5054:
1148:
4323:
339:
5060:
736:
4334:
151:
856:
581:
122:
4340:
5048:
3813:
4329:
3807:
887:. The upper end of the humerus is roughly flush with the front of the bone, while the rear edge of the humerus is diagonal. There is a well-defined notch halfway down the front edge of the humerus, a notch is also present on the boneโs rear edge but is not as strongly demarcated. The surfaces of the facets for the lower arm bones are bowed inwards. The upper end of the humerus in
2342:
3819:
971:
is narrow, but the lower end of the bone is very wide. The middle part of the femur is twisted, and the length of the bone is roughly twice that of the tibia and fibula. The upper end of the femur bears a large, projecting shelf on its top side, while the lower end of the femur is bowed inwards where
878:
are at least as long as its forelimbs, if not even longer. However, in 1999, Motani pointed out that as both specimens are disarticulated and incomplete, it cannot be confirmed that the limbs assigned to each specimen all came from the same individual, therefore this difference is of dubious utility.
2377:
to have used their limbs for propulsion when swimming in addition to their tails. However, further study and comparisons with fish have cast doubt on the usage of ichthyosaur limbs as paddles. Instead, they probably served to keep the animal upright and make turns, any propulsive function limited to
607:
probably did not grow longer than 2 meters (6.6 ft), with some length estimates putting both species at only about 1 meter (3.3 ft), making it a smaller member of the group. In 2019, Anderson and colleagues estimated a total length of under 1.5 meters (4.9 ft) for the
Alaskan specimen
594:
is classified within
Ichthyosauria, a group of marine reptiles well-adapted to life underwater. The eyes of ichthyosaurs were large, and their skulls generally bear elongated snouts. Their bodies were streamlined and smooth-skinned, either bearing very small scales or devoid of scales entirely. The
942:
each consist of seven phalanges while the middle one has eight. Due to the very delicate nature of the phalanges at the tips of the digits, Merriam considered it unlikely that any more than two were missing. Both sides of all of the phalanges in the frontmost digit of the forelimbs in
1117:
classified ichthyosaurs in a different manner, splitting them into the longipinnates and latipinnates based on the number of digits they possessed, the longipinnates having fewer. Both of these lineages were thought to have diverged in the
Triassic and persisted into the
771:
is weak, and formed by caudal centra with longer tops than bottoms, giving them a wedge-like shape. In 2019, Anderson and colleagues found the angle of the bend would have been at least 6.45 degrees. The diapophyses extend out far to the sides and the facets for the
2369:
as they were not as efficient swimmers as their later relatives. The large eyes of ichthyosaurs indicate that vision was an important sense, and as their nostrils led to their mouths rather than lungs, they could scent prey and other animals underwater.
1005:
has convex edges, while the one immediately behind it has a large indentation on its rear edge. The metacarpals below them are similar in shape, though the rearmost of them has a front-facing notch in addition to a rear-facing one. The fibulare of
955:
have exclusively rear-facing notches. Some of the phalanges in the outer primary digits are doubly notched, and all bear notches on their outwards-facing edges. Only two very reduced phalanges are known in the accessory digit in the forelimbs of
754:, the caudal vertebrae have straighter neural spines and longer zygapophyses than the dorsal vertebrae; these caudal vertebrae also have very tall diapophyses. All of the caudal centra in this species are amphicoelous. The caudal ribs of
2352:
As a result of their skeletons losing much of their supporting structure, ichthyosaurs would have been unable to move around on land, instead spending their entire lives in the water, though they were still air-breathers. Unlike modern,
766:
in good condition is from the front part of the tail, wider than it is tall, and amphicoelous. The sides of the centrum are not bowed outwards, and the vertebral body has a six-sided cross-section. The downward bend in the tail of
996:
are quadrangular in outline, although the middle upper tarsal is pentagonal. The tarsals above the frontmost digit are notched on their front edges. Those above digit III, however, are not notched, and neither is its
498:
taking precedence. Restudying the specimens, he found that their preservation did not allow for the distinguishing traits proposed by
Merriam to be observed properly. However, he tentatively maintained both species
891:
bears a ridge half the length of the humerus on both its top face and underside, though the one on the underside is larger. Another upraised area of the humerus is complemented by a similar structure on the ulna.
2418:
was only known from such a small geographic area despite being a mobile creature, Lucas speculated that it may not have been a very strong open-ocean swimmer due to its small size. However, Lucas noted that if
980:(rear shin bone), and the fibula is not angled backwards beyond the femur. The rear edge of the fibula is straight, unlike the concave margins of the tibia and the fibulaโs front. The tibiae and fibulae of
796:
are twice as long as wide and do not have any concavities along their edges. Their inner sides are more robust than their outer sides. A hook-like projection is present on the front edges of the short
927:. The intermedium of contacts the ulna more extensively than the radius, as the radiale is broader than the ulnale (front and back upper wrist bones, respectively). The carpals (digit bones) of
507:) as valid, as there was little overlapping material between the specimens, complicating comparisons. In 2000, Michael Maisch and Andreas Matzke concurred with this synonymy, also while keeping
1222:
to be united within
Toretocnemidae, though they found this group to be within Euichthyosauria. In 2017, Benjamin Moon conducted multiple comprehensive analyses of ichthyosaur relationships.
2378:
slow swimming. Ichthyosaurs would have propelled themselves forwards by beating their tails back and forth, a more efficient method for sustained swimming. The front edge of the limb of
931:
forming the outer margins of the flippers all bear notches on at least their outwards-facing edges. Both the front and back edges of the metacarpal of the frontmost digit bear notches.
3008:
3161:
Dal Sasso & Pinna, 1996 (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria) from the Middle
Triassic Besano Formation of Monte San Giorgio, Italy/Switzerland: taxonomic and palaeobiological implications"
1094:) were considered to belong to the second lineage. In 1908, Merriam proposed a tentative classification scheme for ichthyosaurs. He considered the Triassic species to all belong to
5208:
895:
An opening is present between the lower limb bones (epipodials) of both species. Both the inner and outer edges of the radius are concave, but only the inner edge of the
5162:
3074:
Ji, C.; Jiang, D. Y.; Motani, R.; Rieppel, O.; Hao, W. C.; Sun, Z. Y. (2016). "Phylogeny of the
Ichthyopterygia incorporating recent discoveries from South China".
393:, the right forelimb, and both the left and right hindlimbs. Another specimen, UCMP 8099, was also found by Alexander in Shasta County. This one was uncovered on a
951:, only the first of the middle primary digit and some of the terminal phalanges bear no notches. All notched phalanges in the middle digit in the foreflipper of
1230:(natural group including all descendants of an ancestor), but while it was frequently found within Euichthyosauria, it was not recovered as the sister taxon of
5253:
3351:
5053:
2859:
Paleobiology of ichthyosaurs: Using osteohistology to test hypotheses of growth rates and metabolism in a clade of secondarily aquatic marine tetrapods
700:
has centra that are much less elongated. The dorsal centra are taller than wide, and both their front and back faces are concave (amphicoelous). The
5233:
5149:
5248:
2382:
would have marginally more muscle power than its rear edge, thanks to the placement of the upper end of the humerus relative to its lower end.
2857:
2494:
Li, 1999 (Reptilia, Ichthyosauria) from the Late
Triassic of southern China, and implications for the distribution of Triassic ichthyosaurs".
