: Challenges and opportunities" 2320: 2202: 2102: 2065: 2057: 2008: 2000: 1964: 1921: 1856:. United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2009-11-01. Archived from 1824: 1787: 1748: 1705: 1645: 1558: 1465: 1390: 1374: 1205: 644: 237: 3068:(Report). United States Environmental Protection Agency. September 2010. EPA-833-K-10-001. 3033: 2898: 3842: 3782: 3662: 3642: 3609: 3576: 3348: 3329: 3292: 2290: 2270: 1436: 657: 636: 602:(CAMR) was designed to reduce emissions of mercury from stationary power plants through a 401: 190: 117: 89: 3247:

EPA. "Pesticide Manufacturing Point Source Category." Effluent Guidelines and Standards.

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EPA. "Ore Mining and Dressing Point Source Category." Effluent Guidelines and Standards.

3065: 2861: 2583: 2150:"Protecting Workers from Mercury Exposure While Crushing and Recycling Fluorescent Bulbs" 577:

The movement toward the regulation of mercury from EGUs began in December 2000, when the

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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EPA. "Battery Manufacturing Point Source Category." Effluent Guidelines and Standards.

2983: 2718: 2662: 2410:

Krabbenhoft, David P.; Sunderland, Elise M. (2013-09-27). "Global Change and Mercury".

2387: 2354: 2070: 2045: 1709: 1185: 732: 3857: 2283: 2239: 1828: 1468: 3879: 3822: 3802: 3762: 3742: 3722: 3702: 3400:

New England Interstate Water Pollution Control Commission; et al. (2007-10-24).

2106: 1430: 745: 721: 603: 587: 101: 2562: 2447: 2332: 2214: 1941: 3342:"Mercury Source Control and Pollution Prevention Program Evaluation; Final Report." 2945: 2030: 1649: 1181: 1164:

on 24 June 1998 in Aarhus (Denmark). It targets three particularly harmful metals:

640: 3489: 3264:

EPA. "Waste Combustors Point Source Category." Effluent Guidelines and Standards.

3093:(Report). United States Environmental Protection Agency. June 2011. 833-B-11-001. 2691:"Technology Transfer Network Air Toxics 2005 National-Scale Air Toxics Assessment" 2690: 1725: 3340:

Association of Metropolitan Sewerage Agencies (AMSA), Washington D.C. July 2002.

3269: 3252: 3235: 3218: 3201: 3184: 3156: 3139: 3122: 2378: 2284:

An Ecological Assessment for Anthropogenic Mercury Emissions in the United States

1907:"Maternal seafood diet, methylmercury exposure, and neonatal neurologic function" 1534:

Seigneur C, Vijayaraghavan K, Lohman K, Karamchandani P, Scott C (January 2004).

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National Recommended Water Quality Criteria - Aquatic Life Criteria Table (1995)

1266:

The Barcelona Commission was created in 1974 to reduce mercury emissions to the

1193: 823: 300:

requirements; (2) product-related restrictions; and (3) reporting requirements.

3283:

Criteria And Standards for the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System.

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EPA. "Dental Office Point Source Category." Effluent Guidelines and Standards.

562:(NAAQS). The key distinction is that the former is controlled by establishing 3682: 2536: 1255: 1213: 1189: 774:(TMDLs). Several states have issued TMDLs specifically for mercury pollution: 1968: 3322: 2431: 1925: 1792: 1775: 1291: 1201: 445: 149:

The releases of mercury to the biosphere can be grouped in four categories:

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The Basel Convention – Combating the illegal trafficking of hazardous waste

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represent the distribution of a quantity of mercury among various species.

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National Recommended Water Quality Criteria - Human Health Criteria Table

2114: 2061: 2013: 1760: 1125: 2545: 2984:"Advisories and Technical Resources for Fish and Shellfish Consumption" 2935:

United States. Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972.

2206: 1536:"Global source attribution for mercury deposition in the United States" 1180:

industry), combustion processes (power generation, road transport) and

1165: 848: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2492: 1562: 498:

waters; (3) hazardous waste disposal; and (4) reporting requirements.

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Several exposure pathways are possible for both plants and animals in

3541:"Mercury Falling: Groundbreaking Power Plant Emissions Rule Imminent" 2826:"Regulatory Actions - Reducing Toxic Air Emissions From Power Plants" 2128: 1251: 1124:

Land disposal (Subtitle D, nonhazardous landfills) prohibited unless

1688:

Hill CH (1980). "Interactions of Vitamin C with Lead and Mercury".

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0.85 kg/ha per 365-day period (annual pollutant loading rate).

