126:
498:
653:
469:
1054:
33:
1073:. Dibbets came up with the idea of setting 135 bronze medallions (although only 121 are documented in the official guide to the medallions) into the ground along the Paris meridian between the northern and southern limits of Paris: a total distance of 9.2 kilometres/5.7 miles. Each medallion is 12 cm in diameter and marked with the name ARAGO plus N and S pointers.
363:) in South America, for the purpose of investigating the amount of astronomical refraction and other astronomical objects, observed that his clock, which had been regulated at Paris to beat seconds, lost about two minutes and a half daily at Cayenne, and that to bring it to measure mean solar time it was necessary to shorten the pendulum by more than a line (about â
237:
214:
430:; and from the northern portion of the arc, which had an amplitude of 2° 12âČ 9âł, obtained 56,960 toises for the length of a degree; while from the southern portion, of which the amplitude was 6° 18âČ 57âł, they obtained 57,097 toises. The immediate inference from this was that, with the degree diminishing with increasing latitude, the Earth must be a prolate
205:
196:
187:
178:
169:
160:
151:
142:
133:
1104:
significance is ascribed to the Paris meridian; sometimes it is even perceived as a sinister axis. Dominique
Stezepfandts, a French conspiracy theorist, attacks the Arago medallions that supposedly trace the route of "an occult geographical line". To him the Paris meridian is a "Masonic axis" or even
488:
of the meridian of Paris. With a view to determine more accurately the variation of the degree along the meridian, they divided the distance from
Dunkirk to Collioure into four partial arcs of about two degrees each, by observing the latitude at five stations. The results previously obtained by
735:
invited the
Governments of Belgium, France, Prussia and Britain to connect their triangulations to measure the length of an arc of parallel in latitude 52° and to test the accuracy of the figure and dimensions of the Earth, as derived from the measurements of arc of meridian. To combine the
736:
measurements it was necessary to compare the geodetic standards of length used in the different countries. The
British Government invited those of France, Belgium, Prussia, Russia, India, Australia, Austria, Spain, United States and Cape of Good Hope to send their standards to the
296:, with Paris meridian exactly bisecting the site northâsouth. French cartographers would use it as their prime meridian for more than 200 years. Old maps from continental Europe often have a common grid with Paris degrees at the top and Ferro degrees offset by 20 at the bottom.
1115:, argued that various ancient structures are aligned according to the Paris meridian. They even include medieval churches, built long before the meridian was established according to conventional history, and Lincoln found it obvious that the meridian "was based upon the '
1715:
Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des sĂ©ances de l'AcadĂ©mie des sciences / publiĂ©s... par MM. les secrĂ©taires perpĂ©tuels. GĂ©odĂ©sie. â Jonction gĂ©odĂ©sique de l'AlgĂ©rie avec l'Espagne, opĂ©ration internationale exĂ©cutĂ©e sous la direction de MM. le gĂ©nĂ©ral Ibañez et F.
861:
to call an international conference to fix on a common prime meridian for time and longitude throughout the world. Before the invitations were sent out on 1 December, the joint efforts of Abbe, Fleming and
William Frederick Allen, Secretary of the US railways'
442:, and accordingly the Academy of Sciences of Paris determined to apply a decisive test by the measurement of arcs at a great distance from each other â one in the neighbourhood of the equator, the other in a high latitude. Thus arose the celebrated
315:
during 1668â1670. The application of the telescope to angular instruments was an important step. He was the first who in 1669, with the telescope, using such precautions as the nature of the operation requires, measured a precise arc of meridian
870:, had brought the US railway companies to an agreement which led to standard railway time being introduced at noon on 18 November 1883 across the nation. Although this was not legally established until 1918, there was thus a strong sense of
1785:
Clarke, A. R.; James, Henry (1 January 1867). "Abstract of the
Results of the Comparisons of the Standards of Length of England, France, Belgium, Prussia, Russia, India, Australia, Made at the Ordnance Survey Office, Southampton".
382:
arising either from a protuberance of the equatorial parts of the Earth and consequent increase of the distance from the centre, or from the counteracting effect of the centrifugal force. About the same time (1673) appeared
340:. The angles of the triangles were measured with a quadrant furnished with a telescope having cross-wires. The difference of latitude of the terminal stations was determined by observations made with a sector on a star in
1131:," an important location in the legends and esoteric theories relating to that place. A sceptical discussion of these theories, including the supposed alignments, can be found in Bill Putnam and Edwin Wood's book
1574:
Base du systÚme métrique décimal, ou Mesure de l'arc du méridien compris entre les parallÚles de
Dunkerque et Barcelone. T. 3 / , exécutée en 1792 et années suivantes, par MM. Méchain et Delambre, rédigée par M.
