1029:, then the instrument must be delivered within one month of succession; meanwhile, the peer may not sit or vote in the House of Commons. Prior to the House of Lords Act 1999, a hereditary peer could not disclaim a peerage after having applied for a writ of summons to Parliament; now, however, hereditary peers do not have the automatic right to a writ of summons to the House. Irish peerages may not be disclaimed. A peer who disclaims the peerage loses all titles, rights and privileges associated with the peerage; his wife or her husband is similarly affected. No further hereditary peerages may be conferred upon the person, but life peerages may be. The peerage remains without a holder until the death of the peer making the disclaimer, when it descends normally.
1504:(to a younger son and his heirs-male while the eldest son is still alive). In many cases, at the time of the grant the proposed peer in question had no sons, nor any prospect of producing any, and the special remainder was made to allow remembrance of his personal honour to continue after his death and to preclude an otherwise certain rapid extinction of the peerage. However, in all cases the course of descent specified in the patent must be known in common law. For instance, the Crown may not make a "shifting limitation" in the letters patent; in other words, the patent may not vest the peerage in an individual and then, before that person's death, shift the title to another person. The doctrine was established in the
4420:
4962:
730:
4499:
4949:
4325:
4309:
4293:
4277:
4261:
4943:
4319:
4303:
4287:
4271:
4255:
4836:
1782:
36:
4551:
4525:
4823:
4230:
4220:
4210:
4122:
4784:
4473:
4373:
4348:
4758:
4797:
4577:
4771:
676:, but provided that Irish peerages could still be created; but the Irish peers were concerned that their honours would be diluted as cheap prizes, and insisted that an Irish peerage could be created only when three Irish peerages had gone extinct (until there were only a hundred Irish peers left). In the early 19th century, Irish creations were as frequent as this allowed; but only three have been created since 1863, and none since 1898. As of 2011, only 66 "only-Irish" peers remain.
4862:
99:
4919:
4906:
4460:
4702:
4183:
4173:
4163:
4715:
347:
4564:
4538:
4810:
4408:
1530:
335:
4745:
4486:
1045:
2168:
4849:
4590:
623:
earldoms were the first to be hereditary, and three different rules can be traced for the case of an earl who left no sons and several married daughters. In the 13th century, the husband of the eldest daughter inherited the earldom automatically; in the 15th century, the earldom reverted to the Crown, who might re-grant it (often to the eldest son-in-law); in the 17th century,
4628:
4615:
1982:
4512:
4875:
1281:
though the committee was not consistent on what constituted proof of a writ, what constituted proof of sitting, and which 13th-century assemblages were actually parliaments. Even a writ issued in error is held to create a peerage unless the writ was cancelled before the recipient took his seat; the cancellation was performed by the now obsolete writ of
1333:, a mechanism whereby normally, male descendants of the peer take precedence over female descendants, with children representing their deceased ancestors, and wherein the senior line of descent always takes precedence over the junior line per each gender. These rules, however, are amended by the proviso whereby sisters (and their heirs) are considered
1268:. This was not medieval practice, and it is doubtful whether any writ was ever issued with the intent of creating such a peerage. The last instance of a man being summoned by writ without already holding a peerage was under the early Tudors; the first clear decision that a single writ (as opposed to a long succession of writs) created a peerage was in
4676:
638:. A writ does not create a peerage in Ireland; all Irish peerages are by patent or charter, although some early patents have been lost. After James II left England, he was King of Ireland alone for a time; three creations he ordered then are in the Irish Patent Roll, although the patents were never issued; but these are treated as valid.
1582:
honours shall continue, remain, and be invested in all the issue of the said Duke, so long as any such issue male or female shall continue, and be held by them severally and successively in manner and form aforesaid, the elder and the descendants of every elder issue to be preferred before the younger of such issue."
1134:: they are construed as existing, but held by no one, during such periods. These peerages are also special in that they are never directly inherited. The Dukedom of Cornwall was held formerly by the eldest son of the King of England, and the Dukedom of Rothesay, the Earldom of Carrick, and certain non-peerage titles (
1521:(the invalidation of clause may not affect the validity of the letters patent itself). The patent stipulated that if the holder of the barony should ever inherit the earldom, then he would be deprived of the barony, which would instead pass to the next successor as if the deprived holder had died without issue.
634:, he and his successors began to imitate the English system as it was in their time. Irish earls were first created in the 13th century, and Irish parliaments began later in the same century; until Henry VIII declared himself King of Ireland, these parliaments were small bodies, representing only the
2101:
As the vast majority of hereditary peerages can only be inherited by men, the number of peeresses in their own right is very small; only 18 out of 758 hereditary peers by succession, or 2.4%, were female, as of 1992. All female hereditary peers succeeding after 1980 have been to
English or Scottish
1348:
is a type of writ of summons that enables the eldest son of a peer to attend the House of Lords using one of his father's subsidiary titles. The title is strictly not inherited by the eldest son, however; it remains vested in the father. A writ may be granted only if the title being accelerated is a
938:
on the part of the holder. The blood of an attainted peer was considered "corrupted", consequently his or her descendants could not inherit the title. If all descendants of the attainted peer were to die out, however, then an heir from another branch of the family not affected by the attainder could
530:
20 a year. Like most feudal offices, earldoms were inherited, but the kings frequently asked earls to resign or exchange earldoms. Usually there were few earls in
England, and they were men of great wealth in the shire from which they held title, or an adjacent one, but it depended on circumstances:
1926:
abolished the automatic right of hereditary peers to sit in the House of Lords. Out of about 750 hereditary peers, only 92 may sit in the House of Lords. The Act provides that 90 of those 92 seats are to be elected by other members of the House: 15 by vote of the whole house (including life peers),
1754:
that combined
Ireland and Great Britain into the United Kingdom in 1801. New creations were restricted to a maximum of one new Irish peerage for every three existing Irish peerages that became extinct, excluding those held concurrently with an English or British peerage; only if the total number of
716:
and Irish officials, generally no longer appointed; no Irish peers have been created since 1898, and they have no part in the present governance of the United
Kingdom. Scottish peerage law is generally similar to English law, but differs in innumerable points of detail, often being more similar to
641:
The Irish peers were in a peculiar political position: because they were subjects of the King of
England, but peers in a different kingdom, they could sit in the English House of Commons, and many did. In the 18th century, Irish peerages became rewards for English politicians, limited only by the
2997:
Baronia anglica concentrata; or, A concentrated account of all the baronies commonly called baronies in fee; deriving their origin from writ of summons and not from any specific limited creation ... whereto is added the proofs of parliamentary sitting, from the reign of Edward I to that of Queen
622:
If a man held a peerage, his son would succeed to it; if he had no children, his brother would succeed. If he had a single daughter, his son-in-law would inherit the family lands, and usually the same peerage; more complex cases were decided depending on circumstances. Customs changed with time;
1581:
and their heirs-male - and thereafter "to all and every other the issue male and female, lineally descending of or from the said Duke of
Marlborough, in such manner and for such estate as the same are before limited to the before-mentioned issue of the said Duke, it being intended that the said
1280:
issued, that the recipient sat and that the council in question was a parliament, the
Committee of Privileges of the House of Lords determines who is now entitled to the peerage as though modern law had always applied. Several such long-lost baronies were claimed in the 19th and 20th centuries,
4076:
1771:
1762:. The Peerage continued to swell through the 19th century. In the 20th century, there were even more creations, as Prime Ministers were again eager to secure majorities in the House of Lords. Peerages were handed out not to honour the recipient but to give him a seat in the House of Lords.
777:; the female equivalents are duchess, marchioness, countess, viscountess and baroness respectively. Women typically do not hold hereditary titles in their own right, except for certain peerages in the peerage of Scotland. One significant change to the status quo in England was in 1532 when
1931:
hereditary peers. Elections were held in
October and November 1999 to choose those initial 90 peers, with all hereditary peers eligible to vote. Hereditary peers elected hold their seats until their death, resignation or exclusion for non-attendance (the latter two means introduced by the
1594:, which killed many peers, and degraded or attainted many others, there were only 29 Lords Temporal; but the population of England was also much smaller then. The Tudors doubled the number of Peers, creating many but executing others; at the death of Queen Elizabeth I, there were 59.
838:
Many peers hold more than one hereditary title; for example, the same individual may be a duke, a marquess, an earl, a viscount, and a baron by virtue of different peerages. If such a person is entitled to sit in the House of Lords, he still only has one vote. However, until the
886:
if its parents are married at the time of its birth or marry later; only legitimate children may succeed to a title, and furthermore, an
English, Irish, or British (but not Scottish) peerage can only be inherited by a child born legitimate, not legitimated by a later marriage.
2102:
peerages originally created before 1700. Of the over 800 hereditary peerages created since 1863, only 13 could be inherited by daughters of the original recipient, and none can be inherited by granddaughters or higher-order female descendants of the original recipient. The
1874:
There is no statute that prevents the creation of new hereditary peerages; they may technically be created at any time, and the government continues to maintain pro forma letters patent for their creation. The most recent policies outlining the creation of new peerages, the
2440:, Vol IX, Appendix B; the date of the last writ issued to a baron is uncertain because the records of the House of Lords for most of the reign of Henry VIII are lost. There is a solitary fifteenth-century writ summoning a man and his heirs male; this would now be a patent.
