161:
328:
336:
422:. Even at full intensity, the light from a mercury vapor lamp with no phosphors is distinctly bluish in color. The pressure in the quartz arc-tube rises to approximately one atmosphere once the bulb has reached its working temperature. If the discharge should be interrupted (e.g. by interruption of the electric supply), it is not possible for the lamp to restrike until the bulb cools enough for the pressure to fall considerably. The reason for a prolonged period of time before the lamp restrikes is to due the elevated pressure, which leads to higher breakdown voltage of the gas inside (voltage needed to start an arc –
742:
line of ionized mercury (254 nm) correlates to a blackbody of T= 11,500 K. This property makes them among the very few simple, inexpensive sources available for generating such frequencies. For example, a standard 250-watt general-lighting mercury lamp produces significant output from 120 GHz to 6 THz. In addition, shorter wavelengths in the mid-infrared are emitted from the hot quartz arc-tube envelope. As with the ultraviolet output, the glass outer bulb is largely opaque at these frequencies and thus for this purpose needs to be removed (or omitted in purpose-made lamps).
153:
435:
324:. In fact, the first British fluorescent lamps were designed to operate from 80-watt mercury vapor ballasts. There are also self-ballasted mercury vapor lamps available. These lamps use a tungsten filament in series with the arc tube both to act as a resistive ballast and add full spectrum light to that of the arc tube. Self-ballasted mercury vapor lamps can be screwed into a standard incandescent light socket supplied with the proper voltage.
450:. These lamps are generally called "color corrected" lamps. Most modern mercury vapor lamps have this coating. One of the original complaints against mercury lights was they tended to make people look like "bloodless corpses" because of the lack of light from the red end of the spectrum. A common method of correcting this problem before phosphors were used was to operate the mercury lamp in conjunction with an
219:
31:
1335:
385:
size, but have a longer life. They give light immediately on startup, but usually need a few minutes to restrike if power has been interrupted. Because of the light emitted by the filament, they have slightly better color rendering properties than mercury vapor lamps. Self-ballasted lamps are typically more expensive than a standard mercury vapor lamp.
327:
454:. There is also an increase in red color (e.g., due to the continuous radiation) in ultra-high-pressure mercury vapor lamps (usually greater than 200 atm.), which has found application in modern media projectors. When outside, coated or color corrected lamps can usually be identified by a blue "halo" around the light being given off.
575:
300:, depending on lamp size. The increase in pressure results in further brightening of the lamp. The entire warm-up process takes roughly 4 to 7 minutes. Some bulbs include a thermal switch which shorts the starting electrode to the adjacent main electrode, extinguishing the starting arc once the main arc strikes.
670:
radiation which can cause eye and skin burns. Usually the glass outer jacket of the lamp and in some lamps, also the phosphor coating, block this radiation. However, a care should be taken if the outer jacket of the lamp breaks, because the arctube would continue to operate, presents a safety hazard.
