558:. The QC cells are characterized by their low mitotic activity. Evidence suggests that the QC maintains the surrounding stem cells by preventing their differentiation, via signal(s) that are yet to be discovered. This allows a constant supply of new cells in the meristem required for continuous root growth. Recent findings indicate that QC can also act as a reservoir of stem cells to replenish whatever is lost or damaged. Root apical meristem and tissue patterns become established in the embryo in the case of the primary root, and in the new lateral root primordium in the case of secondary roots.
263:
334:
325:, layer two of the corpus determines the characteristics of the edge of the leaf. The corpus and tunica play a critical part of the plant physical appearance as all plant cells are formed from the meristems. Apical meristems are found in two locations: the root and the stem. Some arctic plants have an apical meristem in the lower/middle parts of the plant. It is thought that this kind of meristem evolved because it is advantageous in arctic conditions.
3911:
500:, including A-ARRs. A-ARRs are similar to B-ARRs in structure; however, A-ARRs do not contain the DNA binding domains that B-ARRs have, and which are required to function as transcription factors. Therefore, A-ARRs do not contribute to the activation of transcription, and by competing for phosphates from phosphotransfer proteins, inhibit B-ARRs function. In the SAM, B-ARRs induce the expression of
765:
655:
If the dominant meristem is cut off, one or more branch tips will assume dominance. The branch will start growing faster and the new growth will be vertical. Over the years, the branch may begin to look more and more like an extension of the main trunk. Often several branches will exhibit this behavior after the removal of apical meristem, leading to a bushy growth.
523:
754:
359:. It is where the first indications that flower development has been evoked are manifested. One of these indications might be the loss of apical dominance and the release of otherwise dormant cells to develop as auxiliary shoot meristems, in some species in axils of primordia as close as two or three away from the apical dome.
1045:
In vascular cambium, the primary phloem and xylem are produced by the apical meristem. After this initial development, secondary phloem and xylem are produced by the lateral meristem. The two are connected through a thin layer of parenchymal cells which are differentiated into the fascicular cambium.
785:
family in this function. These genes essentially maintain the stem cells in an undifferentiated state. The KNOX family has undergone quite a bit of evolutionary diversification while keeping the overall mechanism more or less similar. Members of the KNOX family have been found in plants as diverse as
654:
is where one meristem prevents or inhibits the growth of other meristems. As a result, the plant will have one clearly defined main trunk. For example, in trees, the tip of the main trunk bears the dominant shoot meristem. Therefore, the tip of the trunk grows rapidly and is not shadowed by branches.
1049:
Cork cambium creates a protective covering around the outside of a plant. This occurs after the secondary xylem and phloem has expanded already. Cortical parenchymal cells differentiate into cork cambium near the epidermis which lays down new cells called phelloderm and cork cells. These cork cells
584:
also exhibit intercalary growth. Intercalary meristems are capable of cell division, and they allow for rapid growth and regrowth of many monocots. Intercalary meristems at the nodes of bamboo allow for rapid stem elongation, while those at the base of most grass leaf blades allow damaged leaves to
642:
Through the years, scientists have manipulated floral meristems for economic reasons. An example is the mutant tobacco plant "Maryland
Mammoth". In 1936, the department of agriculture of Switzerland performed several scientific tests with this plant. "Maryland Mammoth" is peculiar in that it grows
142:
There are three types of meristematic tissues: apical (at the tips), intercalary or basal (in the middle), and lateral (at the sides also known as cambium). At the meristem summit, there is a small group of slowly dividing cells, which is commonly called the central zone. Cells of this zone have a
918:
on legume plants such as soybean and pea is either determinate or indeterminate. Thus, soybean (or bean and Lotus japonicus) produce determinate nodules (spherical), with a branched vascular system surrounding the central infected zone. Often, Rhizobium-infected cells have only small vacuoles. In
638:
and is restricted to the centre of the floral meristem or the inner two whorls. This way floral identity and region specificity is achieved. WUS activates AG by binding to a consensus sequence in the AG's second intron and LFY binds to adjacent recognition sites. Once AG is activated it represses
603:
In contrast to vegetative apical meristems and some efflorescence meristems, floral meristems cannot continue to grow indefinitely. Their growth is limited to the flower with a particular size and form. The transition from shoot meristem to floral meristem requires floral meristem identity genes,
258:
Apical
Meristems are the completely undifferentiated (indeterminate) meristems in a plant. These differentiate into three kinds of primary meristems. The primary meristems in turn produce the two secondary meristem types. These secondary meristems are also known as lateral meristems as they are
553:
around an organizing center called the quiescent center (QC) cells and together produces most of the cells in an adult root. At its apex, the root meristem is covered by the root cap, which protects and guides its growth trajectory. Cells are continuously sloughed off the outer surface of the
347:
Shoot apical meristems are the source of all above-ground organs, such as leaves and flowers. Cells at the shoot apical meristem summit serve as stem cells to the surrounding peripheral region, where they proliferate rapidly and are incorporated into differentiating leaf or flower primordia.
27:
227:
After the primary growth, lateral meristems develop as secondary plant growth. This growth adds to the plant in diameter from the established stem but not all plants exhibit secondary growth. There are two types of secondary meristems: the vascular cambium and the cork cambium.
925:
are indeterminate, to maintain (at least for some time) an active meristem that yields new cells for
Rhizobium infection. Thus zones of maturity exist in the nodule. Infected cells usually possess a large vacuole. The plant vascular system is branched and peripheral.
911:. Primary growth leads to lengthening of the plant body and organ formation. All plant organs arise ultimately from cell divisions in the apical meristems, followed by cell expansion and differentiation. Primary growth gives rise to the apical part of many plants.
