1111:
871:
45:
1167:
1285:
1162:... the third season, saying: 'The wretched, fallen chief of Libya, Meryre, son of Ded, has fallen upon the country of Tehenu with his bowmen—Sherden, Shekelesh, Ekwesh, Lukka, Teresh, Taking the best of every warrior and every man of war of his country. He has brought his wife and his children—leaders of the camp, and he has reached the western boundary in the fields of Perire.'
1235:
748:
672:
594:
538:
217:
1332:
The body is that of an old man and is 1 meter 714 millimeters in height. Merneptah was almost completely bald, only a narrow fringe of white hair (now cut so close as to be seen only with difficulty) remaining on the temples and occiput. A few short (about 2 mill) black hairs were found on the upper
1220:: "Israel has been wiped out ... its seed is no more." This is the first recognised ancient Egyptian record of the existence of Israel—"not as a country or city, but as a tribe" or people. A newly discovered massive layer of fiery destruction confirms Merneptah's boast about his Canaanite campaign.
1051:
Ramesses II lived well into his nineties and was one of the oldest pharaohs in
Egyptian history. He outlived many of his heirs; eventually, Merneptah would be the son to succeed him. Merneptah would have been prepared to be pharaoh through the responsibility of his government roles. By year 40 of
1188:
threw down their weapons, abandoned their baggage and dependents, and ran for their lives. Merneptah states that he defeated the invasion, killing 6,000 soldiers and taking 9,000 prisoners. To be sure of the numbers, among other things, he took the penises of all uncircumcised enemy dead and the
1110:
1691:, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1914), Vol. III: Egypt, Africa, and Arabia, trans. W. K. Flinders Petrie, pp. 47–55, scanned by J. S. Arkenberg, Department of History, California State Fullerton; Professor Arkenberg has modernized the text and it is available via
1558:
Already a man in his sixties, Merneptah had helped to manage state affairs for his father in the city of Pi-Ramesse and in the Delta and he now took on new responsibilities, ruling as prince regent for the elderly king throughout the last twelve years of his
1333:
lip and scattered, closely clipped hairs on the cheeks and chin. The general aspect of the face recalls that of
Ramesses II, but the form of the cranium and the measurements of the face much more nearly agree with those of his father, Seti the Great.
1178:
An inscription on the
Athribis Stele, now in the garden of Cairo Museum, declares "His majesty was enraged at their report, like a lion", assembled his court, and gave a rousing speech. Later he dreamed that he saw
1183:
handing him a sword and saying "Take thou (it) and banish thou the fearful heart from thee." When the bowmen went forth, says the inscription, "Amun was with them as a shield." After six hours the surviving
1609:
955:. According to contemporary historical records, he ruled Egypt for almost ten years, from late July or early August 1213 until his death on 2 May 1203. He was the first royal-born pharaoh since
1074:
According to one reading of contemporary historical records, Merneptah ruled Egypt for almost ten years, from late July or early August 1213 BC until his death on 2 May 1203 BC.
5275:
5181:
44:
1398:
870:
1114:
Limestone block showing a pair of unfinished cartouches of
Merenptah (Merneptah) I, 19th dynasty of Egypt, Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London
5196:
5191:
1342:
5171:
5166:
1069:
990:
5176:
1029:. When Seti II became pharaoh, his sister Tausret became his Great Royal Wife. She became pharaoh in her own right after the death of pharaoh
5156:
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1659:
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2719:
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715:
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562:
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330:
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309:
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270:
194:
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5260:
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1358:
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571:
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567:
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339:
306:
236:
114:
105:
564:
5186:
4443:
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4026:
1338:
723:
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559:
519:
445:
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410:
341:
336:
333:
312:
308:
301:
295:
177:
148:
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4103:
3916:
2034:
1463:
1: Building
Bridges of Time, Places and People: Volume I: Tombs, Temples & Cities of Egypt, Israel, Greece & Italy
1268:
during the middle of the reign of Seti II. Only after he overcame
Amenmesse, was Seti able to reassert his authority over
4311:
4248:
3531:
1461:
4672:
3781:
3693:
3178:
2955:
2946:
1312:
was not found there. In 1898 it was located along with eighteen other mummies in the mummy cache found in the tomb of
960:
948:
862:
5206:
4501:
3834:
3571:
3398:
3330:
1912:
1346:
1134:
against a combined Libyan and Sea People force at the city of Perire, probably located on the western edge of the
5295:
5022:
2793:
1488:
2867:
2638:
2500:
1516:
1212:, which mentions the suppression of revolts in Canaan and makes reference to the supposed utter destruction of
1139:
5265:
4707:
4622:
4599:
2916:
2778:
2715:
2504:
2304:
2120:
1595:
1591:
1414:
1260:, who was either another son of Merneptah by Takhat or, much less likely, of Ramesses II, seized control of
1229:
1099:
1300:
and died as an old man after a reign that lasted for nearly a decade. He was originally buried within tomb
1052:
Ramesses II, Merneptah had been promoted to
Overseer of the Army. In year 55, he was officially proclaimed
5211:
5201:
4749:
4728:
4647:
3561:
3421:
3031:
2665:
2625:
2419:
2361:
2245:
2049:
1712:
5221:
4697:
4662:
4642:
4632:
4594:
3098:
2452:
3194:
4722:
4677:
4050:
3678:
3613:
3466:
3461:
3168:
3163:
3016:
2442:
2230:
2109:
1325:
1245:
Merneptah was already an elderly man in his late 60s, if not early 70s, when he assumed the throne.