741:
High-pressure mercury vapor (and some specially-designed metal-halide) lamps find application in molecular spectroscopy due to providing useful broadband continuum ("noise") energy at millimeter and terahertz wavelengths, owing to the high electron temperature of the arc plasma; the main UV emission
291:
to ionize the argon, the ionized argon gas will strike a small arc between the starting electrode and the adjacent main electrode. As the ionized argon conducts, the heat from its arc vaporizes the liquid mercury; next, the voltage between the two main electrodes will ionize the mercury gas. An arc
649:
In the US, ballasts for mercury vapor lamps for general illumination, excluding specialty application mercury vapor lamp ballasts, were banned after
January 1, 2008. Because of this, several manufacturers have begun selling replacement compact fluorescent (CFL) and light emitting diode (LED) bulbs
384:
inside connected in series with the arc tube that functions as an electrical ballast. This is the only kind of mercury vapor lamp that can be connected directly to the mains without an external ballast. These lamps have only the same or slightly higher efficiency than incandescent lamps of similar
367:
are commonly in use. These lamps can produce much better quality light without resorting to phosphors. If they use a starting electrode, there is always a thermal shorting switch to eliminate any electrical potential between the main electrode and the starting electrode once the lamp is lit. (This
196:
on
September 17, 1901. In 1903, Hewitt created an improved version that possessed more satisfactory color qualities which eventually found widespread industrial use. The ultraviolet light from mercury vapor lamps was applied to water treatment by 1910. The Hewitt lamps used a large amount of
679:
and eye inflammation from shortwave ultraviolet radiation. When used in locations like gyms, the fixture should contain a strong outer guard or an outer lens to protect the lamp's outer bulb. As a result of the said documented cases, some
American manufacturers made "safety" lamps that will
565:
In low-pressure mercury-vapor lamps only the lines at 184 nm and 254 nm are present. Fused silica is used in the manufacturing to keep the 184 nm light from being absorbed. In medium-pressure mercury-vapor lamps, the lines from 200 to 600 nm are present. The lamps can be
116:
of 35 to 55 lumens/watt. Their other advantages are a long bulb lifetime in the range of 24,000 hours and a high intensity, clear white light output. For these reasons, they are used for large area overhead lighting, such as in factories, warehouses, and sports arenas as well as for
732:
Mercury vapor lamps are used in the printing industry to cure inks. These are typically high powered to rapidly cure and set the inks used. They are enclosed and have protections to prevent human exposure as well as specialised exhaust systems to remove the ozone generated.
426:), which is outside the capabilities of the ballast. Because of this, many mercury vapor lamps have a secondary lamp to function as a backup light source until the mercury vapor lamp can restrike. This lamp is usually a halogen lamp of near or equal brightness.
394:
466:
629:
is preferred. As it emits narrow spectral lines at two very close wavelengths, it is the easiest to filter out. Mercury vapor lamps without any phosphor are second best; they produce only a few distinct mercury lines that need to be filtered out.
43:
566:
constructed to emit primarily in the UV-A (around 400 nm) or UV-C (around 250 nm). High-pressure mercury-vapor lamps are commonly used for general lighting purposes. They emit primarily in the blue and green.
160:
368:
electrical potential in the presence of the halides can cause the failure of the glass/metal seal). More modern metal halide systems do not use a separate starting electrode; instead, the lamp is started using high
315:
through the tube increases. So if the lamp is connected directly to a constant-voltage source like the power lines, the current through it will increase until it destroys itself. Therefore, it requires a
1205:
395:
335:
140:. They also require a warm-up period of four to seven minutes to reach full light output. Mercury vapor lamps are becoming obsolete due to the higher efficiency and better color balance of
396:
703:
suffers particularly from this problem and it is not uncommon to see fairly new polycarbonate surfaces positioned near the lamp to have turned a dull, yellow color after only a short time.
418:
and the high gas pressure causes the mercury emission bands to broaden somewhat, producing a light that appears more nearly white to the human eye, although it is still not a
1536:
398:
1367:
1964:
779:
410:
glow because only a small amount of the mercury is ionized and the gas pressure in the arc tube is very low, so much of the light is produced in the
1360:
1312:
855:
50:
mercury vapor lamp. The small diagonal cylinder at the bottom of the arc tube is a resistor which supplies current to the starter electrode.
1269:
Thun, M. J.; Altman, R.; Ellingson, O.; Mills, L. F.; Talansky, M. L. (1982). "Ocular complications of malfunctioning mercury vapor lamps".
397:
446:
that converts some portion of the ultraviolet emissions into red light. This helps to fill in the otherwise very-deficient red end of the
2074:
1122:
236:
1829:
1232:
651:
599:
1217:
1353:
939:
258:
171:
observed the spectrum of an electric discharge in mercury vapor in 1835, and noted the ultraviolet lines in that spectrum. In 1860,
642:
the use of low efficiency mercury vapor lamps for lighting purposes was banned in 2015. It does not affect the use of mercury in
1514:
1229:
699:
of some plastics used in the construction of luminaires, leaving them significantly discolored after only a few years' service.
2372:
2269:
2007:
1874:
2099:
1884:
240:
183:
and H. S. Keating of
England patented a mercury vapor lamp, considered by some to be the first true mercury vapor lamp.