1709:
Lohmann, Jan U.; Kieber, Joseph J.; Demar, Monika; Andreas Kehle; Stehling, Sandra; Busch, Wolfgang; To, Jennifer P. C.; Leibfried, Andrea (December 2005). "WUSCHEL controls meristem function by direct regulation of cytokinin-inducible response regulators".
1041:
Lateral meristems, the form of secondary plant growth, add growth to the plants in their diameter. This is primarily observed in perennial dicots that survive from year to year. There are two types of lateral meristems: vascular cambium and cork cambium.
495:
histidine phosphotransfer proteins. Subsequently, the phosphate groups are transferred onto two types of
Arabidopsis response regulators (ARRs): Type-B ARRS and Type-A ARRs. Type-B ARRs work as transcription factors to activate genes downstream of
302:), which provides the meristematic cells for future root growth. SAM and RAM cells divide rapidly and are considered indeterminate, in that they do not possess any defined end status. In that sense, the meristematic cells are frequently compared to the
955:
Propagating through cuttings is another form of vegetative propagation that initiates root or shoot production from secondary meristematic cambial cells. This explains why basal 'wounding' of shoot-borne cuttings often aids root formation.
1046:
The fascicular cambium divides to create the new secondary phloem and xylem. Following this the cortical parenchyma between vascular cylinders differentiates interfascicular cambium. This process repeats for indeterminate growth.
513:
loop. Cytokinin signaling is positively reinforced by WUS to prevent the inhibition of cytokinin signaling, while WUS promotes its own inhibitor in the form of CLV3, which ultimately keeps WUS and cytokinin signaling in check.
188:(secondary meristems). The cork cambium further differentiates into the phelloderm (to the inside) and the phellem, or cork (to the outside). All three of these layers (cork cambium, phellem, and phelloderm) constitute the
599:
When plants begin flowering, the shoot apical meristem is transformed into an inflorescence meristem, which goes on to produce the floral meristem, which produces the sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels of the flower.
83:. Division of meristematic cells provides new cells for expansion and differentiation of tissues and the initiation of new organs, providing the basic structure of the plant body. The cells are small, with small
508:
then suppresses A-ARRs. As a result, B-ARRs are no longer inhibited, causing sustained cytokinin signaling in the center of the shoot apical meristem. Altogether with CLAVATA signaling, this system works as a
3741:
37:. The inner L3 layer is called the corpus. Cells in the L1 and L2 layers divide in a sideways fashion, which keeps these layers distinct, whereas the L3 layer divides in a more random fashion.
903:
Though each plant grows according to a certain set of rules, each new root and shoot meristem can go on growing for as long as it is alive. In many plants, meristematic growth is potentially
235:, which produces secondary xylem and secondary phloem. This is a process that may continue throughout the life of the plant. This is what gives rise to wood in plants. Such plants are called
3746:
1769:
Kieber, Joseph J.; Ecker, Joseph R.; Alonso, Jose M.; Schaller, G. Eric; Mason, Michael G.; Deruère, Jean; Ferreira, Fernando J.; Haberer, Georg; To, Jennifer P. C. (2004-03-01).
992:. Cells of the inner or outer cortex in the so-called "window of nodulation" just behind the developing root tip are induced to divide. The critical signal substance is the lipo-
143:
stem cell function and are essential for meristem maintenance. The proliferation and growth rates at the meristem summit usually differ considerably from those at the periphery.
666:. If apical dominance is complete, they prevent any branches from forming as long as the apical meristem is active. If the dominance is incomplete, side branches will develop.
689:
that also produce the lateral meristems while the stem elongates. It turns out that the mechanism of regulation of the stem cell number might be evolutionarily conserved. The
3879:
2494:
Mackenzie, K.A.D; Howard, B.H (1986). "The
Anatomical Relationship Between Cambial Regeneration and Root Initiation in Wounded Winter Cuttings of the Apple Rootstock M.26".
497:
1494:
938:. Such new plants can be grown from shoot cuttings that contain an apical meristem. Root apical meristems are not readily cloned, however. This cloning is called
3797:
999:, decorated with side groups to allow specificity of interaction. The Nod factor receptor proteins NFR1 and NFR5 were cloned from several legumes including
75:
plant cells generally cannot divide or produce cells of a different type. Meristematic cells are undifferentiated or incompletely differentiated. They are
2578:
3613:
877:, the expression continued, generating complex leaves. Also, it has been proposed that the mechanism of KNOX gene action is conserved across all
1339:
Fletcher JC, Brand U, Running MP, Simon R, Meyerowitz EM (1999). "Signaling of cell fate decisions by CLAVATA3 in
Arabidopsis shoot meristems".
725:. These studies suggest that the regulation of stem cell number, identity and differentiation might be an evolutionarily conserved mechanism in
952:. This process known as mericloning, has been shown to reduce or eliminate viruses present in the parent plant in multiple species of plants.
309:
The apical meristems are layered where the number of layers varies according to plant type. In general the outermost layer is called the
1147:"Redox regulation at the site of primary growth: auxin, cytokinin and ROS crosstalk: Apical meristems plasticity in response to stress"
2006:
3803:
2043:
1108:
2157:"The fasciated ear2 gene encodes a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein that regulates shoot meristem proliferation in maize"
2698:
2447:"Elimination and detection of viruses in meristem-derived plantlets of sweetpotato as a low-cost option toward commercialization"
2114:
Lohmann, J. U. et al. (2001) A Molecular Link between Stem Cell
Regulation and Floral Patterning in Arabidopsis Cell 105: 793-803
441:
3137:
2209:"Conservation and Diversification of Meristem Maintenance Mechanism in Oryza sativa: Function of the FLORAL ORGAN NUMBER2 Gene"
1292:"The Arabidopsis CLAVATA2 gene encodes a receptor-like protein required for the stability of the CLAVATA1 receptor-like kinase"
594:
3618:
1029:
signalling, and KAPP interaction, similar to that seen in the CLV1,2,3 system. LjKLAVIER also exhibits a nodule regulation
802:. Misexpression of these genes leads to the formation of interesting morphological features. For example, among members of
448:
that has been shown to interact with CLV1. KAPP is thought to act as a negative regulator of CLV1 by dephosphorylating it.