1723:
was introduced in the House of Lords to place a limitation on the Crown's power. It sought to permit no more than six new creations, and thereafter one new creation for each other title that became extinct. But it did allow the Crown to bestow titles on members of the
1337:; seniority of the line is irrelevant when succession is through a female line. In other words, no woman inherits because she is older than her sisters. If all of the co-heirs but one die, then the surviving co-heir succeeds to the title. Otherwise, the title remains
2768:
1433:
apply; they do not fall into abeyance, as under Scots law, sisters are not treated as equal co-heirs. English and
British letters patent that do not specify a course of descent are invalid, though the same is not true for the letters patent creating peers in the
1259:
By modern English law, if a writ of summons was issued to a person who was not a peer, that person took his seat in Parliament, and the parliament was a parliament in the modern sense (including representatives of the Commons), that single writ created a
1185:; the former is a peerage dignity, while the latter is an estate held by the Duke of Cornwall. Income from the Duchy goes to the Duke of Cornwall, or, when there is no duke, to the sovereign (but the money is then paid to the heir to the throne under the
703:
The law applicable to a British hereditary peerage depends on which Kingdom it belongs to. Peerages of England, Great Britain, and the United Kingdom follow English law; the difference between them is that peerages of England were created before the
4110:
3027:
998:). Under the Titles Deprivation Act, the successors to the peerages may petition the Crown for a reinstatement of the titles; so far, none of them has chosen to do so (the Taaffe and Ballymote peerages would have become extinct in 1967).
1250:
of summons. Without the writ, no peer may sit or vote in Parliament. The form of writs of summons has changed little over the centuries. It is established precedent that the sovereign may not deny writs of summons to qualified peers.
2215:
2016:
However, the proliferation of peerage creations in the late 19th century and the first half of the 20th century resulted in even minor political figures entering the ranks of the peerage; these included newspaper owners (e.g.
1372:
There are no Scottish peerages created by writ; neither can Scottish baronies go into abeyance, for Scots law does not hold sisters as equal heirs regardless of age. Furthermore, there is only one extant barony by writ in the
2764:
2009:. A few peers own one or more of England's largest estates passed down through inheritance, particularly those with medieval roots: until the late 19th century the dominant English and Scottish land division on death was
4103:
3020:
668:, and the rules covering the peers should follow the English model; because there were proportionately many more Scottish peers, they chose a number of representatives to sit in the British House of Lords. The
2205:
2113:
4096:
1728:
without any such limitation. The Bill was rejected in its final stage in the Lords, but it was passed in the Lords when it was reintroduced in the next year. Nonetheless, the House of Commons rejected the
2200:
1024:
within 12 months of succeeding to the peerage, or, if under the age of 21 at the time of succession, within 12 months of becoming 21 years old. If, at the time of succession, the peer is a member of the
720:
Women are ineligible to succeed to the majority of English, Irish, and British hereditary peerages, but may inherit certain English baronies by writ and Scottish peerages in the absence of a male heir.
596:, was not originally hereditary, or even a privilege; the recipient had to come to the Great Council at his own expense, vote on taxes on himself and his neighbours, acknowledge that he was the king's
3013:
1719:
Several peers were alarmed at the rapid increase in the size of the Peerage, fearing that their individual importance and power would decrease as the number of peers increased. Therefore, in 1719, a
292:
1106:
867:, male and female. The latter method explicitly creates a peerage and names the dignity in question. Letters patent may state the course of descent; usually, this is only to male heirs, but by a
1450:
is specified (see below). The limitation indicates that only lineal descendants of the original peer may succeed to the peerage. In some very rare instances, the limitation was left out. In the
4135:
2261:
619:, or charter declaring a man to be a baron. The five orders began to be called peers. Holders of older peerages also began to receive greater honour than peers of the same rank just created.
1879:, explicitly apply to both hereditary and life peers. However, successive governments have largely disowned the practice, and the Royal Household website currently describes the King as the
404:
3915:
442:
came into force only 92 hereditary peers, elected by and from all hereditary peers, are permitted to do so, unless they are also life peers. Peers are called to the House of Lords with a
831:. Under modern constitutional conventions, no peerage dignity, with the possible exception of those given to members of the royal family, would be created if not upon the advice of the
412:
378:
4031:
3781:
1962:
The Government reserves a number of political and ceremonial positions for hereditary peers. To encourage hereditary peers in the House of Lords to follow the party line, a number of
1739:
was especially profuse with the creation of titles, mainly due to the desire of some of his Prime Ministers to obtain a majority in the House of Lords. During his 12 years in power,
2103:
1855:. As for the practice of granting hereditary titles (usually earldoms) to male commoners who married into the royal family, the latest offer of such peerage was in 1973 to Captain
3036:
557:
declared himself King of France, he made his sons dukes, to distinguish them from other noblemen, much as royal dukes are now distinguished from other dukes. Later kings created
416:
1565:. Under Parliament's amendment to the patent, designed to allow the famous general's honour to survive after his death, the dukedom was allowed to pass to the Duke's daughters;
3957:
408:
400:
2911:
1409:, the most common wording is "to have and to hold unto him and the heirs male of his body lawfully begotten and to be begotten". Where the letters patent specifies the peer's
1397:
are used to create peerages. Letters patent must explicitly name the recipient of the title and specify the course of descent; the exact meaning of the term is determined by
1170:. The earldom is a special case, because it is not hereditary, instead revesting or merging in the Crown if the prince succeeds to the Crown or predeceases the monarch: thus
1915:) having been deprived of his seat due to an inadvertent inheritance was undemocratic, and the desire of the Conservatives to put their choice of prime minister (ultimately
2899:
1425:(not just heirs-male), these follow the same rules of descent as do baronies by writ and seem able to fall into abeyance as well. Many Scottish titles allow for passage to
1276:
also renders it doubtful that such a writ would now create a peer if one were now issued; however, this doctrine is applied retrospectively: if it can be shown that a writ
943:
abolished corruption of blood; instead of losing the peerage, a peer convicted of treason would be disqualified from sitting in Parliament for the period of imprisonment.
604:). Which men were ordered to council varied from council to council; a man might be so ordered once and never again, or all his life, but his son and heir might never go.
1438:. The House of Lords has ruled in certain cases that when the course of descent is not specified, or when the letters patent are lost, the title descends to heirs-male.
898:, whereby it was possible for the eldest son of a peer holding more than one peerage to sit in the House of Lords by virtue of one of his father's subsidiary dignities.
1578:
2006:
1570:
1358:
2029:). As a result, there are many hereditary peers who have taken up careers which do not fit traditional conceptions of aristocracy. For example, Arup Kumar Sinha, 6th
2668:
1566:
909:, alive) when all possible heirs (as provided by the letters patent) have died out; i.e., there is nobody in remainder at the death of the holder. A title becomes
2565:
1357:
issued the first one, including four writs issued in the twentieth century. The only individual who recently sat in the House of Lords by writ of acceleration is
708:, peerages of Great Britain between 1707 and the Union with Ireland in 1800, and peerages of the United Kingdom since 1800. Irish peerages follow the law of the
461:, but the granting of new hereditary peerages has largely dwindled; only seven hereditary peerages have been created since 1965, four of them for members of the
2714:
2811:(1997). "The British Peerage: The Legal Standing of the Peerage and Baronetage in the overseas realms of the Crown with particular reference to New Zealand".
588:
evolved from those men who were individually ordered to attend Parliament, but held no other title; the chosen representatives, on the other hand, became the
4554:
4476:
4126:
3862:
3631:
3469:
371:
2285:
4965:
4502:
3592:
3483:
2847:
2128:). But all of these have since died or resigned, and no woman has stood in a by-election to a vacant Lords seat since 1999. A single female peer, the 29th
2060:
2018:
1341:
until the sovereign "terminates" the abeyance in favour of one of the co-heirs. The termination of an abeyance is entirely at the discretion of the Crown.
1213:
847:, in which case the peer and his heir would have one vote each. Where this is not done, the heir may still use one of the father's subsidiary titles as a "
4088:
1349:
subsidiary one, and not the main title, and if the beneficiary of the writ is the heir-apparent of the actual holder of the title. A total of ninety-four
1574:
1712:
death in 1714, there were 168 peers. In 1712, Queen Anne was called upon to create 12 peers in one day in order to pass a government measure, more than
1150:. Since those titles have been united, the dukedoms and associated subsidiary titles are held by the eldest son of the monarch. In Scotland, the title
4886:
4639:
4024:
3139:
2694:
2690:
2265:
4992:
4055:
2706:
2627:
2416:
2042:
2002:
1832:
1558:
364:
2109:
From 1963 (when female hereditary peers were allowed to enter the House of Lords) to 1999, there has been a total of 25 female hereditary peers.
816:, in being hereditary, but is long obsolete, the last full summons of the English feudal barons to military service having occurred in 1327. The
2158:
2710:
2363:
1904:
1868:
298:
2327:. Ministry of Justice (information formerly managed by the Department for Constitutional Affairs). The Crown Office. June 2003. Archived from
1907:, and thus a peerage was sometimes seen as an impediment to a future political career. The law changed due to an agreement that the Labour MP
1001:
Nothing prevents a British peerage from being held by a foreign citizen (although such peers cannot sit in the House of Lords, while the term
2722:
2117:
1836:
1740:
859:
The mode of inheritance of an hereditary peerage is determined by the method of its creation. Titles may be created by writ of summons or by
288:
526:. Earldoms began as offices, with a perquisite of a share of the legal fees in the county; they gradually became honours, with a stipend of
3128:
2072:
1927:
42 by the Conservative hereditary peers, two by the Labour hereditary peers, three by the Liberal Democrat hereditary peers, and 28 by the
1848:
1804:
1205:
832:
57:
3848:
3841:
2096:
1269:
615:, attendance at Parliament became more valuable. The first claim of hereditary right to a writ comes from this reign; so does the first
2157:
3855:
3624:
3617:
3564:
3269:
3155:
2210:
2132:, is listed in the "Register of Hereditary Peers" among about 200 male peers as willing to stand in by-elections, as of October 2020.