5223:
2361:, able to maintain constant body temperatures. As ichthyosaurs could not go onto land to lay eggs (reptile eggs will drown underwater), they
1010:, in addition to the tarsal below it, bear surfaces for the attachment of an accessory digit. The digital configuration of the hindlimbs in
541:
vertebrae. The ones found in the
Antimonio Formation were much smaller, ranging in diameter from 1.3โ2.8 centimeters (0.51โ1.10 in).
3031:
2735:
5228:
2148:
5238:
5203:
4322:
712:
with considerable space in between them; a characteristic feature of the genus. Both the front and back faces of the dorsal ribs of
724:
are strongly bifurcated in the middle to rear part of the torso. The rib heads located further forwards on the vertebral column of
3344:
2441:
2064:
565:
475:
in 1904. In 1908, Merriam noted that there were additional specimens from the same area as the holotype that likely pertained to
548:
In a 2019 dissertation, Katherine
Anderson, together with Patrick Druckenmiller and Jim Baichtal described two specimens from
5059:
947:
are notched, as are all of those in the digit immediately behind it save for the uppermost phalanx. Among the phalanges of
2213:
1974:
1616:
1147:
5218:
5213:
2410:
upon which the Hosselkus Limestone was deposited. Lucas noted that unlike most of the fauna of the Antimonio Formation,
1202:
and parvipelvians, among other taxa. In 2002, Elizabeth Nicholls and colleagues described a nearly complete skeleton of
1018:
are better developed than those of the forelimbs, being composed of four bones each and originating behind the tarsus.
808:(collarbones), which contact each other, are also quite broad. Merriam tentatively identified a triangular bone as the
150:
4333:
3337:
2172:
1110:, though Merriam was more cautious with this species as its double-headed ribs seemed to contradict such a placement.
5096:
2016:
836:
are flat and each pair are in extensive contact along the midline. The wide pubic bones (front lower hip bones) of
4339:
2915:
Massare, J. A. (1988). "Swimming Capabilities of Mesozoic Marine Reptiles: Implications for Method of Predation".
595:
limbs of ichthyosaurs are heavily modified into rigid flippers. Additionally, ichthyosaurs are also known to have
5243:
1395:
2507:
5091:
5047:
2098:
1491:
816:. The putative interclavicle is small and its backwards projection is very short. The long upper hip bone, the
420:
366:
2461:
984:
bear notches on both their front and back sides; the former of these bones being wider. Like the carpals, the
716:
bear grooves along much of their length, barring their lower ends. The only well-preserved dorsal rib head of
494:
and the closeness of their sites of discovery, Ryosuke Motani synonymized the two genera, with the older name
2936:"A review of ichthyosaur (Reptilia, Ichthyopterygia) soft tissues with implications for life reconstructions"
960:, though more may have been present. These phalanges are located near the upper regions of the other digits.
938:
has three main digits and an additional very small fourth one. The outer two main digits of the forelimbs of
1933:
1909:
1599:
468:
3210:
Sander, P. M.; Griebeler, E. M.; Klein, N.; Juarbe, J. V.; Wintrich, T.; Revell, L. J.; Schmit, L. (2021).
1001:. The rear edge of tarsal beneath the fibula (fibulare) is very weakly notched. The middle lower tarsal of
5117:
3812:
3806:
3301:
2403:
1957:
1892:
1062:. In 1904, Boulenger believed there to be three main lineages of ichthyosaurs; one leading to wide-finned
338:
2888:
5175:
5086:
3211:
2196:
1474:
923:
are set into two rows of three. Only one carpal connects to the lower edge middle upper wrist bone, the
746:
The neural spines (upwards projections on the vertebrae) of the caudal vertebrae are highly elongate in
430:
238:
3050:"Evolutionary trends in longipinnate ichthyosaurs, with particular reference to the skull and fore fin"
4160:
4082:
4030:
2436:
1371:
628:(a pair of bones which form the underside of each orbit) being narrow. The bony plates making up the
3818:
3110:
2791:
2627:
4446:
4289:
3436:
2705:
2650:
2399:
1114:
883:
has a narrow humerus (upper arm bone) with a broad lower end; this bone being twice as long as the
526:
416:
327:
4303:
701:
569:
463:
4559:
3978:
3863:
3613:
3498:
3485:
3448:
3360:
3091:
1198:. They found this group to be the first to diverge within Longipinnati, a larger group including
480:
280:
145:
735:
564:. It was found in 1969 and extracted in 2004. The other specimen, UAMES 34994, was found in the
5180:
4328:
3281:
Massare, J. A.; Callaway, J. M. (1990). "The affinities and ecology of Triassic ichthyosaurs".
5167:
4877:
4752:
4717:
4673:
4198:
3578:
3192:
3133:
2856:
Merriam, 1903 (Reptilia, Ichthyosauria) from the Late Triassic (Norian) of Southeast Alaska".
2750:
1194:
985:
804:
articulate with are separate. The lower ends of the scapulae shoulder blades are widened. The
708:
on the dorsal vertebrae, projections that articulate with the ribs, are small and separate in
689:
557:
2402:
led Lucas to argue in 2002 that the Antimonio Terrane instead had once been connected to the
4997:
4946:
4914:
4797:
4602:
4458:
4403:
3957:
3894:
3313:
3302:"The skull and endocranium of a Lower Jurassic ichthyosaur based on digital reconstructions"
3261:
3226:
3182:
3172:
3083:
3023:
2984:
2947:
2503:
1787:
1293:
1254:
855:
580:
382:
378:
130:
3212:"Early giant reveals faster evolution of large body size in ichthyosaurs than in cetaceans"
121:
4840:
4832:
4824:
4782:
4686:
4634:
4535:
4296:
4275:
4268:
4146:
4125:
3985:
3695:
3656:
3622:
3594:
3543:
2366:
2084:
1548:
1172:
1167:
1078:
617:
537:. Although ichthyosaur vertebrae are quite commonly found here, most of these were larger
406:
3049:
2672:
2545:
4990:
4983:
4955:
4724:
4662:
4655:
4618:
4611:
4590:
4485:
4431:
4188:
4168:
4138:
4090:
4074:
4057:
4010:
3918:
3910:
3903:
3669:
3187:
3156:
2407:
2354:
2040:
1585:
1419:
1333:
1185:
1140:
1134:
1128:
842:
653:
629:
561:
538:
218:
5197:
4976:
4854:
4761:
4740:
4544:
4477:
4467:
4424:
4384:
3926:
3878:
3849:
3836:
3766:
3638:
3631:
3554:
3536:
2821:
1279:
1058:
884:
809:
542:
358:
205:
79:
3155:
Bindellini, G.; Wolniewicz, A.S.; Miedema, F.; Scheyer, T.M.; Dal Sasso, C. (2021).