367:
th of an in.). This fact, which was scarcely credited till it had been confirmed by the subsequent observations of Varin and
Deshayes on the coasts of Africa and America, was first explained in the third book of
963:(GMT). In 1911 the country switched to GMT for timekeeping; in 1914 it switched to the Greenwich meridian for navigation. To this day, French cartographers continue to indicate the Paris meridian on some maps.
672:= 6 377 935 metres, the ellipticity being assumed as 1/299.15. The radius of curvature of this arc is not uniform, being, in the mean, about 600 metres greater in the northern than in the southern part. The
351:. They directed the surveys of France for over 100 years. Hitherto geodetic observations had been confined to the determination of the magnitude of the Earth considered as a sphere, but a discovery made by
1831:"Results of the Comparisons of the Standards of Length of England, Austria, Spain, United States, Cape of Good Hope, and of a Second Russian Standard, Made at the Ordnance Survey Office, Southampton"
740:
office in
Southampton. Notably the geodetic standards of France, Spain and United States were based on the metric system, whereas those of Prussia, Belgium and Russia where calibrated against the
489:
Giovanni
Domenico and Jacques Cassini were not confirmed, but, on the contrary, the length of the degree derived from these partial arcs showed on the whole an increase with increasing latitude.
1034:
227:
2100:
According to the coordinates provided by Sir François Haddock (which must be calculated in relation to the Paris Meridian and not the Greenwich Meridian, as Tintin reminds us),
1695:
Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences / publiés... par MM. les secrétaires perpétuels. Notice sur le général Ibåñez, correspondant de l'Académie
344:, giving 1° 22âČ 55âł for the amplitude. The terrestrial degree measurement gave the length of 57,060 toises, whence he inferred 6,538,594 toises for the Earth's diameter.
802:
798:
125:
355:
turned the attention of mathematicians to its deviation from a spherical form. This astronomer, having been sent by the Academy of Sciences of Paris to the island of
1939:
Torge, Wolfgang (2015). "From a Regional Project to an International Organization: The "Baeyer-Helmert-Era" of the International Association of Geodesy 1862â1916".
1589:
1557:
1427:
1396:
374:
668:
in Algeria, whose parameters were calculated from surveys carried out in the mid to late 19th century. It yielded a value for the equatorial radius of the Earth
2135:
1123:, likewise ascribes a deeper significance to the Paris meridian and takes it into account when trying to decipher the geometry of the myth-encrusted village of
1042:
1605:"Les origines du systÚme métrique en France et la Convention du mÚtre de 1875, qui a ouvert la voie au SystÚme international d'unités et à sa révision de 2018"
531:(1714â1784) expressed the project to extend the French geodetic network all around the world and to connect the Paris and Greenwich observatories. In 1783 the
776:
and the General Conference of the association proposed the metre as a uniform length standard for the Arc measurement and recommended the establishment of an
1015:
794:
1010:
was part of the Federation of Astronomical and Geophysical Data Analysis Services (FAGS). In 1987 the bureau's tasks of combining different measurements of
2128:
1328:
842:
824:
806:
700:. The triangulation of France was then connected to those of Great Britain, Spain and Algeria and thus the Paris meridian's arc measurement extended from
681:
723:
with the five stations of Bry-sur-Marne, Morlu, Mont Valérien, Chatillon and Montsouris, where the observations of latitude and azimuth were effected.
689:
685:
556:
395:. It does not, however, appear that they were applied to the theoretical investigation of the figure of the Earth before the publication of Newton's
1187:
544:
696:. This connection was a remarkable enterprise where triangles with a maximum length of 270 km were observed from mountain stations over the
579:
448:
1877:
Soler, T. (1 February 1997). "A profile of General Carlos Ibåñez e Ibåñez de Ibero: first president of the International Geodetic Association".
1652:
MĂ©chain, Pierre-François-AndrĂ© (1806). "ETH-Bibliothek ZĂŒrich / Base du systĂšme mĂ©trique dĂ©cimal ou mesure de l'arc du mĂ©ridien...". Baudouin.
753:
454:
403:, which contains an investigation of the figure of the Earth on the supposition that the attraction of every particle is towards the centre.
2003:
Torge, W. (1 April 2005). "The International Association of Geodesy 1862 to 1922: from a regional project to an international organization".