445:
3068:
669:
Recent investigations into apical dominance and the control of branching have revealed a new plant hormone family termed
3787:
3374:
2889:
662:, types of plant growth regulators. These are produced in the apical meristem and transported towards the roots in the
425:
between the proteins. Proteins that contain these conserved regions have been grouped into the CLE family of proteins.
33:
of the apical meristem (growing tip). The epidermal (L1) and subepidermal (L2) layers form the outer layers called the
3869:
3623:
69:
that occur in plants. These cells continue to divide until they become differentiated and lose the ability to divide.
549:
Unlike the shoot apical meristem, the root apical meristem produces cells in two dimensions. It harbors two pools of
1924:"Multiple feedback loops through cytokinin signaling control stem cell number within the Arabidopsis shoot meristem"
1548:"Control of meristem development by CLAVATA1 receptor kinase and kinase-associated protein phosphatase interactions"
585:
rapidly regrow. This leaf regrowth in grasses evolved in response to damage by grazing herbivores and/or wildfires.
355:
of leaves, sepals, petals, stamens, and ovaries are initiated here at the rate of one every time interval, called a
3603:
2356:
Bharathan G, et al. (2002). "Homologies in Leaf Form
Inferred from KNOXI Gene Expression During Development".
119:
1243:"The CLAVATA1 gene encodes a putative receptor kinase that controls shoot and floral meristem size in Arabidopsis"
624:
is necessary to prevent the conversion of floral meristems to inflorescence shoot meristems, but is identity gene
3940:
3753:
612:) is a floral homeotic gene required for floral meristem termination and necessary for proper development of the
20:
3891:
3736:
2786:
466:
262:
155:, or an increase in length or height. Apical meristems may differentiate into three kinds of primary meristem:
72:
461:), which is a target of CLV signaling in addition to positively regulating CLV, thus forming a feedback loop.
406:
1019:
944:
422:
1771:"Type-A Arabidopsis Response Regulators Are Partially Redundant Negative Regulators of Cytokinin Signaling"
3935:
3721:
3645:
1207:
1188:
Evert, Ray, and Susan
Eichhorn. Raven Biology of Plants. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company, 2013. Print.
2124:
1650:; Hwang, Ildoo (September 2001). "Two-component circuitry in Arabidopsis cytokinin signal transduction".
192:. In roots, the procambium can also give rise to the pericycle, which produces lateral roots in eudicots.
3886:
1488:
832:, and saw that some insertions led to formation of spurs that were very similar to the other members of
410:
333:
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3460:
3132:
2691:
2408:
2365:
2261:
1935:
1719:
1659:
1348:
787:
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Note the long spur of the above flower. Spurs attract pollinators and confer pollinator specificity.
721:
699:
383:
3778:
3323:
2661:
Scofield and Murray (2006). The evolving concept of the meristem. Plant
Molecular Biology 60:v–vii.
2609:
2605:
1016:
984:
921:
433:
673:. These compounds were previously known to be involved in seed germination and communication with
3716:
3581:
3450:
3359:
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2733:
2650:
2389:
2338:
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2092:
2067:
Heidstra, Renze; Sabatini, Sabrina (2014). "Plant and animal stem cells: similar yet different".
1751:
1691:
1629:
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163:
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that both specify the floral organs and cause the termination of the production of stem cells.
3874:
2723:
2718:
2642:
2560:
2542:
2476:
2381:
2330:
2305:
Hay and Tsiantis; Tsiantis, M (2006). "The genetic basis for differences in leaf form between
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2230:
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2084:
2049:
2039:
2002:
1971:
1953:
1904:
1896:
1855:
1847:
1808:
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1621:
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861:
770:
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510:
414:
50:
26:
1219:
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is expressed in the cells below the stem cells of the meristem and its presence prevents the
453:
389:
3660:
3566:
3561:
3515:
3408:
3393:
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3120:
3044:
2941:
2883:
2632:
2550:
2534:
2503:
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2458:
2420:
2409:"Elimination of viruses from the hop (Humulus lupulus) by heat therapy and meristem culture"
2373:
2322:
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2220:
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1994:
1961:
1943:
1886:
1839:
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1438:
1406:
1398:
1356:
1311:
1303:
1254:
1215:
1158:
1079:
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934:
Under appropriate conditions, each shoot meristem can develop into a complete, new plant or
663:
651:
488:
232:
181:
34:
2022:
Bennett, Tom; Scheres, Ben (2010). "Root development-two meristems for the price of one?".
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are impermeable to water and gases because of a substance called suberin that coats them.
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3758:
3587:
3537:
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3505:
3487:
3423:
3250:
3218:
3179:
3152:
2981:
2976:
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2250:"Spontaneous Mutations in KNOX Genes Give Rise to a Novel Floral Structure in Antirrhinum"
993:
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878:
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402:
211:
66:
1121:
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1998:
1939:
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The shoot apical meristem is the site of most of the embryogenesis in flowering plants.
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Nieminen, Kaisa; Blomster, Tiina; Helariutta, Ykä; Mähönen, Ari Pekka (January 2015).
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shoot meristems is maintained by a regulatory loop between Clavata and Wuschel genes"
1828:"The WUSCHEL gene is required for shoot and floral meristem integrity in Arabidopsis"
1572:
1547:
670:
481:
398:
321:, the tunica determines the physical characteristics of the leaf edge and margin. In
199:
2393:
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1633:
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107:). Meristematic cells are packed closely together without intercellular spaces. The
3839:
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42:
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Alam, I; Sharmin, SA; Naher, MK; Alam, MJ; Anisuzzaman, M; Alam, MF (April 2013).