3602: 1512:. United Nations Environment Programme. 2002-12-01. Archived from 468:

Mercury-Containing and Rechargeable Battery Management Act of 1996

437: 28: 3836:

Toolkit for Identification and Quantification of Mercury Releases

2578: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2131:. United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2010-10-01 1411:

Toolkit for Identification and Quantification of Mercury Releases

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Mercury Contamination of Aquatic Ecosystems (Fact Sheet, 1995)

2612: 1155:

has addressed some of the major environmental problems of the

817: 584:

The Nata Inventory Modified for the Toxics Rule 2005 Base Year

505: 3492:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2018-03-21. 3467:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2018-12-14. 3040:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2018-08-20. 3011:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2018-12-12. 2693:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2011-02-24. 2665:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2010-10-01. 2640:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2008-09-05. 2615:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2011-05-06. 2590:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2008-09-05. 1483:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2017-06-08. 3008: 1600:"Modelling of Mercury Hemispheric Transport and Depositions" 974:

Maximum contaminant level for mercury established under the

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Strategic and Critical Materials Stockpile Act (50 USCA §98)

3281:

EPA. "Technology-based treatment requirements in permits."

2752: 1606:. Meteorological Synthesizing Centre - East. Archived from 967:

Maximum contaminant level = 0.002 mg/L (40 CFR 141.62)

3465:"Fish and Shellfish Advisories and Safe Eating Guidelines" 2044:

Levine SP, Cavender GD, Langolf GD, Albers JW (May 1982).

1481:"Basic Information about Mercury and Air Toxics Standards" 1426:

Mercury-Containing and Rechargeable Battery Management Act

1324:

Reducing Mercury in Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining:

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1.4 μg/L for freshwater maximum acute concentrations (CMC)

3696:

Reducing Mercury in Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining

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was created in 1974 to decrease mercury emissions to the

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1.8 μg/L for saltwater maximum acute concentrations (CMC)

716:

Indirect discharges of mercury to sewage treatment plants

556:

National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants

3376:

A Plain English Guide to the EPA Part 503 Biosolids Rule

2305:

Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology

942:

0.77 μg/L for freshwater continuous concentrations (CCC)

948:

0.94 μg/L for saltwater continuous concentrations (CCC)

3514:

Michael Best & Friedrich, LLP (25 February 2011).

3302: 3300: 2770:"FACT SHEET PROPOSED MERCURY AND AIR TOXICS STANDARDS" 2638:"NESHAPS Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT)" 2046:"Elemental mercury exposure: peripheral neurotoxicity" 3864:

Mercury in the Environment (Fact Sheet, October 2000)

3321:

Massachusetts Water Resources Authority, Boston, MA.

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Great Lakes Pollution Prevention and Toxics Reduction

1774:

Suzuki T, Matsumoto T, Miyama T, et al. (1967).

1312:

Plenipotentiaries), which was held in 2013 in Japan.

1077:

Minnesota sets mercury concentration limits incompost

265:

fish is not easily predicted across different sites.

100:. The form most commonly found in the environment is 3603:

Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution

3434:

Minnesota Statewide Mercury Total Maximum Daily Load

2353:

Lambert, Kathleen F.; Evers, David C. (2012-08-15).

1667:. Ottawa, Ont: Mineralogical Association of Canada. 1153:

Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution

3402:

Northeast Regional Mercury Total Maximum Daily Load

2937: 2236:Mercury Study Report to Congress, EPA-452/R-97-005 2229:"Fate and Transport of Mercury in the Environment" 1884:. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. 2000. 1665:Mercury: sources, measurements, cycles and effects 656:Point source discharges require permits under the 438:Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act 120:(i.e. concentrations increase in the food chain). 3432:Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (2007-03-27). 3091:Introduction to the National Pretreatment Program 3009:"National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System" 1316:UNEP Global Mercury Partnership Action Priorities 755:17 kg/ha (cumulative pollutant loading rate) 277:U.S. regulations to prevent mercury contamination 2264:Global Mercury Assessment: Summary of the report 598:emissions from stationary power facilities. The 3621:United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. 3601:United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. 3060: 3058: 3038:National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System 2663:"Controlling Power Plant Emissions: Chronology" 1298:UNEP Global Mercury Negotiation and Partnership 748:disposal set the following limits for mercury: 658:National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System 568:maximum achievable control technology standards 356:Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States 934:Ambient Water Recommendations for Aquatic Life 2866:United States Environmental Protection Agency 2856: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2830:United States Environmental Protection Agency 2764: 2762: 2723:United States Environmental Protection Agency 2262:United Nations Environment Programme. (2008) 1352:Mercury Reduction in the Chlor-alkali Sector: 1117:leachate ≥ 0.2 mg/L (40 CFR 261.24, 264) 1017:0.2 μg/L (200 ng/L) = recommended method 339:Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (26 USCA §4661) 231:that can lead to contamination or poisoning. 8: 3736:Mercury Reduction in the Chlor-alkali Sector 3656:Introduction to the Rotterdam PIC Convention 2525:Environmental Science and Pollution Research 1303:Global Legally Binding Instrument on Mercury 1361:also available in chlor-alkali production. 1307:In February 2009, the Governing Council of 550:, mercury is classified under the Act as a 2713: 2711: 1690:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 708:Waste combustors (commercial incinerators) 643:(principally factories, power plants, and 2544: 2482: 2386: 2069: 2012: 1791: 1347:Environmental impact of the coal industry 908:Learn how and when to remove this message 857:"Mercury regulation in the United States" 554:and is thus subject to control under the 493:Regulations governing releases of mercury 3623:The 1998 Aarhus Protocol on Heavy Metals 2584:"Great Lakes Binational Toxics Strategy" 1381:Mercury Air Transport and Fate Research: 919: 310: 3776:Mercury Air Transport and Fate Research 1452: 1274:The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement 572:electric utility steam generating units 46:Mercury regulation in the United States 3886:Environmental law in the United States 3834:United Nations Environment Programme. 3814:United Nations Environment Programme. 3794:United Nations Environment Programme. 3774:United Nations Environment Programme. 3754:United Nations Environment Programme. 3734:United Nations Environment Programme. 3714:United Nations Environment Programme. 3694:United Nations Environment Programme. 3674:United Nations Environment Programme. 3588:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 3490:"Historical Advisories Where You Live" 2921:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2914: 1882:Toxicological effects of methylmercury 560:National Ambient Air Quality Standards 395:Hazardous Materials Transportation Act 3568:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 3323:"Toxic Reduction and Control (TRAC)." 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2342: 1333:Mercury Control from Coal Combustion: 752:57 mg/kg (maximum concentration) 108:How mercury exists in the environment 7: 3716:Mercury Control from Coal Combustion 3516:"EPA Issues Final Boiler MACT Rules" 2872:from the original on 4 February 2011 2729:from the original on 30 January 2011 2463:Environmental Science and Technology 846:adding citations to reliable sources 454:Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act 295:Regulations governing use of mercury 48:limit the maximum concentrations of 35:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2986:. US Geological Survey. June 2010. 