122:
917:
110:
1307:, the reaction is degenerate, meaning that the free energy change is zero. Rates vary over many orders of magnitude. The main factor affecting rates is charge: highly charged metal aquo cations exchange their water more slowly than singly charged cations. Thus, the exchange rates for
2249:
Han, Yin-Feng; Li, Min; Wang, Tian-Wei; Li, Yi-Zhi; Shen, Zhen; Song, You; You, Xiao-Zeng (2008). "A Novel
Microporous Hydrogen-Bonding Framework Constructed with Tetrathiafulvalene Tetracarboxylate Ligand: Synthesis, Structure and Magnetic Properties".
1298:
1750:
The rates of electron exchange vary widely, the variations being attributable to differing reorganization energies: when the 2+ and 3+ ions differ widely in structure, the rates tend to be slow. The electron transfer reaction proceeds via an
2106:
Cotton, F. A.; Fair, C. K.; Lewis, G. E.; Mott, G. N.; Ross, F. K.; Schultz, A. J.; Williams, J. M. (1984). "Precise
Structural Characterizations of the Hexaaquovanadium(III) and Diaquohydrogen Ions. X-ray and Neutron Diffraction Studies of
1745:
956:
each bridging water molecule donates one pair of electrons to one cobalt ion and another pair to the other cobalt ion. The Co-O (bridging) bond lengths are 213 picometers, and the Co-O (terminal) bond lengths are 10 pm shorter.
2290:
Parker, David; Dickins, Rachel S.; Puschmann, Horst; Crossland, Clare; Howard, Judith A. K. (2002). "Being
Excited by Lanthanide Coordination Complexes: Aqua Species, Chirality, Excited-State Chemistry, and Exchange Dynamics".
1468:
shows the increasing stability of the lower oxidation state as atomic number increases. The very large value for the manganese couple is a consequence of the fact that octahedral manganese(II) has zero
1367:
This reaction usually applies to the interconversion of di- and trivalent metal ions, which involves the exchange of only one electron. The process is called self-exchange, meaning that the ion
1072:
2013:
Sham, T. K.; Hastings, J. B.; Perlman, M. L. (1980). "Structure and
Dynamic Behavior of Transition-Metal Ions in Aqueous Aolution: an EXAFS Study of Electron-Exchange Reactions".
1030:
is the principal species in dilute solutions. With the higher oxidation states the effective electrical charge on the cation is further reduced by the formation of oxo-complexes.
2853:
2890:
2033:
Kallies, B.; Meier, R. (2001). "Electronic
Structure of 3d Ions from Sc to Fe: A Quantum Mechanical Study Based on DFT Computations and Natural Bond Orbital Analyses".
1058:
Ligand exchange involves replacement of a water ligand ("coordinated water") with water in solution ("bulk water"). Often the process is represented using labeled water
2394:
2740:
2920:
2957:
1871:), despite the fact that Rh(III) is expected to be more electronegative. This effect is related to the stabilization of the pi-donor hydroxide ligand by the (
1770:
Solutions of metal aquo complexes are acidic owing to the ionization of protons from the water ligands. In dilute solution chromium(III) aquo complex has a
1482:
2976:
3047:
2771:
156:, donating a pair of electrons to the metal ion and forming a dative covalent bond with it. Typical examples are listed in the following table.
2912:
1038:
Lanthanide salts often or perhaps characteristically form aquo complexes. The homoleptic tricationic aquo complexes have nine water ligands.
2720:
2591:
3026:
2877:
2798:
2745:
2387:
2763:
2715:
3038:
2993:
2949:
2933:
2735:
2702:
2692:
2579:
1331:
differ by a factor of 10. Electron configuration is also a major factor, illustrated by the fact that the rates of water exchange for
3079:
2988:
2845:
2644:
2361:
2335:
2195:
1996:
1892:
The hydrolyzed species often exhibit very different properties from the precursor hexaaquo complex. For example, water exchange in
2941:
2904:
2899:
2865:
2707:
2656:
2621:
2604:
2596:
2532:
2472:
897:
1000:
Monomeric aquo complexes of Nb, Ta, Mo, W, Mn, Tc, Re, and Os in oxidation states +4 to +7 have not been reported. For example,
3110:
2750:
2523:
2511:
2482:
2477:
2380:
2826:
2730:
2684:
2567:
2487:
2441:
1940:
1752:
893:
2499:
149:
114:
3115:
3018:
2840:
2554:
908:
Aquo complexes of lanthanide(III) ions are eight- and nine-coordinate, reflecting the large size of the metal centres.