1360:
239:. This does not occur in plants that do not go through secondary growth (known as
1122:"From primary to secondary growth: origin and development of the vascular system"
1011:). Regulation of nodule meristems utilizes long-distance regulation known as the
3655:
3640:
3635:
3571:
3433:
3213:
3184:
3083:
3078:
2926:
2766:
2761:
2746:
1600:"Role of WUSCHEL in Regulating Stem Cell Fate in the Arabidopsis Shoot Meristem"
1205:
Fletcher, J. C. (2002). "Shoot and Floral Meristem Maintenance in Arabidopsis".
1012:
915:
907:, making the overall shape of the plant not determinate in advance. This is the
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236:
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though it is not yet known how this relates to the other AON receptor kinases.
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of the stem cells. CLV1 acts to promote cellular differentiation by repressing
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3650:
3333:
3328:
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Schoof, Heiko; Lenhard, M; Haecker, A; Mayer, KF; Jürgens, G; Laux, T (2000).
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Suzaki T.; Toriba, T; Fujimoto, M; Tsutsumi, N; Kitano, H; Hirano, HY (2006).
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and is widely practiced in horticulture to mass-produce plants of a desirable
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88:
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1957:
1922:
Gordon, S. P.; Chickarmane, V. S.; Ohno, C.; Meyerowitz, E. M. (2009-08-26).
1900:
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These four distinct zones are maintained by a complex signalling pathway. In
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Apical meristems give rise to the primary plant body and are responsible for
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1948:
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Jackson, David; Simon, Rüdiger; Je, Byoung Il; Somssich, Marc (2016-09-15).
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system seems to bear a close relationship with the CLV signaling system in
2480:
1859:
1625:
1581:
1563:
1461:
1268:
1098:
753:
522:
440:. These proteins may act as an intermediate between the CLV complex and a
3834:
3824:
3768:
3763:
3530:
3403:
3379:
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2751:
2579:"Plant Development II: Primary and Secondary Growth | Organismal Biology"
2225:
2208:
1843:
1402:
989:
949:
726:
555:
189:
1731:
1508:
Valster, A. H.; et al. (2000). "Plant GTPases: the Rhos in bloom".
1145:
Tognetti, Vanesa B.; Bielach, Agnieszka; Hrtyan, Mónika (October 2017).
566:
In angiosperms, intercalary (sometimes called basal) meristems occur in
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62:
2125:"Branching out: new class of plant hormones inhibits branch formation"
1437:
Karsten Oelkers, Nicolas Goffard, Georg F Weiller, Peter M Gresshoff,
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617:
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437:
177:
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Taguchi-Shiobara; Yuan, Z; Hake, S; Jackson, D; et al. (2001).
2080:
436:. For example, the CLV complex has been found to be associated with
2326:
65:. Cells in the meristem can develop into all the other tissues and
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521:
444:(MAPK), which is often involved in signalling cascades. KAPP is a
397:
reservoir in the shoot apical meristem by controlling the rate of
332:
322:
261:
173:
25:
362:
The shoot apical meristem consists of four distinct cell groups:
249:, which gives rise to the periderm, which replaces the epidermis.
3547:
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3194:
3034:
3009:
3004:
2988:
2959:
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1989:
Sebastian, Jose; Lee, Ji-Young (2013). "Root Apical Meristems".
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activity outside of the central zone containing the stem cells.
215:
2680:
294:), which gives rise to organs like the leaves and flowers, and
128:("Contributions to Scientific Botany"). It is derived from
3467:
3029:
2610:
Micrographs of plant cells and tissues, with explanatory text.
1826:
Jurgens, G.; Berger, J.; Mayer, K. F.; Laux, T. (1996-01-01).
979:
715:) also involved in the same function. Similarly, in rice, the
639:
expression of WUS leading to the termination of the meristem.
172:: lies just inside of the protoderm and develops into primary
1443:"Bioinformatic Analysis of the CLE signalling peptide family"
873:, the KNOX genes are completely turned off in leaves, but in
853:. One study looked at the pattern of KNOX gene expression in
677:
and are now shown to be involved in inhibition of branching.
103:) are undifferentiated, but are present in rudimentary form (
1015:(AON). This process involves a leaf-vascular tissue located
162:: lies around the outside of the stem and develops into the
139: 'to divide', in recognition of its inherent function.
2202:
2200:
1387:"A Large Family of Genes That Share Homology with CLAVATA3"
816:
in the floral region. A spur is considered an evolutionary
343:(left). Fourteen days later, leaves have developed (right).
306:
in animals, which have an analogous behavior and function.
2671:
1100:
Plant Patterning: Structural and Molecular Genetic Aspects
842:
populations could probably be an evolutionary innovation.
733:. Rice also contains another genetic system distinct from
405:
and CLV2 are predicted to form a receptor complex (of the
19:
This article is about a plant tissue. For other uses, see
2676:
1120:
Baucher, Marie; AlmJaziri, Mondher; Vandeputte, Olivier.
377:
Founder cells for organ initiation in surrounding regions
697:
responsible for maintaining the stem cell population in
451:
Another important gene in plant meristem maintenance is
794:
and tomato. KNOX-like genes are also present in some
824:
specificity and attraction. Researchers carried out
3853:
3817:
3707:
3580:
3496:
3392:
3342:
3067:
2997:
2940:
2902:
2876:
2812:
2732:
988:after infection with soil bacteria commonly called
16:
Type of plant tissue involved in cell proliferation
745:that goes about in the living world all the time.