1937:
453:
may pass on their titles, but they are not peers. Conversely, the holder of a non-hereditary title may belong to the peerage, as with
4360:
4195:
3964:
3585:
3162:
3121:
3086:
2919:
2559:
2505:
2489:
2395:
2026:
1092:
983:
627:
unless all but one of the daughters died and left no descendants, in which case the remaining daughter (or her heir) would inherit.
499:
The hereditary peerage, as it now exists, combines several different English institutions with analogues from Scotland and Ireland.
79:
3557:
863:. The former is merely a summons of an individual to Parliament and does not explicitly confer a peerage; descent is always to the
584:); he would generally order lesser men from towns and counties to gather and pick some men to represent them. The English Order of
1174:(then the grandson of the reigning monarch) was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester a month after the death of his father
4618:
4006:
3950:
3490:
3276:
2903:
2083:(only for his son to reclaim the family title after his death) was a senior government minister (later a writer and orator) with
1888:
1736:
1066:
813:
470:
4961:
2324:
1005:
does not include Irish or Commonwealth citizens). Several descendants of George III were British peers and German subjects; the
729:
3262:
3148:
2718:
600:(which might cost him special taxes), and risk involvement in royal politics – or a request from the king for a personal loan (
1484:
It is possible for a patent to allow for succession by someone other than an heir-male or heir of the body, under a so-called
3326:
3283:
2875:
2860:
2241:
1933:
1553:
in 1706. The patent originally provided that the dukedom could be inherited by the heirs-male of the body of the first duke,
1070:
494:
396:
273:
117:
4419:
2469:
1463:
of the original peer to take his seat. The precedent, however, was reversed in 1859, when the House of Lords decided in the
2742:
4498:
2651:
1816:
1759:
1406:
1265:
673:
241:
1246:
At the beginning of each new parliament, each peer who has established his or her right to attend Parliament is issued a
4987:
4839:
4718:
3908:
3550:
3451:
2220:
1709:
1683:
283:
2549:
2192:
4948:
4800:
4787:
4774:
4761:
4679:
4541:
4528:
4515:
4324:
4308:
4292:
4276:
4260:
4242:
3767:
3749:
3742:
3735:
3696:
3412:
3405:
3191:
3107:
3100:
2545:
2388:
2068:
1970:
1884:
1812:
947:
872:
589:
565:
to make finer gradations of honour: a rank something more than an earl and something less than an earl, respectively.
3978:
2001:. Only a tiny proportion of wealthy people are peers, but the peerage includes a few of the very wealthiest, such as
1891:
that they would bring in legislation to abolish the remaining hereditary peers' rights to sit in the House of Lords.
1055:
98:
50:
44:
2595:
645:
Scotland evolved a similar system, differing in points of detail. The first Scottish earldoms derive from the seven
576:
wanted money or advice from his subjects, he would order great churchmen, earls, and other great men to come to his
4865:
4580:
3876:
3205:
3198:
1820:
1781:
1175:
817:
4942:
4318:
4302:
4286:
4270:
4254:
1074:
1059:
518:; each shire was led by a local great man, called an earl; the same man could be earl of several shires. When the
3999:
3943:
3522:
2278:
1967:
1774:
In 1984 Harold Macmillan, a former prime minister, was the last non-royal recipient of a hereditary peerage, the
1143:
519:
843:
it was possible for one of the peer's subsidiary titles to be passed to his heir before his death by means of a
61:
4835:
4069:
2991:
2173:
1852:
1744:
1186:
1135:
1026:
665:
268:
231:
962:; either House of Parliament could reject the committee's report within 40 days of its presentation. In 1919,
522:, they continued to appoint earls, but not for all counties; the administrative head of the county became the
1469:
4593:
4062:
3610:
2121:
1998:
1923:
1273:
1006:
883:
840:
654:
439:
308:
4550:
4524:
2188:
1321:
1216:). The Duchy of Lancaster is the inherited property that belongs personally to the monarch, rather than to
1196:, which is also an estate rather than a peerage dignity. The Dukedom of Lancaster merged in the Crown when
4826:
4705:
4372:
4347:
4337:
4229:
4219:
4209:
3806:
3799:
3710:
3578:
3543:
3444:
3219:
3114:
1948:
1883:
for "life peerages, knighthoods and gallantry awards", with no mention of hereditary titles. In 2024, the
1713:
1666:
1550:
1534:
1506:
1294:
650:
515:
2302:
1465:
1303:
3890:
3813:
3728:
3689:
3529:
3305:
3212:
3093:
3005:
2832:
1824:
1640:
1460:
1452:
1417:
succession apply, meaning that succession is through the male line only. Some very old titles, like the
1382:
1366:
1315:
713:
581:
554:
542:
351:
4822:
4472:
2623:
2412:
1309:
4576:
4952:
3536:
3244:
3065:
2609:
2608:
The last special remainder for a peerage with descent to heirs general (male and female) was for the
2235:
1860:
1808:
1750:
A restriction on the creation of peerages, but only in the Peerage of Ireland, was enacted under the
1627:
1446:
It is generally necessary for English patents to include limitation to heirs "of the body", unless a
1354:
1350:
1345:
895:
891:
844:
782:
569:
477:; the most recent grant of a hereditary peerage to a non-royal was in 1984 for former Prime Minister
462:
278:
4861:
4783:
4757:
2367:
1755:
Irish peers dropped below 100 could the Sovereign create one new Irish peerage for each extinction.
4852:
4796:
4770:
3992:
3985:
3936:
3929:
3922:
3834:
3827:
3820:
3515:
3184:
3058:
2225:
1876:
1720:
1653:
1435:
940:
879:
and provides that acquiring a new gender under the Act does not affect the descent of any peerage.
608:
573:
546:
507:
226:
199:
1385:. (Certain other baronies were originally created by writ but later confirmed by letters patent.)
913:
if nobody has claimed the title, or if no claim has been satisfactorily proven. A title goes into
2957:
2947:
2937:
2794:
2080:
1912:
1751:
1670:
1374:
1197:
1193:
995:
797:
709:
688:
669:
532:
431:
236:
221:
166:
4701:
789:; she held this title in her own right and was therefore ennobled with the same rank as a male.
4714:
4459:
4918:
4905:
4182:
4172:
4162:
4150:
3072:
2820:
2660:
2555:
2230:
1916:
1828:
1796:
1591:
1546:
1485:
1447:
1334:
1182:
1139:
864:
746:
742:
705:
661:
612:
601:
2824:
2437:
1994:
1956:
1900:
1844:
1840:
1807:, the practice of granting hereditary peerages has largely ceased except for members of the
1775:
1770:
1155:
1147:
1123:
1119:
1017:
975:
967:
890:
Normally, a peerage passes to the next holder on the death of the previous holder. However,
577:
482:
478:
427:
420:
263:
108:
1288:
Peerages created by writ of summons are presumed to be inheritable only by the recipient's
901:
A person who is a possible heir to a peerage is said to be "in remainder". A title becomes
4922:
4909:
4631:
4563:
4423:
4407:
3883:
3656:
3649:
3497:
3419:
3340:
2979:
2493:
2473:
2399:
2289:
2064:
2038:
1963:
1952:
1880:
1864:
1811:. Only seven hereditary peers have been created since 1965: four in the royal family (the
1789:
1554:
1518:
1514:
1418:
1402:
1241:
1225:
1167:
1163:
1127:
1021:
991:
876:
868:
809:
631:
597:
536:
339:
2971:
2509:
2486:
2392:
1966:(government whips) are usually hereditary peers. This practice was not adhered to by the
1115:
and therefore ceases to exist, because the sovereign cannot hold a dignity from himself.
757:
The ranks of the peerage in most of the United Kingdom are, in descending order of rank,
1951:. These offices are hereditary in themselves, and in recent times have been held by the
1369:. (Viscount Cranborne succeeded to the marquessate on the death of his father in 2003.)
4809:
4744:
4567:
4537:
4489:
4463:
3869:
3476:
3380:
3226:
3079:
2837:
2129:
1986:
1959:
respectively. These are the only two hereditary peers whose right to sit is automatic.
1708:
The number of peers then grew under the Stuarts and all later monarchs. By the time of
1614:
1538:
1529:
1510:
1456:
1394:
1298:
987:
971:
860:
848:
828:
738:
734:
616:
474:
458:
435:
320:
4485:
465:. The most recent grant of a hereditary peerage was in 2019 for the youngest child of
334:
4981:
2995:
2842:
2106:
was the last woman to hold such a post-1900 title from 1979 until her death in 2017.
2010:
1856:
1800:
1501:
1430:
1378:
1330:
959:
4878:
4813:
4748:
3971:
3774:
3703:
3437:
3387:
3347:
2125:
1944:
1928:
1730:
1725:
1497:
1493:
1221:
979:
466:
17:
2883:
2866:
1919:) into the House of Commons, which by that time was deemed politically necessary.