3095:
2952:
2935:
4935:
4928:
4907:
4892:
4847:
4817:
4702:
4648:
4521:
4258:
4106:
4098:
4066:
4023:
3969:
3943:
3724:
3717:
3677:
3645:
3587:
1811:
1443:
1347:
1320:
1306:
1181:
1095:
1072:
848:
817:
677:
633:
446:
260:
3087:
3027:
1184:
where it was traditionally placed. In 2000, Maisch and Matzke named a new family,
4810:
4775:
4694:
4500:
4493:
4370:
4357:
4282:
4217:
4176:
4113:
4037:
3567:
3523:
3512:
3405:
2852:
Anderson, K. L.; Druckenmiller, P. S.; Baichtal, J. F. (2019). "New material of
2490:
Nicholls, Elizabeth L.; Wei, Chen & Manabe, Makoto (2003). "New material of
2115:
1572:
1211:
1177:
1106:
was also classified as shastasaurine due to its limbs being similar to those of
924:
825:
773:
705:
681:
457:
is UCMP 8100. In the same publication, Merriam named another genus and species,
411:
316:
54:
5140:
1098:, which was divided into the subfamilies Mixosaurinae and Shastasaurinae, with
5004:
4962:
4869:
4862:
4768:
4709:
4576:
4417:
4391:
4153:
3999:
3992:
3744:
3735:
3684:
3421:
3390:
2362:
2358:
2341:
1524:
1119:
1040:
1014:
is similar to that of the forelimbs. The accessory digits in the hindlimbs of
998:
840:
are each perforated by a small hole known as an obturator foramen, similar to
645:
600:
596:
362:
99:
64:
915:
and the notches on the forelimb bones of the former are more pronounced. The
419:. Alexander gave them, in addition to multiple other fossil reptiles, to the
4899:
4884:
4732:
4551:
3704:
3230:
1044:, but differing markedly in dental and appendicular anatomy; and noted that
402:
398:
354:
162:
104:
48:
3196:
2989:
2968:
632:, a structure housed within the orbit, are very large. The exposure of the
409:, forelimbs, and a partial hindlimb. Both of these specimens came form the
3266:
3245:
5134:
4921:
4045:
3870:
3384:
2826:, a Late Triassic ichthyosaur from California, U.S.A. and Sonora, Mexico"
1248:
805:
789:
649:
637:
522:
454:
320:
182:
94:
89:
74:
69:
59:
41:
17:
3177:
1214:
within Toretocnemidae. A 2016 analysis by Cheng Ji and colleagues found
342:
Clavicles and interclavicle (top) and scapula and coracoids (bottom) of
5154:
4969:
3751:
3396:
3318:
829:
801:
800:(shoulder blades). The surfaces on the scapulae that the coracoids and
797:
545:
were not present, but there were clear grooves for their articulation.
370:
324:
192:
109:
84:
2546:"Triassic Ichthyosauria: With special reference to the American forms"
3378:
3329:
3111:"Lines of phyletic and biological development of the Ichthyopterygia"
2655:
Bulletin of the Department of Geology of the University of California
2632:
Bulletin of the Department of Geology of the University of California
2391:
2357:("cold-blooded") reptiles, ichthyosaurs had high metablisms and were
977:
916:
680:(two pairs of forwards- or backwards-directed projections). The thin
549:
534:
530:
440:
434:
390:
172:
134:
5111:
676:
have neural spines that curve backwards and notches in the place of
3134:"The distinction between longipinnate and latipinnate ichthyosaurs"
1227:
1146:
973:
964:
879:
The upper and lower limb bones of both species are very elongate.
870:
have similar limbs. In 1903, Merriam stated that the forelimbs of
854:
734:
644:, with most of the outer surface of the rear part taken up by the
625:
584:
Skull (top) and caudal vertebra (bottom right) of the holotype of
579:
394:
374:
337:
2934:
Eriksson, M. E.; De La Garza, R.; Horn, E.; Lindgren, J. (2022).
2414:
had a very limited distribution, unknown from Nevada. As to why
896:
350:
5115:
5075:
4355:
3834:
3483:
3371:
3333:
3300:
Marek, R. D.; Moon, B. C.; Williams, M.; Benton, M. J. (2015).
3246:"Osteohistology of the Early Triassic ichthyopterygian reptile
319:. Its remains have been found in California, United States, in
2427:
then this supposed paleobiological link would be much weaker.
386:
2967:
Renesto, S.; Dal Sasso, C.; Fogliazza, F.; Ragni, C. (2020).
2889:"Ichthyosauria: Their diversity, distribution, and phylogeny"
656:(mandibular bones involved in the jaw joint) are enlarged in
762:
has long caudal vertebrae. The only known caudal centrum of
2508:
10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0759:NMOQLR]2.0.CO;2
636:(lower rear exterior lower jaw bone) on the outside of the
2969:"New findings reveal that the Middle Triassic ichthyosaur
2373:
In 1908, Merriam considered Triassic ichthyosaurs such as
2830:
New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin
467:
was preoccupied (already in use for something else), and
2628:"New ichthyosaurs from the Upper Triassic of California"
758:, unlike the dorsal ribs, do not have bifurcated heads.
1126:
to belong to the longipinnates, on the line leading to
992:
are set into two rows of three. Many of the tarsals of
720:
is not bifurcated; conversely, the dorsal rib heads of
3009:"A new phylogeny of ichthyosaurs (Reptilia: Diapsida)"
2390:
While once proposed to have been closely connected to
874:
are longer than its hindlimbs, while the hindlimbs or
2651:"Triassic Ichthyopterygia from California and Nevada"
660:, especially in the case of the latter. The teeth of
397:
and consisted of a partial skull, various incomplete
486:
Noting the multiple anatomical similarities between
5124:
4945:
4796:
4751:
4672:
4632:
4601:
4574:
4534:
4519:
4466:
4445:
4401:
4368:
4256:
4216:
4187:
4124:
4056:
4009:
3968:
3941:
3893:
3847:
3765:
3734:
3703:
3694:
3655:
3621:
3612:
3577:
3553:
3522:
3496:
3447:
3420:
2706:"A remarkable ichthyosaurian right anterior paddle"
349:The specimen that would eventually be cataloged as
688:bear thin ridges on their sides. While the dorsal
373:, many elements were still preserved, namely some
1258:, though this grouping was without much support.
899:is notched. While poorly known, the forelimbs of
664:are all the same shape and errupt from a groove.
3054:Life Science Contributions, Royal Ontario Museum
2365:underwater. Triassic ichthyosaurs may have been
859:Forelimb (left) and partial hindlimb (right) of
2847:
2845:
2843:
2710:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
2699:
2697:
1026:In 1903, Merriam was uncertain how to classify
776:are well-demarcated. The elongated chevrons of
377:fragments, around 30 vertebrae, including some
129:Clockwise from upper left: hindlimb, forelimb,
2910:
2908:
2906:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2539:
2537:
2485:
2483:
2345:Life restorations of the two known species of
369:. While much of the specimen had been lost to
3345:
3250:: Implications for early ichthyosaur biology"
3244:Nakajima, Y.; Houssaye, A.; Endo, H. (2014).
3115:Bulletin of the Geological Society of America
2882:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2785:
2783:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2517:
381:, but being mostly represented by frontwards
8:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2796:Stuttgarter Beitrรคge zur Naturkunde, Serie B
2781:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2723:
1269:Consensus tree from Bindellini et al. (2021)
1226:was repeatedly found to be a well-supported
603:, supported by a downward bend in the tail.