4712:
4687:
4652:
4589:
3964:
3939:
3143:
3138:
2562:
1993:
1305:
69:
977:
He was around seventy years old when he ascended to the throne. He is arguably best known for the
637:
504:
5255:
5002:
4989:
4566:
3576:
3148:
3123:
2190:
1965:
795:
1272:
in his fifth year. It is possible that before seizing Upper Egypt, Amenmesse had been known as
5057:
5036:
4930:
4897:
4609:
3944:
3566:
3446:
3068:
2996:
2654:
2457:
2447:
2379:
1705:
1467:
1377:
1119:
1021:
when he was named pharaoh. They had at least two sons, Merenptah, named after his father, and
970:, only coming to power because all of his older brothers had died, including his full brother
5236:
5063:
4891:
4657:
4411:
3994:
3291:
3187:
3128:
2552:
2532:
1131:
1018:
884:
5008:
4978:
4937:
4873:
4617:
4547:
4417:
3756:
3411:
3133:
2527:
2165:
2133:
1972:
1623:
1297:
1265:
1205:
978:
50:
1432:
Tutankhamun's Armies: Battle and
Conquest During Ancient Egypt's Late Eighteenth Dynasty
1166:
5216:
5104:
4902:
4863:
4581:
4537:
4406:
3490:
3416:
3246:
3118:
3078:
2826:
2678:
2643:
2633:
2567:
2522:
2404:
2399:
1979:
1958:
1924:
1087:
1256:. However, Seti II's accession to the throne was not unchallenged: a rival king named
5249:
4783:
4682:
4514:
4484:
4160:
4015:
3872:
3741:
3581:
3556:
3506:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3093:
2900:
2831:
2821:
2683:
2437:
2185:
2128:
2081:
1918:
1877:
1692:
1631:
1610:"First Discovery of Bodies in Biblical Gezer, From Fiery Destruction 3,200 Years Ago"
1269:
1253:
1123:
1014:
952:
776:
1543:
1284:
4868:
4702:
4692:
4667:
4519:
4469:
4428:
4154:
4066:
3954:
3867:
3847:
3766:
3731:
3726:
3551:
3261:
3083:
3073:
3036:
2991:
2905:
2895:
2885:
2801:
2517:
2394:
2203:
2144:
2004:
1951:
1856:
1570:
1321:
1313:
1198:
1053:
1009:
and
Ramesses II, and his thirteenth son. He was the first royal-born pharaoh since
1154:-I, Ekwesh, Teresh, Lukka, Sherden, Shekelesh, Northerners coming from all lands.
4972:
4917:
4768:
4717:
4637:
4509:
4401:
4383:
4341:
4252:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4087:
4071:
4044:
4009:
3999:
3934:
3887:
3877:
3862:
3852:
3799:
3761:
3736:
3716:
3706:
3472:
3456:
3431:
3426:
3226:
3153:
3063:
3046:
3001:
2976:
2910:
2890:
2875:
2857:
2587:
2582:
2389:
2216:
2196:
2010:
1944:
1935:
1819:
1261:
1190:
1127:
1095:
1083:
1010:
967:
956:
806:
82:
1660:"22 Ancient Pharaohs Have Been Carried Across Cairo in an Epic 'Golden Parade'"
5089:
5043:
4996:
4951:
4923:
4744:
4627:
4552:
4479:
4368:
4183:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4093:
4081:
4061:
4034:
4004:
3984:
3929:
3882:
3857:
3789:
3751:
3721:
3711:
3451:
3251:
3241:
3011:
3006:
2971:
2880:
2852:
2673:
2577:
2572:
2557:
2542:
2350:
2344:
2258:
1986:
1804:
1741:
1213:
1135:
1006:
982:
971:
816:
1393:
5029:
4944:
4907:
4833:
4827:
4754:
4734:
4451:
4433:
4378:
4358:
4221:
4056:
4039:
3989:
3842:
3809:
3746:
3545:
3366:
3319:
3231:
3208:
2981:
2847:
2816:
2384:
2210:
2091:
1828:
1293:
1257:
1185:
1056:. At that point, he gained additional responsibilities by serving as Prince
1043:, may have been a secondary queen, though scholars are yet to confirm this.
1040:
96:
3271:
1204:
There is also an account of the same events in the form of a poem from the
947:(reigned July or August 1213–2 May 1203 BCE) was the fourth pharaoh of the
1531:
Merenptah was the 13th son and eventual successor of the famous Ramses II.
1234:
666:
532:
398:
258:
136:
5099:
5094:
5083:
5050:
4965:
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4912:
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4843:
4806:
4801:
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4423:
4363:
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4178:
3771:
3701:
3513:
3499:
3479:
3441:
3353:
3298:
3256:
3088:
3058:
3021:
2966:
2811:
2688:
2593:
2537:
2432:
2339:
2333:
2322:
2288:
2172:
2158:
2151:
2138:
2102:
1842:
17:
5076:
5015:
4858:
4542:
4353:
4347:
4335:
4216:
4211:
4148:
4127:
3972:
3924:
3824:
3814:
3539:
3436:
3406:
3388:
3377:
3360:
3312:
3305:
3236:
3158:
2806:
2614:
2600:
2512:
2463:
2369:
2312:
2263:
2096:
2086:
2066:
1999:
1849:
1728:
1345:
along with those of 17 other kings and 4 queens in an event termed the
1249:
1122:
during his reign. In the fifth year of his rule, he fought against the
1026:
1022:
791:
92:
62:
4983:
4853:
4490:
4373:
3978:
3949:
3819:
3794:
3586:
3520:
3346:
3339:
3266:
3221:
3215:
3041:
2961:
2547:
2374:
2327:
2281:
2253:
2179:
2057:
2016:
1898:
1863:
1835:
1273:
1217:
1194:
1147:
1057:
1036:
1030:
780:
1586:
Jacobus Van Dijk, "The Amarna Period and the Later New
Kingdom" in
5069:
4848:
4838:
4816:
4474:
3383:
3371:
3284:
3201:
3052:
2986:
2648:
2470:
2317:
2275:
2269:
2061:
2020:
1891:
1884:
1870:
1309:
1283:
1233:
1165:
1109:
869:
54:
1689:
The World's Story: A History of the World in Story, Song, and Art
1158:
Later in the inscription, Merneptah receives news of the attack:
4821:
4811:
4201:
4076:
3277:
2607:
2427:
2409:
2294:
2076:
2071:
1905:
1317:
1180:
1171:
1143:
1091:
851:
629:
5129:
4246:
3611:
2713:
1739:
1701:
3026:
1301:
1239:
1197:
were circumcised, a fact causing some to doubt that they were
917:
893:
847:
935:
908:
1090:, where he constructed a royal palace next to the temple of
1017:, who was likely his full sister or niece, who would become
1697:
1324:. His mummy was taken to Cairo and eventually unwrapped by
994:
926:
899:
677:
543:
496:
421:
281:
161:
1146:
is described in prose on a wall beside the sixth pylon at
1384:, University College London (2001). Accessed 2007-09-29.