2588:"UK peerage creations: Hereditary peerages with special limitations in remainder"
2531:
2463:
2156:
3571:
2856:
2734:
2055:
2034:
2030:
2022:
1785:
1489:
1362:
1229:
1044:
955:
924:
786:
303:
2986:. The Peter C. Tiersma Collection at Loyola Marymount University. 18 June 2017.
2953:
2943:
2933:
2050:
1473:
1398:
1292:
The House of Lords has settled such a presumption in several cases, including
1171:
778:
642:
concern that they might go to Dublin and interfere with the Irish Government.
635:
2956:
as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from
2946:
as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from
2936:
as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from
2798:
2664:
2624:"Research Briefing - Lords Membership: How Many Women Have Sat in the Lords?"
1513:, in which the House of Lords deemed invalid the clause intended to keep the
1212:
position with no actual duties related to the duchy and is used to appoint a
4589:
4399:
4121:
3319:
2084:
2076:
1981:
1908:
1217:
1166:; at the same time as the principality is created, the duke is also created
930:
805:
550:
454:
194:
4848:
4627:
4614:
4511:
2851:. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 45–55.
954:
peerages if their holders had fought against the United Kingdom during the
4874:
4223:
Knight/Dame Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG/DCMG)
2998:
Anne; also A glossary of dormant English, Scotch, and Irish peerage titles
2216:
List of hereditary peers in the House of Lords by virtue of a life peerage
1973:
due to the small number of Labour hereditary peers in the House of Lords.
1843:). The two viscounts died without male heirs, extinguishing their titles.
2862:
Constitutional History of England since the Accession of George the Third
2808:
2587:
1943:
The remaining two hold their seats by right of the hereditary offices of
1590:
The number of peers has varied considerably with time. At the end of the
1562:
1472:
that a patent that did not include the words "of the body" would be held
1338:
1209:
963:
915:
770:
762:
653:
is as old as the English; the Scottish equivalent of baronies are called
624:
562:
558:
162:
153:
143:
2328:
712:, which is very much similar to English law, except in referring to the
664:, between England and Scotland, provided that future peerages should be
649:, of immemorial antiquity; they were named earls by Queen Margaret. The
4675:
4411:
4213:
Knight/Dame Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG)
3333:
2176:
was created from a revision of this article dated 8 June 2005
1414:
935:
824:
646:
523:
450:
1329:
is determined by common law. Essentially, descent is by the rules of
1020:. To do so, the peer must deliver an instrument of disclaimer to the
1993:
The peerage has traditionally been associated with high gentry, the
919:
if there is more than one person equally entitled to be the holder.
2954:
Text of the Titles Deprivation Act 1917. (7 & 8 George 5 c 47).
1545:
Letters patent are not absolute; they may be amended or revoked by
549:
did not make dukes; they were themselves only Dukes of Normandy or
449:
Not all hereditary titles are titles of the peerage. For instance,
4280:
Knight/Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE/DBE)
2735:"The Downton dilemma: Is it time for gender equality on peerages?"
2206:
List of hereditary peers elected under the House of Lords Act 1999
1980:
1780:
1769:
1549:. For example, Parliament amended the letters patent creating the
1528:
1261:
820:
finally quashed any remaining doubt as to their continued status.
774:
728:
585:
511:
158:
1985:
Many hereditary peers are associated with famous estates such as
4264:
Knight/Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (GBE)
2279:
House of Commons Political and Constitutional Reform Committee,
2201:
List of hereditary baronies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
1903:, peers could not disclaim their peerage in order to sit in the
1247:
766:
758:
593:
527:
503:
148:
138:
4092:
3009:
2865:(11th ed.). London: Longmans, Green and Co. Archived from
2652:"'I want to go out on a high': Meet Parliament's last Countess"
2120:, in 2020. Originally five female peers were elected under the
4136:
Australian Honours Order of Precedence prior to 6 October 1992
2836:
2046:
1561:. One son had died in infancy and the other died in 1703 from
1038:
737:(sitting in its old chamber, burned down in 1834) as drawn by
29:
3842:
Royal West African Frontier Force Distinguished Conduct Medal
2281:
Rules of Royal Succession: Eleventh Report of Session 2010–12
1107:
Category:British and Irish peerages which merged in the Crown
2154:
2554:(2nd ed.). Manchester University Press. p. 194.
1204:
of Lancaster continues to exist, theoretically run by the
4007:
Sierra Leone Fire Brigades Medal, for Meritorious Service
1598:
Creation of English peerage dignities by Stuart monarchs
4233:
Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG)
4176:
Knight/Dame Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB/DCB)
2033:, is a computer technician working for a travel agency;
2325:"Forms of Address for use orally and in correspondence"
1747:'s 17-year tenure, over 140 new peerages were awarded.
1228:
payment, the income from the duchy forms a part of the
1130:, are special cases, which when not in use are said to
1111:
A title held by someone who becomes monarch is said to
812:
or feudal barony in England and Wales was similar to a
4166:
Knight/Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB)
3916:
Union of South Africa King's Medal for Bravery, Silver
1863:) who declined, and the most recent to accept was the
934:
under Acts of Parliament, most often as the result of
3037:
Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom
1788:, science writer and conservative journalist, is the
399:. As of August 2023, there are 805 hereditary peers:
4376:
Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH)
4032:
Queen's Commendation for Valuable Service in the Air
3782:
Union of South Africa King's Medal for Bravery, Gold
3551:
King's Fire Service Medal, for Distinguished Service
1847:
received the earldom customarily bestowed on former
1154:
is used for life or until ascension. In England and
4933:
4896:
4733:
4719:
King's Fire Service Medal for Distinguished Service
4690:
4664:
4653:
4603:
4448:
4437:
4384:
4359:
4336:
4241:
4194:
4149:
4142:
4016:
3900:
3791:
3759:
3720:
3681:
3670:
3641:
3602:
3507:
3461:
3429:
3397:
3372:
3361:
3297:
3254:
3236:
3176:
3138:
3050:
3043:
2980:"Writ of Summons to Parliament for Lord Fisherwick"
2902:(Report). 18 October 1999. HL 106-I. Archived from
958:. Guilt was to be determined by a committee of the
510:institution. Around 1014, England was divided into
4296:Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)
4000:Sierra Leone Police Medal, for Meritorious Service
2650:
2366:. Burke's Peerage and Gentry. 2005. Archived from
2364:"Burke's Guide to British Titles: Courtesy Titles"
1192:The only other duchy in the United Kingdom is the
485:with the subsidiary title of Viscount Macmillan.
3849:King's African Rifles Distinguished Conduct Medal
1459:, the House of Lords permitted an heir who was a
1365:which was actually being held by his father, the
4312:Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE)
1224:is turned over to the Exchequer in return for a
1009:were American citizens for several generations.
4328:Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE)
3951:Sierra Leone Fire Brigades Medal, for Gallantry
1758:There were no restrictions on creations in the
1181:The Dukedom of Cornwall is associated with the
3958:Mauritius Police Medal for Meritorious Service
3544:King’s Police Medal, for Distinguished Service
2900:First Report from the Committee for Privileges
2167:
1989:; many notable estates are open to the public.
1492:(to an elder brother and his heirs-male), the
4706:King's Police Medal for Distinguished Service
4351:Companion of the Imperial Service Order (ISO)
4104:
3021:
2934:Text of the House of Lords Act 1999. (c. 34).
2912:"House of Lords Debates, Vol. 600, col. 1156"
2715:Davina Ingrams, 18th Baroness Darcy de Knayth
2124:(out of seven female candidates; all of them
372:
8:
3986:Indian Police Medal, for Meritorious Service
2765:"Register of Hereditary Peers: running list"
2045:, is an actor and plays David Archer in the
1977:Modern composition of the hereditary peerage
974:(together with its subsidiary peerages, the
792:In the Scottish peerage, the lowest rank is
580:(some of these are now considered the first
3593:Merchant Navy Medal for Meritorious Service
2972:"Three Summonses to the Parliament of 1295"
2944:Text of the Peerage Act 1963. (1963 c. 48).
2116:, none are female, since the retirement of
2075:was a socialist and prison reformer, while
1162:is used until the heir apparent is created
1073:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
796:, the male holder thereof being known as a
514:or counties, largely to defend against the
4661:
4445:
4146:
4111:
4097:
4089:
3923:Kaisar-i-Hind Medal (Gold, Silver, Bronze)
3678:
3625:King's Commendation for Bravery in the Air
3369:
3251:
3135:
3047:
3028:
3014:
3006:
2453:(Little, Brown & company, 1911), p. 33
2402:, legislation.gov.uk, accessed 2 June 2021
2114:92 currently sitting in the House of Lords
1743:had about 30 new peerages created. During
1325:(1841) 8 Cl & Fin 144. The meaning of
539:, nine earls were created in three years.
379:
365:
93:
2532:"Key points in King's Speech at a glance"
1500:(to a nephew and his heirs-male) and the
1093:Learn how and when to remove this message
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
4966:King's Commendation for Valuable Service
3944:Sierra Leone Police Medal, for Gallantry
3632:King's Commendation for Valuable Service
3452:King's Fire Service Medal, for Gallantry
2184:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
1596:
1496:(to a daughter and her heirs-male), the
43:This article includes a list of general
4840:King's Fire Service Medal for Gallantry
4186:Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB)
2974:. Internet History Sourcebooks Project.
2876:"Letter to The Earl Alexander of Tunis"
2707:Myrtle Robertson, 11th Baroness Wharton
2253:
2043:Timothy Bentinck, 12th Earl of Portland
1940:are held to maintain the number at 92.