1956:
1471:
528:
508:
481:
921:
902:
832:
828:
816:
810:
784:
771:
1452:"From a Regional Project to an International Organization: The "Baeyer-Helmert-Era" of the International Association of Geodesy 1862â1916"
1182:
502:
831:
gained worldwide importance with the joining of United States, Mexico, Chile, Argentina and Japan. In 1883 the General Conference of the
948:
1220:
936:
being assumed as 1/299.15. The net does not follow the meridian exactly, but deviates both to the west and to the east; actually, the
770:
and Henry James published the first results of the standards' comparisons in 1867. The same year Russia, Spain and Portugal joined the
458:
2141:
1280:
882:
875:
1088:
in France. Several missing Arago medallions appear to have been replaced with the newer 'An 2000 â La MĂ©ridienne Verte' markers.
1038:
1000:
536:
1972:
547:
of Great Britain. France and Great Britain surveys' connection was repeated by French astronomers and geodesists in 1787 by
2214:
2204:
749:
642:
567:
418:, carried a triangulation, starting from Picard's base in Paris and extending it northwards to Dunkirk and southwards to
2179:
1973:"International Bureau of Weights and Measure Intergovernmental Organisation with headquarters located in SĂšvres, France"
744:, of which the oldest physical representative was the Toise of Peru. The Toise of Peru had been constructed in 1735 for
987:. The following year an attempt was made to regulate the international status of the bureau through the creation of an
2209:
2174:
548:
516:
317:
83:
of France began with the measurement of the French meridian arc. Moreover, the French meridian arc was important for
627:
Bases du systÚme métrique décimal ou mesure de l'arc méridien compris entre les parallÚles de Dunkerque et Barcelone
2219:
1030:
937:
914:
886:
838:
617:, whose name now appears on the plaques or medallions tracing the route of the meridian through Paris (see below).
590:. As the metre had to be equal to one ten-millionth of this distance, it was defined as 0,513074 toises or 443,296
532:
341:
273:
241:
57:
2184:
1151:
1011:
1007:
976:
485:
407:
80:
2146:
789:
decided the creation of an international geodetic standard at the General Conference held in Paris in 1875. The
2189:
2169:
2084:
1145:
988:
910:
1571:
Delambre, Jean-Baptiste (1749â1822) Auteur du texte; MĂ©chain, Pierre (1744â1804) Auteur du texte (1806â1810).
443:
292:
1667, members of the Academy of Sciences traced the future building's outline on a plot outside town near the
757:
732:
462:
293:
924:
on the great meridian arc extending from the Shetland Islands, through Great Britain, France and Spain to
269:
827:
was reelected as president. He remained in this position until his death in 1891. During this period the
594:
of the Toise of Peru (see below) and of the double-toise N° 1 of the apparatus which had been devised by
1665:
1177:
906:
767:
599:
329:
117:
2012:
1886:
1616:
1202:
1124:
321:
249:
49:
2118:
1322:
605:
In the early 19th century, the Paris meridian's arc was recalculated with greater precision between
497:
1212:
1077:
1026:
1019:
960:
415:
281:
92:
2154:
2059:
652:
2199:
2036:
1910:
1811:
1748:
1583:
1551:
1421:
1390:
1197:
1022:
894:
673:
618:
439:
384:
253:
103:, as the diameter of the Earth was the unit to which all celestial distances had to be referred.
76:
756:, conducted in what is now Ecuador from 1735 to 1744 in collaboration with the Spanish officers
289:
99:
method. The determination of the figure of the Earth was a problem of the highest importance in
1943:. International Association of Geodesy Symposia. Vol. 143. Springer, Cham. pp. 3â18.
1458:. International Association of Geodesy Symposia. Vol. 143. Springer, Cham. pp. 3â18.
40:, 61 avenue de l'Observatoire (14th arrondissement). The Paris meridian is traced on the floor.
