Knowledge (XXG)

Merycoidodontoidea

Source ๐Ÿ“

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deformations due to postburial forces. Undeformed skulls would be placed in one genus, while skulls crushed from side to side would be placed in a second genus and skulls crushed from front to back would be placed in a third genus. Researchers are beginning to restudy oreodonts and synonymize many
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literature. However, oreodonts are widely considered to be taxonomically oversplit, and many of these genera may prove to be synonymous. The last researchers to fully review oreodont taxonomy, C. Bertrand Schultz and Charles H. Falkenbach, have been criticized for erecting excessive numbers of
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Spaulding, M., O'Leary, M.A. & Gatesy, J. (2009): Relationships of Cetacea (Artiodactyla) Among Mammals: Increased Taxon Sampling Alters Interpretations of Key Fossils and Character Evolution.
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period, the oreodonts dominated the American landscape 34 to 23 Mya during the dry Oligocene epoch, but they mysteriously disappeared 4 Mya during the colder
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The majority of oreodonts are presumed to have lived in herds, as suggested by the thousands of individuals in the various mass mortalities seen in the
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Oreodonts underwent a huge diversification during the Oligocene and Miocene, adapting to a number of ecological niches, including:
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The animals would have looked rather pig- or sheep-like, but features of their teeth indicate they were more closely related to
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Subfamily Miniochoerinae Schultz and Falkenbach, 1956 (syn. Oreonetinae, ?Cotylopinae, ?Merycoidodontinae, ?Oreodontinae)
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comprising these two groups of extinct ancodonts. All scholars agree, however, that the oreodont was an early form of
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Stevens, M.S.; Stevens, J.B. (1996). "Merycoidodontinae and Miniochoerinae". In Prothero, D.R.; Emry, R.J. (eds.).
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Subfamily Merycochoerinae Schultz and Falkenbach, 1940 (syn. Desmatochoerinae, Eporeodontinae, Promerycochoerinae)
1443: 758:) because they are either regarded as basal oreodonts, or their status within the family remains uncertain. 673: 662: 1597: 351: 1572:
Hoffman, J.M. & D.R. Prothero (2004). "Revision of the late Oligocene dwarfed leptauchenine oreodont
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genera, based in part on apparent anatomical differences between different specimens that were actually
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and their ancestors), though some recent work suggests they may have been more closely related to
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Schultz, C.B. & C.H. Falkenbach (1968). "The phylogeny of the oreodonts: parts 1 and 2".
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Lander, B. (1998). "Oreodontoidea". In Janis, C.M.; Scott, K.M.; Jacobs, L.L. (eds.).
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Family Agriochoeridae Leidy, 1869 (syn. Artionychidae, Eomerycidae, Protoreodontidae)
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had adaptations suggesting a semiamphibious lifestyle, similar to that of modern
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CoBabe, E.A. (1996). "Leptaucheniinae". In Prothero, D.R.; Emry, R.J. (eds.).
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jaws and teeth of the Oreodonta are commonly found amid the 'Oreodon beds' (
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The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals
393:. Most oreodonts were sheep-sized, though some genera grew to the size of 1614: 1431: 1129: 870: 617: 613: 605: 583: 571: 498: 471: 224: 194: 88: 83: 68: 63: 53: 389:. "Oreodont" means "mountain teeth," referring to the appearance of the 1657: 1382:
Subfamily Ticholeptinae Schultz and Falkenbach, 1941 (syn. Merychyinae)
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In Lander (1998) the classification of Oreodontoidea was as follows:
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This diverse group of stocky prehistoric mammals grazed amid the
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Bulletin of the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science
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era. First appearing 48 million years ago (Mya) during the warm
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The terrestrial Eocene-Oligocene transition in North America
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The terrestrial Eocene-Oligocene transition in North America
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genera, but as of 2004 only a few groups had been reviewed.