1827:) and three additional creations under
1232:, the personal funds of the Sovereign.
680:
611:, in the 15th century, just before the
319:
116:
4887:Queen's Commendation for Brave Conduct
4640:Queen's Commendation for Brave Conduct
4025:Queen's Commendation for Brave Conduct
2711:Cherry Drummond, 16th Baroness Strange
1845:Harold Macmillan, 1st Earl of Stockton
1488:. Several instances may be cited: the
1200:became King Henry V. Nonetheless, the
457:. Peerages may be created by means of
2771:from the original on 16 November 2020
2723:Margaret of Mar, 31st Countess of Mar
2264:. UK Parliament. 2012. Archived from
2118:Margaret of Mar, 31st Countess of Mar
1264:, a perpetual peerage inheritable by
922:In the past, peerages were sometimes
871:other descents can be specified. The
823:Peerage dignities are created by the
687:Counting those listed in the article
443:
7:
4542:Conspicuous Gallantry Medal (Flying)
3965:Colonial Police Medal, for Gallantry
3750:Conspicuous Gallantry Medal (Flying)
2767:. Parliament of the United Kingdom.
2671:from the original on 12 January 2022
1716:had created during a 45-year reign.
1206:Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
1198:Henry of Monmouth, Duke of Lancaster
1071:adding citations to reliable sources
984:Dukedom of Cumberland and Teviotdale
851:", but he is not considered a peer.
625:it would not be inherited by anybody
2813:New Zealand Universities Law Review
2800:Commentaries on the Laws of England
2622:Russell Taylor (23 February 2021).
2476:(Chatto & Windus, 1902) p. 115.
2097:List of peerages inherited by women
1899:Until the coming into force of the
3937:Ceylon Police Medal, for Gallantry
3930:Indian Police Medal, for Gallantry
3856:Indian Distinguished Service Medal
3807:Order of British India (2nd class)
3800:Order of British India (1st class)
3445:King's Police Medal, for Gallantry
2630:from the original on 19 April 2022
2598:from the original on 1 August 2020
2568:from the original on 9 August 2021
2419:from the original on 4 August 2020
2211:By-elections to the House of Lords
1429:, in which case the rules of male
1319:(1839) 6 Cl & Fin 757 and the
894:introduced a procedure known as a
808:rank, and not of the Peerage. The
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
4827:King's Police Medal for Gallantry
3814:Indian Order of Merit (3rd class)
3729:Indian Order of Merit (2nd class)
3690:Indian Order of Merit (1st class)
3586:Overseas Territories Police Medal
2745:from the original on 4 April 2019
2104:2nd Countess Mountbatten of Burma
4960:
4947:
4941:
4923:Associate of the Royal Red Cross
4917:
4904:
4873:
4860:
4847:
4834:
4821:
4808:
4801:Albert Medal, Second Class (Sea)
4795:
4782:
4769:
4756:
4743:
4713:
4700:
4674:
4626:
4613:
4588:
4575:
4562:
4549:
4536:
4523:
4510:
4497:
4484:
4471:
4458:
4418:
4406:
4371:
4346:
4323:
4317:
4307:
4301:
4291:
4285:
4275:
4269:
4259:
4253:
4228:
4218:
4208:
4181:
4171:
4161:
4120:
2413:"Glossary -> Writ of summons"
2166:
1541:were later amended by Parliament
1043:
1016:an hereditary peerage under the
430:, all peers except those in the
345:
333:
97:
34:
4775:Albert Medal, First Class (Sea)
4127:Former decorations of Australia
3835:Title Badge (India) (3rd class)
3828:Title Badge (India) (2nd class)
3821:Title Badge (India) (1st class)
3618:King's Commendation for Bravery
3565:King's Volunteer Reserves Medal
2719:Flora Fraser, 21st Lady Saltoun
2649:Tominey, Camilla (1 May 2020).
2262:"Members of the House of Lords"
2079:, who renounced his peerage as
2041:, is a popular science writer;
1442:Limitation to heirs of the body
1313:(1837) 5 Cl & Fin 526, the
785:title for his soon-to-be wife,
4993:Peerages in the United Kingdom
3993:Ceylon Police Medal, for Merit
3558:King's Ambulance Service Medal
2880:Hereditary Peerage Association
2242:Hereditary Peerage Association
2005:(the Duke of Westminster) and
1934:House of Lords Reform Act 2014
1220:. Thus, while income from the
827:by either writs of summons or
495:History of the British peerage
1:
4910:Member of the Royal Red Cross
2916:The United Kingdom Parliament
1760:Peerage of the United Kingdom
1407:Peerage of the United Kingdom
1266:male-preference primogeniture
531:during the civil war between
403:(including six royal dukes),
397:peerage in the United Kingdom
3909:Constabulary Medal (Ireland)
2353:, Oxford, 1960, preface, vii
2221:Reform of the House of Lords
1533:Letters patent granting the
1413:as successors, the rules of
434:were entitled to sit in the
4680:Distinguished Service Order
4555:Distinguished Service Medal
4529:Distinguished Conduct Medal
4516:Conspicuous Gallantry Medal
4477:Distinguished Service Cross
3863:Distinguished Service Medal
3743:Conspicuous Gallantry Medal
3736:Distinguished Conduct Medal
3470:Distinguished Service Cross
3413:Conspicuous Gallantry Cross
3406:Distinguished Service Order
2918:. 1998–1999. Archived from
2389:Gender Recognition Act 2004
2069:Metropolitan Police Service
1997:, and in recent times, the
1701:
1690:
1677:
1660:
1647:
1634:
1621:
1525:Amendment of letters patent
1146:) by the eldest son of the
948:Titles Deprivation Act 1917
873:Gender Recognition Act 2004
674:peers of the United Kingdom
5009:
4788:Albert Medal, Second Class
4581:Distinguished Flying Medal
4503:Distinguished Flying Cross
3877:Distinguished Flying Medal
3498:Royal Red Cross (class II)
3484:Distinguished Flying Cross
2803:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
2094:
1851:after he retired from the
1586:Number of hereditary peers
1239:
1214:minister without portfolio
1176:Frederick, Prince of Wales
1104:
818:Tenures Abolition Act 1660
630:After Henry II became the
492:
27:United Kingdom aristocrats
4762:Albert Medal, First Class
4133:
4045:
3420:Royal Red Cross (class I)
2992:Banks, Thomas Christopher
2874:McCallion, Peter (2003).
2451:The Mother of Parliaments
1885:Starmer Labour government
1457:(1831) 2 Dow & Cl 200
1427:heirs general of the body
1144:Great Steward of Scotland
520:Normans conquered England
451:baronets and baronetesses
352:United Kingdom portal
167:Lord / Lady of Parliament
4070:Degradation (knighthood)
3979:Queen's Medal for Chiefs
3775:Edward Medal (2nd class)
3768:Albert Medal (2nd class)
3704:Edward Medal (1st class)
3697:Albert Medal (1st class)
3087:St Michael and St George
2288:16 November 2020 at the
1745:William Pitt the Younger
1187:Sovereign Grant Act 2011
1007:Lords Fairfax of Cameron
882:A child is deemed to be
4866:Queen's Gallantry Medal
4594:Mentioned in despatches
4063:British campaign medals
3611:Mentioned in Despatches
2848:Encyclopædia Britannica
2492:30 October 2013 at the
2465:The Reign of Queen Anne
2122:House of Lords Act 1999
1795:Since the start of the
1575:Countess of Bridgewater
1353:have been issued since
1274:House of Lords Act 1999
950:permitted the Crown to
855:Inheritance of peerages
841:House of Lords Act 1999
655:lordships of Parliament
592:. This order, called a
545:and his great-grandson
440:House of Lords Act 1999
309:Territorial designation
64:more precise citations.
4338:Imperial Service Order
3711:Empire Gallantry Medal
3579:Imperial Service Medal
3523:King's Gallantry Medal
2833:Ellis, Robert Geoffrey
2303:"Ranks of the Peerage"
2162:
2142:Listen to this article
2061:Peter St Clair-Erskine
2049:'s long-running radio
1990:
1949:Lord Great Chamberlain
1792:
1778:
1571:Countess of Sunderland
1551:Dukedom of Marlborough
1542:
1535:Dukedom of Marlborough
1507:Buckhurst Peerage Case
1411:heirs male of the body
814:Scottish feudal barony
794:lordship of Parliament
754:
666:peers of Great Britain
651:Parliament of Scotland
154:Viscount / Viscountess
144:Marquess / Marchioness
4245:of the British Empire
3891:Burma Gallantry Medal
3530:Royal Victorian Medal
3306:Royal Victorian Chain
3270:Victoria & Albert
3101:Distinguished Service
2161:
1984:
1877:Royal Warrant of 2004
1869:The Princess Margaret
1784:
1773:
1532:
1519:Earldom of De La Warr
1461:collateral descendant
1383:Marquess of Waterford
1367:Marquess of Salisbury
1361:in 1992, through the
1351:writs of acceleration
1322:Hastings Peerage Case
1272:'s case of 1610. The
1208:(which is normally a
732:
555:Edward III of England
543:William the Conqueror
493:Further information:
4953:British Empire Medal
4363:Companions of Honour
4243:Most Excellent Order
3537:British Empire Medal
3122:Companions of Honour
2906:on 8 September 2008.