1825:
is typical of the trivalent ions. The influence of the electronic configuration on acidity is shown by the fact that
1046:
Some reactions considered fundamental to the behavior of metal aquo ions are ligand exchange, electron-transfer, and
2220:
1889:
are assumed to form via olation. Aquo ions of divalent metal ions are less acidic than those of trivalent cations.
1771:
1356:
3120:
3002:
2562:
2417:
1293:{\displaystyle {\ce {^{\mathit {z}}+}}+{\ce {H2O^{\star }}}\longrightarrow {\ce {^{\mathit {z}}+}}+{\ce {H2O}}}
2790:
81:
121:
2885:
2697:
2725:
425:
380:
283:
96:
aquo complexes"), but of course many complexes are known to consist of a mix of aquo and other ligands.
28:
2676:
2403:
1935:
328:
238:
89:
3066:
3084:
1930:
1371:
to exchange electrons with itself. The standard electrode potential for the following equilibrium:
3089:
2071:
Helm, Lothar; Merbach, André E. (2005). "Inorganic and
Bioinorganic Solvent Exchange Mechanisms".
1755:. Most often large reorganizational energies are associated with changes in the population of the
3071:
2422:
1881:
In concentrated solutions, some metal hydroxo complexes undergo condensation reactions, known as
685:
633:
581:
2357:
2331:
2308:
2191:
2088:
2050:
1992:
1304:
529:
2300:
2259:
2229:
2183:
2155:
2128:
2080:
2042:
2022:
1984:
1963:
1925:
786:
477:
48:
44:
40:
2835:
2549:
1740:{\displaystyle {\ce {^{2}+}}+{\ce {^{3}+}}\longrightarrow {\ce {^{3}+}}+{\ce {^{2}+}}}
3104:
2544:
2449:
2187:
1988:
1470:
64:
2146:
Grant, M.; Jordan, R. B. (1981). "Kinetics of
Solvent Water Exchange on Iron(III)".
1962:-Donor Ligands" in Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, 2006, Weinheim.
1476:
Using labels to keep track of the metals, the self-exchange process is written as:
916:
737:
85:
2263:
2609:
1811:
60:
153:
93:
2234:
2215:
1967:
872:, are also double salts. Both sets of salts contain hexa-aquo metal cations.
2216:"Hydrated Metal Ions in Aqueous Solution: How Regular are Their Structures?"
1807:
1431:
1047:
109:
20:
2312:
2092:
2054:
2182:. Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry II. Vol. 1. pp. 515–555.
2372:
1426:
1421:
177:
2304:
2178:
Lincoln, S. F.; Richens, D. T.; Sykes, A. G. (2003). "Metal Aqua Ions".
2159:
2132:
2026:
1886:
1882:
896:
aquo complex. Palladium(II) and platinum(II) were once thought to form
56:
52:
2084:
2046:
1979:
Lincoln, S.F.; Richens, D.T.; Sykes, A.G. (2003). "Metal Aqua Ions".
1441:
92:. This article focuses on complexes where water is the only ligand ("
36:
1473:
stabilization energy (CFSE) but manganese(III) has 3 units of CFSE.
915:
32:
2354:
Kinetics and
Mechanism of Reactions of Transition Metal Complexes
1436:
1355:
differ by a factor of 10 also. Water exchange usually follows a
850:
16:
Chemical compound composed of a metal ion bound to water ligands
2376:
1359:
pathway, so the rate constants indicate first order reactions.
1259:
1204:
1127:
1112:
129:
Most aquo complexes are mono-nuclear, with the general formula
1212:
1208:
1720:
1704:
1660:
1644:
1593:
1577:
1526:
1510:
1283:
1236:
1219:
1192:
1151:
1118:
1100:
1485:
1075:
3059:
2969:
2810:
2783:
2669:
2637:
2465:
2434:
2410:
789:are crystalline compounds with the generic formula
1739:
1292:
1416:Standard redox potential for the couple M, M (V)
2388:
8:
1958:Mark I. Ogden and Paul D. Beer "Water &
80:. Their behavior underpins many aspects of
2395:
2381:
2373:
1762:level, at least for octahedral complexes.