2028:
1952:
1902:
1852:
1803:
1634:
1517:
1467:
1286:
1276:
1164:
1070:
980:
858:
720:
697:
646:
622:
614:
595:
563:
552:
392:
348:
312:
285:
53:
37:
2194:
2020:
1944:
1894:
1842:
1795:
1653:
1624:
1507:
1459:
1361:
1207:
1065:
In 1994 the Arago Association and the city of Paris commissioned a Dutch conceptual artist,
898:
846:
790:
777:
761:
661:
610:
1143:
The confusion between the Greenwich and the Paris meridians is one of the plot elements of
995:. In 1919, after the war, it was decided upon to make the bureau the executive body of the
280:
relative to the meridian of Paris, which gradually supplanted the Ferro meridian. In 1666,
2060:"The Greenwich Meridian â where east meets west: International Meridian Conference (1884)"
1760:
1678:
1451:
1127:: The meridian passes about 350 metres (1,150 ft) west of the site of the so-called "
956:
737:
684:
directed the survey of Spain. From 1870 to 1894 the Paris meridan's arc was remeasured by
468:
411:
308:
96:
56:
in Paris, France â now longitude 2°20âČ14.02500âł East. It was a long-standing rival to the
1273:
Full meridian of glory : perilous adventures in the competition to measure the Earth
991:. However, the convention wasn't ratified by its member countries due to the outbreak of
2016:
1890:
1620:
1058:
952:
890:
745:
693:
261:
257:
61:
1053:
2163:
2123:
2040:
1914:
1815:
1317:
1108:
959:
of the local centre to that of the Paris meridian: 9 minutes 20.921 seconds ahead of
630:
519:
in 1790. Moreover, the Paris meridian was linked with international collaboration in
360:
272:. It was also thought to be exactly 20 degrees west of Paris. The astronomers of the
857:
The United States passed an Act of Congress on 3 August 1882, authorizing President
32:
2147:
Full Meridian of Glory: Perilous Adventures in the Competition to Measure the Earth
1192:
1128:
1085:
972:
582:). They extrapolated from this measurement the distance from the North Pole to the
435:
369:
88:
69:
1411:
1983:
1730:
1572:
1380:
971:
With the arrival of wireless telegraphy, France established a transmitter on the
17:
1066:
992:
897:, voted against. France and Brazil abstained. The United Kingdom acceded to the
716:
712:
540:
512:
352:
300:
1629:
1604:
1541:
1352:
LAGARDE, LUCIE (1979). "Historique du problĂšme du MĂ©ridien origine en France".
2024:
1713:
1693:
933:
2132:. Vol. 08 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 801â814.
2032:
1906:
1856:
1807:
1638:
1521:
1382:
Histoire de l'Observatoire de Paris, de sa fondation Ă 1793 / par C. Wolf,...
1290:
1235:
1222:
1159:
878:, although setting local times was not part of the remit of the conference.
638:
575:
524:
423:
419:
277:
265:
100:
2117:
1847:
1830:
1799:
1512:
1495:
1321:
1084:), aimed to establish a plantation of trees along the entire length of the
434:. This conclusion was totally opposed to the theoretical investigations of
391:, in which for the first time were found correct notions on the subject of
1898:
1365:
236:
1948:
1657:
1463:
1116:
1101:
925:
701:
688:
and Bassot in France and Algeria. In 1879, Ibåñez de Ibero for Spain and
665:
606:
431:
304:
64:
of the world. The "Paris meridian arc" or "French meridian arc" (French:
1692:
J. Bertrand, Académie des sciences (France) Auteur du (1 January 1891).
1018:(BIPM). Its tasks related to the correction of time with respect to the
625:
published their work as a fourth volume following the three volumes of "
634:
583:
571:
520:
427:
379:
356:
333:
84:
692:
for France directed the junction of the Spanish geodetic network with
1097:
705:
337:
1052:
741:
651:
591:
587:
496:
467:
325:
235:
31:
1712:
Perrier, Académie des sciences (France) Auteur du (1 July 1879).
920:"According to the calculations made at the central bureau of the
1037:(IERS) which was established in its present form in 1987 by the
815:
from 1874 to 1886. In 1886 the association changed name for the
1057:
One of the 135 Arago medallions. This one is located near the
809:. He also was the president of the Permanent Commission of the
378:, who showed that it could only be referred to a diminution of
328:, and a second or base of verification of 3,902 toises; his
1332:. Vol. 08 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
2116:
Clarke, Alexander Ross; Helmert, Friedrich Robert (1911).
1494:
Martin, Jean-Pierre; McConnell, Anita (20 December 2008).
1035:
International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service
1835:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
1788:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
1543:
Histoire abrégée de l'astronomie / par Ernest Lebon,...
985:
Conférence internationale de l'heure radiotélégraphique
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
967:
From wireless telegraphy to Coordinated Universal Time
276:, founded in 1666, managed to clarify the position of
633:
or measurement of the meridian arc comprised between
1546:
Paris: Gauthier-Villars. pp. 165, 168â169, 171.
1158:
The meridian line, dubbed the "Rose Line" by author
1133:
The Treasure of Rennes-le-ChĂąteau â A mystery solved
1698:. Paris: Gauthier-Villars. pp. 266â269 p. 267.
1119:intersect division line'." David Wood, in his book
999:, one of the commissions of the then newly founded
731:In 1860, the Russian Government at the instance of
1603:DĂ©barbat, Suzanne; Quinn, Terry (1 January 2019).
1540:Lebon, Ernest (1846â1922) Auteur du texte (1899).
1496:"Joining the observatories of Paris and Greenwich"
1379:Wolf, Charles (1827â1918) Auteur du texte (1902).
347:Four generations of the Cassini family headed the
1410:Picard, Jean (1620â1682) Auteur du texte (1671).