2610:Earldom of Cromartie
2472:7 April 2022 at the
2236:Writ of acceleration
2193:More spoken articles
1419:Earldom of Arlington
1346:writ of acceleration
1120:Dukedoms of Cornwall
1067:improve this section
1035:Merging in the Crown
992:Viscountcy of Taaffe
939:take the title. The
896:writ of acceleration
845:writ of acceleration
783:Marquess of Pembroke
463:British royal family
4988:Kinship and descent
4934:Meritorious service
4853:Sea Gallantry Medal
4198:Order of St Michael
3516:Sea Gallantry Medal
3255:Royal family orders
3140:Royal family orders
2795:Blackstone, William
2741:. 6 February 2013.
2506:"Queen and Honours"
2398:3 June 2021 at the
2226:Roll of the Peerage
2091:Gender distribution
1831:'s government (the
1776:Earldom of Stockton
1599:
1515:Barony of Buckhurst
1466:Wiltes Peerage Case
1436:Peerage of Scotland
1304:Clifton Barony Case
996:Barony of Ballymote
976:Earldom of Clarence
941:Forfeiture Act 1870
751:Microcosm of London
717:medieval practice.
609:Henry VI of England
426:As a result of the
340:Politics portal
18:Merged in the crown
4196:Most Distinguished
4143:Orders of chivalry
3313:Hereditary peerage
2984:Tiersma Collection
2958:legislation.gov.uk
2948:legislation.gov.uk
2938:legislation.gov.uk
2886:on 26 October 2019
2691:Baroness Arlington
2626:. House of Lords.
2512:on 16 January 2013
2487:Royal Warrant 2004
2268:on 3 January 2013.
2163:
2081:Viscount Stansgate
1999:Conservative Party
1991:
1936:), at which point
1924:House of Lords Act
1913:Viscount Stansgate
1837:Viscount Tonypandy
1793:
1779:
1752:Acts of Union 1800
1597:
1543:
1517:separate from the
1511:(1876) 2 App Cas 1
1494:Earldom of Roberts
1470:(1869) LR 4 HL 126
1453:Devon Peerage Case
1381:, now held by the
1375:Peerage of Ireland
1359:Viscount Cranborne
1331:male primogeniture
1316:Braye Peerage Case
1299:(1640) Cro Cas 601
1290:heirs of the body.
1194:Duchy of Lancaster
1132:lapse to the Crown
1128:Earldom of Carrick
1113:merge in the Crown
798:lord of Parliament
755:
710:Kingdom of Ireland
689:Peerage of Ireland
670:Acts of Union 1800
481:, who was created
473:, who was created
432:peerage of Ireland
4975:
4974:
4729:
4728:
4649:
4648:
4440:gallantry/bravery
4433:
4432:
4153:Order of the Bath
4086:
4085:
4041:
4040:
3666:
3665:
3357:
3356:
3293:
3292:
3172:
3171:
2697:were not elected.
2592:www.peerages.info
2462:Justin McCarthy.
2283:, 7 December 2011
2231:Substantive title
2159:
2019:Alfred Harmsworth
1968:Labour government
1957:Barons Carrington
1917:Alec Douglas-Home
1887:announced in the
1861:The Princess Anne
1833:Viscount Whitelaw
1829:Margaret Thatcher
1821:Duke of Cambridge
1714:Queen Elizabeth I
1706:
1705:
1592:Wars of the Roses
1547:Act of Parliament
1498:Barony of Amherst
1486:special remainder
1480:Special remainder
1448:special remainder
1423:heirs of the body
1310:Vaux Peerage Case
1183:Duchy of Cornwall
1140:Lord of the Isles
1103:
1102:
1095:
988:Earldom of Armagh
972:Dukedom of Albany
869:special remainder
865:heirs of the body
747:Rudolph Ackermann
743:Thomas Rowlandson
706:Act of Union 1707
662:Act of Union 1707
613:Wars of the Roses
421:subsidiary titles
395:form part of the
389:
388:
90:
89:
82:
16:(Redirected from
5000:
4968:
4964:
4956:
4951:
4945:
4926:
4921:
4913:
4908:
4889:
4882:
4877:
4869:
4864:
4856:
4851:
4843:
4838:
4830:
4825:
4817:
4812:
4804:
4799:
4791:
4786:
4778:
4773:
4765:
4760:
4752:
4747:
4722:
4717:
4709:
4704:
4683:
4678:
4662:
4642:
4635:
4630:
4622:
4617:
4596:
4592:
4584:
4579:
4571:
4566:
4558:
4553:
4545:
4540:
4532:
4527:
4519:
4514:
4506:
4501:
4493:
4488:
4480:
4475:
4467:
4462:
4446:
4426:
4422:
4414:
4410:
4402:
4395:
4377:
4375:
4352:
4350:
4329:
4327:
4321:
4313:
4311:
4305:
4297:
4295:
4289:
4281:
4279:
4273:
4265:
4263:
4257:
4234:
4232:
4224:
4222:
4214:
4212:
4187:
4185:
4177:
4175:
4167:
4165:
4147:
4125:
4124:
4113:
4106:
4099:
4090:
4079:
4072:
4065:
4058:
4051:
4034:
4027:
4009:
4002:
3995:
3988:
3981:
3974:
3967:
3960:
3953:
3946:
3939:
3932:
3925:
3918:
3911:
3893:
3886:
3879:
3872:
3865:
3858:
3851:
3844:
3837:
3830:
3823:
3816:
3809:
3802:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3752:
3745:
3738:
3731:
3713:
3706:
3699:
3692:
3679:
3659:
3652:
3634:
3627:
3620:
3613:
3595:
3588:
3581:
3574:
3567:
3560:
3553:
3546:
3539:
3532:
3525:
3518:
3500:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3472:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3422:
3415:
3408:
3390:
3383:
3370:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3329:
3327:Privy counsellor
3322:
3315:
3308:
3286:
3279:
3272:
3265:
3252:
3247:
3229:
3222:
3215:
3208:
3201:
3194:
3187:
3165:
3158:
3151:
3136:
3131:
3124:
3117:
3115:Imperial Service
3110:
3103:
3096:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3061:
3048:
3030:
3023:
3016:
3007:
3002:
3001:. London: Ripon.
2987:
2975:
2923:
2922:on 30 June 2004.
2907:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2882:. Archived from
2870:
2869:on 18 July 2006.
2852:
2840:
2828:
2804:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2731:
2725:
2704:
2698:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2654:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2551:Parliament Today
2542:
2536:
2535:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2508:. Archived from
2502:
2496:
2483:
2477:
2460:
2454:
2447:
2441:
2438:Complete Peerage
2435:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2409:
2403:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2360:
2354:
2351:English Baronies
2347:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2299:
2293:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2258:
2183:
2181:
2170:
2169:
2160:
2150:
2148:
2143:
2073:Earl of Longford
1995:British nobility
1964:lords-in-waiting
1953:Dukes of Norfolk
1905:House of Commons
1901:Peerage Act 1963
1853:House of Commons
1841:Earl of Stockton
1600:
1502:Dukedom of Dover
1490:Barony of Nelson
1327:heir of the body
1295:Lord Grey's Case
1270:Lord Abergavenny
1255:Baronies by writ
1236:Writs of summons
1160:Duke of Cornwall
1156:Northern Ireland
1152:Duke of Rothesay
1148:King of Scotland
1136:Baron of Renfrew
1098:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1078:
1047:
1039:
1027:House of Commons
1018:Peerage Act 1963
1012:A peer may also
994:(along with the
986:(along with the
980:Barony of Arklow
968:Order in Council
905:(an opposite to
810:barony by tenure
725:Ranks and titles
714:Irish Parliament
692:
685:
672:changed this to
590:House of Commons
483:Earl of Stockton
479:Harold Macmillan
428:Peerage Act 1963
393:hereditary peers
381:
374:
367:
350:
349:
348:
338:
337:
323:
299:Forms of address
159:Baron / Baroness
122:
101:
94:
85:
78:
74:
71:
65:
60:this article by
51:inline citations
38:
37:
30:
21:
5008:
5007:
5003:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4998:
4997:
4978:
4977:
4976:
4971:
4959:
4940:
4929:
4916:
4903:
4897:Nursing service
4892:
4885:
4872:
4859:
4846:
4833:
4820:
4807:
4794:
4781:
4768:
4755:
4742:
4735:
4725:
4712:
4699:
4692:
4686:
4673:
4666:
4657:
4655:
4645:
4638:
4632:Air Force Medal
4625:
4619:Air Force Cross
4612:
4605:
4599:
4587:
4574:
4561:
4548:
4535:
4522:
4509:
4496:
4483:
4470:
4457:
4450:
4441:
4439:
4429:
4424:Knight Bachelor
4417:
4405:
4398:
4393:Hereditary peer
4391:
4380:
4370:
4362:
4355:
4345:
4332:
4316:
4300:
4284:
4268:
4252:
4244:
4237:
4227:
4217:
4207:
4199:
4197:
4190:
4180:
4170:
4160:
4152:
4151:Most Honourable
4138:
4129:
4119:
4117:
4087:
4082:
4075:
4068:
4061:
4054:
4049:
4037:
4030:
4023:
4012:
4005:
3998:
3991:
3984:
3977:
3970:
3963:
3956:
3949:
3942:
3935:
3928:
3921:
3914:
3907:
3896:
3889:
3884:Air Force Medal
3882:
3875:
3868:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3840:
3833:
3826:
3819:
3812:
3805:
3798:
3787:
3780:
3773:
3766:
3755:
3748:
3741:
3734:
3727:
3716:
3709:
3702:
3695:
3688:
3674:
3672:
3662:
3657:Elizabeth Cross
3655:
3650:Badge of Honour
3648:
3637:
3630:
3623:
3616:
3609:
3598:
3591:
3584:
3577:
3570:
3563:
3556:
3549:
3542:
3535:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3503:
3496:
3491:Air Force Cross
3489:
3482:
3475:
3468:
3457:
3450:
3443:
3436:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3365:
3363:
3353:
3346:
3341:Knight Bachelor
3339:
3332:
3325:
3318:
3311:
3304:
3289:
3282:
3275:
3268:
3261:
3250:
3243:
3232:
3225:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3197:
3190:
3183:
3168:
3161:
3154:
3147:
3134:
3127:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3094:Royal Victorian
3092:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3039:
3034:
2990:
2978:
2970:
2967:
2930:
2910:
2898:
2889:
2887:
2873:
2855:
2838:"Peerage"
2831:
2807:
2793:
2790:
2785:
2784:
2774:
2772:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2748:
2746:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2705:
2701:
2688:
2684:
2674:
2672:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2633:
2631:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2601:
2599:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2571:
2569:
2562:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2515:
2513:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2494:Wayback Machine
2484:
2480:
2474:Wayback Machine
2461:
2457:
2448:
2444:
2436:
2432:
2422:
2420:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2400:Wayback Machine
2387:
2383:
2373:
2371:
2370:on 11 July 2006
2362:
2361:
2357:
2348:
2344:
2334:
2332:
2331:on 6 March 2007
2323:
2322:
2318:
2308:
2306:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2290:Wayback Machine
2277:
2273:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2197:
2196:
2185:
2179:
2177:
2174:This audio file
2171:
2164:
2155:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2099:
2093:
2071:Commander. The
2065:Earl of Rosslyn
2039:Viscount Ridley
1979:
1897:
1881:fount of honour
1865:Earl of Snowdon
1849:prime ministers
1790:Viscount Ridley
1768:
1733:by 269 to 177.