936:color code: red = O, white = H, blue = Co.
2233:
2209:
2207:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2066:
2064:
1727:
1719:
1714:
1703:
1698:
1690:
1682:
1680:
1667:
1659:
1654:
1643:
1638:
1630:
1623:
1615:
1613:
1600:
1592:
1587:
1576:
1571:
1563:
1556:
1548:
1546:
1533:
1525:
1520:
1509:
1504:
1496:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1258:
1257:
1243:
1235:
1230:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1191:
1186:
1178:
1170:
1168:
1158:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1126:
1125:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1099:
1094:
1086:
1078:
1076:
1074:
2121:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1911:
1907:
1899:
1895:
1855:
1851:
1832:
1828:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1414:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1350:
1346:
1338:
1334:
1326:
1322:
1314:
1310:
1061:
1034:Aquo complexes of the lanthanide cations
1023:
1019:
1015:
1007:
1003:
996:Hydroxo- and oxo- complexes of aquo ions
987:
983:
979:
971:
967:
963:
951:
947:
943:
931:
927:
923:
887:
883:
868:
864:
860:
856:
815:
811:
807:
803:
796:
792:
744:
740:
692:
688:
640:
636:
588:
584:
536:
532:
484:
480:
432:
428:
387:
383:
335:
331:
290:
286:
245:
241:
201:
197:
160:
136:
132:
120:
108:
73:
69:
2180:Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry II
1981:Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry II
1951:
39:. These complexes are the predominant
125:Chromium(II) ion in aqueous solution.
7:
1012:is unknown: the hydrolyzed species
2252:Inorganic Chemistry Communications
1885:, to form polymeric species. Many
152:. The water molecules function as
14:
2031:. For Ti(III), V(III), Cr(III):
31:containing metal ions with only
2188:10.1016/B0-08-043748-6/01055-0
1989:10.1016/B0-08-043748-6/01055-0
1941:Metal ions in aqueous solution
1904:is 20000 times faster than in
1753:outer sphere electron transfer
1723:
1710:
1691:
1683:
1663:
1650:
1631:
1616:
1610:
1596:
1583:
1564:
1549:
1529:
1516:
1497:
1489:
1253:
1249:
1223:
1198:
1179:
1171:
1165:
1121:
1106:
1087:
1079:
904:Octa- and nona- aquo complexes
1:
2356:(2 ed.). Weinheim: VCH.
2330:. Chichester: Ellis Horwood.
2264:10.1016/j.inoche.2008.04.028
2011:For Mn(II), Fe(II), Fe(III):
1810:, of comparable strength to
992:contain metal-metal bonds.
100:Stoichiometry and structure
3137:
2221:Pure and Applied Chemistry
2280:, (1976), Wiley, New York
2278:The Hydrolysis of Cations
2276:Baes, C.F.; Mesmer, R.E.
1357:dissociative substitution
2235:10.1351/PAC-CON-09-10-22
2214:Persson, Ingmar (2010).
1968:10.1002/0470862106.ia255
1806:Thus, the aquo ion is a
912:Binuclear-aquo complexes
63:. They have the general
2352:Wilkins, R. G. (1991).
3111:Coordination complexes
2404:Coordination complexes
2328:Metal Ions in Solution
2326:Burgess, John (1978).
1848:) is more acidic than
1821:of about 4.8). This pK
1741:
1294:
937:
892:, a rare example of a
190:rate (Ms, 25 °C)
126:
118:
29:coordination compounds
1742:
1295:
940:In the binuclear ion
919:
124:
112:
1983:. pp. 515–555.
1936:Metal ammine complex
1483:
1073:
876:Tetra-aquo complexes
185:rate (s, 25 °C)
150:octahedral structure
90:industrial chemistry
25:metal aquo complexes
3116:Inorganic chemistry
2160:10.1021/ic50215a014
2148:Inorganic Chemistry
2133:10.1021/ja00330a047
2027:10.1021/ja00538a033
1931:Ligand field theory
1766:Acid–base reactions
1722:
1706:
1662:
1646:
1595:
1579:
1528:
1512:
1417:
1285:
1238:
1221:
1194:
1153:
1120:
1102:
148:or 3; they have an
117:metal aquo complex.