2248:Golz J.F.; Keck, Emma J.; Hudson, Andrew (2002).
1875:"CLAVATA-WUSCHEL signaling in the shoot meristem"
1432:
1430:
1184:
1182:
417:with the ESR proteins of maize, with a short 14
266:Organisation of an apical meristem (growing tip)
1928:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1103:. World Scientific Publishing Company. p. 333.
393:genes are required to regulate the size of the
286:There are two types of apical meristem tissue:
964:Meristems may also be induced in the roots of
658:The mechanism of apical dominance is based on
574:) stems at the base of nodes and leaf blades.
526:10x microscope image of root tip with meristem
480:in the shoot apical meristem is linked to the
371:The immediate daughter cells of the stem cells
2692:
1380:
1378:
428:CLV1 has been shown to interact with several
8:
3798:International Association for Plant Taxonomy
1493:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1385:J. Mark Cock; Sheila McCormick (July 2001).
1241:Clark SE, Williams RW, Meyerowitz E (1997).
845:The KNOX family has also been implicated in
123:
838:, indicating that the loss of spur in wild
2899:
2699:
2685:
2677:
851:(See below for a more detailed discussion)
432:proteins that are most likely involved in
2636:
2554:
2470:
2273:
2224:
2180:
1965:
1947:
1890:
1802:
1615:
1571:
1470:
1460:
1410:
1315:
1258:
1162:
118:was first used in 1858 by Swiss botanist
3742:International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)
2672:Meristemania.org – Research on meristems
1290:Jeong S, Trotochaud AE, Clark S (1999).
1220:10.1146/annurev.arplant.53.092701.143332
2024:Current Topics in Developmental Biology
1541:
1539:
1090:
919:contrast, nodules on pea, clovers, and
781:have identified genes belonging to the
643:much faster than other tobacco plants.
125:Beiträge zur Wissenschaftlichen Botanik
2110:
2108:
2106:
1593:
1591:
1486:
1441:and Tancred Frickey (3 January 2008).
2069:Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology
446:kinase-associated protein phosphatase
438:Rho/Rac small GTPase-related proteins
7:
1598:Mayer, K. F. X; et al. (1998).
741:number. This example underlines the
1999:10.1002/9780470015902.a0020121.pub2
681:Diversity in meristem architectures
313:while the innermost layers are the
2508:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a087228
1546:Stone, J. M.; et al. (1998).
504:which induces stem cell identity.
111:is a very thin primary cell wall.
14:
3747:ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
1025:(LjHAR1, GmNARK and MtSUNN), CLE
893:Indeterminate growth of meristems
737:, that is involved in regulating
685:The SAM contains a population of
276:Medullary (i.e. central) meristem
91:filling the cell completely. The
3910:
3909:
2413:Journal of Horticultural Science
808:, only the species of the genus
774:result from KNOX gene expression
533:calyptrogen (live rootcap cells)
442:mitogen-activated protein kinase
53:found in plants. It consists of
2583:organismalbio.biosci.gatech.edu
703:is very closely related to the
595:ABC model of flower development
539:sloughed off dead rootcap cells
2604:Plant Anatomy Laboratory from
2523:"Vascular Cambium Development"
2425:10.1080/00221589.1975.11514616
914:The growth of nitrogen-fixing
885:between KNOX expression and a
1:
2638:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80700-X
2275:10.1016/S0960-9822(02)00721-2
2036:10.1016/S0070-2153(10)91003-X
1617:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81703-1
1522:10.1016/s0962-8924(00)01728-1
1361:10.1126/science.283.5409.1911
1260:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80239-1
1151:Plant, Cell & Environment
859:, that has simple leaves and
749:Role of the KNOX-family genes
374:A subjacent organizing center
3788:History of plant systematics
3375:Thorns, spines, and prickles
1013:autoregulation of nodulation
259:involved in lateral growth.
210:cells that develop into the
2407:Adams, Alexa (April 2013).
881:, because there is a tight
759:(Flower: Linaria dalmatica)
409:family) to which CLV3 is a
3957:
3604:Alternation of generations
896:
592:
337:Shoot apical meristems of
18:
3905:
3754:Cultivated plant taxonomy
3717:Biological classification
2714:
2608:; the lab of JD Mauseth.
2463:10.1007/s13205-012-0080-6
79:and capable of continued
21:Meristem (disambiguation)
3614:Evolutionary development
812:lack a structure called
407:LRR receptor-like kinase
122:(1817–1891) in his book
3265:Hypanthium (Floral cup)
2378:10.1126/science.1070343
2161:Genes & Development
1949:10.1073/pnas.0908122106
945:vegetative reproduction
180:. It also produces the
120:Carl Wilhelm von Nägeli
3880:by author abbreviation
3804:Plant taxonomy systems
3722:Botanical nomenclature
2309:and its wild relative
2213:Plant and Cell Physiol
1510:Trends in Cell Biology
1308:10.1105/tpc.11.10.1925
1208:Annu. Rev. Plant Biol.
775:
761:
546:
487:. Cytokinin activates
344:
329:Shoot Apical Meristems
283:
124:
55:undifferentiated cells
38:
3887:Botanical expeditions
1564:10.1104/pp.117.4.1217
1462:10.1186/1471-2229-8-1
897:Further information:
767:
756:
593:Further information:
525:
434:downstream signalling
336:
288:shoot apical meristem
265:
29:
3619:Evolutionary history
3609:Double fertilization
3461:Cellular respiration
2527:The Arabidopsis Book
2307:Arabidopsis thaliana
1844:10.1242/dev.122.1.87
1403:10.1104/pp.126.3.939
1097:Galun, Esra (2007).