1130:—were threatening Egypt from the west. Merneptah led a
923:
896:
1410:
1408:
932:
929:
905:
902:
685:
641:
551:
508:
427:
402:
287:
262:
169:
140:
4782:
4767:
4608:
4580:
4565:
4528:
4500:
4460:
4442:
4392:
4325:
4310:
4277:
4268:
4192:
4169:
4102:
4025:
3963:
3915:
3900:
3833:
3780:
3692:
3677:
3642:
3633:
3530:
3489:
3397:
3329:
3177:
2945:
2930:
2866:
2840:
2792:
2777:
2744:
2735:
2664:
2624:
2499:
2484:
2418:
2360:
2303:
2244:
2229:
2119:
2048:
2033:
1934:
1818:
1803:
1770:
1761:
1082:Merneptah moved Egypt's administrative center from
920:
914:
890:
887:
858:
843:
835:
822:
812:
802:
787:
772:
612:
479:
375:
235:
113:
88:
78:
68:
61:
32:
1060:for the last twelve years of Ramesses II's life.
981:, featuring the first known mention of the name
1005:Merneptah was likely the fourth child born to
1713:
8:
1448:The Eye Of Horus: A History of Ancient Egypt
1399:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
5276:Pharaohs of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt
1337:In April 2021 his mummy was moved from the
27:Fourth pharaoh of the 19th Dynasty of Egypt
5126:
4779:
4577:
4322:
4274:
4265:
4243:
3912:
3689:
3639:
3630:
3608:
2942:
2789:
2741:
2732:
2710:
2496:
2241:
2045:
1815:
1767:
1758:
1736:
1720:
1706:
1698:
1430:Darnell, J. C., & Manassa, C. (2007).
1216:in a campaign prior to his fifth year, in
689:
645:
555:
512:
431:
406:
291:
266:
173:
144:
110:
43:
29:
1577:, Princeton University Press, 1993. p.49
1504:Merneptah was the 13th son of Ramses II.
1343:National Museum of Egyptian Civilization
1548:Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias
1370:
1070:Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree
158:
1517:"Penn Museum - Egypt (Sphinx) Gallery"
1419:Chronologie des Pharaonischen Ägypten
1193:, from which history learns that the
7:
1442:
1440:
966:Merneptah was the thirteenth son of
1693:Internet Ancient History Sourcebook
1588:The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt
1328:on July 8, 1907. Smith notes that:
1118:Merneptah had to carry out several
1658:Parisse, Emmanuel (5 April 2021).
1628:Ramesses: Egypt's Greatest Pharaoh
1238:Stone sarcophagus of Merneptah in
25:
1126:, who—with the assistance of the
1102:, excavated this palace in 1915.
1450:, Longman Cheshire (1993), p.263
1086:, his father's capital, back to
883:
746:
670:
592:
536:
215:
49:Granodiorite bust of Merneptah,
1460:Merrill, J. Marc (2012-05-02).
1359:List of children of Ramesses II
1170:Merneptah makes an offering to
1339:Museum of Egyptian Antiquities
1276:and had been viceroy of Kush.
1:
4740:Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator
874:Portrait of Pharaoh Merneptah
826:
620:
487:
383:
243:
121:
1466:. AuthorHouse. p. 213.
1142:against the Sea Peoples and
4673:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
1608:Bohstrom, Philippe (2017).
961:Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
5312:
3572:Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef
2956:Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep
2720:Second Intermediate Period
1227:
1132:victorious six-hour battle
1067:
737:
680:
583:
546:
481:Prenomen (Praenomen)
455:
424:
351:
284:
206:
164:
5234:
5136:
5125:
5023:Lucius Mussius Aemilianus
4713:Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos
4264:
4242:
3629:
3618:Third Intermediate Period
3607:
2731:
2709:
1757:
1746:First Intermediate Period
1735:
1648:, Cairo (1912), pp. 65-70
1575:The End of the Bronze Age
684:
619:
550:
486:
426:
382:
286:
242:
168:
120:
102:
42:
37:
5281:Ancient Egyptian mummies
5271:13th-century BC pharaohs
4735:Cleopatra VII Philopator
2992:Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI
1750: (<3150–2040 BC)
1495:. Saint Louis University
1434:. John Wiley & Sons.
1292:Merneptah suffered from
1140:account of this campaign
997:, Beloved of the Gods".