121:. Clear mercury lamps produce a greenish light due to mercury's combination of spectral lines. This is not flattering to
2094:
1894:
1801:
717:
655:
469:
Line spectrum of mercury vapor. The blue-green tint of mercury vapor lamps is caused by the strong violet and green lines.
175:
used arc lamps operated in a mixture of air and mercury vapor at atmospheric pressure for lighting. The German physicist
136:
Mercury vapor lights operate at an internal pressure of around one atmosphere and require special fixtures, as well as an
2395:
2264:
1425:
987:
680:
deliberately burn out if the outer glass is broken. This is usually achieved by using a thin tungsten strip, which will
198:
125:, so such lamps are typically not used in retail stores. "Color corrected" mercury bulbs overcome this problem with a
2156:
1924:
751:
696:
292:
initiates between the two main electrodes and the lamp will then radiate mainly in the ultraviolet, violet and blue
2400:
229:
2276:
2244:
1837:
1824:
1420:
819:
767:
414:
mercury bands. As the main arc strikes and the gas heats up and increases in pressure, the light shifts into the
2337:
1552:
1526:
759:
695:
glass still allow a relatively large amount of 365 nm UV radiation to escape the lamp. This can cause the
643:
626:
447:
308:
179:(1860–1919) studied mercury discharges in 1892 and developed a lamp based on a mercury arc. In February 1896
2197:
1869:
1481:
152:
1954:
1879:
180:
2367:
1245:
1139:
891:
784:
591:
442:
To correct the bluish tinge, many mercury vapor lamps are coated on the inside of the outer bulb with a
130:
1339:
918:
872:
1043:
953:
606:
in an oxygen containing atmosphere, which helps in the cleaning process, but is also a health hazard.
2079:
1582:
999:
317:
186:
The first mercury vapor lamp to achieve widespread success was invented in 1901 by
American engineer
172:
878:. Eindhoven Institute for Lighting Technology, Eindhoven Univ. of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
688:
129:
on the inside of the outer bulb that emits at the red wavelengths, offering whiter light and better
82:
2207:
2133:
2128:
2111:
2106:
2066:
1531:
1509:
1153:
1048:
847:
419:
320:
to limit the current through it. Mercury vapor lamp ballasts are similar to the ballasts used with
304:
296:. Continued vaporization of the liquid mercury increases the arc tube pressure to between 2 and 18
187:
105:
2357:
2029:
1757:
1749:
692:
168:
137:
109:
94:
86:
59:
650:
for mercury vapor fixtures, which do not require modifications to the existing fixture. The US
434:
275:
before the lamp can produce its full light output. To facilitate starting of the lamp, a third
1899:
1847:
1819:
1739:
1577:
1565:
1521:
1449:
1395:
1308:
1278:
935:
851:
595:
451:
381:
349:
141:
113:
67:
1126:
841:
720:
are becoming more common, mercury vapor lamps are still sometimes used for area lighting and
2182:
2116:
2046:
1997:
1548:
1437:
1432:
1007:
965:
423:
415:
321:
312:
202:
122:
2342:
2301:
2259:
2254:
2089:
1909:
1686:
1415:
1390:
904:
755:
721:
615:
271:
The mercury in the tube is a liquid at normal temperatures. It needs to be vaporized and
1096:
1003:
2230:
2121:
2012:
1976:
1949:
1919:
1786:
1558:
1405:
1400:
932:
Electric Arcs-Experiment Upon Arcs
Between Different Electrodes in Various Environments
639:
101:
radiation the light produces, and a convenient mounting for the fused quartz arc tube.
1218:
Department of Energy §431.286 Energy conservation standards and their effective dates.
205:
company and others led to widespread use of mercury vapor lamps for general lighting.
2389:
2311:
2041:
1944:
1939:
1861:
1762:
1669:
1647:
1473:
1454:
1410:
1301:
1071:
700:
402:
Warm-up of a color corrected 80 W high-pressure mercury vapor lamp to half brightness
357:
353:
293:
2321:
2217:
2212:
2187:
2177:
2138:
1959:
1914:
1642:
1607:
1543:
1501:
1486:
1442:
654:
determined in 2015 that regulations proposed in 2010 for the mercury vapor type of
75:
63:
658:
lamps would not be implemented, because they would not yield substantial savings.