1280:Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement 404:transporters incorporate HMTA rules 2942:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 2166:from the original on 11 April 2024 1710:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1980.tb21344.x 1506:"Summary of the assessment report" 1099:FDA action level for methylmercury 744:EPA's national standards for POTW 370:Government Mercury Stockpile Sales 25: 3539:Hair, Corbin (18 December 2011). 3034:"NPDES State Program Information" 2782:from the original on 17 June 2011 696:Inorganic chemicals manufacturing 407:Operating requirements, Labeling 2187:Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 2107:10.1097/00043764-197808000-00003 1192:, switches), measuring devices ( 1128:contains less than 0.2 mg/L 822: 740:Sewage sludge disposal standards 510: 18:Mercury and Air Toxics Standards 3860:- U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 3551:from the original on 2012-01-08 3496:from the original on 2019-02-13 3471:from the original on 2019-02-13 3446:from the original on 2020-09-28 3414:from the original on 2022-01-19 3382:from the original on 2019-02-13 3097:from the original on 2019-03-29 3072:from the original on 2018-10-17 3044:from the original on 2018-10-17 3015:from the original on 2015-09-01 2990:from the original on 2017-05-05 2965:from the original on 2019-02-12 2836:from the original on 2015-07-03 2697:from the original on 2011-06-12 2669:from the original on 2011-01-30 2644:from the original on 2011-05-09 2619:from the original on 2007-02-08 2594:from the original on 2011-02-04 1580:from the original on 2012-03-18 1487:from the original on 2020-03-07 1003:0.002 mg/L (21 CFR 103.35) 833:needs additional citations for 699:Nonferrous metals manufacturing 652:Point source regulatory program 617:New Source Performance Standard 579:Environmental Protection Agency 54:Environmental Protection Agency 1650:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.03.041 1365:Mercury Reduction in Products: 670:publicly owned treatment works 33:Fish advisory chart issued by 1: 2959:"Volume I: Executive Summary" 2749:"EPA: Clean Air Mercury Rule" 2719:"Mercury in Your Environment" 1829:10.1016/s0300-483x(99)00076-1 1604:MSC-E Technical Report 6/2002 3116:Code of Federal Regulations, 3066:NPDES Permit Writers' Manual 2379:10.1016/j.envres.2012.06.002 1598:Travnikov O, Ryaboshapko A. 1233:The Rotterdam PIC Convention 814:U.S. environmental standards 594:airborne mercury emissions. 432:Product-related restrictions 307:Commerce-related regulations 58:Food and Drug Administration 39:Food and Drug Administration 2802:"TheAirToxicsRule Proposal" 1433:(public awareness campaign) 1402:Mercury Supply and Storage: 788:Fish consumption advisories 729:American Dental Association 687:Centralized waste treatment 558:(NESHAP's) rather than the 3907: 3845:. Retrieved on 2011-04-07. 3825:. Retrieved on 2011-04-07. 3805:. Retrieved on 2011-04-07. 3785:. Retrieved on 2011-04-07. 3765:. Retrieved on 2011-04-07. 3745:. Retrieved on 2011-04-07. 3725:. Retrieved on 2011-04-07. 3705:. Retrieved on 2011-04-07. 3592:. Retrieved on 2015-12-29. 3579:. Retrieved on 2015-12-30. 1344: 664:Technology-based standards 485:at individual facilities. 184: 141:emission control devices. 3685:. Retrieved on 2011-04-07 3665:. Retrieved on 2011-04-07 3645:. Retrieved on 2011-04-07 2537:10.1007/s11356-011-0658-2 2129:"Mercury: Human Exposure" 1510:Global Mercury Assessment 772:total maximum daily loads 566:under a program known as 519:This section needs to be 3439:(Report). St. Paul, MN. 1969:10.1080/0002889708506315 1371:HID auto discharge lamps 1239:Rotterdam PIC Convention 1162:Protocol on Heavy Metals 3676:The Negotiating Process 2432:10.1126/science.1242838 1926:10.1067/mpd.2000.102774 1793:10.2486/indhealth.5.149 1630:Atmospheric Environment 1286:The North Sea Directive 976:Safe Drinking Water Act 766:Water quality standards 552:hazardous air pollutant 548:criteria air pollutants 98:methylmercuric chloride 3625:. Retrieved 2011-04-07 3612:. Retrieved 2011-04-07 3407:(Report). Lowell, MA. 2613:"Mercury Quick Finder" 2359:Environmental Research 2325:10.1080/20016491089226 1012:Water-level of detect 805:Reporting requirements 610:In December 2008, the 600:Clean Air Mercury Rule 480:Reporting requirements 380:Command & Control 282:Reasons for regulation 94:phenylmercuric acetate 42: 2814:on 29 September 2011. 