798:, Khaemwaset, Isetnofret
74:1213–1203 BC (ten years)
5291:13th-century BC regents
5286:Children of Ramesses II
4708:Ptolemy XI Alexander II
4623:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
2917:Seankhibtawy Seankhibra
1687:Eva March Tappan, ed.,
1596:Oxford University Press
1421:, Mainz, (1997), pp.190
1347:Pharaohs' Golden Parade
1248:Merneptah's successor,
1230:End of the 19th Dynasty
1100:Clarence Stanley Fisher
839:2 May 1203 BC (aged 80)
5261:13th-century BC births
4750:Ptolemy XIV Philopator
4729:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena
4723:Berenice IV Epiphaneia
4678:Ptolemy VIII Euergetes
4648:Arsinoe III Philopator
3562:Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef
3032:Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw
2972:Sekhemkare Amenemhat V
2563:Neferkare VI Pepiseneb
1644:Grafton Elliot Smith,
1335:
1289:
1242:
1175:
1115:
985:. His throne name was
875:
625:Merneptah Hotephermaat
4698:Ptolemy X Alexander I
4663:Ptolemy VI Philometor
4643:Ptolemy IV Philopator
4638:Berenice II Euergetes
4633:Ptolemy III Euergetes
4595:Philip III Arrhidaeus
3104:Khahotepre Sobekhotep
3099:Merhotepre Sobekhotep
2453:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II
1330:
1287:
1252:, was a son of Queen
1237:
1169:
1113:
987:Ba-en-re Mery-netjeru
873:
850:; Mummy found in the
499:, Beloved of the Gods
5131:Dynastic genealogies
4755:Ptolemy XV Caesarion
4051:Tutkheperre Shoshenq
3965:High Priests of Amun
3467:Merankhre Mentuhotep
3169:Seheqenre Sankhptahi
3164:Sewadjare Mentuhotep
3017:Khaankhre Sobekhotep
2724: (2040–1550 BC)
2443:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I
1415:Jürgen von Beckerath
1208:, also known as the
4653:Ptolemy V Epiphanes
4590:Alexander the Great
3622: (1550–664 BC)
3144:Mershepsesre Ini II
3139:Merkawre Sobekhotep
2533:Neferkare IV Khendu
1306:Valley of the Kings
854:(Theban Necropolis)
4990:Trebonianus Gallus
3577:Senakhtenre Ahmose
3195:Ya'ammu Nubwoserre
3149:Sewahenre Senebmiu
3124:Sankhenre Sewadjtu
2553:Neferkare V Tereru
2523:Neferkare III Neby
2191:Sekhemib-Perenmaat
1290:
1288:Mummy of Merneptah
1243:
1176:
1120:military campaigns
1116:
1047:Prior to accession
1025:, and a daughter,
949:Nineteenth Dynasty
876:
863:Nineteenth Dynasty
492:Baenre Merynetjeru
248:Iribauertaentjemhu
5243:
5242:
5230:
5229:
5121:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5037:Claudius Gothicus
4931:Severus Alexander
4898:Septimius Severus
4763:
4762:
4561:
4560:
4306:
4305:
4238:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4230:
4229:
3945:Osorkon the Elder
3896:
3895:
3673:
3672:
3603:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3567:Nubkheperre Intef
3447:Sekhemre Shedwast
3069:Sehetepkare Intef
2997:Semenkare Nebnuni
2926:
2925:
2773:
2772:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2480:
2479:
2458:Netjerkare Siptah
2380:Neferirkare Kakai
2225:
2224:
2029:
2028:
1799:
1798:
1646:The Royal Mummies
1189:hands of all the
868:
867:
766:
765:
762:
761:
758:
757:
754:
753:
741:
740:
733:
732:
729:
728:
661:
660:
657:
656:
632:, Joyous is Truth
608:
607:
604:
603:
600:
599:
587:
586:
579:
578:
575:
574:
527:
526:
523:
522:
475:
474:
471:
470:
467:
466:
459:
458:
453:
452:
449:
448:
418:
417:
414:
413:
388:Nebsenedjaashefit
371:
370:
367:
366:
363:
362:
355:
354:
349:
348:
345:
344:
278:
277:
274:
273:
231:
230:
227:
226:
223:
222:
210:
209:
202:
201:
198:
197:
156:
155:
152:
151:
126:Kanakht Haiemmaat
16:(Redirected from
5303:
5296:Regents of Egypt
5237:List of pharaohs
5127:
4892:Pescennius Niger
4780:
4776:
4775:
4688:Ptolemy IX Soter
4658:Cleopatra I Syra
4578:
4574:
4573:
4323:
4319:
4318:
4275:
4266:
4259:
4258:
4244:
3995:Djedkhonsuefankh
3913:
3909:
3908:
3690:
3686:
3685:
3660:
3655:
3640:
3631:
3624:
3623:
3609:
3202:Qareh Khawoserre
3188:Yakbim Sekhaenre
3129:Mersekhemre Ined
2943:
2939:
2938:
2790:
2786:
2785:
2742:
2733:
2726:
2725:
2711:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2046:
2042:
2041:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1768:
1759:
1752:
1751:
1737:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1699:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1655:
1649:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1605:
1599:
1584:
1578:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1527:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1500:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1457:
1451:
1444:
1435:
1428:
1422:
1412:
1403:
1391:
1385:
1378:"King Merenptah"
1375:
1326:G. Elliott Smith
1150:, which states:
1039:, the mother of
1019:Great Royal Wife
942:
941:
938:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
911:
910:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
889:
852:KV35 royal cache
831:
828:
750:
749:
690:
686:
678:
674:
673:
667:
646:
642:
638:
621:
596:
595:
556:
552:
544:
540:
539:
533:
513:
509:
505:
488:
432:
428:
422:
407:
403:
399:
395:
394:
384:
292:
288:
282:
267:
263:
259:
255:
254:
244:
219:
218:
174:
170:
162:
145:
141:
137:
133:
132:
122:
111:
47:
30:
21:
5311:
5310:
5306:
5305:
5304:
5302:
5301:
5300:
5246:
5245:
5244:
5239:
5226:
5132:
5109:
5009:Macrianus Minor
4938:Maximinus Thrax
4874:Marcus Aurelius
4773:
4772:
4771:
4759:
4618:Ptolemy I Soter
4604:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4557:
4524:
4496:
4456:
4438:
4418:Psammetichus IV
4388:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4302:
4280:
4271:
4260:
4257:(664 BC–313 AD)
4256:
4255:
4226:
4188:
4165:
4161:Menkheperre Ini
4098:
4021:
3959:
3906:
3905:
3904:
3892:
3829:
3776:
3757:Neferneferuaten
3683:
3682:
3681:
3669:
3668:
3658:
3653:
3652:Pharaohs
3645:
3636:
3625:
3621:
3620:
3591:
3526:
3485:
3412:Sobekhotep VIII
3393:
3325:
3173:
3134:Sewadjkare Hori
2936:
2935:
2934:
2922:
2862:
2836:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2769:
2747:
2738:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2693:
2660:
2620:
2528:Djedkare Shemai
2490:
2489:
2488:
2476:
2414:
2356:
2299:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2221:
2115:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2025:
1930:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1795:
1773:
1764:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1731:
1726:
1684:
1682:Further reading
1679:
1678:
1668:
1666:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1643:
1639:
1624:Joyce Tyldesley
1622:
1621:
1617:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1585:
1581:
1569:
1565:
1552:
1550:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1525:
1523:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1498:
1496:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1446:Gae Callender,
1445:
1438:
1429:
1425:
1413:
1406:
1392:
1388:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1355:
1298:atherosclerosis
1282:
1232:
1226:
1206:Merneptah Stele
1108:
1080:
1072:
1066:
1049:
1003:
989:, which means "
979:Merneptah Stele
913:
886:
882:
829:
768:
767:
747:
724:
719:
710:
705:
697:
671:
653:
627:
593:
568:
563:
537:
494:
441:
436:
340:
307:
305:
216:
178:
108:
57:
51:Egyptian Museum
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5309:
5307:
5299:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5266:1203 BC deaths
5263:
5258:
5248:
5247:
5241:
5240:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5146:
5143:
5137:
5134:
5133:
5130:
5123:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5107:
5105:Maximinus Daza
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5080:
5073:
5066:
5061:
5054:
5047:
5040:
5033:
5026:
5019:
5012:
5005:
5000:
4993:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4969:
4962:
4955:
4948:
4941:
4934:
4927:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4888:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4864:Antoninus Pius
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4788:
4786:
4777:
4774:(30 BC–313 AD)
4765:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4614:
4612:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4586:
4584:
4575:
4563:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4538:Artaxerxes III
4534:
4532:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4506:
4504:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4494:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4466:
4464:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4448:
4446:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4414:
4409:
4407:Petubastis III
4404:
4398:
4396:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4344:
4339:
4331:
4329:
4320:
4308:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4290:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4272:
4269:
4262:
4261:
4247:
4240:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4198:
4196:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4181:
4175:
4173:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4158:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4108:
4106:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4091:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4031:
4029:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3975:
3969:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3921:
3919:
3910:
3902:3 Intermediate
3898:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3839:
3837:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3786:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3698:
3696:
3687:
3684:(1550–1070 BC)
3675:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3637:
3634:
3627:
3626:
3612:
3605:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3542:
3536:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3517:
3510:
3503:
3495:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3476:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3417:Neferhotep III
3414:
3409:
3403:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3357:
3350:
3343:
3335:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3316:
3309:
3302:
3295:
3288:
3281:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3247:Sewadjkare III
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3216:Maaibre Sheshi
3212:
3209:'Ammu Ahotepre
3205:
3198:
3191:
3183:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3119:Merhotepre Ini
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3079:Sobekhotep III
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2951:
2949:
2940:
2937:(1802–1550 BC)
2932:2 Intermediate
2928:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2872:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2827:Mentuhotep III
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2798:
2796:
2787:
2784:(2040–1802 BC)
2779:Middle Kingdom
2775:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2739:
2736:
2729:
2728:
2716:Middle Kingdom
2714:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2679:Neferkare VIII
2676:
2670:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2651:
2646:
2644:Nebkaure Khety
2641:
2636:
2634:Meryibre Khety
2630:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2611:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2568:Neferkamin Anu
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2509:
2507:
2494:
2491:(2181–2040 BC)
2486:1 Intermediate
2482:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2424:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2405:Djedkare Isesi
2402:
2400:Menkauhor Kaiu
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2366:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2309:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2273:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2250:
2248:
2239:
2236:(2686–2181 BC)
2227:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2176:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2125:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2054:
2052:
2043:
2040:(3150–2686 BC)
2035:Early Dynastic
2031:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2014:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1940:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1921:
1916:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1846:
1839:
1832:
1824:
1822:
1813:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1783:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1765:
1762:
1755:
1754:
1740:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1650:
1637:
1634:. p. 185.
1615:
1600:
1579:
1563:
1535:
1508:
1487:Bart, Anneke.