578:
Low-pressure Hg lamps can be rather small, but efficient sources of deep UV light.
671:
There have been documented cases in the United States, of lamps being damaged in
283:
to the other main electrode. In addition to the mercury, the tube is filled with
2362:
2316:
2192:
2051:
1971:
1779:
1774:
1734:
1706:
1701:
1632:
1627:
1612:
1491:
667:
622:
619:
480:
411:
218:
118:
98:
17:
465:
30:
2306:
2172:
2167:
2056:
2019:
2002:
1934:
1929:
1904:
1599:
789:
681:
587:
297:
272:
1028:
192:
2352:
2249:
2202:
1791:
1767:
1696:
1676:
276:
197:
mercury. In the 1930s, improved lamps of the modern form, developed by the
176:
42:
1334:
1282:
2084:
2024:
1729:
1721:
1691:
1652:
1617:
1587:
1570:
1376:
969:
676:
443:
361:
280:
126:
90:
78:
2036:
1981:
1681:
1659:
369:
288:
243: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1192:
1178:
1664:
1622:
1012:
583:
406:
When a mercury vapor lamp is first turned on, it will produce a dark
364:
1179:"Crystec Technology Trading GmbH, Low pressure mercury-vapor lamps"
574:
287:
gas at low pressure. When power is applied, if there is sufficient
279:
is mounted near one of the main electrodes and connected through a
2347:
1711:
1637:
603:
598:
at 185 nm is observed also. Such a lamp can then be used for
573:
464:
433:
392:
334:
326:
284:
159:
151:
71:
41:
29:
666:
The arctube of mercury lamps produces large amount of short wave
646:, nor the use of mercury lamps for purposes other than lighting.
763:
407:
47:
35:
1349:
820:"What color is mercury discharge tube? – handlebar-online.com"
672:
212:
1321:
38:
mercury-vapor light approximately 15 seconds after starting.
1345:
687:
Typical mercury vapor lamps with an outer envelope made of
684:
in the presence of air, to connect one of the electrodes.
1160:. Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State Univ. USA
380:
Self-ballasted (SB) lamps are mercury vapor lamps with a
27:
Light source using an electric arc through mercury vapor
750:
Special ultra high-pressure mercury vapor lamps called
954:"Mercury vapour lamps and action of ultra violet rays"
462:
The strongest peaks of the emission line spectrum are
164:
Production of high-pressure mercury vapor lamps, 1965
74:. The arc discharge is generally confined to a small
873:"Two Centuries of Electric Light Source Innovations"
2330:
2285:
2226:
2149:
2065:
1990:
1860:
1800:
1748:
1720:
1598:
1500:
1472:
1463:
1383:
919:
Two
Centuries of Electric Light Sources Innovations
89:bulb. The outer bulb may be clear or coated with a
1300:
586:bulb in order to allow the transmission of short
372:pulses as with high-pressure sodium vapor lamps.
981:
979:
582:Low-pressure mercury-vapor lamps usually have a
780:History of street lighting in the United States
843:Simplified Design of Building Lighting, 4th Ed
348:A very closely related lamp design called the
1361:
590:light. If synthetic quartz is used, then the
8:
1142:. Physics.nist.gov. Retrieved on 2012-01-02.
952:Perkin, Frederick Mollwo (January 1, 1911).
1208:. www.osram.co.uk. Retrieved on 2015-03-18.
754:or UHP lamps, are commonly used in digital
1469:
1368:
1354:
1346:
1140:Persistent Lines of Neutral Mercury (Hg I)
675:by balls striking the lamps, resulting in
594:of the quartz is increased further and an
93:; in either case, the outer bulb provides
1011:
835:
833:
831:
829:
259:Learn how and when to remove this message
1029:"Method of Manufacturing Electric Lamps"
921:. p. 4. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2012-01-02.
724:in the United States, Canada and Japan.