940:asexual reproduction
798:, mosses, ferns and
788:Arabidopsis thaliana
722:Arabidopsis thaliana
700:Arabidopsis thaliana
562:Intercalary meristem
518:Root apical meristem
384:Arabidopsis thaliana
296:root apical meristem
2838:Non-vascular plants
2606:University of Texas
2370:2002Sci...296.1858B
2364:(5574): 1858–1860.
2266:2002CBio...12..515G
1940:2009PNAS..10616529G
1934:(38): 16529–16534.
1732:10.1038/nature04270
1724:2005Natur.438.1172L
1718:(7071): 1172–1175.
1664:2001Natur.413..383H
1353:1999Sci...283.1911F
1005:Medicago truncatula
985:Medicago truncatula
922:Medicago truncatula
820:because it defines
413:. CLV3 shares some
223:Secondary meristems
31:Tunica-corpus model
3343:Surface structures
3138:Flower development
2226:10.1093/pcp/pcl025
2173:10.1101/gad.208501
2137:(7210). 2008-09-11
1892:10.1242/dev.133645
1787:10.1105/tpc.018978
776:
768:Complex leaves of
762:
547:
345:
284:
59:meristematic cells
39:
3923:
3922:
3562:Herbaceous plants
3388:
3387:
2311:Cardamine hirsuta
2219:(12): 1591–1602.
2167:(20): 2755–2766.
1885:(18): 3238–3248.
1658:(6854): 383–389.
1448:BMC Plant Biology
1347:(5409): 1911–14.
1164:10.1111/pce.13021
1157:(11): 2586–2605.
1037:Lateral Meristems
960:Induced meristems
865:, a plant having
862:Cardamine hirsuta
840:Antirrhinum majus
830:Antirrhinum majus
771:Cardamine hirsuta
675:mycorrhizal fungi
511:negative feedback
489:histidine kinases
147:Primary meristems
3948:
3941:Plant physiology
3913:
3912:
3892:Individual trees
3567:Secondary growth
3538:Succulent plants
3526:Prostrate shrubs
3409:Apical dominance
3394:Plant physiology
3355:Epicuticular wax
2900:
2893:
2884:Plant morphology
2701:
2694:
2687:
2678:
2658:
2640:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2558:
2539:10.1199/tab.0177
2518:
2512:
2511:
2496:Annals of Botany
2491:
2485:
2484:
2474:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2433:
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2397:
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2239:
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2228:
2204:
2195:
2194:
2184:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2121:
2115:
2112:
2101:
2100:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2019:
2013:
2012:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1969:
1951:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1894:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1806:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1672:10.1038/35096500
1644:
1638:
1637:
1619:
1595:
1586:
1585:
1575:
1558:(4): 1217–1225.
1552:Plant Physiology
1543:
1534:
1533:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1492:
1484:
1474:
1464:
1439:Ulrike Mathesius
1434:
1425:
1424:
1414:
1391:Plant Physiology
1382:
1373:
1372:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1319:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1262:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1202:
1189:
1186:
1177:
1176:
1166:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1126:academic.oup.com
1117:
1111:
1095:
1065:Secondary growth
849:shape evolution
652:Apical dominance
647:Apical dominance
570:(in particular,
530:quiescent center
476:The function of
387:, 3 interacting
279:Medullary tissue
254:Apical meristems
233:Vascular cambium
182:vascular cambium
127:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3919:
3901:
3870:Botanical terms
3863:
3849:
3813:
3759:Citrus taxonomy
3737:Author citation
3703:
3597:
3576:
3498:
3492:
3488:Turgor pressure
3396:
3384:
3338:
3153:Floral symmetry
3071:
3063:
2993:
2982:Vascular bundle
2977:Vascular tissue
2936:
2896:
2887:
2886:
2872:
2843:Vascular plants
2808:
2804:Plant pathology
2728:
2710:
2705:
2668:
2614:
2601:
2596:
2587:
2585:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2520:
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2515:
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2492:
2488:
2444:
2443:
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2429:
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2406:
2405:
2401:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2247:
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2242:
2206:
2205:
2198:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2140:
2138:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2104:
2081:10.1038/nrm3790
2066:
2065:
2061:
2046:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2009:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1597:
1596:
1589:
1545:
1544:
1537:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1485:
1436:
1435:
1428:
1384:
1383:
1376:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1302:(10): 1925–33.
1289:
1288:
1284:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1204:
1203:
1192:
1187:
1180:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1130:
1128:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1056:
1039:
1001:Lotus japonicus
994:oligosaccharide
975:Lotus japonicus
962:
932:
901:
895:
879:vascular plants
828:mutagenesis in
779:Genetic screens
751:
709:FASCIATED EAR 2
683:
649:
597:
591:
589:Floral meristem
564:
545:
520:
467:differentiation
331:
282:
273:Peripheral zone
256:
225:
196:Ground meristem
149:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3954:
3952:
3944:
3943:
3938:
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3921:
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3903:
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3900:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3872:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3860:Related topics
3858:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3809:Taxonomic rank
3806:
3801:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3761:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3727:Botanical name
3719:
3713:
3711:
3709:Plant taxonomy
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3685:Megasporangium
3682:
3681:
3680:
3673:Microsporangia
3665:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3584:
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3577:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3564:
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3557:
3556:
3555:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3518:
3513:
3511:Cushion plants
3502:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3448:
3446:Plant hormones
3443:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3429:Photosynthesis
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3400:
3398:
3390:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3267:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3148:Floral formula
3145:
3143:Floral diagram
3140:
3135:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3096:
3086:
3081:
3075:
3073:
3072:(incl. Flower)
3065:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3032:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2974:
2972:Storage organs
2969:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2952:
2946:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
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2908:
2906:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2858:Spermatophytes
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2828:Archaeplastida
2825:
2819:
2817:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2782:Phytogeography
2779:
2777:Phytochemistry
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2738:
2736:
2734:Subdisciplines
2730:
2729:
2727:
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2721:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2696:
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2675:
2674:
2667:
2666:External links
2664:
2663:
2662:
2659:
2631:(6): 635–644.