1479:
1473:978-1468573695
1472:
1452:
1436:
1423:
1404:
1386:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1354:
1351:
1281:
1278:
1228:Main article:
1225:
1222:
1164:
1163:
1156:
1155:
1107:
1104:
1079:
1076:
1065:
1062:
1048:
1045:
1002:
999:
866:
865:
860:
856:
855:
845:
841:
840:
837:
833:
832:
830: 1283 BC
824:
820:
819:
814:
810:
809:
804:
800:
799:
789:
785:
784:
774:
770:
769:
764:
763:
760:
759:
756:
755:
752:
751:
744:
742:
739:
738:
735:
734:
731:
730:
727:
726:
721:
716:
713:
707:
702:
699:
694:
682:
681:
675:
664:
662:
659:
658:
655:
654:
650:
634:
633:
617:
616:
610:
609:
606:
605:
602:
601:
598:
597:
590:
588:
585:
584:
581:
580:
577:
576:
573:
572:
565:
560:
548:
547:
541:
530:
528:
525:
524:
521:
520:
517:
501:
500:
484:
483:
477:
476:
473:
472:
469:
468:
465:
464:
462:
460:
457:
456:
454:
451:
450:
447:
446:
443:
438:
425:
419:
416:
415:
412:
411:
391:
390:
380:
379:
373:
372:
369:
368:
365:
364:
361:
360:
358:
356:
353:
352:
350:
347:
346:
343:
342:
337:
334:
331:
328:
325:
322:
319:
316:
313:
310:
302:
299:
296:
285:
279:
276:
275:
272:
271:
251:
250:
240:
239:
233:
232:
229:
228:
225:
224:
221:
220:
213:
211:
208:
207:
204:
203:
200:
199:
196:
195:
192:
189:
186:
183:
180:
166:
165:
159:
157:
154:
153:
150:
149:
129:
128:
118:
117:
109:
106:Royal titulary
104:
103:
100:
99:
90:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
72:
66:
65:
59:
58:
48:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5308:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5253:
5251:
5238:
5233:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5138:
5135:
5128:
5124:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5085:
5081:
5079:
5078:
5074:
5072:
5071:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5059:
5055:
5053:
5052:
5048:
5046:
5045:
5041:
5039:
5038:
5034:
5032:
5031:
5027:
5025:
5024:
5020:
5018:
5017:
5013:
5011:
5010:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4998:
4994:
4992:
4991:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4974:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4963:
4961:
4960:
4956:
4954:
4953:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4935:
4933:
4932:
4928:
4926:
4925:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4893:
4889:
4887:
4886:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4829:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4785:
4781:
4778:
4770:
4766:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4683:Cleopatra III
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4611:
4607:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4583:
4579:
4576:
4568:
4564:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4531:
4527:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4499:
4493:
4492:
4488:
4486:
4485:Nepherites II
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4459:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4445:
4441:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4419:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4395:
4391:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4321:
4313:
4309:
4299:
4296:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4276:
4273:
4267:
4263:
4254:
4250:
4245:
4241:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4191:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4172:
4168:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4129:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4101:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4018:
4017:
4016:Psusennes III
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3914:
3911:
3907:(1069–664 BC)
3903:
3899:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3873:Ramesses VIII
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3742:Amenhotep III
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3688:
3680:
3676:
3665:
3662:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3647:
3641:
3638:
3632:
3628:
3619:
3615:
3610:
3606:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3582:Seqenenre Tao
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3557:Sobekemsaf II
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3507:Wepwawetemsaf
3504:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3114:Merneferre Ay
3112:
3110:
3109:Wahibre Ibiau
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3094:Sobekhotep IV
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2941:
2933:
2929:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2901:Amenemhat III
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2832:Mentuhotep IV
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2822:Mentuhotep II
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2780:
2776:
2766:
2763:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2743:
2740:
2734:
2730:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2708:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2684:Wahkare Khety
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2639:Neferkare VII
2637:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2487:
2483:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2240:
2232:
2228:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2186:Seth-Peribsen
2184:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2129:Hotepsekhemwy
2127:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2036:
2032:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1920:
1919:Double Falcon
1917:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1810:(pre-3150 BC)
1806:
1805:Protodynastic
1802:
1792:
1789:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1769:
1766:
1760:
1756:
1747:
1743:
1742:Protodynastic
1738:
1734:
1730:
1723:
1718:
1716:
1711:
1709:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1665:
1661:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1641:
1638:
1633:
1632:Penguin Books
1629:
1625:
1619:
1616:
1611:
1604:
1601:
1598:(2000), p.302
1597:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1480:
1475:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1382:Digital Egypt
1379:
1374:
1371:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1286:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1173:
1168:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1112:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1015:Isetnofret II
1013:. He married
1012:
1008:
1000:
998:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
975:
973:
969:
964:
962:
958:
954:
953:Ancient Egypt