618:is of prime importance (for example, an
472:
800:
438:Example of a phosphor-coated 125 W lamp
900:
889:
814:
812:
810:
808:
806:
804:
352:uses various compounds in the form of
7:
241:adding citations to reliable sources
104:Mercury vapor lamps are more energy
1307:. Cambridge, MA: The M.I.T. Press.
958:Transactions of the Faraday Society
602:. The 185 nm line will create
1322:Museum of Electric Lamp Technology
1206:Phasing out of mercury vapor lamps
1195:. Crystec Technology Trading GmbH.
600:ultraviolet germicidal irradiation
25:
1333:
1042:Schiff, Eric (4 December 2001).
217:
1885:Parabolic aluminized reflector
1235:2015-12-02 Retrieved 2017-10-14
228:needs additional citations for
1830:Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide
1193:"Surface cleaning by UV-light"
610:Light pollution considerations
1:
1027:Hewitt, Peter Cooper (1900).
1230:HID Lamp Final Determination
752:Ultra-high-performance lamps
303:The mercury vapor lamp is a
2075:Automotive light bulb types
1925:Intelligent street lighting
790:Ultra High Performance lamp
2417:
1838:Hydrargyrum quartz iodide
1044:"How do neon lights work?"
871:Gendre, Maxime F. (2011).
331:Mercury vapor street light
2277:Stage lighting instrument
972:– via pubs.rsc.org.
934:, Watchmaker Publishing.
930:Child, Clement D. (2002)
2338:Battlefield illumination
2095:high-intensity discharge
1527:Electrochemiluminescence
1303:Electric Discharge Lamps
1246:"Duro-Test Safe-T-Vapor"
1220:Retrieved on 2020-06-30.
1097:"The Mercury Vapor Lamp"
716:Although other types of
712:Area and street lighting
644:compact fluorescent lamp
448:electromagnetic spectrum
307:device. This means its
156:Cooper Hewitt lamp, 1903
81:mounted within a larger
2198:Electroluminescent wire
1299:Waymouth, John (1971).
1880:Multifaceted reflector
1152:Nave, Carl R. (2010).
1123:"Mercury Vapor Lights"
1031:. US Patent US682692A.
899:Cite journal requires
840:Schiler, Marc (1997).
737:Molecular spectroscopy
579:
470:
458:Emission line spectrum
439:
403:
340:
332:
209:Principle of operation
165:
157:
97:, protection from the
51:
39:
2270:ellipsoidal reflector
1875:Ellipsoidal reflector
1559:Fluorescent induction
1537:field-induced polymer
1072:"Mercury Vapor Lamps"
988:"Peter Cooper Hewitt"
964:(February): 199–204.
785:List of light sources
614:For placements where
577:
468:
437:
401:
338:
330:
163:
155:
45:
33:
2107:Rear position lights
2080:Daytime running lamp
2008:Mechanically powered
1895:Aviation obstruction
1342:at Wikimedia Commons
1158:HyperPhysics website
970:10.1039/TF9110600199
652:Department of Energy
570:Ultraviolet cleaning
430:Color considerations
376:Self-ballasted lamps
237:improve this article
190:. Hewitt was issued
181:Herbert John Dowsing
2396:Gas discharge lamps
1515:Electron-stimulated
1121:Hull, Janet Starr.
1049:Scientific American
1004:1921Natur.108..188B
848:John Wiley and Sons
662:Ultraviolet hazards
627:low-pressure sodium
420:continuous spectrum
305:negative resistance
193:U.S. patent 682,692
188:Peter Cooper Hewitt
114:luminous efficacies
46:A closeup of a 175-
2358:Luminous gemstones
1532:Electroluminescent
1510:Cathodoluminescent
1340:Mercury-vapor lamp
1250:www.lamptech.co.uk
1076:Edison Tech Center
917:Gendre, Maxime F.
580:
517:ultraviolet (UVA)
506:ultraviolet (UVC)
496:ultraviolet (UVC)
471:
440:
404:
356:with the mercury.