5209:Late Triassic ichthyosaurs of North America
3002:
3000:
652:(a pair of inner mandibular bones) and the
5112:
5072:
4802:
4678:
4640:
4629:
4582:
4531:
4527:
4452:
4442:
4409:
4376:
4365:
4352:
4253:
4130:
4015:
3949:
3890:
3855:
3844:
3831:
3709:
3700:
3661:
3618:
3559:
3528:
3504:
3493:
3480:
3426:
3417:
3368:
3352:
3338:
3330:
2462:"โ Toretocnemus Merriam 1903 (ichthyosaur)"
1766:Preferred topology of Sander et al. (2021)
1759:
1262:
556:. One of these, UAMES 3599, came from the
120:
31:
3317:
3265:
3186:
3176:
3069:
3067:
2988:
2951:
846:. The ischia are not as wide as those of
433:. The generic name is derived from Greek
2973:is the oldest amniote with a dorsal fin"
2340:
1760:
1263:
1234:. One of his results, however, did find
529:near the mining town of El Antimonio in
2550:Memoirs of the University of California
2453:
3283:Geological Society of America Bulletin
2790:Maisch, M. W.; Matzke, A. T. (2000).
963:The elongated portion (shaft) of the
7:
976:(front shin bone) is wider than the
692:have similar lengths and heights in
5254:Taxa named by John Campbell Merriam
3016:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
2188:
2164:
2149:Guizhouichthyosaurus wolonggangense
2140:
2090:
2080:
2056:
2032:
2008:
1949:
1925:
1884:
1834:
1827:
1803:
1779:
1772:
1591:
1564:
1540:
1516:
1466:
1459:
1435:
1411:
1387:
1363:
1339:
1312:
1285:
1275:
1210:. They concurred that the two were
972:it attaches to the shin bones. The
911:is moderately broader than that of
461:, for UCMP 8100. However, the name
3076:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2743:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2736:"Phylogeny of the Ichthyopterygia"
2496:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1066:species, another to narrow-finned
25:
1764:
1267:
1206:and found many similarities with
728:are more prominently bifurcated.
672:The hindmost dorsal vertebrae in
5058:
5052:
5046:
4338:
4332:
4327:
4321:
3817:
3811:
3805:
2442:Timeline of ichthyosaur research
2065:Quasianosteosaurus vikinghoegdai
1102:placed within the latter group.
566:Hound Island Volcanics Formation
149:
5234:Late Triassic first appearances
3138:Life Sciences Occasional Papers
2953:10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.103965
2865:(Thesis). University of Alaska.
479:, although these had yet to be
780:are shaped like the letter Y.
1:
5249:Fossil taxa described in 1903
3254:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
3088:10.1080/02724634.2015.1025956
3028:10.1080/14772019.2017.1394922
2977:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
2820:Lucas, Spencer (2002-01-01).
2214:Mikadocephalus gracilirostris
1975:Qianichthyosaurus xingyiensis
1617:Qianichthyosaurus xingyiensis
5224:Fossils of the United States
2893:Palรคontologische Zeitschrift
2749:(3): 473โ496. Archived from
732:has five sets of gastralia.
441:
435:
2173:Guizhouichthyosaurus tangae
1396:"Callawayia" wolonggangense
988:(wrist and ankle bones) of
919:(wrist and ankle bones) of
903:appear similar to those of
640:is very limited in size in
5270:
5229:Paleontology in California
3159:Besanosaurus leptorhynchus
2017:Besanosaurus leptorhynchus
1162:In 1999, Motani recovered
5239:Late Triassic extinctions
5082:
5071:
5044:
4805:
4681:
4643:
4628:
4585:
4530:
4455:
4441:
4412:
4379:
4364:
4351:
4319:
4252:
4133:
4018:
3952:
3889:
3858:
3843:
3830:
3803:
3712:
3664:
3562:
3531:
3507:
3492:
3479:
3429:
3416:
3367:
2704:Boulenger, G. A. (1904).
2210:
2193:
2186:
2169:
2162:
2145:
2138:
2112:
2095:
2088:
2078:
2061:
2054:
2037:
2030:
2013:
2006:
1971:
1954:
1947:
1930:
1923:
1906:
1889:
1882:
1860:Toretocnemus californicus
1856:
1839:
1832:
1825:
1808:
1801:
1784:
1777:
1630:
1613:
1596:
1589:
1569:
1562:
1545:
1538:
1521:
1514:
1488:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1440:
1433:
1416:
1409:
1392:
1385:
1368:
1361:
1344:
1337:
1317:
1310:
1290:
1283:
1038:) to be quite similar to
624:are very large, with the
520:Toretocnemus californicus
451:Toretocnemus californicus
401:, poorly-preserved ribs,
353:8100 was found along the
286:
279:
251:
246:
146:Scientific classification
144:
128:
119:
34:
27:Extinct genus of reptiles
5204:Ichthyosauromorph genera
2734:Motani, Ryosuke (1999).
2363:gave birth to live young
2099:Callawayia neoscapularis
1492:Shonisaurus sikanniensis
1180:, rather than among the
421:University of California
379:dorsal (trunk) vertebrae
367:Annie Montague Alexander
3231:10.1126/science.abf5787
2649:Merriam, J. C. (1902).
2626:Merriam, J. C. (1903).
2544:J. C., Merriam (1908).
1934:Qianichthyosaurus zhoui
1910:Californosaurus perrini
1600:Qianichthyosaurus zhoui
1153:Qianichthyosaurus zhoui
1122:. von Huene considered
1048:bore similarities with
907:, though the radius of
552:which they assigned to
469:George Albert Boulenger
383:caudal (tail) vertebrae
315:is an extinct genus of
3109:von Huene, F. (1923).
2990:10.4202/app.00731.2020
2971:Mixosaurus cornalianus
2887:Sander, P. M. (2000).
2349:
1958:Wimanius odontopalatus
1893:Phantomosaurus neubigi
1159:
863:
743:
588:
346:
5176:Paleobiology Database
3267:10.4202/app.2012.0045
2940:Earth-Science Reviews
2466:Paleobiology Database
2344:
2197:Shonisaurus popularis
1475:Shonisaurus popularis
1150:
858:
832:(lower hip bones) of
820:, is quite narrow in
784:Appendicular skeleton
738:
583:
515:as separate species.
431:John Campbell Merriam
429:was named in 1903 by
341:
4161:Guizhouichthyosaurus
4083:Guizhouichthyosaurus
4031:Guizhouichthyosaurus
3157:"Cranial anatomy of
3132:McGowan, C. (1972).
3048:McGowan, C. (1972).
3007:Moon, B. C. (2017).