950:
946:
940:
880:
872:
864:
861:
857:
853:
849:
846:
842:
838:
834:
825:
821:
818:
815:
811:
808:
805:
801:
797:
793:
790:
786:
782:
778:
777:Isetnofret II
775:
771:
745:
743:
736:
722:
717:
714:
708:
703:
700:
695:
692:
691:
688:
687:
683:
679:
676:
669:
668:
665:
663:
651:
648:
647:
644:
643:
640:
639:
636:
635:
631:
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611:
591:
589:
582:
566:
561:
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535:
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531:
529:
518:
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510:
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485:
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205:
193:
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176:
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147:
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107:
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77:
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64:
60:
56:
52:
46:
41:
36:
31:
19:
5082:
5075:
5068:
5056:
5049:
5042:
5035:
5028:
5021:
5014:
5007:
4995:
4988:
4971:
4964:
4957:
4950:
4943:
4936:
4929:
4922:
4890:
4883:
4869:Lucius Verus
4826:
4727:
4703:Berenice III
4693:Cleopatra IV
4668:Cleopatra II
4600:Alexander IV
4520:Nectanebo II
4489:
4470:Nepherites I
4429:Artaxerxes I
4416:
4346:
4334:
4317:(664–332 BC)
4297:
4253:Roman Period
4155:Shoshenq VII
4153:
4126:
4086:
4067:Shoshenq III
4049:
4014:
3977:
3955:Psusennes II
3868:Ramesses VII
3848:Ramesses III
3804:
3732:Amenhotep II
3727:Thutmose III
3663:
3552:Sobekemsaf I
3544:
3519:
3512:
3505:
3498:
3478:
3471:
3376:
3359:
3354:'Aper-'Anati
3352:
3345:
3338:
3318:
3311:
3304:
3297:
3290:
3283:
3276:
3262:Sekheperenre
3214:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3084:Neferhotep I
3074:Seth Meribre
3051:
3037:Djedkheperew
2954:
2915:
2906:Amenemhat IV
2896:Senusret III
2886:Amenemhat II
2802:Mentuhotep I
2764:
2653:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2518:Neferkare II
2469:
2462:
2395:Nyuserre Ini
2349:
2332:
2287:
2280:
2268:
2209:
2204:Neferkasokar
2202:
2195:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2108:
2101:
2009:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1952:Finger Snail
1950:
1943:
1923:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1790:
1688:
1667:. Retrieved
1664:ScienceAlert
1663:
1653:
1645:
1640:
1627:
1618:
1603:
1587:
1582:
1574:
1571:Robert Drews
1566:
1557:
1551:. Retrieved
1547:
1538:
1530:
1524:. Retrieved
1520:
1511:
1503:
1497:. Retrieved
1492:
1482:
1462:
1455:
1447:
1431:
1426:
1418:
1397:
1389:
1381:
1373:
1336:
1331:
1322:Victor Loret
1314:Amenhotep II
1291:
1247:
1244:
1210:Israel Stele
1209:
1203:
1199:Greek people
1177:
1157:
1117:
1081:
1073:
1054:crown prince
1050:
1035:
1004:
986:
976:
965:
944:
878:
877:
624:
495:The Soul of
491:
387:
377:Golden Horus
247:
125:
4973:Gordian III
4918:Diadumenian
4718:Cleopatra V
4572:(332–30 BC)
4567:Hellenistic
4510:Nectanebo I
4402:Cambyses II
4384:Psamtik III
4342:Tefnakht II
4144:Takelot III
4139:Osorkon III
4134:Shoshenq VI
4088:Pedubast II
4072:Shoshenq IV
4045:Shoshenq II
4010:Pinedjem II
4000:Menkheperre
3935:Psusennes I
3888:Ramesses XI
3878:Ramesses IX
3863:Ramesses VI
3853:Ramesses IV
3800:Ramesses II
3762:Tutankhamun
3737:Thutmose IV
3717:Thutmose II
3707:Amenhotep I
3679:New Kingdom
3614:New Kingdom
3473:Senusret IV
3457:Dedumose II
3432:Nebiriau II
3427:Nebiryraw I
3422:Mentuhotepi
3227:Khakherewre
3154:Merkheperre
3064:Imyremeshaw
3047:Sedjefakare
3002:Sehetepibre
2977:Ameny Qemau
2911:Sobekneferu
2891:Senusret II
2876:Amenemhat I
2858:Iyibkhentre
2588:Neferirkare
2583:Neferkauhor
2390:Shepseskare
2231:Old Kingdom
2217:Khasekhemwy
2197:Neferkara I
2166:Weneg-Nebty
2011:Scorpion II
1544:"Merneptah"
1521:Penn Museum
1489:"Merneptah"
1394:"Merneptah"
1262:Upper Egypt
1191:circumcised
1174:on a column
1128:Sea Peoples
1096:Penn Museum
1084:Pi-Ramesses
1011:Tutankhamun
968:Ramesses II
957:Tutankhamun
807:Ramesses II
628:Beloved of
83:Ramesses II
79:Predecessor
5250:Categories
5090:Diocletian
5044:Quintillus
4997:Aemilianus
4952:Gordian II
4924:Elagabalus
4745:Arsinoe IV
4628:Arsinoe II
4553:Darius III
4480:Psammuthes
4369:Psamtik II
4184:Bakenranef
4122:Pedubast I
4117:Takelot II
4112:Harsiese A
4094:Osorkon IV
4082:Shoshenq V
4062:Osorkon II
4035:Shoshenq I
4005:Smendes II
3985:Pinedjem I
3930:Amenemnisu
3883:Ramesses X
3858:Ramesses V
3810:Amenmesses
3790:Ramesses I
3752:Smenkhkare
3722:Hatshepsut
3712:Thutmose I
3462:Montuemsaf
3452:Dedumose I
3252:Nebdjefare
3242:Merdjefare
3012:Nedjemibre
3007:Sewadjkare
2881:Senusret I
2853:Qakare Ini
2674:Meryhathor
2578:Neferkaure
2573:Qakare Iby
2558:Neferkahor
2543:Neferkamin
2351:Thamphthis
2345:Shepseskaf
2259:Sekhemkhet
2110:Horus Bird
1987:Scorpion I
1553:2017-12-21
1526:2017-12-21
1499:2017-12-21
1365:References
1308:, but his
1254:Isetnofret
1224:Succession
1136:Nile delta
1068:See also:
1064:Chronology
1007:Isetnofret
972:Khaemweset
817:Isetnofret
237:Nebty name
115:Horus name
5256:Merneptah
5222:Ptolemaic
5030:Gallienus
4945:Gordian I
4908:Caracalla
4834:Vespasian
4828:Vitellius
4610:Ptolemaic
4452:Amyrtaeus
4434:Darius II
4379:Ahmose II
4359:Psamtik I
4298:uncertain
4286:Pharaohs
4222:Tanutamun
4057:Takelot I
4040:Osorkon I
3990:Masaharta
3940:Amenemope
3843:Setnakhte
3805:Merneptah
3747:Akhenaten
3664:uncertain
3546:Nebmaatre
3367:Sakir-Har
3320:Yaqub-Har
3232:Nebefawre
2982:Hotepibre
2848:Segerseni
2817:Intef III
2765:uncertain
2753:Pharaohs
2385:Neferefre
2211:Hudjefa I
2092:Semerkhet
1829:Hedju Hor
1791:uncertain
1779:Pharaohs
1294:arthritis
1258:Amenmesse
1186:Nine Bows
1106:Campaigns
1098:, led by
1041:Amenmesse
945:Merenptah
879:Merneptah
796:Merenptah
97:Amenmesse
89:Successor
38:Merenptah
33:Merneptah
18:Merenptah
5182:21 to 23
5100:Galerius
5095:Maximian
5084:Numerian
5051:Aurelian
5003:Valerian
4966:Balbinus
4959:Pupienus
4913:Macrinus
4885:Pertinax
4879:Commodus
4844:Domitian
4807:Claudius
4802:Caligula
4797:Tiberius
4792:Augustus
4412:Darius I
4364:Necho II
4207:Shebitku
4179:Tefnakht
3772:Horemheb
3702:Ahmose I
3514:Pantjeny
3500:Senebkay
3480:Pepi III
3442:Bebiankh
3299:Shenshek
3257:Nebsenre
3089:Sihathor
3059:Khendjer
3022:Renseneb
2967:Nerikare
2812:Intef II
2689:Merykare
2594:Wadjkare
2538:Merenhor
2433:Userkare
2340:Menkaure
2334:Bikheris
2323:Djedefre
2289:Qahedjet
2173:Wadjenes
2159:Horus Sa
2152:Nubnefer
2139:Nynetjer
2103:Sneferka
1843:Ni-Neith
1729:Pharaohs
1626:(2001).