341:
339:Closeup after dark
333:
169:Charles Wheatstone
166:
158:
142:metal halide lamps
138:electrical ballast
95:thermal insulation
87:borosilicate glass
66:through vaporized
60:gas-discharge lamp
56:mercury-vapor lamp
52:
40:
2401:Mercury (element)
2383:
2382:
1900:Balanced-arm lamp
1856:
1855:
1740:Yablochkov candle
1608:Acetylene/Carbide
1578:Radioluminescence
1450:Luminous efficacy
1396:Color temperature
1338:Media related to
1314:978-0-262-23048-3
998:(2710): 188–189.
986:b, C. V. (1921).
857:978-0-471-19210-7
697:accelerated aging
563:
562:
452:incandescent lamp
399:
382:tungsten filament
350:metal halide lamp
322:fluorescent lamps
311:decreases as the
269:
268:
261:
199:Osram-GEC company
16:(Redirected from
2408:
2183:Christmas lights
2117:Safety reflector
2112:Reversing lights
2047:Navigation light
1998:Bicycle lighting
1888:
1841:
1833:
1807:
1566:Photoluminescent
1549:Fluorescent lamp
1522:Chemiluminescent
1470:
1438:Bi-pin lamp base
1433:Lightbulb socket
1370:
1363:
1356:
1347:
1337:
1318:
1306:
1287:
1286:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1242:
1236:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1154:"Atomic Spectra"
1149:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1125:. Archived from
1118:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1013:10.1038/108188b0
983:
974:
973:
949:
943:
928:
922:
915:
909:
908:
902:
897:
895:
887:
885:
883:
877:
868:
862:
861:
837:
824:
823:
816:
756:video projectors
473:
400:
264:
257:
253:
250:
244:
221:
213:
203:General Electric
195:
123:human skin color
21:
18:Mercury arc lamp
2416:
2415:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2343:Bioluminescence
2326:
2295:
2281:
2238:
2222:
2161:
2145:
2061:
1986:
1910:Emergency light
1886:
1852:
1839:
1831:
1805:
1803:
1796:
1744:
1716:
1687:Magnesium torch
1594:
1496:
1465:
1459:
1416:Light pollution
1391:Accent lighting
1379:
1374:
1330:
1315:
1298:
1295:
1293:Further reading
1290:
1277:(11): 1017–20.
1268:
1267:
1263:
1254:
1252:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1228:
1224:
1216:
1212:
1204:
1200:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1163:
1161:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1138:
1134:
1129:on 30 May 2015.
1120:
1119:
1115:
1105:
1103:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1080:
1078:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1054:
1052:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1026:
1025:
1021:
985:
984:
977:
951:
950:
946:
929:
925:
916:
912:
898:
888:
881:
879:
875:
870:
869:
865:
858:
839:
838:
827:
818:
817:
802:
798:
776:
748:
739:
730:
722:street lighting
714:
709:
664:
636:
616:light pollution
612:
572:
476:Wavelength (nm)
460:
432:
393:
391:
378:
346:
265:
254:
248:
245:
234:
222:
211:
191:
173:John Thomas Way
150:
131:color rendition
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2414:
2412:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2388:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2334:
2332:
2331:Related topics
2328:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2131:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2122:retroreflector
2114:
2109:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2082:
2077:
2071:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2022:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2000:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1977:Track lighting
1974:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1957:
1952:
1950:Recessed light
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1920:Gooseneck lamp
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1882:
1877:
1866:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1835:
1827:
1817:
1811:
1809:
1802:High-intensity
1798:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1760:
1754:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1726:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1604:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1580:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1571:Laser headlamp
1563:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1506:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1478:
1476:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1401:Electric light
1398:
1393:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1365:
1358:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1329:
1328:External links
1326:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1313:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1271:Ann Ophthalmol
1261:
1237:
1222:
1210:
1198:
1184:
1170:
1144:
1132:
1113:
1088:
1062:
1034:
1019:
975:
944:
923:
910:
901:|journal=
863:
856:
850:. p. 27.