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Subfamily Agriochoerinae Gill, 1872 (syn. Diplobunopsinae)
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Subfamily Leptaucheniinae Schultz and Falkenbach, 1940
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Subfamily Phenacocoelinae Schultz and Falkenbach, 1950
1278:"Agriochoerus" transmontanus (Stock, 1949) Synonym of 493:(Suiformes). Other scholars place oreodonts closer to 466:) which contains all of the advanced species, and the 624:. Many oreodont bones have also been reported at the 748:
The family Merycoidodontidae is divided into eleven
1604: 1519:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 752:, with four genera not included in any subfamily ( 415:, and were widespread in North America during the 1409:. London: Marshall Editions. pp. 270โ€“271. 477:. Oreodonts may have been distantly related to 411:. They were most likely woodland and grassland 1494:Evolution of Tertiary mammals of North America 1459: 1457: 1455: 1453: 1451: 8: 720:Small desert herbivore โ€“ goat- to cat-sized 1592: 1487: 1485: 122: 31: 1310:Subfamily Aclistomycterinae Lander, 1998 646:, is known from a single, good skeleton. 1542: 1540: 532:of Oreodonta have been described in the 1394: 1241:Subfamily Protoreodontinae Scott, 1890 1236:"Agriochoerus" maximus (Douglass, 1901) 1400: 1398: 626:John Day Fossil Beds National Monument 1291:Subfamily Bathygeniinae Lander, 1998 1275:Agriochoerus minimus (Douglass, 1901) 1272:"Protoreodon" petersoni (Gazin, 1955) 397:. They were heavy-bodied, with short 7: 1373:Subfamily Eucrotaphinae Lander, 1998 632:. Some oreodonts have been found at 634:Agate Fossil Beds National Monument 25: 161: 365:with short faces and fang-like 680:from the Oligocene of Nebraska 404:and comparatively long tails. 27:Extinct superfamily of mammals 1: 1249:Scott and Osborn, 1887 (syn. 696:Trunked browser โ€“ tapir-like 661:, Nebraska Oreodont beds, or 1441:10.1371/journal.pone.0007062 1576:(Mammalia: Artiodactyla)". 131:Reconstructions of various 1761: 728:Medium desert herbivore โ€“ 712:Medium grazer โ€“ goat-like 1288:Family Merycoidodontidae 1280:Protoreodon transmontanus 763:Family โ€ Merycoidodontidae 704:Large grazer โ€“ cow-sized 688:Semiaquatic โ€“ hippo-like 248: 243: 158:Scientific classification 156: 130: 121: 34: 1740:Eocene first appearances 1405:Palmer, D., ed. (1999). 663:Chula Vista, California 636:. In Oligocene/Miocene 570:throughout much of the 339:, previously known as " 681: 451: 1692:Paleobiology Database 1297:Douglass, 1901 (syn. 971:Pseudostenopsochoerus 676: 462:(originally known as 458:of oreodonts are the 444: 135:oreodonts, including 1725:Mammal superfamilies 891:(syn. Oreodontinae) 1730:Miocene extinctions 1209:Leidy, 1850b (syn. 963:Parastenopsochoerus 792:Pseudogenetochoerus 734:and the ubiquitous 485:, and the pig-like 1361:Stock, 1930 (syn. 1353:Pseudoleptauchenia 1327:Leidy, 1856 (syn. 1016:Promerycochoerinae 800:Pseudoleptauchenia 682: 586:epoch of the late 515:even-toed ungulate 452: 337:Merycoidodontoidea 295:Promerycochoerinae 238:Merycoidodontoidea 35:Merycoidodontoidea 1735:White River Fauna 1707: 1706: 1679:Open Tree of Life 1606:Merycoidodontidae 1598:Taxon identifiers 1349:Pseudocyclopidius 1337:Hadroleptauchenia 930:Subdesmatochoerus 922:Prodesmatochoerus 889:Merycoidodontinae 599:White River Fauna 460:Merycoidodontidae 334: 333: 277:Merycoidodontinae 259:Merycoidodontidae 18:Merycoidodontidae 16:(Redirected from 1752: 1700: 1699: 1687: 1686: 1674: 1673: 1661: 1660: 1648: 1647: 1635: 1634: 1625: 1624: 1623: 1593: 1586: 1585: 1569: 1563: 1562: 1544: 1535: 1534: 1514: 1508: 1507: 1489: 1480: 1479: 1461: 1446: 1435:no 4(9): e7062. 