2437:List of ichthyosaurs
2423:was synonymous with
2404:East Klamath Terrane
1843:Toretocnemus zitteli
1372:Guizhouichthyosaurus
739:Caudal vertebrae of
560:on the coastline of
459:Leptocheirus zitteli
385:, a large number of
5219:Fauna of California
5214:Triassic California
4447:Temnodontosauroidea
3248:Utatsusaurus hataii
3178:10.7717/peerj.11179
2792:"The Ichthyosauria"
2400:Antimonio Formation
2394:, the discovery of
1762:
1265:
1115:Friedrich von Huene
866:The two species of
527:Antimonio Formation
439:, "perforated" and
417:Hosselkus Limestone
334:History of research
328:Hosselkus Limestone
5077:Related categories
4560:Protoichthyosaurus
3979:Barracudasauroides
3864:Quasianosteosaurus
3614:Ichthyosauriformes
3499:Ichthyosauromorpha
3486:Ichthyosauromorpha
3449:Ichthyosauromorpha
3361:Ichthyosauromorpha
3319:10.1111/pala.12174
2350:
1160:
1113:In 1923, however,
1076:), and a third to
864:
744:
668:Vertebrae and ribs
589:
525:were found in the
445:, "shinbone". The
405:(belly ribs), the
347:
5191:
5190:
5118:Taxon identifiers
5109:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5097:Triassic reptiles
5067:
5066:
5042:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5014:
5013:
4878:Kazakhstanosaurus
4792:
4791:
4753:Ophthalmosaurinae
4718:Myobradypterygius
4674:Ophthalmosauridae
4570:
4569:
4515:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4347:
4346:
4317:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4248:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4199:Qianichthyosaurus
3937:
3936:
3826:
3825:
3801:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3761:
3760:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3579:Parahupehsuchinae
3475:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3467:
3466:
2421:Qianichthyosaurus
2329:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2315:
2314:
2306:
2305:
2297:
2296:
2288:
2287:
2279:
2278:
2270:
2269:
2261:
2260:
2252:
2251:
2243:
2242:
2234:
2233:
2225:
2224:
2127:
2126:
1995:
1994:
1986:
1985:
1871:
1870:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1744:
1743:
1735:
1734:
1726:
1725:
1717:
1716:
1708:
1707:
1699:
1698:
1690:
1689:
1681:
1680:
1672:
1671:
1663:
1662:
1654:
1653:
1645:
1644:
1503:
1502:
1240:Qianichthyosaurus
1232:Qianichthyosaurus
1220:Qianichthyosaurus
1204:Qianichthyosaurus
1195:Qianichthyosaurus
620:(eye sockets) of
558:Nehenta Formation
308:
307:
302:
294:
273:
264:
242:
47:235.0โ221.5
16:(Redirected from
5261:
5244:Extinct reptiles
5184:
5183:
5171:
5170:
5158:
5157:
5145:
5144:
5143:
5113:
5073:
5062:
5056:
5050:
4998:Simbirskiasaurus
4947:Platypterygiinae
4915:Pervushovisaurus
4803:
4798:Platypterygiidae
4679:
4641:
4630:
4603:Stenopterygiidae
4583:
4532:
4528:
4459:Temnodontosaurus
4453:
4443:
4410:
4404:Neoichthyosauria
4377:
4366:
4353:
4342:
4336:
4331:
4325:
4254:
4131:
4016:
3958:Cymbospondylidae
3950:
3895:Cymbospondylidae
3891:
3856:
3845:
3832:
3821:
3815:
3809:
3710:
3701:
3662:
3619:
3560:
3529:
3505:
3494:
3481:
3427:
3418:
3411:
3410:
3369:
3354:
3347:
3340:
3331:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3216:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3190:
3180:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3071:
3062:
3061:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3030:. Archived from
3013:
3004:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2912:
2901:
2900:
2884:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2849:
2838:
2837:
2817:
2804:
2803:
2787:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2740:
2731:
2718:
2717:
2701:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2623:
2558:
2557:
2541:
2512:
2511:
2492:Qianichtyosaurus
2487:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2458:
2386:Paleoenvironment
2367:ambush predators
2189:
2165:
2141:
2091:
2081:
2057:
2033:
2009:
1950:
1926:
1885:
1835:
1828:
1804:
1788:Cymbospondylidae
1780:
1773:
1763:
1592:
1565:
1541:
1517:
1467:
1460:
1436:
1412:
1388:
1364:
1340:
1313:
1294:Cymbospondylidae
1286:
1276:
1266:
1255:Phalarodon major
1238:in a clade with
1155:, a relative of
1070:(referred to as
1030:. He considered
967:(thigh bone) of
444:
438:
300:
292:
271:
258:
237:
230:
217:
204:
154:
153:
131:dorsal vertebrae
124:
114:
51:
40:Temporal range:
32:
21:
5269:
5268:
5264:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5259:
5258:
5194:
5193:
5192:
5187:
5179:
5174:
5166:
5161:
5153:
5148:
5139:
5138:
5133:
5120:
5110:
5101:
5092:Marine reptiles
5078:
5063:
5010:
4941:
4841:Brachypterygius
4833:Athabascasaurus
4825:Arthropterygius
4788:
4783:Ophthalmosaurus
4747:
4687:Arthropterygius
4668:
4637:
4635:Ophthalmosauria
4624:
4597:
4579:
4566:
4536:Ichthyosauridae
4524:
4507:
4462:
4437:
4406:
4397:
4373:
4360:
4343:
4309:
4297:Svalbardosaurus
4276:Pachygonosaurus
4269:Barracudasaurus
4232:
4212:
4183:
4147:Californosaurus
4126:Euichthyosauria
4120:
4052:
4005:
3986:Contectopalatus
3964:
3946:
3933:
3885:
3852:
3839:
3822:
3781:
3757:
3730:
3696:Eoichthyosauria
3690:
3657:Ichthyopterygia
3651:
3623:Omphalosauridae
3600:
3595:Parahupehsuchus
3573:
3549:
3544:Nanchangosaurus
3518:
3501:
3488:
3463:
3443:
3412:
3374:
3373:
3363:
3358:
3328:
3327:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3214:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3082:(1): e1025956.
3073:
3072:
3065:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3034:
3011:
3006:
3005:
2998:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2914:
2913:
2904:
2886:
2885:
2870:
2862:
2851:
2850:
2841:
2819:
2818:
2807:
2789:
2788:
2761:
2753:
2738:
2733:
2732:
2721:
2703:
2702:
2695:
2685:
2683:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2625:
2624:
2561:
2543:
2542:
2515:
2489:
2488:
2481:
2471:
2469:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2433:
2398:in the Mexican
2388:
2339:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2316:
2307:
2298:
2289:
2280:
2271:
2262:
2253:
2244:
2235:
2226:
2128:
2085:Euichthyosauria
1996:
1987:
1872:
1754:
1745:
1736:
1727:
1718:
1709:
1700:
1691:
1682:
1673:
1664:
1655:
1646:
1549:Californosaurus
1504:
1244:Californosaurus
1173:Californosaurus
1168:Euichthyosauria
1104:T. californicus
1079:Ophthalmosaurus
1046:T. californicus
1024:
1008:T. californicus
994:T. californicus
945:T. californicus
909:T. californicus
901:T. californicus
876:T. californicus
838:T. californicus
834:T. californicus
822:T. californicus
786:
778:T. californicus
756:T. californicus
752:T. californicus
741:T. californicus
726:T. californicus
722:T. californicus
710:T. californicus
698:T. californicus
686:T. californicus
674:T. californicus
670:
614:
578:
509:T. californicus
501:T. californicus
477:T. californicus
407:shoulder girdle
336:
301:Boulenger, 1904
272:(Merriam, 1903)
259:Merriam, 1903 (
256:T. californicus
236:
228:
215:
202:
148:
139:T. californicus
115:
113:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
46:
45:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5267:
5265:
5257:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5196:
5195:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5185:
5172:
5159:
5146:
5130:
5128:
5122:
5121:
5116:
5107:
5106:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5083:
5080:
5079:
5076:
5069:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5032:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5008:
5001:
4994:
4991:Plutoniosaurus
4987:
4984:Platypterygius
4980:
4973:
4966:
4959:
4956:Caypullisaurus
4951:
4949:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4932:
4925:
4918:
4911:
4904:
4896:
4889:
4881:
4874:
4866:
4859:
4851:
4844:
4837:
4829:
4821:
4814:
4806:
4800:
4794:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4786:
4779:
4772:
4765:
4757:
4755:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4737:
4729:
4725:Nannopterygius
4721:
4714:
4706:
4699:
4691:
4682:
4676:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4663:Macropterygius
4659:
4656:Delphinosaurus
4652:
4644:
4638:
4633:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4622:
4619:Stenopterygius
4615:
4612:Magnipterygius
4607:
4605:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4591:Chacaicosaurus
4586:
4580:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4556:
4548:
4540:
4538:
4525:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4505:
4497:
4490:
4486:Excalibosaurus
4482:
4473:
4471:
4464:
4463:
4456:
4450:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4435:
4432:Suevoleviathan
4428:
4421:
4413:
4407:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4395:
4388:
4380:
4374:
4369:
4362:
4361:
4356:
4349:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4300:
4293:
4286:
4279:
4272:
4264:
4262:
4250:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4228:
4222:
4220:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4210:
4203:
4194:
4192:
4189:Toretocnemidae
4185:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4173:
4169:Mikadocephalus
4165:
4157:
4150:
4143:
4139:Auroroborealia
4134:
4128:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4110:
4103:
4095:
4091:Himalayasaurus
4087:
4079:
4075:Guanlingsaurus
4071:
4062:
4060:
4058:Shastasauridae
4054:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4042:
4034:
4027:
4019:
4013:
4011:Merriamosauria
4007:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3996:
3989:
3982:
3974:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3953:
3947:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3923:
3919:Thalattoarchon
3915:
3911:Phantomosaurus
3907:
3904:Cymbospondylus
3899:
3897:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3875:
3867:
3859:
3853:
3848:
3841:
3840:
3835:
3828:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3771:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3748:
3740:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3721:
3713:
3707:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3681:
3674:
3670:Isfjordosaurus
3665:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3642:
3635:
3627:
3625:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3591:
3583:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3563:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3540:
3532:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3508:
3502:
3497:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3453:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3430:
3424:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3399:
3393:
3387:
3381:
3372:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3349:
3342:
3334:
3326:
3325:
3292:
3273:
3260:(2): 343โ352.