825:
799:
797:
794:
793:
792:
787:
782:
775:
772:
747:
744:
738:
735:
729:
726:
713:
710:
708:
705:
663:
660:
635:
632:
611:
608:
571:
568:
561:
560:
559:yellow-orange
557:
555:
551:
550:
547:
545:
541:
540:
537:
534:
530:
529:
526:
523:
519:
518:
515:
512:
508:
507:
504:
502:
498:
497:
494:
492:
488:
487:
484:
477:
459:
456:
431:
428:
390:
387:
377:
374:
345:
342:
294:emission lines
267:
266:
225:
223:
216:
210:
207:
149:
146:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2413:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2312:Infrared lamp
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2042:Laser pointer
2040:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1945:Pendant light
1943:
1941:
1940:Neon lighting
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1834:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1815:Mercury-vapor
1813:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1799:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1758:Deuterium arc
1756:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1750:Gas discharge
1747:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1455:Task lighting
1453:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1411:Light fixture
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1371:
1366:
1364:
1359:
1357:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1305:
1304:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1262:
1251:
1247:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1199:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1180:
1174:
1171:
1159:
1155:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1117:
1114:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1089:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1063:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1038:
1035:
1030:
1023:
1020:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
982:
980:
976:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
948:
945:
941:
940:0-9726596-1-7
937:
933:
927:
924:
920:
914:
911:
906:
893:
874:
867:
864:
859:
853:
849:
845:
844:
836:
834:
832:
830:
826:
821:
815:
813:
811:
809:
807:
805:
801:
795:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
777:
773:
771:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
745:
743:
736:
734:
727:
725:
723:
719:
711:
706:
704:
702:
701:Polycarbonate
698:
694:
690:
685:
683:
678:
674:
669:
661:
659:
657:
653:
647:
645:
641:
633:
631:
628:
624:
621:
617:
609:
607:
605:
601:
597:
596:emission line
593:
589:
585:
576:
569:
567:
558:
556:
553:
552:
548:
546:
543:
542:
538:
535:
532:
531:
527:
524:
521:
520:
516:
513:
510:
509:
505:
503:
500:
499:
495:
493:
490:
489:
485:
482:
478:
475:
474:
467:
463:
457:
455:
453:
449:
445:
436:
429:
427:
425:
424:Paschen's law
421:
417:
416:visible range
413:
409:
388:
386:
383:
375:
373:
371:
366:
363:
359:
358:Sodium iodide
355:
354:metal halides
351:
343:
337:
329:
325:
323:
319:
314:
310:
306:
301:
299:
295:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
263:
260:
252:
242:
238:
232:
231:
226:This section
224:
220:
215:
214:
208:
206:
204:
200:
194:
189:
184:
182:
178:
174:
170:
162:
154:
147:
145:
143:
139:
134:
132:
128:
124:
120:
115:
111:
107:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
77:
73:
69:
65:
62:that uses an
61:
57:
49:
44:
37:
32:
19:
2218:Strobe light
2213:Plasma globe
2188:Crackle tube
2178:Bubble light
2139:trafficators
2134:Turn signals
1960:Street light
1915:Gas lighting
1848:Sodium vapor
1820:Metal-halide
1814:
1722:Electric arc
1474:Incandescent
1443:Edison screw
1302:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1253:. Retrieved
1249:
1240:
1225:
1213:
1201:
1187:
1173:
1162:. Retrieved
1157:
1147:
1135:
1127:the original
1116:
1104:. Retrieved
1100:
1091:
1079:. Retrieved
1075:
1065:
1053:. Retrieved
1047:
1037:
1022:
995:
991:
961:
957:
947:
931:
926:
913:
892:cite journal
880:. Retrieved
866:
842:
770:projectors.
758:, including
749:
740:
731:
715:
693:borosilicate
686:
665:
648:
637:
613:
592:transparency
581:
564:
461:
441:
405:
379:
347:
344:Metal halide
302:
270:
255:
246:
235:Please help
230:verification
227:
185:
167:
135:
119:streetlights
110:incandescent
103:
76:fused quartz
64:electric arc
55:
53:
2363:Signal lamp
2317:Stroboscope
2193:DJ lighting
2129:Stop lights
2100:sealed beam
2052:Searchlight
1792:Xenon flash
1735:Klieg light
1583:Solid-state
1544:Fluorescent
1502:Luminescent
1106:24 November
1081:24 November
1070:Whelan, M.