2612:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2570:
2513:
2502:(5): 649–661.
2486:
2437:
2419:(2): 151–160.
2399:
2348:
2327:10.1038/ng1835
2321:(8): 942–947.
2297:
2260:(7): 515–522.
2240:
2196:
2147:
2116:
2102:
2059:
2044:
2014:
2008:978-0470016176
2007:
1981:
1914:
1865:
1818:
1781:(3): 658–671.
1775:The Plant Cell
1761:
1701:
1639:
1610:(6): 805–815.
1587:
1535:
1516:(4): 141–146.
1500:
1426:
1397:(3): 939–942.
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1178:
1137:
1112:
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1084:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1060:Primary growth
1055:
1052:
1038:
1035:
961:
958:
931:
928:
909:primary growth
894:
891:
867:complex leaves
750:
747:
682:
679:
671:strigolactones
648:
645:
590:
587:
563:
560:
544:
543:
540:
537:
534:
531:
527:
519:
516:
457:(shortened to
379:
378:
375:
372:
369:
340:Crassula ovata
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224:
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220:
219:
198:: Composed of
193:
167:
153:primary growth
148:
145:
73:Differentiated
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3953:
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3939:
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3936:Plant anatomy
3934:
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3916:
3908:
3907:
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3845:Phytochemical
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3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3495:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3483:Transpiration
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3270:Inflorescence
3268:
3266:
3263:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2955:Ground tissue
2953:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2891:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:Plant anatomy
2875:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2799:Plant ecology
2797:
2795:
2794:Plant anatomy
2792:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2742:Archaeobotany
2740:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2709:
2702:
2697:
2695:
2690:
2688:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2620:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2584:
2580:
2574:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2490:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2457:(2): 53–164.
2456:
2452:
2448:
2441:
2438:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2403:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2352:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2301:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2148:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2120:
2117:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2075:(5): 301–12.
2074:
2070:
2063:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2045:9780123809100
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2015:
2010:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1869:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1822:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1705:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1643:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1501:
1496:
1490:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1335:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1286:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1253:(4): 575–85.
1252:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1141:
1138:
1127:
1123:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1109:9789812704085
1106:
1102:
1101:
1094:
1091:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1007:and soybean (
1006:
1002:
998:
995:
991:
987:
986:
981:
977:
976:
971:
967:
959:
957:
953:
951:
947:
946:
941:
937:
929:
927:
924:
923:
917:
912:
910:
906:
905:indeterminate
900:
892:
890:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
863:
858:
857:
852:
848:
843:
841:
837:
836:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
806:
801:
797:
793:
789:
784:
780:
773:
772:
766:
760:
755:
748:
746:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
723:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
701:
696:
692:
688:
680:
678:
676:
672:
667:
665:
661:
656:
653:
646:
644:
640:
637:
633:
629:
628:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
601:
596:
588:
586:
583:
582:
577:
573:
569:
561:
559:
557:
552:
541:
538:
535:
532:
529:
528:
524:
517:
515:
512:
507:
503:
499:
494:
493:phosphorylate
490:
486:
483:
479:
474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
455:
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
426:
424:
421:region being
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
399:cell division
396:
392:
391:
386:
385:
376:
373:
370:
368:
365:
364:
363:
360:
358:
354:
349:
342:
341:
335:
328:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
278:
275:
272:
269:
268:
264:
260:
253:
248:
245:
242:
238:
234:
231:
230:
229:
222:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
194:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
168:
165:
161:
158:
157:
156:
154:
146:
144:
140:
138:
134:
131:
126:
121:
117:
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
87:or none, and
86:
82:
81:cell division
78:
74:
70:
68:
64:
63:cell division
61:) capable of
60:
56:
52:
49:is a type of
48:
44:
36:
32:
28:
22:
3840:Horticulture
3830:Floriculture
3732:Correct name
3582:Reproduction
3572:Woody plants
3497:Plant growth
3456:Gas Exchange
3441:Phytomelanin
3319:Plant embryo
3069:Reproductive
2966:
2917:Phragmoplast
2628:
2624:
2618:
2586:. Retrieved
2582:
2573:
2530:
2526:
2516:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2454:
2450:
2440:
2428:. Retrieved
2416:
2412:
2402:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2257:
2253:
2243:
2216:
2212:
2164:
2160:
2150:
2139:. Retrieved
2134:
2128:
2119:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2027:
2023:
2017:
1990:
1984:
1931:
1927:
1917:
1882:
1878:
1868:
1838:(1): 87–96.
1835:
1831:
1821:
1778:
1774:
1764:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1655:
1651:
1642:
1607:
1603:
1555:
1551:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1489:cite journal
1452:
1446:
1394:
1390:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1299:
1295:
1285:
1250:
1246:
1236:
1211:
1206:
1154:
1150:
1140:
1129:. Retrieved
1125:
1115:
1099:
1093:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1008:
1004:
1000:
983:
973:
963:
954:
943:
939:
933:
920:
916:root nodules
913:
908:
904:
902:
889:morphology.