1588:
1555:Captain-General
1527:
1482:
1444:
1391:
1363:Barony of Cecil
1257:
1244:
1242:Writ of summons
1238:
1226:Sovereign grant
1168:Earl of Chester
1164:Prince of Wales
1142:and Prince and
1109:
1099:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1064:
1048:
1037:
1022:Lord Chancellor
970:suspending the
956:First World War
877:acquired gender
857:
727:
701:
696:
695:
686:
682:
632:Lord of Ireland
598:tenant-in-chief
537:Empress Matilda
497:
491:
444:writ of summons
385:
356:
346:
344:
332:
321:
315:
314:
313:
289:Courtesy titles
258:
257:
248:
247:
246:
216:
215:
206:
205:
204:
184:
183:
174:
173:
172:
149:Earl / Countess
133:
132:
120:
119:Peerages in the
118:
86:
75:
69:
66:
56:Please help to
55:
39:
35:
28:
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22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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4643:
4636:
4623:
4609:
4607:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4585:
4572:
4568:Military Medal
4559:
4546:
4533:
4520:
4507:
4494:
4490:Military Cross
4481:
4468:
4464:Victoria Cross
4454:
4452:
4443:
4435:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4415:
4403:
4396:
4388:
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4011:
4010:
4003:
3996:
3989:
3982:
3975:
3968:
3961:
3954:
3947:
3940:
3933:
3926:
3919:
3912:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3887:
3880:
3873:
3870:Military Medal
3866:
3859:
3852:
3845:
3838:
3831:
3824:
3817:
3810:
3803:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3788:
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3526:
3519:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3494:
3487:
3480:
3477:Military Cross
3473:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3448:
3441:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3416:
3409:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3384:
3381:Victoria Cross
3376:
3374:
3367:
3359:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3344:
3337:
3330:
3323:
3316:
3309:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3280:
3273:
3266:
3258:
3256:
3249:
3248:
3245:Royal Guelphic
3240:
3238:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3223:
3216:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3192:Crown of India
3188:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3159:
3152:
3144:
3142:
3133:
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3125:
3118:
3111:
3108:British Empire
3104:
3097:
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3083:
3076:
3069:
3062:
3054:
3052:
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3010:
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3003:
2988:
2976:
2966:
2965:External links
2963:
2962:
2961:
2951:
2941:
2929:
2928:UK legislation
2926:
2925:
2924:
2908:
2896:
2871:
2853:
2843:Chisholm, Hugh
2829:
2819:(4): 379–401.
2805:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2756:
2726:
2699:
2682:
2641:
2614:
2579:
2560:
2546:Adonis, Andrew
2537:
2523:
2497:
2478:
2455:
2449:Harry Graham,
2442:
2430:
2415:. Parliament.
2404:
2381:
2355:
2349:Sanders, I.J.
2342:
2316:
2294:
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2249:
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2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2186:
2172:
2165:
2153:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2130:Baroness Dacre
2092:
2089:
2067:, is a former
2027:Walter Citrine
2025:leaders (e.g.
2007:Lord Salisbury
2003:Hugh Grosvenor
1987:Hatfield House
1978:
1975:
1911:(formerly the
1896:
1893:
1825:Duke of Sussex
1817:Earl of Wessex
1799:government of
1767:
1766:Current status
1764:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1587:
1584:
1567:Lady Henrietta
1559:John Churchill
1539:John Churchill
1526:
1523:
1481:
1478:
1443:
1440:
1421:, may pass to
1395:letters patent
1390:
1389:Letters patent
1387:
1256:
1253:
1240:Main article:
1237:
1234:
1101:
1100:
1083:September 2022
1051:
1049:
1042:
1036:
1033:
861:letters patent
856:
853:
849:courtesy title
833:prime minister
829:letters patent
739:Augustus Pugin
735:House of Lords
726:
723:
700:
697:
694:
693:
679:
678:
490:
487:
475:Earl of Forfar
459:letters patent
436:House of Lords
419:(not counting
387:
386:
384:
383:
376:
369:
361:
358:
357:
355:
354:
342:
329:
326:
325:
322:House of Lords
317:
316:
312:
311:
306:
301:
296:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
260:
259:
255:
254:
253:
250:
249:
245:
244:
242:United Kingdom
239:
234:
229:
224:
218:
217:
213:
212:
211:
208:
207:
203:
202:
200:Representative
197:
192:
186:
185:
181:
180:
179:
176:
175:
171:
170:
165:, replaced by
156:
151:
146:
141:
139:Duke / Duchess
135:
134:
130:
129:
128:
125:
124:
121:United Kingdom
114:
113:
103:
102:
88:
87:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5005:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4967:
4963:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4944:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4932:
4924:
4920:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4895:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4734:Civil bravery
4732:
4720:
4716:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4689:
4681:
4677:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4663:
4660:
4654:Distinguished
4652:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4602:
4595:
4591:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4447:
4444:
4436:
4425:
4421:
4416:
4413:
4409:
4404:
4401:
4397:
4394:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4385:Miscellaneous
4383:
4374:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4358:
4349:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4335:
4326:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4256:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4240:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4200:and St George
4193:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4148:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4132:
4128:
4123:
4114:
4109:
4107:
4102:
4100:
4095:
4094:
4091:
4078:
4074:
4071:
4067:
4064:
4060:
4057:
4056:Order of Wear
4053:
4048:
4047:
4044:
4033:
4029:
4026:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4008:
4004:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3990:
3987:
3983:
3980:
3976:
3973:
3969:
3966:
3962:
3959:
3955:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3941:
3938:
3934:
3931:
3927:
3924:
3920:
3917:
3913:
3910:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3899:
3892:
3888:
3885:
3881:
3878:
3874:
3871:
3867:
3864:
3860:
3857:
3853:
3850:
3846:
3843:
3839:
3836:
3832:
3829:
3825:
3822:
3818:
3815:
3811:
3808:
3804:
3801:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3783:
3779:
3776:
3772:
3769:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3751:
3747:
3744:
3740:
3737:
3733:
3730:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3712:
3708:
3705:
3701:
3698:
3694:
3691:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3677:
3669:
3658:
3654:
3651:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3640:
3633:
3629:
3626:
3622:
3619:
3615:
3612:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3594:
3590:
3587:
3583:
3580:
3576:
3573:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3555:
3552:
3548:
3545:
3541:
3538:
3534:
3531:
3527:
3524:
3520:
3517:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3488:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3453:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3410:
3407:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3389:
3385:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3368:
3360:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3338:
3335:
3331:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3296:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3274:
3271:
3267:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3246:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3228:
3224:
3221:
3220:British India
3217:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3206:Indian Empire
3203:
3200:
3199:Star of India
3196:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3031:
3026:
3024:
3019:
3017:
3012:
3011:
3008:
3000:
2999:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2683:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2657:The Telegraph
2653:
2645:
2642:
2629:
2625:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2580:
2567:
2563:
2561:9780719039782
2557:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2541:
2538:
2533:
2527:
2524:
2511:
2507:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2431:
2418:
2414:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2382:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2317:
2304:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2275:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2175:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2126:crossbenchers