105:Hexa-aquo complexes
1878:) Ru(III) centre.
1737:
1694:
1689:
1634:
1629:
1567:
1562:
1500:
1495:
1415:
1303:In the absence of
1290:
1273:
1226:
1182:
1177:
1141:
1090:
1085:
938:
127:
119:
3098:
3097:
2305:10.1021/cr010452+
2228:(10): 1901–1917.
2127:(18): 5319–5323.
2085:10.1021/cr030726o
2047:10.1021/ic001258t
2041:(13): 3101–3112.
2021:(18): 5904–5906.
1709:
1697:
1688:
1649:
1637:
1622:
1582:
1570:
1555:
1515:
1503:
1494:
1464:
1463:
1363:Electron exchange
1305:isotopic labeling
1288:
1276:
1261:
1242:
1229:
1206:
1197:
1185:
1176:
1157:
1144:
1129:
1114:
1105:
1093:
1084:
782:
781:
45:aqueous solutions
3128:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2349:
2343:
2341:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2299:(6): 1977–2010.
2293:Chemical Reviews
2287:
2281:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2211:
2202:
2201:
2175:
2164:
2163:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2079:(6): 1923–1959.
2073:Chemical Reviews
2068:
2059:
2058:
2030:
2015:J. Am. Chem. Soc
2009:
2003:
2002:
1976:
1970:
1956:
1926:Hydration number
1915:
1903:
1870:
1859:
1847:
1836:
1802:
1793:] ⇌ [Cr(H
1746:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1726:
1721:
1718:
1713:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1695:
1686:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1666:
1661:
1658:
1653:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1635:
1628:
1627:
1620:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1599:
1594:
1591:
1586:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1568:
1561:
1560:
1553:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1532:
1527:
1524:
1519:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1501:
1492:
1418:
1409:
1354:
1342:
1330:
1318:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1227:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1201:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1183:
1174:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1091:
1082:
1065:
1029:
1011:
991:
975:
955:
935:
900:aquo complexes.
891:
880:Silver(I) forms
871:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
827:
818:
748:
729:
727:
696:
677:
675:
644:
625:
623:
592:
573:
571:
540:
521:
519:
492:pale blue-green
488:
469:
467:
436:
417:
415:
391:
372:
370:
339:
320:
318:
294:
275:
273:
249:
230:
228:
205:
175:
170:electron config.
161:
147:
140:
113:Structure of an
79:
51:, such as metal
3136:
3135:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3121:Water chemistry
3101:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3075:
3055:
3042:
3034:
3030:
3022:
3014:
3010:
3006:
2997:
2984:
2980:
2965:
2961:
2953:
2945:
2937:
2928:
2924:
2916:
2908:
2894:
2881:
2873:
2869:
2861:
2857:
2849:
2830:
2821:
2806:
2802:
2794:
2779:
2767:
2758:
2754:
2711:
2688:
2680:
2665:
2660:
2652:
2648:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2617:
2613:
2600:
2587:
2583:
2575:
2571:
2558:
2540:
2536:
2527:
2519:
2515:
2507:
2503:
2495:
2491:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2445:
2430:
2426:
2406:
2401:
2371:
2364:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2338:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2275:
2271:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2213:
2212:
2205:
2198:
2177:
2176:
2167:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2070:
2069:
2062:
2032:
2012:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1922:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1877:
1868:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1778:
1768:
1761:
1681:
1619:
1614:
1552:
1547:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1407:
1403:
1400:] + [M'(H
1399:
1395:
1392:] ⇌ [M(H
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1365:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1239:
1169:
1154:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1044:
1036:
1027:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
998:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
953:
949:
945:
941:
933:
929:
925:
921:
914:
906:
889:
885:
881:
878:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
825:
820:
817:
813:
809:
805:
798:
794:
790:
768:
761:
746:
742:
738:
725:
723:
716:
709:
694:
690:
686:
673:
671:
664:
657:
642:
638:
634:
621:
619:
612:
605:
590:
586:
582:
569:
567:
560:
553:
538:
534:
530:
517:
515:
508:
501:
486:
482:
478:
465:
463:
456:
449:
434:
430:
426:
413:
411:
404:
389:
385:
381:
368:
366:
359:
352:
337:
333:
329:
316:
314:
307:
292:
288:
284:
271:
269:
262:
247:
243:
239:
226:
224:
217:
203:
199:
195:
189:
188:M self-exchange
184:
173:
142:
138:
134:
130:
107:
102:
77:
71:
67:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3134:
3132:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3103:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3063:
3061:
3060:Halide donors:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3045:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2995:
2991:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2392:
2385:
2377:
2370:
2369:
2362:
2344:
2336:
2318:
2282:
2269:
2258:(9): 945–947.