3236:
3202:
3147:
3124:
3101:
3063:
3040:
3037:on 2020-03-18.
2996:
2983:(3): 511โ522.
2959:
2926:
2902:
2868:
2839:
2805:
2759:
2756:on 2012-04-15.
2719:
2693:
2677:MERRIAM, 1902"
2664:
2641:
2638:(12): 249โ263.
2559:
2513:
2502:(4): 759โ765.
2479:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2432:
2429:
2408:tectonic plate
2387:
2384:
2355:poikilothermic
2338:
2335:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2192:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2168:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2144:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2094:
2089:
2087:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2060:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2041:Shastasauridae
2036:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2012:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1953:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1929:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1888:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1838:
1833:
1831:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1807:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1783:
1778:
1776:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1595:
1590:
1588:
1586:Toretocnemidae
1582:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1544:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1520:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1470:
1465:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1439:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1420:Guanlingsaurus
1415:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1391:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1367:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1343:
1338:
1336:
1334:Merriamosauria
1330:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1289:
1284:
1282:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1261:
1260:
1200:Cymbospondylus
1186:Toretocnemidae
1141:Nannopterygius
1135:Platypterygius
1129:Stenopterygius
1023:
1022:Classification
1020:
843:Cymbospondylus
785:
782:
669:
666:
630:sclerotic ring
613:
610:
577:
574:
562:Gravina Island
335:
332:
323:layers of the
306:
305:
304:
303:
295:
284:
283:
277:
276:
275:
274:
265:
249:
248:
244:
243:
226:
222:
221:
219:Toretocnemidae
213:
209:
208:
200:
196:
195:
190:
186:
185:
180:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
142:
141:
126:
125:
117:
116:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
52:
39:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5266:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5182:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5151:
5147:
5142:
5136:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5114:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5081:
5074:
5070:
5061:
5057:
5055:
5049:
5007:
5006:
5002:
5000:
4999:
4995:
4993:
4992:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4977:Maiaspondylus
4974:
4972:
4971:
4967:
4965:
4964:
4960:
4958:
4957:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4944:
4938:
4937:
4933:
4931:
4930:
4926:
4924:
4923:
4919:
4917:
4916:
4912:
4910:
4909:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4897:
4895:
4894:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4882:
4880:
4879:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4867:
4865:
4864:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4855:Cryopterygius
4852:
4850:
4849:
4845:
4843:
4842:
4838:
4835:
4834:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4815:
4813:
4812:
4808:
4807:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4795:
4785:
4784:
4780:
4778:
4777:
4773:
4771:
4770:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4762:Acamptonectes
4759:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4750:
4743:
4742:
4741:Thalassodraco
4738:
4735:
4734:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4722:
4720:
4719:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4707:
4705:
4704:
4700:
4697:
4696:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4684:
4683:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4671:
4665:
4664:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4646:
4645:
4642:
4639:
4636:
4631:
4627:
4621:
4620:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4604:
4600:
4593:
4592:
4588:
4587:
4584:
4581:
4578:
4573:
4562:
4561:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4549:
4547:
4546:
4545:Ichthyosaurus
4542:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4526:
4523:
4518:
4503:
4502:
4498:
4496:
4495:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4478:Eurhinosaurus
4475:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4468:Leptonectidae
4465:
4461:
4460:
4454:
4451:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4434:
4433:
4429:
4427:
4426:
4425:Hauffiopteryx
4422:
4420:
4419:
4415:
4414:
4411:
4408:
4405:
4400:
4394:
4393:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4385:Hudsonelpidia
4382:
4381:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4354:
4350:
4341:
4337:
4335:
4330:
4324:
4306:
4305:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4290:Sphaerodontes
4287:
4285:
4284:
4280:
4278:
4277:
4273:
4271:
4270:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4255:
4251:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4215:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4186:
4179:
4178:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4158:
4156:
4155:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4136:
4135:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4123:
4116:
4115:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4055:
4048:
4047:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4008:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3945:
3940:
3929:
3928:
3927:Xinminosaurus
3924:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3881:
3880:
3879:Xinminosaurus
3876:
3873:
3872:
3868:
3866:
3865:
3861:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3850:Ichthyosauria
3846:
3842:
3838:
3837:Ichthyosauria
3833:
3829:
3820:
3816:
3814:
3808:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3767:Ichthyosauria
3764:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3667:
3666:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3639:Omphalosaurus
3636:
3634:
3633:
3632:Cartorhynchus
3629:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3611:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3555:Hupehsuchidae
3552:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3537:Eohupehsuchus
3534:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3482:
3478:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3438:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3355:
3350:
3348:
3343:
3341:
3336:
3335:
3332:
3320:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3306:Palaeontology
3303:
3296:
3293:
3289:(4): 409โ416.
3288:
3284:
3277:
3274:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3249:
3240:
3237:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3203:
3198:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3160:
3151:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3128:
3125:
3121:(3): 463โ468.
3120:
3116:
3112:
3105:
3102:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3044:
3041:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3010:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2991:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2972:
2963:
2960:
2954:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2930:
2927:
2923:(2): 187โ205.