1592:Ian Shaw
1353:See also
788:Children
5077:Carinus
5058:Tacitus
5016:Quietus
4859:Hadrian
4543:Khabash
4374:Wahibre
4354:Necho I
4348:Nekauba
4336:Ammeris
4279:Dynasty
4217:Taharqa
4212:Shabaka
4149:Rudamun
4128:Iuput I
3973:Herihor
3925:Smendes
3825:Twosret
3815:Seti II
3659:female)
3644:Dynasty
3540:Rahotep
3437:Semenre
3407:Djehuti
3389:Khamudi
3378:Yanassi
3361:Salitis
3313:Yakareb
3306:Khamure
3237:Sehebre
3159:Merkare
2807:Intef I
2746:Dynasty
2655:Imhotep
2615:Iytjenu
2601:Khuiqer
2513:Menkare
2464:Neferka
2448:Pepi II
2370:Userkaf
2264:Sanakht
2087:Anedjib
2067:Hor-Aha
2000:Iry-Hor
1994:Shendjw
1966:Pen-Abu
1850:Hat-Hor
1772:Dynasty
1669:5 April
1493:slu.edu
1341:to the
1304:in the
1250:Seti II
1124:Libyans
1088:Memphis
1027:Tausret
1023:Seti II
959:of the
859:Dynasty
792:Seti II
773:Consort
93:Seti II
63:Pharaoh
5217:Argead
5064:Probus
4984:Decius
4979:Philip
4854:Trajan
4582:Argead
4491:Muthis
4444:XXVIII
4424:Xerxes
4292:female
4270:Period
3979:Piankh
3950:Siamun
3820:Siptah
3795:Seti I
3635:Period
3587:Kamose
3521:Snaaib
3491:Abydos
3347:Semqen
3340:Sharek
3292:Sheneh
3272:'Apepi
3267:Bebnum
3222:Nehesy
3042:Sebkay
2962:Sonbef
2759:female
2737:Period
2548:Nikare
2438:Pepi I
2375:Sahure
2328:Khafre
2313:Snefru
2282:Sedjes
2254:Djoser
2180:Senedj
2058:Narmer
2017:Narmer
1899:Wazner
1864:Hsekiu
1836:Ny-Hor
1785:female
1763:Period
1590:, ed.
1559:reign.
1470:
1274:Messuy
1270:Thebes
1218:Canaan
1214:Israel
1195:Ekwesh
1148:Karnak
1138:. His
1094:. The
1058:Regent
1037:Takhat
1031:Siptah
1001:Family
983:Israel
844:Burial
813:Mother
803:Father
781:Takhat
5070:Carus
4849:Nerva
4839:Titus
4817:Galba
4784:XXXIV
4769:Roman
4548:Arses
4475:Hakor
4394:XXVII
4104:XXIII
3694:XVIII
3654:(male
3384:Apepi
3372:Khyan
3285:Wazad
3053:Wegaf
2987:Iufni
2841:Nubia
2649:Setut
2471:Nefer
2318:Khufu
2276:Khaba
2270:Nebka
2134:Nebra
2062:Menes
2021:Menes
1973:Stork
1936:Upper
1892:Neheb
1885:Thesh
1871:Khayu
1820:Lower
1320:) by
1310:mummy
1280:Mummy
1078:Reign
943:) or
614:Nomen
70:Reign
55:Cairo
4903:Geta
4822:Otho
4812:Nero
4530:XXXI
4515:Teos
4462:XXIX
4327:XXVI
4312:Late
4289:male
4249:Late
4202:Piye
4171:XXIV
4077:Pami
4027:XXII
3616:and
3532:XVII
3278:Nuya
2947:XIII
2756:male
2718:and
2608:Khui
2505:VIII
2428:Teti
2410:Unas
2295:Huni
2097:Qa'a
2077:Djet
2072:Djer
1980:Bull
1959:Fish
1925:Wash
1906:Mekh
1782:male
1671:2021
1468:ISBN
1318:KV35
1296:and
1266:Kush
1264:and
1181:Ptah
1172:Ptah
1144:Libu
1092:Ptah
991:Soul
836:Died
823:Born
630:Ptah
4502:XXX
4251:to
4194:XXV
3917:XXI
3782:XIX
3399:XVI
3179:XIV
3027:Hor
2868:XII
2501:VII
2246:III
2082:Den
1878:Tiu
1744:to
1302:KV8
1240:KV8
993:of
951:of
848:KV8
5252::
5212:31
5207:30
5202:27
5197:26
5192:25
5187:24
5177:20
5172:19
5167:18
5162:12
5157:11
3835:XX
3767:Ay
3331:XV
2794:XI
2626:IX
2420:VI
2305:IV
2145:Ba
2121:II
2060:/
2019:/
2005:Ka
1857:Pu
1662:.
1630:.
1594:,
1573:,
1556:.
1546:.
1529:.
1519:.
1502:.
1491:.
1439:^
1417:,
1407:^
1396:.
1380:,
1349:.
1201:.
1033:.
995:Ra
974:.
963:.
936:ɑː
918:ər
909:ɑː
894:ɛr
827:c.
794:,
779:,
497:Ra
53:,
5152:4
5148:3
5145:2
5141:1
2666:X
2503:/
2362:V
2050:I
1945:A
1913:A
1721:e
1714:t
1707:v
1673:.
1612:.
1476:.
1402:.
1316:(
939:/
933:t
930:p
927:ɛ
924:n
921:ˈ
915:m
912:,
906:t
903:p
900:ɛ
897:n
891:m
888:ˈ
885:/
881:(
783:?
95:/
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