853:From the Paris meridian to the Greenwich meridian
975:to broadcast a time signal. The creation of the
940:is nearer the mean than that of Paris (Helmert,
803:International Committee for Weights and Measures
799:International Committee for Weights and Measures
264:should be used as the reference on maps, since
2149:: history of science book by Prof. Paul Murdin
1829:Clarke, A. R.; James, Henry (1 January 1873).
1413:Mesure de la terre [par l'abbé Picard]
476:In 1740 an account was published in the Paris
112:French cartography and the figure of the Earth
1043:International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics
664:, through Great Britain, France and Spain to
268:(Ferro) was the most western position of the
8:
1719:. Paris: Gauthier-Villars. pp. 885â889.
1016:International Bureau of Weights and Measures
795:International Bureau of Weights and Measures
422:. They measured a base of 7,246 toises near
1588:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1556:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1426:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1395:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
715:were also obtained anew, by connecting the
676:is depicted rather than the Paris meridian.
602:for this survey at specified temperatures.
868:Travellers' Official Guide to the Railways
240:Map of the French coast, corrected by the
75:The French meridian arc was important for
1980:Bureau International des Poids et Mesures
1846:
1628:
1511:
797:was created under the supervision of the
332:extended from Malvoisine, near Paris, to
213:
1188:Principal Triangulation of Great Britain
680:In the second half of the 19th century,
570:surveyed the Paris meridian arc between
2155:The Greenwich Meridian, by Graham Dolan
1385:Paris: Gauthier-Villars. pp. 1â12.
1275:. New York: Copernicus Books/Springer.
1256:
841:as the prime meridian in the hope that
36:Meridian Room (or Cassini Room) at the
1998:
1996:
1756:
1746:
1674:
1663:
1581:
1549:
1419:
1388:
754:French Geodesic Mission to the Equator
752:as their standard of reference in the
539:. This connection and a proposal from
204:
195:
186:
177:
168:
159:
150:
141:
132:
2054:
2052:
2050:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1707:
1705:
303:, measured the length of a degree of
91:which were measured to determine the
7:
2142:The Arago medallions on Google Earth
1535:
1533:
1531:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
793:was signed in 1875 in Paris and the
711:The fundamental co-ordinates of the
580:meridian arc of Delambre and MĂ©chain
484:, of a remeasurement by himself and
72:measured along the Paris meridian.
983:, was decided upon during the 1912
893:of the world. San Domingo, now the
493:The West Europe-Africa Meridian-arc
426:, and a somewhat shorter base near
284:had authorized the building of the
903:International Geodetic Association
829:International Geodetic Association
817:International Geodetic Association
320:). He measured with wooden rods a
248:In the year 1634, France ruled by
25:
2085:"Collector's item: the submarine"
1735:(in French). Imp. nationale. 1886
1096:In certain circles, some kind of
883:International Meridian Conference
876:International Meridian Conference
515:, which was published by his son
2134:Better formatted mathematics at
1039:International Astronomical Union
1001:International Astronomical Union
997:International Commission of Time
399:. In 1690 Huygens published his
212:
203:
194:
185:
176:
167:
158:
149:
140:
131:
124:
1183:Anglo-French Survey (1784â1790)
825:Carlos Ibåñez e Ibåñez de Ibero
807:Carlos Ibåñez e Ibåñez de Ibero
682:Carlos Ibåñez e Ibåñez de Ibero
658:West Europe-Africa Meridian-arc
529:Cesar-François Cassini de Thury
509:Cesar-François Cassini de Thury
260:through the westernmost of the
778:International Metre Commission
501:The triangulation mesh of the
29:Meridian line in Paris, France
1:
1354:Revue d'Histoire des Sciences
1082:An 2000 â La MĂ©ridienne Verte
1033:(UTC) were taken over by the
801:. The first president of the
503:Anglo-French survey 1784â1790
2119:"Earth, Figure of the"
1323:"Earth, Figure of the"
866:and Managing Editor of the
311:) and computed from it the
2236:
1630:10.1016/j.crhy.2018.12.002
1105:"the heart of the Devil."
1069:, to create a memorial to
1031:Coordinated Universal Time
805:was the Spanish geodesist
535:presented his proposal to
307:along the Paris meridian (
299:A French astronomer, Abbé
274:French Academy of Sciences
231:Line of the Paris meridian
115:
2025:10.1007/s00190-004-0423-0
1008:International Time Bureau
1006:From 1956 until 1987 the
977:International Time Bureau
947:In 1891, timetabling for
922:international association
821:Internationale Erdmessung
660:extending south from the
629:" (Basis for the decimal
533:French Academy of Science
486:Nicolas Louis de Lacaille
461:, the latter directed by
408:Giovanni Domenico Cassini
389:De Horologio Oscillatorio
2064:thegreenwichmeridian.org
1450:Torge, Wolfgang (2015).