2922:
2918:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2825:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2682:
2681:Paleofile.com
2678:
2676:
2668:
2665:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2645:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2468:. Fossilworks
2467:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2406:, a piece of
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2348:
2343:
2336:
2334:
2320:
2319:
2311:
2310:
2302:
2301:
2293:
2292:
2284:
2283:
2275:
2274:
2266:
2265:
2257:
2256:
2248:
2247:
2239:
2238:
2230:
2229:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2191:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2167:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2143:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2093:
2092:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2059:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2035:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2011:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1991:
1990:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1952:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1928:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1887:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1837:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1806:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1782:
1781:
1775:
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1770:
1769:
1765:
1749:
1748:
1740:
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1731:
1730:
1722:
1721:
1713:
1712:
1704:
1703:
1695:
1694:
1686:
1685:
1677:
1676:
1668:
1667:
1659:
1658:
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1649:
1641:
1640:
1637:
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1635:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1594:
1593:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1567:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1543:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1519:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1469:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1438:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1414:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1390:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1366:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1342:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1315:
1314:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1288:
1287:
1281:
1280:Ichthyosauria
1278:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1182:shastasaurids
1179:
1175:
1174:
1170:, along with
1169:
1165:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1068:Ichthyosaurus
1065:
1064:Ichthyosaurus
1061:
1060:
1059:Ichthyosaurus
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1000:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
970:
966:
961:
959:
954:
950:
946:
941:
937:
934:Each limb of
932:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
893:
890:
886:
882:
877:
873:
869:
862:
857:
853:
851:
850:
845:
844:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
810:interclavicle
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
783:
781:
779:
775:
770:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
742:
737:
733:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
682:neural arches
679:
675:
667:
665:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
611:
609:
606:
602:
598:
593:
587:
582:
575:
573:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
546:
544:
543:Neural spines
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
521:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
497:
493:
489:
484:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
465:
460:
456:
452:
448:
443:
437:
432:
428:
424:
423:around 1903.
422:
418:
414:
413:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
359:Shasta County
356:
352:
345:
340:
333:
331:
329:
326:
322:
318:
314:
313:
299:
296:
293:Merriam, 1903
291:
288:
287:
285:
282:
278:
270:
266:
262:
257:
253:
252:
250:
245:
240:
235:
234:
227:
224:
223:
220:
214:
211:
210:
207:
206:Ichthyosauria
201:
198:
197:
194:
191:
188:
187:
184:
181:
178:
177:
174:
171:
168:
167:
164:
161:
158:
157:
152:
147:
143:
140:
136:
132:
127:
123:
118:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
50:
43:
37:
33:
30:
19:
5126:Toretocnemus
5125:
5087:Ichthyosaurs
5051:
5003:
4996:
4989:
4982:
4975:
4968:
4961:
4954:
4936:Undorosaurus
4934:
4929:Sveltonectes
4927:
4920:
4913:
4908:Parrassaurus
4906:
4898:
4893:Muiscasaurus
4891:
4883:
4876:
4868:
4861:
4853:
4848:Catutosaurus
4846:
4839:
4831:
4823:
4818:Aegirosaurus
4816:
4809:
4781:
4774:
4767:
4760:
4739:
4731:
4723:
4716:
4708:
4703:Jabalisaurus
4701:
4693:
4685:
4661:
4654:
4649:Argovisaurus
4647:
4617:
4610:
4589:
4558:
4550:
4543:
4522:Thunnosauria
4499:
4492:
4484:
4476:
4457:
4430:
4423:
4416:
4390:
4383:
4326:
4304:Tibetosaurus
4302:
4295:
4288:
4281:
4274:
4267:
4259:Nomina dubia
4257:
4207:Toretocnemus
4206:
4205:
4197:
4175:
4167:
4159:
4152:
4145:
4137:
4112:
4107:Shastasaurus
4105:
4099:Ichthyotitan
4097:
4089:
4081:
4073:
4067:Besanosaurus
4065:
4044:
4036:
4029:
4024:Besanosaurus
4022:
3998:
3991:
3984:
3977:
3970:Mixosauridae
3956:
3944:Hueneosauria
3925:
3917:
3909:
3902:
3877:
3869:
3862:
3810:
3750:
3743:
3725:Utatsusaurus
3723:
3718:Parvinatator
3716:
3683:
3678:Chaohusaurus
3676:
3668:
3646:Sclerocormus
3644:
3637:
3630:
3593:
3588:Eretmorhipis
3586:
3566:
3542:
3535:
3511:
3401:
3309:
3305:
3295:
3286:
3282:
3276:
3257:
3253:
3247:
3239:
3225:: eabf5787.
3222:
3218:
3205:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3150:
3141:
3137:
3127:
3118:
3114:
3104:
3079:
3075:
3057:
3053:
3043:
3032:the original
3019:
3015:
2980:
2976:
2970:
2962:
2943:
2939:
2929:
2920:
2917:Paleobiology
2916:
2896:
2892:
2858:
2854:Toretocnemus
2853:
2833:
2829:
2824:Toretocnemus
2823:
2799:
2795:
2751:the original
2746:
2742:
2713:
2709:
2684:. Retrieved
2680:
2675:Toretocnemus
2674:
2667:
2661:(4): 63โ108.
2658:
2654:
2644:
2635:
2631:
2553:
2549:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2470:. Retrieved
2465:
2456:
2425:Toretocnemus
2424:
2420:
2416:Toretocnemus
2415:
2412:Toretocnemus
2411:
2396:Toretocnemus
2395:
2389:
2379:
2375:Toretocnemus
2374:
2372:
2351:
2347:Toretocnemus
2346:
2332:
2212:
2211:
2195:
2194:
2171:
2170:
2147:
2146:
2114:
2113:
2097:
2096:
2063:
2062:
2039:
2038:
2015:
2014:
1973:
1972:
1956:
1955:
1932:
1931:
1908:
1907:
1891:
1890:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1812:Mixosauridae
1810:
1809:
1786:
1785:
1634:Toretocnemus
1633:
1632:
1631:
1615:
1614:
1598:
1597:
1571:
1570:
1547:
1546:
1523:
1522:
1490:
1489:
1473:
1472:
1444:Shastasaurus
1442:
1441:
1418:
1417:
1394:
1393:
1370:
1369:
1348:Besanosaurus
1346:
1345:
1321:Mixosauridae
1319:
1318:
1307:Hueneosauria
1292:
1291:
1253:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1236:Toretocnemus
1235:
1231:
1224:Toretocnemus
1223:
1219:
1216:Torteocnemus
1215:
1208:Torteocnemus
1207:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1190:Toretocnemus
1189:
1171:
1164:Toretocnemus
1163:
1161:
1157:Toretocnemus
1156:
1152:
1151:Specimen of
1139:
1133:
1127:
1124:Toretocnemus
1123:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1096:Mixosauridae
1091:
1087:
1084:Toretocnemus
1083:
1077:
1073:Proteosaurus
1071:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1054:Shastasaurus
1053:
1049:
1045:
1039:
1036:Leptocheirus
1035:
1031:
1028:Toretocnemus
1027:
1025:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1002:
993:
989:
981:
969:Toretocnemus
968:
962:
957:
952:
948:
944:
939:
936:Toretocnemus
935:
933:
929:Toretocnemus
928:
920:
912:
908:
904:
900:
894:
888:
881:Toretocnemus
880:
875:
871:
868:Toretocnemus
867:
865:
860:
849:Shastasaurus
847:
841:
837:
833:
821:
813:
793:
788:The rounded
787:
777:
769:Toretocnemus
768:
763:
759:
755:
751:
748:Toretocnemus
747:
745:
740:
729:
725:
721:
717:
714:Toretocnemus
713:
709:
702:parapophyses
697:
693:
685:
678:zygapophyses
673:
671:
662:Toretocnemus
661:
658:Toretocnemus
657:
642:Toretocnemus
641:
622:Toretocnemus
621:
615:
608:UAMES 3599.