2412:Environmental Science 2005:10.1002/ana.410240510 1543:Environ. Sci. Technol 684:Battery manufacturing 612:D.C. Court of Appeals 564:performance standards 326:Regulatory Mechanism 256:Environmental effects 235:nervous system (see: 172:Anthropogenic sources 32: 2062:10.1136/oem.39.2.136 1851:"Mercury Fact Sheet" 1262:Barcelona Commission 1220:The Basel Convention 1070:No federal standards 842:improve this article 386:Transporting Mercury 3870:Learn About Mercury 3756:Mercury in Products 3545:National Law Review 3520:National Law Review 2475:2013EnST...47.1274D 2424:2013Sci...341.1457K 2418:(6153): 1457–1458. 2371:2012ER....119..132L 2317:2001CREST..31..241U 2199:1991WASP...56..477B 1821:1999Toxgy.137..169S 1753:10.1093/jn/109.1.84 1702:1980NYASA.355..262H 1642:2006AtmEn..40.4048P 1555:2004EnST...38..555S 1252:Helsinki Commission 1246:Helsinki Commission 1036:No ambient standard 678:effluent guidelines 323:Mercury Information 181:Exposure to mercury 3841:2011-04-23 at the 3816:Supply and Storage 3781:2011-01-25 at the 3661:2011-11-08 at the 3641:2011-02-24 at the 3608:2007-12-13 at the 3575:2015-12-05 at the 3347:2019-02-13 at the 3328:2019-02-13 at the 3291:2019-02-13 at the 3286:40 CFR 125.3(c)(2) 2868:. 20 August 2015. 2289:2011-02-13 at the 2273:. 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(2010). 3632: 3626: 3619: 3613: 3599: 3593: 3586: 3580: 3566: 3560: 3559: 3557: 3556: 3536: 3530: 3529: 3527: 3526: 3511: 3505: 3504: 3502: 3501: 3486: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3476: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3452: 3451: 3445: 3438: 3429: 3423: 3422: 3420: 3419: 3413: 3406: 3397: 3391: 3390: 3388: 3387: 3372: 3366: 3357: 3351: 3338: 3332: 3319: 3313: 3304: 3295: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3262: 3256: 3255: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3166: 3160: 3159: 3149: 3143: 3142: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3103: 3102: 3087: 3081: 3080: 3078: 3077: 3062: 3053: 3052: 3050: 3049: 3030: 3024: 3023: 3021: 3020: 3005: 2999: 2998: 2996: 2995: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2970: 2955: 2949: 2943: 2939: 2933: 2927: 2926: 2920: 2912: 2910: 2909: 2903: 2897:. Archived from 2896: 2888: 2882: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2858: 2845: 2844: 2842: 2841: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2813: 2807:. Archived from 2806: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2781: 2774: 2766: 2757: 2756: 2751:. Archived from 2745: 2739: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2715: 2706: 2705: 2703: 2702: 2687: 2678: 2677: 2675: 2674: 2659: 2653: 2652: 2650: 2649: 2634: 2628: 2627: 2625: 2624: 2609: 2603: 2602: 2600: 2599: 2580: 2567: 2566: 2548: 2520: 2505: 2504: 2486: 2469:(3): 1274–1279. 2458: 2452: 2451: 2407: 2401: 2400: 2390: 2350: 2337: 2336: 2300: 2294: 2280: 2274: 2260: 2254: 2253: 2251: 2250: 2244: 2233: 2225: 2219: 2218: 2182: 2176: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2165: 2154: 2146: 2140: 2139: 2137: 2136: 2125: 2119: 2118: 2090: 2084: 2083: 2073: 2041: 2035: 2034: 2016: 1987: 1981: 1980: 1952: 1946: 1945: 1911: 1902: 1896: 1895: 1878: 1872: 1871: 1869: 1868: 1862: 1855: 1847: 1841: 1840: 1804: 1798: 1797: 1795: 1771: 1765: 1764: 1736: 1730: 1729: 1685: 1679: 1678: 1660: 1654: 1653: 1625: 1619: 1618: 1616: 1615: 1595: 1589: 1588: 1586: 1585: 1579: 1540: 1531: 1525: 1524: 1522: 1521: 1502: 1496: 1495: 1493: 1492: 1477: 1471: 1457: 1391:Waste Management 926:Mercury Standard 920: 913: 906: 902: 899: 893: 891: 850: 826: 818: 645:sewage treatment 535: 532: 526: 514: 513: 506: 417:Use restrictions 346:Input/sales tax 311: 238:Minamata disease 118:biomagnification 69:Forms of mercury 21: 3906: 3905: 3901: 3900: 3899: 3897: 3896: 3895: 3891:Mercury control 3876: 3875: 3854: 3849: 3843:Wayback Machine 3833: 3829: 3813: 3809: 3793: 3789: 3783:Wayback Machine 3773: 3769: 3753: 3749: 3733: 3729: 3713: 3709: 3693: 3689: 3673: 3669: 3663:Wayback Machine 3653: 3649: 3643:Wayback Machine 3633: 3629: 3620: 3616: 3610:Wayback Machine 3600: 3596: 3587: 3583: 3577:Wayback Machine 3567: 3563: 3554: 3552: 3538: 3537: 3533: 3524: 3522: 3513: 3512: 3508: 3499: 3497: 3488: 3487: 3483: 3474: 3472: 3463: 3462: 3458: 3449: 3447: 3443: 3436: 3431: 3430: 3426: 3417: 3415: 3411: 3404: 3399: 3398: 3394: 3385: 3383: 3374: 3373: 3369: 3358: 3354: 3349:Wayback Machine 3339: 3335: 3330:Wayback Machine 3320: 3316: 3305: 3298: 3293:Wayback Machine 3280: 3276: 3265: 3263: 3259: 3248: 3246: 3242: 3231: 3229: 3225: 3214: 3212: 3208: 3197: 3195: 3191: 3180: 3172:2015-11-03, 80 3167: 3163: 3152: 3150: 3146: 3135: 3133: 3129: 3118: 3113: 3109: 3100: 3098: 3089: 3088: 3084: 3075: 3073: 3064: 3063: 3056: 3047: 3045: 3032: 3031: 3027: 3018: 3016: 3007: 3006: 3002: 2993: 2991: 2982: 2981: 2977: 2968: 2966: 2957: 2956: 2952: 2941: 2934: 2930: 2913: 2907: 2905: 2901: 2894: 2892:"Archived copy" 2890: 2889: 2885: 2875: 2873: 2860: 2859: 2848: 2839: 2837: 2824: 2823: 2819: 2811: 2804: 2800: 2799: 2795: 2785: 2783: 2779: 2772: 2768: 2767: 2760: 2747: 2746: 2742: 2732: 2730: 2725:. 