2241:
2203:
2196:
2165:
2138:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2098:
2060:
2004:
1997:
1971:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1921:
1918:
1875:
1866:
1843:
1822:
1818:
1804:
1803:
1780:of about 4.3:
1776:
1767:
1764:
1759:
1748:
1747:
1733:
1730:
1725:
1717:
1712:
1701:
1693:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1665:
1657:
1652:
1641:
1633:
1626:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1603:
1598:
1590:
1585:
1574:
1566:
1559:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1531:
1523:
1518:
1507:
1499:
1491:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1411:
1410:
1364:
1361:
1301:
1300:
1280:
1271:
1265:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1233:
1225:
1214:
1210:
1200:
1189:
1181:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1148:
1139:
1133:
1123:
1108:
1097:
1089:
1081:
1055:
1054:Water exchange
1052:
1043:
1040:
1035:
1032:
997:
994:
960:The complexes
913:
910:
905:
902:
877:
874:
787:Tutton's salts
784:
783:
780:
779:
776:
773:
770:
766:
759:
753:
750:
734:
733:
730:
721:
720:1.97 and 2.30
718:
714:
707:
701:
698:
682:
681:
678:
669:
666:
662:
655:
649:
646:
630:
629:
626:
617:
614:
610:
603:
597:
594:
578:
577:
574:
565:
562:
558:
551:
545:
542:
526:
525:
522:
513:
510:
506:
499:
493:
490:
474:
473:
470:
461:
458:
454:
447:
441:
438:
422:
421:
418:
409:
406:
402:
396:
393:
377:
376:
373:
364:
363:2.06 and 2.33
361:
357:
350:
344:
341:
325:
324:
321:
312:
309:
305:
299:
296:
280:
279:
276:
267:
264:
260:
254:
251:
235:
234:
231:
222:
219:
215:
209:
206:
192:
191:
186:
183:water exchange
181:
171:
168:
165:
106:
103:
101:
98:
47:of many metal
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3133:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3044:
3037:
3035:
3025:
3023:
3017:
3015:
3001:
2999:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2962:
2956:
2954:
2948:
2946:
2940:
2938:
2932:
2930:
2919:
2917:
2911:
2909:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2876:
2874:
2864:
2862:
2852:
2850:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2825:
2823:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2797:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2768:
2762:
2760:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2683:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2662:
2655:
2653:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2620:
2618:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2578:
2576:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2531:
2529:
2522:
2520:
2510:
2508:
2498:
2496:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2448:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2398:
2393:
2391:
2386:
2384:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2365:
2363:1-56081-125-0
2359:
2355:
2348:
2345:
2339:
2337:0-85312-027-7
2333:
2329:
2322:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2286:
2283:
2279:
2273:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2245:
2242:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2197:9780080437484
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2142:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2102:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2008:
2005:
2000:
1998:9780080437484
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1917:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1865:
1842:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1765:
1763:
1758:
1754:
1731:
1728:
1715:
1699:
1677:
1671:
1668:
1655:
1639:
1624:
1604:
1601:
1588:
1572:
1557:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1521:
1505:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1471:crystal field