2123:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2098:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2012:
2011:primogeniture
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1988:
1983:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1922:In 1999, the
1920:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1889:King's speech
1886:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1857:Mark Phillips
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1801:Harold Wilson
1798:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1777:
1772:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1756:
1753:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1595:
1593:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1432:
1431:primogeniture
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1243:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1108:
1097:
1094:
1086:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1052:This section
1050:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1004:
999:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
964:King George V
961:
960:Privy Council
957:
953:
949:
944:
942:
937:
933:
932:
927:
926:
920:
918:
917:
912:
908:
904:
899:
897:
893:
888:
885:
880:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
854:
852:
850:
846:
842:
836:
834:
830:
826:
821:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
800:. A Scottish
799:
795:
790:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
731:
724:
722:
718:
715:
711:
707:
698:
690:
684:
681:
677:
675:
671:
667:
663:
658:
656:
652:
648:
643:
639:
637:
633:
628:
626:
620:
618:
614:
610:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
578:Great Council
575:
571:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
538:
534:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
500:
496:
488:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
471:Prince Edward
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
424:
422:
418:
414:
413:110 viscounts
410:
406:
405:34 marquesses
402:
398:
394:
382:
377:
375:
370:
368:
363:
362:
360:
359:
353:
343:
341:
336:
331:
330:
328:
327:
324:
318:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
294:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
261:
252:
251:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
232:Great Britain
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
219:
210:
209:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
187:
178:
177:
168:
164:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
136:
127:
126:
123:
115:
112:
110:
105:
104:
100:
96:
95:
92:
84:
81:
73:
70:February 2024
63:
59:
53:
52:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
4879:Edward Medal
4814:George Medal
4749:George Cross
4693:of the enemy
4691:Not the face
4667:of the enemy
4606:of the enemy
4604:Not the face
4451:of the enemy
4392:
4361:Order of the
3972:Canada Medal
3438:George Medal
3388:George Cross
3348:Aide-de-camp
3320:Life peerage
3312:
3213:Indian Merit
3156:Elizabeth II
2996:
2983:
2920:the original
2915:
2904:the original
2888:. Retrieved
2884:the original
2879:
2867:the original
2861:
2857:May, Erskine
2846:
2816:
2812:
2799:
2773:. Retrieved
2759:
2747:. Retrieved
2738:
2729:
2702:
2695:Lady Kinloss
2685:
2673:. Retrieved
2656:
2644:
2632:. Retrieved
2617:
2600:. Retrieved
2591:
2582:
2570:. Retrieved
2550:
2540:
2526:
2514:. Retrieved
2510:the original
2500:
2481:
2464:
2458:
2450:
2445:
2433:
2421:. Retrieved
2407:
2384:
2372:. Retrieved
2368:the original
2358:
2350:
2345:
2333:. Retrieved
2329:the original
2319:
2307:. Retrieved
2297:
2280:
2274:
2266:the original
2256:
2111:
2108:
2100:
2054:
2015:
1992:
1971:of 1997–2010
1961:
1945:Earl Marshal
1942:
1938:by-elections
1921:
1898:
1873:
1867:(husband of
1859:(husband of
1813:Duke of York
1809:royal family
1794:
1757:
1749:
1735:
1731:Peerage Bill
1726:Royal Family
1718:
1710:Queen Anne's
1707:
1589:
1544:
1505:
1483:
1464:
1451:
1445:
1426:
1422:
1410:
1393:More often,
1392:
1371:
1343:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1307:(1673), the
1302:
1293:
1289:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1258:
1245:
1222:Crown Estate
1201:
1191:
1180:
1159:
1158:, the title
1151:
1131:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1089:
1080:
1065:Please help
1053:
1031:
1013:
1011:
1002:
1000:
951:
945:
929:
923:
921:
914:
910:
906:
902:
900:
889:
881:
858:
837:
822:
801:
793:
791:
781:created the
756:
750:
719:
702:
683:
659:
644:
640:
629:
621:
606:
567:
541:
501:
498:
467:Elizabeth II
448:
438:. Since the
425:
392:
390:
189:
106:
91:
76:
67:
48:
4736:decorations
4665:In the face
4658:decorations
4449:In the face
4442:decorations
4077:Revocations
3673:decorations
3572:Polar Medal
3364:decorations
3163:Charles III
2775:14 November
2602:23 December
2516:29 November
2485:Article 9,
2374:13 November
2335:11 November
2309:11 November
2305:. Debrett's
2056:The Archers
2035:Matt Ridley
2031:Baron Sinha
2023:trade union
1871:) in 1961.
1786:Matt Ridley
1667:William III
1283:supersedeas
1230:Privy Purse
787:Anne Boleyn
753:(1808–1811)
699:Modern laws
602:benevolence
582:parliaments
553:. But when
508:Anglo-Saxon
304:Family seat
62:introducing
4982:Categories
3675:and medals
3366:and medals
3277:Edward VII
3185:St Patrick
2788:References
2572:1 November
2393:Section 16
2189:Audio help
2180:2005-06-08
2095:See also:
2087:policies.
2051:soap opera
1929:crossbench
1823:, and the
1741:Lord North
1737:George III
1641:Charles II
1403:remainders
1399:common law
1377:, that of
1172:George III
1126:, and the
1105:See also:
990:) and the
966:issued an
884:legitimate
875:regulates
779:Henry VIII
636:Irish Pale
559:marquesses
455:life peers
417:442 barons
279:Privileges
190:Hereditary
45:references
4400:Life peer
3263:George IV
3149:George VI
2809:Cox, Noel
2665:0307-1235
2112:Of those
2085:left-wing
2077:Tony Benn
1909:Tony Benn
1699:1603–1714
1688:1702–1714
1675:1689–1702
1658:1685–1689
1645:1660–1685
1632:1625–1649
1628:Charles I
1619:1603–1625
1603:Sovereign
1579:Lady Mary
1355:Edward IV
1218:the Crown
1054:does not
931:attainted
892:Edward IV
825:sovereign
570:Henry III
563:viscounts
551:Aquitaine
409:189 earls
214:Divisions
4438:Military
4050:See also
3901:Level 3B
3792:Level 3A
3760:Level 2B
3721:Level 2A
3671:Obsolete
3508:Level 3B
3462:Level 3A
3430:Level 2B
3398:Level 2A
3284:George V
2994:(1844).
2859:(1896).
2835:(1911).
2797:(1765).
2769:Archived
2743:Archived
2739:BBC News
2693:and the
2669:Archived
2634:18 April
2628:Archived
2612:in 1861.
2596:Archived
2566:Archived
2548:(1993).
2490:Archived
2470:Archived
2467:, Vol. 2
2417:Archived
2396:Archived
2286:Archived
2191: ·
2136:See also
1955:and the
1839:and the
1654:James II
1563:smallpox
1335:co-heirs
1210:sinecure
1124:Rothesay
1014:disclaim
978:and the
916:abeyance
771:viscount
763:marquess
647:mormaers
574:Edward I
547:Henry II
535:and the
502:English
401:30 dukes
264:Nobility
227:Scotland
163:Scotland
109:a series
107:Part of
4656:service
4412:Baronet
4017:Level 4
3682:Level 1
3603:Level 4
3373:Level 1
3362:Current
3334:Baronet
3237:Defunct
3177:Dormant
3129:St John
3066:Thistle
3051:Current
2845:(ed.).
2749:4 April
2178: (
2149:minutes
1671:Mary II
1615:James I
1537:to Sir
1415:agnatic
1405:in the
1379:La Poer
1339:abeyant
1122:and of
1075:removed
1060:sources
1003:foreign
982:), the
952:suspend
936:treason
925:forfeit
911:dormant
903:extinct
533:Stephen
524:sheriff
506:are an
489:Origins
274:History
237:Ireland
222:England
58:improve
4925:(ARRC)
4842:(KFSM)
4721:(KFSM)
3059:Garter
3044:Orders
2825:420754
2823:
2721:, and
2675:13 May
2663:
2558:
2423:29 May
2063:, 7th
2059:; and
2037:, 5th
2021:) and
1835:, the
1819:, the
1815:, the
1797:Labour
1669:&
1609:Peers
1573:, the
1569:, the
1401:. For
1301:, the
1262:barony
907:extant
806:feudal
802:barony
617:patent
607:Under
586:Barons
512:shires
415:, and
256:Topics
47:, but
4955:(BEM)
4912:(RRC)
4868:(QGM)
4855:(SGM)
4829:(KPM)
4708:(KPM)
4682:(DSO)
4634:(AFM)
4621:(AFC)
4583:(DFM)
4557:(DSM)
4544:(CGM)
4531:(DCM)
4518:(CGM)
4505:(DFC)
4479:(DSC)
3642:Other
3298:Other
3227:Burma
3080:Merit
2890:2 May
2841:. In
2248:Notes
1895:Roles
1696:Total
1606:Reign
1202:Duchy
804:is a
775:baron
568:When
516:Danes
504:earls
284:Robes
269:Welsh
182:Types
131:Ranks
4881:(EM)
4816:(GM)
4803:(AM)
4790:(AM)
4777:(AM)
4764:(AM)
4751:(GC)
4570:(MM)
4492:(MC)
4466:(VC)
3073:Bath
2892:2004
2821:SSRN
2777:2020
2751:2019
2689:The
2677:2020
2661:ISSN
2636:2022
2604:2020
2574:2020
2556:ISBN
2518:2012
2425:2020
2376:2006
2337:2006
2311:2006
2240:The
1947:and
1805:1964
1721:bill
1702:253
1684:Anne
1577:and
1557:Sir
1474:void
1248:writ
1189:).
1118:The
1058:any
1056:cite
946:The
773:and
767:earl
759:duke
745:for
741:and
733:The
660:The
594:writ
561:and
391:The
293:list
195:Life
161:(in
2047:BBC
1803:in
1691:30
1678:30
1648:64
1635:59
1622:62
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1069:by
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