623:parking lot
620:observatory
481:photoresist
412:ultraviolet
112:lamps with
99:ultraviolet
70:to produce
2390:Categories
2307:Grow light
2302:Germicidal
2292:Scientific
2289:Industrial
2245:Floodlight
2231:Theatrical
2173:Blacklight
2168:Aroma lamp
2157:Decorative
2067:Automotive
2057:Solar lamp
2020:Glow stick
2003:Flashlight
1935:Nightlight
1930:Light tube
1905:Chandelier
1862:Stationary
1804:discharge
1730:Carbon arc
1600:Combustion
1466:generation
1464:Methods of
1255:2022-11-06
1164:2011-11-15
796:References
746:Projection
673:gymnasiums
588:wavelength
479:Name (see
309:resistance
249:April 2013
2373:Reflected
2353:Light art
2265:Spotlight
2250:Footlight
2235:Cinematic
2203:Lava lamp
1965:in the US
1870:Reflector
1787:Xenon arc
1768:Neon lamp
1697:Rushlight
1677:Limelight
1426:Hong Kong
728:UV curing
689:soda lime
677:sun burns
389:Operation
277:electrode
177:Leo Arons
106:efficient
83:soda lime
2085:Headlamp
2025:Headlamp
2013:Tactical
1991:Portable
1972:Torchère
1653:Petromax
1648:Kerosene
1618:Campfire
1588:LED lamp
1384:Concepts
1377:Lighting
1101:Lamptech
1055:16 April
882:April 3,
774:See also
444:phosphor
362:scandium
281:resistor
127:phosphor
91:phosphor
79:arc tube
2368:Sources
2322:Tanning
2208:Marquee
2153:Display
2037:Lantern
2030:outdoor
1982:Troffer
1825:ceramic
1682:Luchina
1660:Lantern
1553:compact
1551: (
1487:Halogen
1482:Regular
1283:7181332
1000:Bibcode
942:, p. 88
846:. USA:
682:burn up
638:In the
528:violet
370:voltage
318:ballast
313:current
289:voltage
273:ionized
148:Origins
68:mercury
2090:hidden
1955:Sconce
1780:Sulfur
1775:Plasma
1707:Tilley
1702:Safety
1665:Fanous
1628:Carcel
1623:Candle
1613:Argand
1492:Nernst
1421:Hawaii
1311:
1281:
992:Nature
938:
854:
584:quartz
549:green
536:G-line
525:H-line
514:I-line
491:184.45
486:Color
365:iodide
34:A 175-
2348:Laser
2260:Scoop
1887:(PAR)
1840:(HQI)
1832:(HMI)
1806:(HID)
1712:Torch
1670:Paper
1638:Flare
1406:Glare
876:(PDF)
604:ozone
544:546.1
539:blue
533:435.8
522:404.7
511:365.0
501:253.7
285:argon
108:than
72:light
58:is a
2255:Gobo
1763:Neon
1633:Diya
1309:ISBN
1279:PMID
1108:2017
1083:2017
1057:2019
936:ISBN
905:help
884:2012
852:ISBN
768:LCoS
766:and
764:3LCD
718:HIDs
707:Uses
668:UV-C
634:Bans
408:blue
360:and
36:watt
1692:Oil
1643:Gas
1233:DOE
1008:doi
996:108
966:doi
760:DLP
691:or
656:HID
625:),
554:578
298:bar
239:by
85:or
2392::
1275:14
1273:.
1248:.
1156:.
1099:.
1074:.
1046:.
1006:.
994:.
990:.
978:^
960:.
956:.
896::
894:}}
890:{{
828:^
803:^
762:,
640:EU
201:,
144:.
133:.
54:A
1555:)
1369:e
1362:t
1355:v
1317:.
1285:.
1258:.
1181:.
1167:.
1110:.
1085:.
1059:.
1016:.
1010::
1002::
968::
962:6
907:)
903:(
886:.
860:.
822:.
483:)
262:)
256:(
251:)
247:(
233:.
48:W
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