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1384:] + [M'(H
1374:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1306:
1278:
1269:
1263:
1244:
1231:
1187:
1159:
1146:
1137:
1131:
1095:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1041:
1039:
1033:
1031:
1026:
995:
993:
958:
920:Structure of
918:
911:
909:
903:
901:
899:
898:square planar
895:
875:
873:
852:
823:
801:
788:
777:
774:
771:
765:
758:
754:
751:
749:
736:
735:
731:
722:
719:
713:
706:
702:
699:
697:
684:
683:
679:
670:
667:
661:
654:
650:
647:
645:
632:
631:
627:
618:
615:
609:
602:
598:
595:
593:
580:
579:
575:
566:
563:
557:
550:
546:
543:
541:
528:
527:
523:
514:
511:
505:
498:
494:
491:
489:
476:
475:
471:
462:
459:
453:
446:
442:
439:
437:
424:
423:
419:
410:
407:
401:
397:
394:
392:
379:
378:
374:
365:
362:
356:
349:
345:
342:
340:
327:
326:
322:
313:
310:
304:
300:
297:
295:
282:
281:
277:
268:
265:
259:
255:
252:
250:
237:
236:
232:
223:
220:
214:
210:
207:
194:
193:
187:
182:
179:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
158:
157:
155:
151:
145:
123:
116:
111:
104:
99:
97:
95:
91:
87:
83:
82:environmental
76:
66:
65:stoichiometry
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
3049:
2817:
2772:
2353:
2347:
2327:
2321:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2277:
2272:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2225:
2219:
2179:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2124:
2120:
2101:
2076:
2072:
2038:
2034:
2018:
2014:
2007:
1980:
1974:
1959:
1954:
1891:
1880:
1872:
1863:
1840:
1815:
1805:
1773:
1769:
1756:
1749:
1475:
1467:
1368:
1366:
1302:
1057:
1045:
1037:
1024:
999:
959:
939:
907:
879:
821:
799:
785:
763:
756:
711:
704:
659:
652:
607:
600:
555:
548:
544:pale violet
503:
496:
451:
444:
399:
354:
347:
302:
257:
212:
143:
128:
74:
61:perchlorates
24:
18:
2035:Inorg. Chem
1812:acetic acid
1050:reactions.
1014:[Ti(OH)
894:tetrahedral
154:Lewis bases
3105:Categories
2721:amino acid
2638:Si donors:
1947:References
772:2.03-2.10
752:colorless
440:pale pink
176:distance (
115:octahedral
94:homoleptic
86:biological
2970:S donors:
2811:O donors:
2784:P donors:
2746:porphyrin
2693:imidazole
2670:N donors:
2466:C donors:
2435:B donors:
2411:H donors:
2154:: 55–60.
1906:[Al(H
1894:[Al(H
1850:[Rh(H
1827:[Ru(H
1808:weak acid
1801:(OH)] + H
1785:[Cr(H
1625:⋆
1611:⟶
1558:⋆
1345:[Ir(H
1333:[Al(H
1321:[Al(H
1309:[Na(H
1245:⋆
1209:−
1166:⟶
1160:⋆
1048:acid-base
1042:Reactions
1002:[Ti(H
882:[Ag(H
739:[Zn(H
687:[Cu(H
635:[Ni(H
583:[Co(H
531:[Fe(H
479:[Fe(H
427:[Mn(H
382:[Cr(H
330:[Cr(H
196:[Ti(H
21:chemistry
2313:12059260
2093:15941206
2055:11399179
1920:See also
1887:minerals
1376:[M(H
810:·(H
285:[V(H
240:[V(H
131:[M(H
68:[M(H
57:sulfates
53:nitrates
2584:& C
2342:p. 236.
1883:olation
1369:appears
1064:O·
978:[Rh
962:[Mo
942:[Co
922:[Co
819:(where
395:violet
253:violet
208:violet
164:Complex
141:, with
41:species
2492:＝CH-CH
2360:
2334:
2311:
2194:
2091:
2053:
1995:
1460:+1.82
855:MM′(SO
648:green
564:1.990
512:2.095
460:2.177
408:1.961
311:1.991
298:green
221:2.025
167:colour
88:, and
59:, and
37:ligand
2483:HC(O)
2478:RC(O)
1846:= 2.7
1457:+0.77
1454:+1.51
1451:−0.41
1448:−0.26
851:Alums
845:, or
775:fast
700:blue
668:2.05
616:2.08
596:pink
576:fast
524:fast
420:slow
375:slow
343:blue
323:fast
278:fast
266:2.12
49:salts
35:as a
33:water
2886:acac
2858:/HCO
2741:bipy
2500:C(CH
2358:ISBN
2332:ISBN
2309:PMID
2192:ISBN
2089:PMID
2051:PMID
1993:ISBN
1343:and
1319:and
976:and
27:are
2981:NCS
2958:OPR
2934:OSR
2913:ClO
2900:ONO
2878:RCO
2755:Si)
2751:(Me
2736:RCN
2703:RNO
2651:4−n
2649:SiR
2605:≡CR
2597:=CR
2592:RNC
2516:＝CH
2301:doi
2297:102
2260:doi
2230:doi
2184:doi
2156:doi
2129:doi
2125:106
2119:".