8 July 2013. 2717: 2716: 2709: 2700: 2698: 2689: 2688: 2681: 2672: 2670: 2661: 2660: 2656: 2647: 2645: 2636: 2635: 2631: 2622: 2620: 2611: 2610: 2606: 2597: 2595: 2582: 2581: 2570: 2522: 2521: 2508: 2460: 2459: 2455: 2409: 2408: 2404: 2352: 2351: 2340: 2302: 2301: 2297: 2291:Wayback Machine 2281: 2277: 2271:Wayback Machine 2261: 2257: 2248: 2246: 2242: 2231: 2227: 2226: 2222: 2184: 2183: 2179: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2152: 2148: 2147: 2143: 2134: 2132: 2127: 2126: 2122: 2092: 2091: 2087: 2043: 2042: 2038: 1989: 1988: 1984: 1954: 1953: 1949: 1909: 1904: 1903: 1899: 1892: 1880: 1879: 1875: 1866: 1864: 1860: 1853: 1849: 1848: 1844: 1806: 1805: 1801: 1773: 1772: 1768: 1738: 1737: 1733: 1687: 1686: 1682: 1675: 1662: 1661: 1657: 1627: 1626: 1622: 1613: 1611: 1597: 1596: 1592: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1538: 1533: 1532: 1528: 1519: 1517: 1504: 1503: 1499: 1490: 1488: 1479: 1478: 1474: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1437:Mercury in fish 1422: 1413: 1349: 1318: 1305: 1300: 1235: 1222: 1151:Since 1979 the 1149: 1144: 1139: 1109:Hazardous Waste 914: 903: 897: 894: 851: 849: 839: 827: 816: 807: 798: 796:Hazardous Waste 637:Clean Water Act 633: 631:Water pollution 536: 530: 527: 524: 515: 511: 504: 495: 482: 434: 402:hazardous waste 309: 297: 284: 279: 258: 202: 193: 191:Mercury in fish 183: 174: 147: 130: 110: 90:dimethylmercury 84: 71: 66: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3904: 3902: 3894: 3893: 3888: 3878: 3877: 3874: 3873: 3867: 3861: 3853: 3852:External links 3850: 3848: 3847: 3827: 3821:2012-09-18 at 3807: 3801:2013-04-16 at 3787: 3767: 3761:2012-09-15 at 3747: 3741:2013-04-16 at 3727: 3721:2013-04-16 at 3707: 3701:2013-04-16 at 3687: 3681:2011-02-23 at 3667: 3647: 3627: 3614: 3594: 3581: 3561: 3531: 3506: 3481: 3456: 3424: 3392: 3367: 3352: 3333: 3314: 3296: 3274: 3257: 3240: 3223: 3206: 3189: 3161: 3144: 3127: 3107: 3082: 3054: 3025: 3000: 2975: 2950: 2928: 2883: 2846: 2817: 2793: 2758: 2755:on 2015-09-05. 2740: 2707: 2679: 2654: 2629: 2604: 2568: 2531:(4): 1084–96. 2506: 2484:10.1.1.704.275 2453: 2402: 2338: 2311:(3): 241–293. 2295: 2275: 2255: 2220: 2193:(1): 477–491. 2177: 2141: 2120: 2085: 2036: 1982: 1963:(6): 687–700. 1947: 1920:(5): 599–605. 1897: 1890: 1873: 1842: 1815:(3): 169–184. 1799: 1786:(2): 149–155. 1766: 1731: 1696:(1): 262–266. 1680: 1673: 1655: 1620: 1590: 1526: 1497: 1472: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1445: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1428: 1421: 1418: 1412: 1409: 1404: 1403: 1395: 1394: 1383: 1382: 1367: 1366: 1354: 1353: 1335: 1334: 1326: 1325: 1317: 1314: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1234: 1231: 1221: 1218: 1210:dental amalgam 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1131: 1130: 1129: 1120: 1119: 1118: 1110: 1106: 1105: 1104: 1103: 1100: 1095: 1094: 1093: 1092:0.3 mg/kg 1090: 1085: 1081: 1080: 1079: 1078: 1073: 1072: 1071: 1066: 1062: 1061: 1059: 1058: 1057: 1054: 1051: 1046: 1042: 1041: 1039: 1038: 1037: 1032: 1028: 1027: 1026: 1025: 1020: 1019: 1018: 1013: 1009: 1008: 1006: 1005: 1004: 999: 995: 994: 992: 991: 990: 985: 981: 980: 979: 978: 970: 969: 968: 963: 962:Drinking Water 959: 958: 957: 956: 951: 950: 949: 946: 943: 940: 935: 931: 930: 927: 924: 916: 915: 830: 828: 821: 815: 812: 806: 803: 797: 794: 790: 789: 785: 784: 780: 768: 767: 760: 759: 756: 753: 742: 741: 733:dental amalgam 718: 717: 710: 709: 706: 703: 700: 697: 694: 691: 690:Dental offices 688: 685: 666: 665: 654: 653: 632: 629: 590:incinerators. 538: 537: 518: 516: 509: 503: 500: 494: 491: 481: 478: 477: 476: 475: 474: 464: 463: 462: 461: 451: 450: 449: 433: 430: 427: 426: 424: 420: 418: 415: 409: 408: 405: 397: 391: 390:Transportation 388: 382: 381: 378: 374: 371: 368: 365: 364: 361: 357: 354: 351: 348: 347: 344: 340: 337: 334: 328: 327: 324: 321: 320:Law or Example 318: 315: 308: 305: 296: 293: 283: 280: 278: 275: 257: 254: 201: 200:Health effects 198: 182: 179: 173: 170: 165: 164: 161: 158: 154: 146: 143: 129: 126: 109: 106: 82: 70: 67: 65: 62: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3903: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3883: 3881: 3871: 3868: 3865: 3862: 3859: 3856: 3855: 3851: 3844: 3840: 3837: 3831: 3828: 3824: 3823:archive.today 3820: 3817: 3811: 3808: 3804: 3803:archive.today 3800: 3797: 3791: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3777: 3771: 3768: 3764: 3763:archive.today 3760: 