887:complex leaf
874:
870:
860:
854:
850:
844:
839:
835:Antirrhineae
833:
829:
805:Antirrhineae
803:
777:
769:
758:
734:
729:, if not in
720:
716:
712:
708:
698:
694:
690:
684:
668:
657:
650:
641:
635:
631:
625:
621:
609:
605:
602:
598:
579:
565:
548:
505:
501:
482:phytohormone
477:
475:
470:
462:
458:
452:
450:
427:
388:
382:
380:
361:
350:
346:
338:
314:
310:
308:
299:
295:
291:
287:
285:
270:Central zone
257:
247:Cork cambium
226:
208:sclerenchyma
195:
186:cork cambium
176:and primary
169:
159:
150:
141:
136:
133:
115:
113:
101:chromoplasts
97:chloroplasts
71:
58:
46:
43:cell biology
40:
30:
3656:Pollen tube
3651:Pollinators
3641:Pollination
3636:Germination
3451:Respiration
3434:Chlorophyll
3280:Pedicellate
3214:Gametophyte
3133:Aestivation
3084:Antheridium
3079:Archegonium
2927:Plasmodesma
2904:Plant cells
2767:Paleobotany
2762:Ethnobotany
2747:Astrobotany
2619:Arabidopsis
1879:Development
1832:Development
1009:Glycine max
899:Root nodule
883:correlation
871:A. thaliana
856:A. thaliana
810:Antirrhinum
800:gymnosperms
731:angiosperms
581:Welwitschia
491:which then
430:cytoplasmic
357:plastochron
237:arboraceous
204:collenchyma
105:proplastids
3930:Categories
3678:Microspore
3668:Sporangium
3646:Artificial
3334:Sporophyte
3329:Sporophyll
3324:Receptacle
3219:Gynandrium
3089:Androecium
2998:Vegetative
2868:Angiosperm
2863:Gymnosperm
2757:Dendrology
2588:2024-04-08
2430:24 January
2315:Nat. Genet
2254:Curr. Biol
2141:2009-04-30
2030:: 67–102.
1648:Sheen, Jen
1296:Plant Cell
1131:2023-03-18
1086:References
997:Nod factor
826:transposon
822:pollinator
818:innovation
743:innovation
687:stem cells
576:Horsetails
551:stem cells
542:procambium
419:amino acid
367:Stem cells
304:stem cells
241:herbaceous
200:parenchyma
170:Procambium
137:(merizein)
89:protoplasm
77:totipotent
3875:Botanists
3793:Herbarium
3690:Megaspore
3588:Evolution
3531:Subshrubs
3499:and habit
3424:Nutrition
3419:Cellulose
3414:Bulk flow
3397:Materials
3360:Epidermis
3224:Gynoecium
3205:Endosperm
3200:Dispersal
3116:Staminode
3052:Sessility
3040:Cataphyll
2960:Mesophyll
2912:Cell wall
2853:Lycophyte
2833:Bryophyte
2787:Geobotany
2772:Phycology
2547:1543-8120
2533:: e0177.
2451:3 Biotech
1958:0027-8424
1901:0950-1991
1852:0950-1991
1795:1040-4651
1740:1476-4687
1680:1476-4687
1214:: 45–66.
1070:Stem cell
1031:phenotype
875:C.hirsuta
739:stem cell
735:FON1-FON2
717:FON1-FON2
498:cytokinin
485:cytokinin
423:conserved
395:stem cell
353:Primordia
164:epidermis
160:Protoderm
114:The term
109:cell wall
3915:Category
3835:Forestry
3825:Agronomy
3818:Practice
3769:Cultivar
3764:Cultigen
3624:timeline
3516:Rosettes
3404:Aleurone
3380:Trichome
3297:Perianth
3109:Filament
2967:Meristem
2890:glossary
2752:Bryology
2647:10761929
2565:26078728
2394:45069635
2386:12052958
2335:16823378
2292:14469173
2284:11937019
2235:17056620
2191:11641280
2097:34386672
2089:24755933
2054:20705179
1976:19717465
1909:27624829
1813:14973166
1748:16372013
1688:11574878
1634:18995751
1530:10740268
1481:18171480
1421:11457943
1369:10082464
1326:10521522
1277:15360609
1228:12221985
1173:28708264
1054:See also
1020:receptor
990:Rhizobia
968:such as
950:genotype
790:, rice,
727:monocots
556:root cap
415:homology
319:monocots
243:plants).
214:and the
190:periderm
135:μερίζειν
116:meristem
93:plastids
85:vacuoles
47:meristem
3593:Ecology
3350:Cuticle
3180:Capsule
3170:Anatomy
3121:Tapetum
3045:Petiole
3020:Rhizome
3015:Rhizoid
2942:Tissues
2932:Vacuole
2922:Plastid
2724:Outline
2719:History
2655:8963007
2599:Sources
2556:4463761
2481:8324570
2472:3597136
2366:Bibcode
2358:Science
2343:5775104
2262:Bibcode
1967:2752578
1936:Bibcode
1860:8565856
1756:2401801
1720:Bibcode
1696:4418158
1660:Bibcode
1626:9865698
1582:9701578
1472:2254619
1412:1540125
1349:Bibcode
1341:Science
1269:9160749
1080:Tissues
1075:Thallus
1027:peptide
1023:kinases
970:soybean
966:legumes
930:Cloning
691:CLAVATA
664:cambium
618:carpels
614:stamens
606:AGAMOUS
568:monocot
536:rootcap
454:WUSCHEL
390:CLAVATA
3897:Plants
3800:(IAPT)
3553:Lianas
3521:Shrubs
3473:Starch
3365:Nectar
3285:Raceme
3251:Stigma
3239:Locule
3229:Carpel
3190:Pyrena
3128:Flower
3104:Anther
3099:Stamen
3094:Pollen
2816:groups
2708:Botany
2653:
2645:
2563:
2553:
2545:
2479:
2469:
2392:
2384:
2341:
2333:
2290:
2282:
2233:
2189:
2182:312812
2179:
2130:Nature
2095:
2087:
2052:
2042:
2005:
1974:
1964:
1956:
1907:
1899:
1858:
1850:
1811:
1804:385279
1801:
1793:
1754:
1746:
1738:
1712:Nature
1694:
1686:
1678:
1652:Nature
1632:
1624:
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