2107:(CF
2081:doi
2077:105
2043:doi
2023:doi
2019:102
1985:doi
1964:doi
1902:OH]
1869:= 4
946:(OH
926:(OH
849:).
802:(SO
791:(NH
724:5.7
672:3.2
620:3.2
568:1.6
516:4.4
464:2.1
412:2.4
367:1.2
315:5.0
270:8.7
225:1.8
174:M−O
146:= 2
43:in
19:In
3107::
3085:Br
3080:Cl
3048:NC
3039:SR
3019:SO
2989:RS
2950:PO
2942:SO
2929:NO
2905:NO
2895:CO
2854:CO
2836:RO
2799:PR
2791:PR
2775:CS
2731:RN
2716:py
2708:NO
2698:NO
2677:NH
2661:Si
2586:70
2582:60
2555:CO
2550:CO
2545:CN
2524:RC
2512:CH
2488:CH
2442:BR
2307:.
2295:.
2256:11
2254:.
2226:82
2224:.
2218:.
2206:^
2190:.
2168:^
2152:20
2150:.
2123:.
2111:SO
2087:.
2075:.
2063:^
2049:.
2039:40
2037:.
2017:.
1991:.
1916:.
1910:O)
1898:O)
1876:2g
1854:O)
1831:O)
1814:(p
1797:O)
1789:O)
1442:Co
1437:Fe
1432:Mn
1427:Cr
1404:O)
1396:O)
1388:O)
1380:O)
1349:O)
1337:O)
1325:O)
1313:O)
1066::
1022:O)
1018:(H
1006:O)
988:10
986:O)
982:(H
970:O)
966:(H
952:10
932:10
886:O)
869:12
867:O)
863:(H
853:,
847:Cu
843:Ni
841:,
839:Co
837:,
835:Mn
833:,
831:Cr
829:,
824:=
814:O)
778:—
769:)
762:)(
760:2g
743:O)
732:—
728:10
717:)
710:)(
708:2g
691:O)
680:—
676:10
665:)
658:)(
656:2g
639:O)
628:—
624:10
613:)
606:)(
604:2g
587:O)
572:10
561:)
554:)(
552:2g
535:O)
520:10
509:)
502:)(
500:2g
483:O)
472:—
468:10
457:)
450:)(
448:2g
431:O)
416:10
405:)
403:2g
386:O)
371:10
360:)
353:)(
351:2g
334:O)
319:10
308:)
306:2g
289:O)
274:10
263:)
261:2g
244:O)
233:—
229:10
218:)
216:2g
200:O)
135:O)
84:,
72:O)
55:,
23:,
3090:I
3074:2
3072:F
3067:F
3050:S
3043:O
3041:2
3033:3
3031:O
3029:2
3027:S
3021:2
3013:2
3011:S
3009:2
3007:C
3005:2
3003:R
2998:S
2996:2
2994:R
2983:2
2979:2
2977:R
2960:3
2952:4
2944:4
2936:2
2927:5
2925:H
2923:5
2921:C
2915:4
2907:3
2893:2
2891:R
2880:2
2872:4
2870:O
2868:2
2866:C
2860:3
2856:3
2848:2
2846:O
2841:O
2831:O
2829:2
2827:R
2822:O
2820:2
2818:H
2801:2
2793:3
2773:N
2766:2
2764:N
2759:N
2757:2
2753:3
2726:N
2710:2
2687:3
2685:N
2679:3
2659:3
2657:R
2647:n
2645:H
2628:7
2626:H
2624:9
2622:C
2616:5
2614:H
2612:5
2610:C
2599:2
2580:C
2574:6
2572:R
2570:6
2568:C
2563:C
2557:2
2539:4
2537:H
2535:6
2533:C
2528:R
2526:2
2518:2
2514:2
2506:3
2504:)
2502:2
2494:2
2490:2
2473:R
2456:n
2454:H
2452:m
2450:B
2444:2
2425:2
2423:H
2418:H
2396:e
2389:t
2382:v
2366:.
2340:.
2315:.
2303::
2266:.
2262::
2238:.
2232::
2200:.
2186::
2162:.
2158::
2135:.
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