3757: 3751: 3748: 3744: 3743:archive.today 3740: 3737: 3731: 3728: 3724: 3723:archive.today 3720: 3717: 3711: 3708: 3704: 3703:archive.today 3700: 3697: 3691: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3677: 3671: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3657: 3651: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3637: 3631: 3628: 3624: 3618: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3604: 3598: 3595: 3591: 3585: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3571: 3565: 3562: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3535: 3532: 3521: 3517: 3510: 3507: 3495: 3491: 3485: 3482: 3470: 3466: 3460: 3457: 3442: 3435: 3428: 3425: 3410: 3403: 3396: 3393: 3381: 3377: 3371: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3356: 3353: 3350: 3346: 3343: 3337: 3334: 3331: 3327: 3324: 3318: 3315: 3312: 3309: 3303: 3301: 3297: 3294: 3290: 3287: 3284: 3278: 3275: 3271: 3268: 3261: 3258: 3254: 3251: 3244: 3241: 3237: 3234: 3227: 3224: 3220: 3217: 3210: 3207: 3203: 3200: 3193: 3190: 3186: 3183: 3178: 3175: 3171: 3165: 3162: 3158: 3155: 3148: 3145: 3141: 3138: 3131: 3128: 3124: 3121: 3117: 3111: 3108: 3096: 3092: 3086: 3083: 3071: 3067: 3061: 3059: 3055: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3029: 3026: 3014: 3010: 3004: 3001: 2989: 2985: 2979: 2976: 2964: 2960: 2954: 2951: 2947: 2940: 2932: 2929: 2924: 2918: 2904:on 2009-02-10 2900: 2893: 2887: 2884: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2821: 2818: 2810: 2803: 2797: 2794: 2778: 2771: 2765: 2763: 2759: 2754: 2750: 2744: 2741: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2714: 2712: 2708: 2696: 2692: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2668: 2664: 2658: 2655: 2643: 2639: 2633: 2630: 2618: 2614: 2608: 2605: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2547: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2507: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2457: 2454: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2406: 2403: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2339: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2299: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2285: 2279: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2265: 2259: 2256: 2245:on 2000-09-18 2241: 2237: 2230: 2224: 2221: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2181: 2178: 2162: 2158: 2151: 2145: 2142: 2130: 2124: 2121: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2089: 2086: 2081: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2040: 2037: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2015: 2014:2027.42/50328 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1986: 1983: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1951: 1948: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1908: 1901: 1898: 1893: 1891:0-309-07140-2 1887: 1883: 1877: 1874: 1863:on 2010-12-25 1859: 1852: 1846: 1843: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1803: 1800: 1794: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1770: 1767: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1735: 1732: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1684: 1681: 1676: 1674:0-921294-34-4 1670: 1666: 1659: 1656: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1624: 1621: 1610:on 2004-09-05 1609: 1605: 1601: 1594: 1591: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1549:(2): 555–69. 1548: 1544: 1537: 1530: 1527: 1516:on 2003-08-22 1515: 1511: 1507: 1501: 1498: 1486: 1482: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1463: 1456: 1453: 1447: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1423: 1419: 1417: 1410: 1408: 1401: 1400: 1399: 1392: 1388: 1387: 1386: 1380: 1379: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1364: 1363: 1362: 1359: 1356:Mercury cell 1351: 1350: 1348: 1343: 1340: 1332: 1331: 1330: 1323: 1322: 1321: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1302: 1297: 1295: 1293: 1288: 1287: 1283: 1281: 1276: 1275: 1271: 1269: 1264: 1263: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1248: 1247: 1243: 1240: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1219: 1217: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1186:leaded petrol 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1158: 1154: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1127: 1123: 1122: 1121: 1116: 1113: 1112: 1111: 1108: 1107: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1096: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1086: 1083: 1082: 1076: 1075: 1074: 1069: 1068: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1060: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1048: 1047: 