1162:, appeared in the novel
989:international convention
932:= 6,377,935 metres, the
911:Friedrich Robert Helmert
444:French Geodesic Missions
318:Picard's arc measurement
2129:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
1609:Comptes Rendus Physique
1329:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
1236:48.83639°N 2.33722917°E
1014:were taken over by the
915:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
864:General Time Convention
837:proposed to select the
834:EuropÀische Gradmessung
812:EuropÀische Gradmessung
786:EuropÀische Gradmessung
773:EuropÀische Gradmessung
733:Otto Wilhelm von Struve
463:Pierre Louis Maupertuis
66:la MĂ©ridienne de France
1848:10.1098/rstl.1873.0014
1800:10.1098/rstl.1867.0010
1673:Cite journal requires
1513:10.1098/rsnr.2008.0029
1271:Paul., Murdin (2009).
1152:Red Rackham's Treasure
1062:
885:in Washington DC, the
677:
568:Jean-Baptiste Delambre
562:Between 1792 and 1798
505:
473:
406:Between 1684 and 1718
245:
41:
1899:10.1007/s001900050086
1732:BnF Catalogue général
1366:10.3406/rhs.1979.1638
1178:Cartography of France
1092:Unfounded speculation
1076:Another project, the
1056:
938:meridian of Greenwich
907:Alexander Ross Clarke
768:Alexander Ross Clarke
727:Geodesy and metrology
655:
500:
472:Map of France in 1720
471:
330:triangulation network
239:
118:Cartography of France
116:Further information:
87:as it was one of the
68:) is the name of the
35:
2215:Geography of Algeria
2205:Geography of England
1989:on 27 February 2005.
1949:10.1007/1345_2015_42
1658:10.3931/e-rara-11803
1464:10.1007/1345_2015_42
1241:48.83639; 2.33722917
1203:History of the metre
1049:The Arago medallions
951:led to standardised
949:its growing railways
845:would accede to the
586:which was 5,130,740
555:and in 1861â1862 by
228:class=notpageimage|
52:running through the
2180:Geography of France
2017:2005JGeod..78..558T
1891:1997JGeod..71..176S
1621:2019CRPhy..20....6D
1232: /
1213:Struve Geodetic Arc
961:Greenwich Mean Time
901:in 1884 and to the
889:was adopted as the
545:first triangulation
541:General William Roy
416:Philippe de La Hire
401:De Causa Gravitatis
282:Louis XIV of France
270:Ptolemy's world map
256:, decided that the
242:Academy of Sciences
93:figure of the Earth
2210:Geography of Spain
2175:Geography of Paris
2005:Journal of Geodesy
1879:Journal of Geodesy
1578:pp. 139, 237.
1198:History of geodesy
1063:
905:in 1898. In 1911,
895:Dominican Republic
887:Greenwich meridian
874:that preceded the
839:Greenwich meridian
678:
674:Greenwich meridian
613:by the astronomer
551:, in 1823â1825 by
506:
474:
385:Christiaan Huygens
254:Cardinal Richelieu
246:
77:French cartography
58:Greenwich meridian
42:
2220:Paris Observatory
1958:978-3-319-24603-1
1500:Notes and Records
1473:978-3-319-24603-1
1165:The Da Vinci Code
1125:Rennes-le-ChĂąteau
981:Paris Observatory
859:Chester A. Arthur
721:Paris Observatory
698:Mediterranean Sea
393:centrifugal force
349:Paris Observatory
313:size of the Earth
286:Paris Observatory
220:Paris Observatory
54:Paris Observatory
38:Paris Observatory
18:Meridian of Paris
16:(Redirected from
2227:
2185:History of Paris
2133:
2121:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2095:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2056:
2045:
2044:
2000:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1982:. Archived from
1977:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1936:
1919:
1918:
1874:
1861:
1860:
1850:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1782:
1765:
1764:
1758:
1754:
1752:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1709:
1700:
1699:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1676:
1671:
1669:
1661:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1632:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1587:
1579:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1555:
1547:
1537:
1526:
1525:
1515:
1491:
1478:
1477:
1447:
1432:
1431:
1425:
1417:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1394:
1386:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1349:
1334:
1333:
1325:
1314:
1295:
1294:
1268:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1208:Seconds pendulum
1027:Earth's rotation
979:, seated at the
899:Metre Convention
881:In 1884, at the
847:Metre Convention
791:Metre Convention
762:Antonio de Ulloa
690:François Perrier
662:Shetland Islands
611:Balearic Islands
557:François Perrier
482:Cassini de Thury
452:
294:Port Royal abbey
216:
215:
207:
206:
198:
197:
189:
188:
180:
179:
171:
170:
162:
161:
153:
152:
144:
143:
135:
134:
128:
21:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2190:Prime meridians
2170:Named meridians
2160:
2159:
2115:
2112:
2107:
2106:
2093:
2091:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2068:
2066:
2058:
2057:
2048:
2002:
2001:
1994:
1986:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1938:
1937:
1922:
1876:
1875:
1864:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1784:
1783:
1768:
1755:
1745:
1738:
1736:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1711:
1710:
1703:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1672:
1662:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1580:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1548:
1539:
1538:
1529:
1493:
1492:
1481:
1474:
1449:
1448:
1435:
1418:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1387:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1351:
1350:
1337:
1316:
1315:
1298:
1283:
1270:
1269:
1258:
1253:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1174:
1141:
1094:
1051:
1029:to realize the
1023:reference frame
969:
957:mean solar time
855:
750:De La Condamine
738:Ordnance Survey
729:
537:King George III
495:
446:
412:Jacques Cassini
366:
309:arc measurement
290:Midsummer's Day
234:
233:
232:
230:
224:
223:
222:
221:
217:
209:
208:
200:
199:
191:
190:
182:
181:
173:
172:
164:
163:
155:
154:
146:
145:
137:
136:
120:
114:
109:
97:arc measurement
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2233:
2231:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2144:
2139:
2124:Chisholm, Hugh
2111:
2110:External links
2108:
2105:
2104:
2076:
2046:
2011:(9): 558â568.
1992:
1964:
1957:
1920:
1885:(3): 176â188.
1862:
1821:
1766:
1757:|website=
1722:
1701:
1684:
1675:|journal=
1644:
1595:
1563:
1527:
1506:(4): 355â372.
1479:
1472:
1433:
1402:
1371:
1360:(4): 289â304.
1335:
1320:, ed. (1911).
1318:Chisholm, Hugh
1296:
1281:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1173:
1170:
1140:
1137:
1113:The Holy Place
1111:, in his book
1093:
1090:
1078:Green Meridian
1059:Louvre Pyramid
1050:
1047:
968:
965:
955:changing from
953:time in France
942:Grösse d. Erde
913:stated in the
891:prime meridian
854:
851:
728:
725:
615:François Arago
564:Pierre MĂ©chain
553:François Arago
511:completed the
494:
491:
455:to the Equator
364:
262:Canary Islands
258:Ferro Meridian
226:
225:
219:
218:
211:
210:
202:
201:
193:
192:
184:
183:
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148:
147:
139:
138:
130:
129:
123:
122:
121:
113:
110:
108:
105:
81:triangulations
62:prime meridian
46:Paris meridian
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2232:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2114:
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2109:
2101:
2090:
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2077:
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2061:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1960:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1941:IAG 150 Years
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1750:
1734:
1733:
1726:
1723:
1718:
1717:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1696:
1688:
1685:
1680:
1667:
1659:
1655:
1648:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1615:(1â2): 6â21.
1614:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1596:
1591:
1585:
1577:
1576:
1567:
1564:
1559:
1553:
1545:
1544:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1456:IAG 150 Years
1453:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1423:
1416:. p. 23.
1415:
1414:
1406:
1403:
1398:
1392:
1384:
1383:
1375:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1356:(in French).
1355:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1330:
1324:
1319:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1282:9780387755335
1278:
1274:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1227:2°20âČ14.025âłE
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1147:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1109:Henry Lincoln
1106:
1103:
1099:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1060:
1055:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
966:
964:
962:
958:
954:
950:
945:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
918:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
879:
877:
873:
872:fait accompli
869:
865:
860:
852:
850:
848:
844:
843:Great Britain
840:
836:
835:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
813:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
787:
781:
779:
775:
774:
769:
765:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
734:
726:
724:
722:
718:
714:
709:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
654:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
631:metric system
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
603:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
560:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
504:
499:
492:
490:
487:
483:
479:
470:
466:
464:
460:
456:
450:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
414:, along with
413:
409:
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
381:
377:
376:
371:
362:
361:French Guiana
358:
354:
350:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
314:
310:
306:
302:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
243:
238:
229:
127:
119:
111:
106:
104:
102:
98:
94:
90:
89:meridian arcs
86:
82:
78:
73:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
50:meridian line
47:
39:
34:
27:
19:
2127:
2099:
2092:. Retrieved
2088:
2079:
2067:. Retrieved
2063:
2008:
2004:
1984:the original
1979:
1967:
1940:
1882:
1878:
1838:
1834:
1824:
1791:
1787:
1737:. Retrieved
1731:
1725:
1714:
1694:
1687:
1666:cite journal
1647:
1612:
1608:
1598:
1575:Delambre,...