605:Toretocnemus
604:
592:Toretocnemus
591:
590:
585:
570:Hound Island
554:Toretocnemus
553:
547:
539:shastasaurid
519:
517:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:Toretocnemus
495:
491:
488:Toretocnemus
487:
485:
476:
472:
464:Leptocheirus
462:
458:
450:
447:type species
427:Toretocnemus
426:
425:
415:zone of the
410:
348:
343:
312:Toretocnemus
311:
310:
309:
297:
290:Leptocheirus
289:
268:
261:type species
255:
233:Toretocnemus
232:
231:
138:
36:Toretocnemus
35:
29:
4811:Acuetzpalin
4776:Mollesaurus
4695:Gengasaurus
4501:Wahlisaurus
4494:Leptonectes
4371:Parvipelvia
4358:Parvipelvia
4283:Pessosaurus
4218:Parvipelvia
4177:Shonisaurus
4114:Shonisaurus
4038:Pessopteryx
3568:Hupehsuchus
3524:Hupehsuchia
3513:Baisesaurus
3406:Neodiapsida
3312:(4): 1โ20.
3022:(2): 1โ27.
2472:17 December
2359:homeotherms
2337:Palebiology
2116:Parvipelvia
1761:Topology B:
1573:Parvipelvia
1264:Topology A:
1212:sister taxa
1178:Parvipelvia
925:intermedium
826:pubic bones
706:diapophyses
648:. Both the
601:caudal fins
599:as well as
597:dorsal fins
576:Description
471:renamed it
412:Trachyceras
317:ichthyosaur
5198:Categories
5005:Sisteronia
4963:Kyhytysuka
4870:Janusaurus
4863:Grendelius
4769:Baptanodon
4710:Janusaurus
4577:Baracromia
4418:Dearcmhara
4392:Macgowania
4227:see belowโ
4154:Callawayia
4000:Phalarodon
3993:Mixosaurus
3776:see belowโ
3745:Gulosaurus
3736:Grippiidae
3685:Thaisaurus
3458:see belowโ
3437:Sauropsida
3422:Sauropsida
3395:Subclass:
3391:Sauropsida
3171:: e11179.
2946:: 103965.
2899:(1): 1โ35.
2836:: 275โ278.
2716:: 424โ426.
2448:References
2380:T. zitteli
1525:Callawayia
1120:Cretaceous
1092:T. zitteli
1050:T. zitteli
1041:Mixosaurus
1032:T. zitteli
1016:T. zitteli
1012:T. zitteli
1003:T. zitteli
999:metatarsal
990:T. zitteli
982:T. zitteli
958:T. zitteli
953:T. zitelli
949:T. zitteli
940:T. zitteli
921:T. zitteli
913:T. zitteli
905:T. zitteli
889:T. zitteli
872:T. zitteli
861:T. zitteli
814:T. zitteli
794:T. zitteli
764:T. zitteli
760:T. zitteli
730:T. zitteli
718:T. zitteli
694:T. zitteli
654:articulars
646:surangular
586:T. zitteli
513:T. zitteli
505:T. zitteli
363:California
344:T. zitteli
269:T. zitelli
4900:Palvennia
4885:Keilhauia
4733:Palvennia
4552:Malawania
3705:Grippidia
3377:Kingdom:
1188:to unite
1108:Merriamia
1100:Merriamia
1088:Merriamia
806:clavicles
790:coracoids
650:splenials
523:vertebrae
518:In 2001,
492:Merriamia
473:Merriamia
403:gastralia
399:vertebrae
355:Pit River
298:Merriamia
169:Kingdom:
163:Eukaryota
18:Merriamia
5141:Q7825677
5135:Wikidata
4922:Sumpalla
4046:Wimanius
3871:Tholodus
3397:Diapsida
3385:Chordata
3383:Phylum:
3379:Animalia
3197:33996277
3096:85621052
2802:: 1โ159.
2673:"Genus:
2556:: 1โ196.
2431:See also
1249:Wimanius
798:scapulae
774:chevrons
638:mandible
634:angulars
481:prepared
455:holotype
453:, whose
321:Triassic
281:Synonyms
247:Species
212:Family:
193:Reptilia
183:Chordata
179:Phylum:
173:Animalia
159:Domain:
42:Triassic
5168:1258229
5155:4818003
4970:Leninia
3752:Grippia
3389:Class:
3219:Science
3188:8106916
3060:: 1โ38.
1166:within
986:tarsals
917:carpals
436:toretos
371:erosion
325:Carnian
239:Merriam
225:Genus:
199:Order:
189:Class:
3195:
3185:
3144:: 1โ8.
3094:
2686:17 May
2392:Nevada
1252:, and
1138:, and
1056:, and
1034:(then
978:fibula
885:radius
830:ischia
824:. The
802:humeri
690:centra
626:jugals
618:orbits
550:Alaska
535:Mexico
531:Sonora
391:pelvis
389:, the
241:, 1903
135:pelvis
133:, and
5181:36577
5163:IRMNG
3402:Clade
3215:(PDF)
3165:PeerJ
3092:S2CID
3035:(PDF)
3012:(PDF)
2863:(PDF)
2754:(PDF)
2739:(PDF)
1228:clade
974:tibia
965:femur
818:ilium
750:. In
612:Skull
442:kneme
395:ranch
375:skull
365:, by
5150:GBIF
3435:see
3193:PMID
2688:2022
2474:2021
1218:and
1192:and
1176:and
1086:and
897:ulna
828:and
704:and
616:The
511:and
503:and
490:and
387:ribs
351:UCMP
55:Pre๊
3314:doi
3287:102
3262:doi
3227:doi
3223:374
3183:PMC
3173:doi
3084:doi
3024:doi
2985:doi
2948:doi
2944:226
2800:298
2504:doi
812:of
792:of
684:of
568:on
449:is
357:in
137:of
5200::
5178::
5165::
5152::
5137::
3404::
3310:58
3308:.
3304:.
3285:.
3258:59
3256:.
3252:.
3221:.
3217:.
3191:.
3181:.
3167:.
3163:.
3142:20
3140:.
3136:.
3119:34
3117:.
3113:.
3090:.
3080:36
3078:.
3066:^
3058:83
3056:.
3052:.
3020:17
3018:.
3014:.
2999:^
2981:65
2979:.
2975:.
2942:.
2938:.
2921:14
2919:.
2905:^
2897:74
2895:.
2891:.
2871:^
2842:^
2834:21
2832:.
2828:.
2808:^
2798:.
2794:.
2762:^
2747:19
2745:.
2741:.
2722:^
2712:.
2708:.
2696:^
2679:.
2657:.
2653:.
2634:.
2630:.
2562:^
2552:.
2548:.
2516:^
2500:22
2498:.
2482:^
2464:.
1246:,
1242:,
1144:.
1132:,
1082:.
1052:,
852:.
696:,
572:.
533:,
483:.
361:,
330:.
105:Pg
49:Ma
44:,
4903:?
4888:?
4873:?
4858:?
4836:?
4828:?
4744:?
4736:?
4728:?
4713:?
4698:?
4690:?
4594:?
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267:โ
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110:N
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95:J
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85:P
80:C
75:D
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65:O
60:๊
20:)
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