1427: 1421: 1420: 1402: 1267:Protagriochoerus 1023:Promerycochoerus 984:Desmatochoerinae 959:Paraminiochoerus 918:Paramerycoidodon 691:Promerycochoerus 497:in the suborder 426:Promerycochoerus 289:Desmatochoerinae 236: 166: 165: 144:Promerycochoerus 126: 108: 45: 38:Temporal range: 32: 21: 1760: 1759: 1755: 1754: 1753: 1751: 1750: 1749: 1710: 1709: 1708: 1703: 1695: 1690: 1682: 1677: 1669: 1664: 1656: 1651: 1643: 1638: 1630: 1628: 1619: 1618: 1613: 1600: 1590: 1589: 1571: 1570: 1566: 1559: 1546: 1545: 1538: 1516: 1515: 1511: 1504: 1491: 1490: 1483: 1476: 1463: 1462: 1449: 1428: 1424: 1417: 1404: 1403: 1396: 1391: 1263:Mesagriochoerus 1169:Merycochoerinae 1115:Phenacocoelinae 975:Stenopsochoerus 841:Leptaucheniinae 746: 671: 652: 568:Central America 548: 546:Natural history 534:paleozoological 439: 350:are an extinct 325:Merycochoerinae 313:Phenacocoelinae 271:Leptaucheniinae 234: 160: 117: 107: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 51: 40: 39: 36: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 1758: 1756: 1748: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1712: 1711: 1705: 1704: 1702: 1701: 1688: 1675: 1662: 1649: 1636: 1626: 1610: 1608: 1602: 1601: 1596: 1588: 1587: 1564: 1557: 1536: 1509: 1502: 1481: 1474: 1447: 1422: 1415: 1393: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1386: 1385: 1384: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1367: 1366: 1356: 1319: 1318: 1317: 1308: 1307: 1306: 1303:Parabathygenys 1299:Megabathygenys 1286: 1285: 1284: 1283: 1282: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1239: 1238: 1237: 1234: 1192: 1191: 1190: 1189: 1188: 1187: 1179: 1165: 1164: 1163: 1157: 1149: 1135: 1134: 1133: 1125: 1111: 1110: 1109: 1101: 1080:Eporeodontinae 1076: 1075: 1074: 1066: 1058: 1050: 1036: 1035: 1034: 1026: 1012: 1011: 1010: 1002: 994: 991:Desmatochoerus 980: 979: 978: 947:Miniochoerinae 943: 942: 941: 933: 885: 884: 883: 882: 881: 867: 866: 865: 857: 847:Leptaucheniini 837: 836: 835: 827: 824:Megabathygenys 819: 805: 804: 803: 795: 787: 779: 769:incertae sedis 755:incertae sedis 745: 744:Classification 742: 741: 740: 726: 718: 710: 702: 694: 670: 667: 651: 648: 547: 544: 483:hippopotamuses 468:Agriochoeridae 438: 435: 332: 331: 330: 329: 328: 327: 321: 315: 309: 307:Eporeodontinae 303: 297: 291: 285: 283:Miniochoerinae 279: 273: 267: 255: 253:Agriochoeridae 246: 245: 241: 240: 232: 228: 227: 222: 218: 217: 212: 208: 207: 202: 198: 197: 192: 188: 187: 182: 178: 177: 172: 168: 167: 154: 153: 128: 127: 119: 118: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 52: 47: 46: 37: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1757: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1717: 1715: 1698: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1627: 1622: 1616: 1612: 1611: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1594: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1568: 1565: 1560: 1558:0-521-43387-8 1554: 1550: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1513: 1510: 1505: 1503:0-521-35519-2 1499: 1495: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1477: 1475:0-521-43387-8 1471: 1467: 1460: 1458: 1456: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1433: 1426: 1423: 1418: 1416:1-84028-152-9 1412: 1408: 1401: 1399: 1395: 1388: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1364: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1320: 1315: 1314:Aclistomycter 1312: 1311: 1309: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1293: 1292: 1290: 1289: 1287: 1281: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1247: 1243: 1242: 1240: 