1573:
1566:
1542:
1503:
1499:
1455:
1412:
1405:
1381:
1374:
1357:
1353:
1327:
1272:
1217:
1193:Meridian arc
1163:
1157:
1150:
1144:
1142:
1132:
1129:Poussin tomb
1120:
1112:
1107:
1095:
1086:meridian arc
1081:
1075:
1064:
1005:
996:
984:
973:Eiffel Tower
970:
946:
941:
929:
928:in Algeria,
919:
880:
871:
867:
863:
856:
833:
820:
811:
785:
782:
772:
766:
730:
710:
679:
669:
657:
626:
604:
561:
507:
477:
475:
405:
400:
396:
388:
373:
346:
298:
247:
79:, since the
74:
70:meridian arc
65:
45:
43:
26:
2094:13 February
2089:Musée Hergé
1841:: 445â469.
1794:: 161â180.
1239: /
1067:Jan Dibbets
1012:Atomic Time
993:World War I
934:ellipticity
543:led to the
513:Cassini map
447: [
353:Jean Richer
301:Jean Picard
2164:Categories
2136:Wikisource
1739:17 January
1251:References
1224:48°50âČ11âłN
1139:In fiction
758:Jorge Juan
549:Cassini IV
517:Cassini IV
459:to Lapland
342:Cassiopeia
250:Louis XIII
2200:Metrology
2069:2 October
2041:120943411
2033:0949-7714
1915:119447198
1907:0949-7714
1857:0261-0523
1816:109333769
1808:0261-0523
1759:ignored (
1749:cite book
1639:1631-0705
1584:cite book
1552:cite book
1522:0035-9149
1422:cite book
1391:cite book
1291:314175913
1160:Dan Brown
1020:celestial
926:El Aghuat
819:(German:
666:El Aghuat
639:Barcelona
596:Lavoisier
576:Barcelona
525:metrology
424:Perpignan
420:Collioure
397:Principia
375:Principia
324:of 5,663
278:El Hierro
266:El Hierro
101:astronomy
1172:See also
1117:cromlech
1102:esoteric
1045:(IUGG).
1041:and the
1025:and the
917: :
719:and the
717:Panthéon
713:Panthéon
702:Shetland
643:Delambre
609:and the
607:Shetland
478:MĂ©moires
432:spheroid
359:(now in
322:baseline
305:latitude
95:via the
2195:Geodesy
2126:(ed.).
2013:Bibcode
1887:Bibcode
1716:Perrier
1617:Bibcode
1121:Genesis
1003:(IAU).
746:Bouguer
704:to the
694:Algeria
686:Perrier
647:MĂ©chain
635:Dunkirk
584:Equator
572:Dunkirk
521:geodesy
440:Huygens
428:Dunkirk
380:gravity
357:Cayenne
336:, near
334:Sourdon
244:in 1682
107:History
85:geodesy
60:as the
2039:
2031:
1955:
1913:
1905:
1855:
1814:
1806:
1637:
1520:
1470:
1289:
1279:
1146:Tintin
1098:occult
823:) and
706:Sahara
592:lignes
588:toises
436:Newton
370:Newton
338:Amiens
326:toises
2122:. In
2037:S2CID
1987:(PDF)
1976:(PDF)
1911:S2CID
1812:S2CID
1149:book
1071:Arago
742:toise
641:) by
623:Arago
600:Borda
578:(see
480:, by
451:]
288:. On
48:is a
2096:2023
2071:2017
2029:ISSN
1953:ISBN
1903:ISSN
1853:ISSN
1804:ISSN
1761:help
1741:2018
1679:help
1635:ISSN
1590:link
1558:link
1518:ISSN
1468:ISBN
1428:link
1397:link
1287:OCLC
1277:ISBN
944:)."
909:and
783:The
760:and
748:and
656:The
645:and
637:and
621:and
619:Biot
598:and
574:and
566:and
523:and
457:and
438:and
410:and
252:and
44:The
2021:doi
1945:doi
1895:doi
1843:doi
1839:163
1796:doi
1792:157
1654:doi
1625:doi
1508:doi
1460:doi
1362:doi
1100:or
372:âs
2166::
2098:.
2087:.
2062:.
2049:^
2035:.
2027:.
2019:.
2009:78
2007:.
1995:^
1978:.
1951:.
1923:^
1909:.
1901:.
1893:.
1883:71
1881:.
1865:^
1851:.
1837:.
1833:.
1810:.
1802:.
1790:.
1769:^
1753::
1751:}}
1747:{{
1704:^
1670::
1668:}}
1664:{{
1633:.
1623:.
1613:20
1611:.
1607:.
1586:}}
1582:{{
1554:}}
1550:{{
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