1045:Sewage Sludge 1044: 1043: 1040: 1035: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1023: 1022: 1021: 1016: 1015: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1007: 1002: 1001: 1000: 998:Bottled Water 997: 996: 993: 988: 987: 986: 983: 982: 977: 973: 972: 971: 966: 965: 964: 961: 960: 954: 953: 952: 947: 944: 941: 938: 937: 936: 933: 932: 928: 925: 922: 921: 912: 909: 901: 890: 887: 883: 880: 876: 873: 869: 866: 862: 859: – 858: 854: 853:Find sources: 847: 843: 837: 836: 831:This section 829: 825: 820: 819: 813: 811: 804: 802: 795: 793: 787: 786: 781: 777: 776: 775: 773: 765: 764: 763: 757: 754: 751: 750: 749: 747: 739: 738: 737: 734: 730: 725: 723: 715: 714: 713: 707: 704: 701: 698: 695: 692: 689: 686: 683: 682: 681: 679: 674: 671: 663: 662: 661: 659: 651: 650: 649: 646: 642: 641:point sources 638: 630: 628: 624: 620: 618: 613: 608: 605: 604:cap-and-trade 601: 595: 591: 589: 588:medical waste 585: 580: 575: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 546:. Unlike the 545: 544:Clean Air Act 534: 522: 517: 508: 507: 501: 499: 492: 490: 486: 479: 471: 470: 469: 466: 465: 458: 457: 455: 452: 447: 442: 441: 439: 436: 435: 431: 425: 421: 419: 416: 414: 413:Using Mercury 411: 410: 406: 403: 398: 396: 392: 389: 387: 384: 383: 379: 375: 372: 369: 367: 366: 362: 358: 355: 352: 350: 349: 345: 341: 338: 335: 333: 330: 329: 325: 322: 319: 316: 314:Commerce Type 313: 312: 306: 304: 301: 294: 292: 288: 281: 276: 274: 271: 266: 262: 255: 253: 249: 246: 242: 240: 239: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 213: 210: 206: 199: 197: 192: 188: 180: 178: 171: 169: 162: 159: 155: 152: 151: 150: 144: 142: 138: 134: 127: 125: 121: 119: 113: 107: 105: 103: 102:methylmercury 99: 95: 91: 86: 80: 75: 68: 63: 61: 59: 55: 51: 47: 40: 36: 31: 27: 19: 3830: 3810: 3790: 3770: 3750: 3730: 3710: 3690: 3670: 3650: 3630: 3617: 3597: 3584: 3564: 3553:. Retrieved 3534: 3523:. Retrieved 3509: 3498:. Retrieved 3484: 3473:. Retrieved 3459: 3448:. Retrieved 3427: 3416:. Retrieved 3395: 3384:. Retrieved 3370: 3355: 3336: 3317: 3282: 3277: 3260: 3243: 3226: 3209: 3192: 3169: 3164: 3147: 3130: 3115: 3110: 3099:. Retrieved 3085: 3074:. Retrieved 3046:. Retrieved 3037: 3028: 3017:. Retrieved 3003: 2992:. Retrieved 2978: 2967:. Retrieved 2953: 2931: 2906:. Retrieved 2899:the original 2886: 2874:. Retrieved 2865: 2838:. Retrieved 2829: 2820: 2809:the original 2796: 2784:. Retrieved 2753:the original 2743: 2731:. Retrieved 2722: 2699:. Retrieved 2671:. Retrieved 2657: 2646:. Retrieved 2632: 2621:. Retrieved 2607: 2596:. Retrieved 2587: 2546:10261/182619 2528: 2524: 2466: 2462: 2456: 2415: 2411: 2405: 2362: 2358: 2308: 2304: 2298: 2278: 2258: 2247:. Retrieved 2240:the original 2235: 2223: 2190: 2186: 2180: 2168:. Retrieved 2156: 2144: 2133:. Retrieved 2123: 2101:(8): 532–4. 2098: 2094: 2088: 2056:(2): 136–9. 2053: 2050:Br J Ind Med 2049: 2039: 1999:(5): 651–9. 1996: 1992: 1985: 1960: 1956: 1950: 1917: 1913: 1900: 1881: 1876: 1865:. Retrieved 1858:the original 1845: 1812: 1808: 1802: 1783: 1779: 1769: 1747:(1): 84–90. 1744: 1740: 1734: 1693: 1689: 1683: 1664: 1658: 1633: 1629: 1623: 1612:. Retrieved 1608:the original 1603: 1593: 1582:. Retrieved 1546: 1542: 1529: 1518:. Retrieved 1514:the original 1509: 1500: 1489:. Retrieved 1475: 1461: 1455: 1431:Got Mercury? 1414: 1405: 1396: 1384: 1368: 1358:chlor-alkali 1355: 1336: 1327: 1319: 1306: 1289: 1285: 1284: 1277: 1273: 1272: 1265: 1261: 1260: 1249: 1245: 1244: 1236: 1223: 1194:thermometers 1150: 1089:1 mg/kg 929:Explanation 904: 895: 885: 878: 871: 864: 852: 840:Please help 835:verification 832: 808: 799: 791: 769: 761: 743: 726: 719: 711: 675: 667: 655: 634: 625: 621: 609: 596: 592: 583: 576: 541: 531:January 2019 528: 520: 496: 487: 483: 412: 385: 331: 302: 298: 289: 285: 269: 267: 263: 259: 250: 247: 243: 236: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 214: 211: 207: 203: 194: 175: 166: 148: 139: 135: 131: 122: 114: 111: 87: 76: 72: 45: 44: 26: 3267:40 CFR 3250:40 CFR 3233:40 CFR 3216:40 CFR 3199:40 CFR 3182:40 CFR 3154:40 CFR 3137:40 CFR 3120:40 CFR 2948:1972-10-18. 2365:: 132–142. 2095:J Occup Med 1993:Ann. Neurol 1780:Ind. Health 1337:Burning of 1190:thermostats 984:Groundwater 270:terrestrial 3880:Categories 3683:Archive-It 3654:IISD.org. 3555:2011-12-21 3525:2011-08-15 3500:2019-02-13 3475:2019-02-13 3450:2019-02-16 3418:2019-02-16 3386:2019-02-13 3101:2019-02-13 3076:2019-02-13 3048:2019-02-13 3019:2019-02-13 2994:2019-02-13 2969:2019-02-13 2908:2011-05-03 2840:2011-05-03 2701:2011-05-08 2673:2011-05-08 2648:2011-05-08 2623:2011-05-08 2598:2011-04-07 2249:2011-04-09 2135:2011-04-09 1914:J. 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