1235: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1207: 1203: 1202: 1200: 1199: 1197: 1196: 1195: 1186: 1185: 1180: 1178: 1177: 1176:Merycochoerus 1172: 1171: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1161:Ustatochoerus 1158: 1156: 1155: 1150: 1148: 1147: 1142: 1141: 1140: 1139:Ticholeptinae 1136: 1132: 1131: 1126: 1124: 1123: 1122:Phenacocoelus 1118: 1117: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1107: 1102: 1099: 1098: 1093: 1089: 1088: 1083: 1082: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1072: 1067: 1065: 1064: 1059: 1057: 1056: 1051: 1049: 1048: 1047:Oreodontoides 1043: 1042: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1032: 1027: 1025: 1024: 1019: 1018: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1008: 1003: 1001: 1000: 995: 993: 992: 987: 986: 985: 981: 976: 972: 968: 967:Platyochoerus 964: 960: 956: 955: 950: 949: 948: 944: 940: 939: 934: 931: 927: 926:Promesoreodon 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 906:Genetochoerus 903: 899: 898: 893: 892: 890: 886: 880: 879: 874: 873: 872: 868: 864: 863: 858: 856: 855: 850: 849: 848: 844: 843: 842: 838: 834: 833: 828: 826: 825: 820: 818: 817: 812: 811: 810: 806: 802: 801: 796: 794: 793: 788: 786: 785: 780: 778: 777: 776:Aclistomycter 772: 771: 770: 766: 765: 764: 761: 760: 759: 757: 756: 751: 743: 739: 738: 733: 732: 727: 725: 724: 719: 717: 716: 711: 709: 708: 703: 701: 700: 695: 693: 692: 687: 686: 685: 679: 675: 668: 666: 664: 660: 657: 649: 647: 645: 644: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 604: 600: 596: 591: 589: 585: 581: 578:epoch of the 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 545: 543: 540: 535: 531: 526: 524: 523:protoceratids 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 449: 448: 443: 436: 434: 432: 428: 427: 422: 418: 414: 410: 405: 403: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 357: 353: 349: 347: 342: 338: 326: 322: 320: 319:Ticholeptinae 316: 314: 310: 308: 304: 302: 298: 296: 292: 290: 286: 284: 280: 278: 274: 272: 268: 266: 262: 261: 260: 256: 254: 250: 249: 247: 242: 239: 233: 231:Superfamily: 230: 229: 226: 223: 220: 219: 216: 213: 210: 209: 206: 203: 200: 199: 196: 193: 190: 189: 186: 183: 180: 179: 176: 173: 170: 169: 164: 159: 155: 152: 151: 146: 145: 140: 139: 138:Merycochoerus 134: 129: 125: 120: 116: 112: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 50: 44: 33: 30: 19: 1605: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1567: 1548: 1522: 1518: 1512: 1493: 1465: 1430: 1425: 1406: 1362: 1358: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1325:Leptauchenia 1324: 1316:Wilson, 1971 1313: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1279: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1255:Chorotherium 1254: 1251:Agriotherium 1250: 1244: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206:Agriochoerus 1204: 1193: 1182: 1174: 1160: 1152: 1146:Mediochoerus 1144: 1128: 1120: 1104: 1097:nomen dubium 1095: 1091: 1085: 1069: 1061: 1053: 1045: 1029: 1021: 1005: 997: 989: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954:Miniochoerus 952: 936: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897:Merycoidodon 895: 876: 862:Leptauchenia 860: 852: 830: 822: 814: 798: 790: 782: 774: 768: 762: 753: 747: 737:Leptauchenia 735: 729: 721: 715:Merycoidodon 713: 705: 697: 689: 683: 678:Merycoidodon 677: 653: 641: 610:South Dakota 592: 549: 527: 474: 464:Oreodontidae 463: 459: 453: 445: 424: 406: 367:canine teeth 363:artiodactyls 344: 340: 336: 335: 258: 237: 215:Artiodactyla 148: 142: 136: 29: 1345:Pithecistes 1333:Cyclopidius 1329:Brachymeryx 1246:Protoreodon 1231:Merycopater 1223:Diplobunops 1167:Subfamily โ€  1154:Ticholeptus 1137:Subfamily โ€  1113:Subfamily โ€  1092:Eucrotaphus 1078:Subfamily โ€  1040:Merychyinae 1038:Subfamily โ€  1014:Subfamily โ€  982:Subfamily โ€  945:Subfamily โ€  887:Subfamily โ€  839:Subfamily โ€  809:Oreonetinae 807:Subfamily โ€  750:subfamilies 656:White River 603:White River 503:cainotheres 447:Diplobunops 356:prehistoric 352:superfamily 301:Merychyinae 265:Oreonetinae 1714:Categories 1584:: 155โ€“164. 1389:References 1363:Megasespia 1341:Limnenetes 1295:Bathygenys 1219:Coloreodon 1211:Agriomeryx 1184:Brachycrus 1063:Merycoides 1055:Paroreodon 1031:Merycoides 1007:Megoreodon 938:Mesoreodon 914:Otionohyus 902:Blickohyus 854:Limnenetes 816:Bathygenys 767:subfamily 731:Mesoreodon 699:Brachycrus 643:Mesoreodon 552:grasslands 539:taphonomic 519:xiphodonts 346:ruminating 221:Suborder: 150:Brachycrus 41:35โ€“5  1720:Oreodonts 1531:2246/1992 1525:: 1โ€“498. 1106:Eporeodon 1071:Merychyus 999:Eporeodon 832:Oreonetes 784:Merychyus 707:Eporeodon 669:Diversity 650:Lifestyle 601:) of the 580:Paleogene 511:Ancodonta 509:suborder 507:taxonomic 487:peccaries 475:Oreodonta 417:Oligocene 399:four-toed 383:peccaries 361:-chewing 341:oreodonts 244:Families 181:Kingdom: 175:Eukaryota 1745:Tylopoda 1629:BioLib: 1615:Wikidata 1432:PLoS ONE 1259:Hyomeryx 1215:Artionyx 1130:Hypsiops 1087:Dayohyus 871:Sespiini 659:Badlands 618:Colorado 614:Nebraska 606:badlands 590:period. 584:Pliocene 572:Cenozoic 560:savannas 556:prairies 528:Over 50 499:Tylopoda 472:suborder 456:families 454:The two 450:skeleton 437:Taxonomy 413:browsers 409:camelids 225:Tylopoda 205:Mammalia 195:Chordata 191:Phylum: 185:Animalia 171:Domain: 1684:4944417 1658:3240455 1645:4448389 1632:1089320 1621:Q134697 1444:article 1227:Eomeryx 1094:deemed 910:Oreodon 869:Tribe โ€  845:Tribe โ€  638:Florida 622:Wyoming 593:Today, 588:Neogene 505:in the 421:Miocene 211:Order: 201:Class: 133:Miocene 115:Miocene 1671:102971 1574:Sespia 1555:  1500:  1472:  1413:  1359:Sespia 1090:(syn. 957:(syn. 900:(syn. 878:Sespia 723:Sespia 630:Oregon 595:fossil 576:Eocene 530:genera 521:, and 495:camels 431:hippos 402:hooves 395:cattle 391:molars 387:camels 348:hogs," 343:" or " 147:, and 111:Eocene 1697:42488 1666:IRMNG 564:North 558:, or 491:Suina 375:Suina 109:Late 1653:GBIF 1553:ISBN 1498:ISBN 1470:ISBN 1411:ISBN 620:and 566:and 479:pigs 419:and 379:pigs 49:Pre๊ž’ 1640:EoL 1527:hdl 1523:139 1437:doi 628:in 608:in 562:of 371:hog 359:cud 354:of 113:to 1716:: 1694:: 1681:: 1668:: 1655:: 1642:: 1617:: 1582:26 1580:. 1539:^ 1521:. 1484:^ 1450:^ 1397:^ 1351:, 1347:, 1343:, 1339:, 1335:, 1331:, 1301:, 1265:, 1261:, 1257:, 1253:, 1229:, 1225:, 1221:, 1217:, 1213:, 973:, 969:, 965:, 961:, 928:, 924:, 920:, 916:, 912:, 908:, 904:, 665:. 616:, 612:, 554:, 525:. 481:, 433:. 381:, 141:, 99:Pg 43:Ma 1561:. 1533:. 1529:: 1506:. 1478:. 1439:: 1419:. 1365:) 1355:) 1305:) 1269:) 1233:) 1181:โ€  1173:โ€  1159:โ€  1151:โ€  1143:โ€  1127:โ€  1119:โ€  1103:โ€  1100:) 1084:โ€  1068:โ€  1060:โ€  1052:โ€  1044:โ€  1028:โ€  1020:โ€  1004:โ€  996:โ€  988:โ€  977:) 951:โ€  935:โ€  932:) 894:โ€  875:โ€  859:โ€  851:โ€  829:โ€  821:โ€  813:โ€  797:โ€  789:โ€  781:โ€  773:โ€  377:( 323:โ€  317:โ€  311:โ€  305:โ€  299:โ€  293:โ€  287:โ€  281:โ€  275:โ€  269:โ€  263:โ€  257:โ€  251:โ€  235:โ€  104:N 94:K 89:J 84:T 79:P 74:C 69:D 64:S 59:O 54:๊ž’ 20:)

Index

Merycoidodontidae
Ma
Pre๊ž’
๊ž’
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N
Eocene
Miocene

Miocene
Merycochoerus
Promerycochoerus
Brachycrus
Scientific classification
Edit this classification
Eukaryota
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Artiodactyla
Tylopoda
Merycoidodontoidea

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