1740:, etc. This allows for rational formulations knowing, for example, that there is a good HSP match between a solvent and a polymer. Rational substitutions can also be made for "good" solvents (effective at dissolving the solute) that are "bad" (expensive or hazardous to health or the environment). The following table shows that the intuitions from "non-polar", "polar aprotic" and "polar protic" are put numerically – the "polar" molecules have higher levels of δP and the protic solvents have higher levels of δH. Because numerical values are used, comparisons can be made rationally by comparing numbers. For example, acetonitrile is much more polar than acetone but exhibits slightly less hydrogen bonding.
1046:
908:
1084:
1646:
1201:
1682:
1320:
1002:
29:
1576:
766:
631:
1123:
1449:
679:
1161:
1237:
3171:
953:
1278:
1613:
865:
1535:
1497:
1414:
731:
1379:
810:
3765:. Peroxide formation is not a significant problem when fresh solvents are used up quickly; they are more of a problem in laboratories which may take years to finish a single bottle. Low-volume users should acquire only small amounts of peroxide-prone solvents, and dispose of old solvents on a regular periodic schedule.
2567:
is cited in place of density. Specific gravity is defined as the density of the solvent divided by the density of water at the same temperature. As such, specific gravity is a unitless value. It readily communicates whether a water-insoluble solvent will float (SG < 1.0) or sink (SG > 1.0) when
202:
When one substance dissolves into another, a solution is formed. A solution is a homogeneous mixture consisting of a solute dissolved into a solvent. The solute is the substance that is being dissolved, while the solvent is the dissolving medium. Solutions can be formed with many different types and
367:
Gregory's solvent ϸ parameter is a quantum chemically derived charge density parameter. This parameter seems to reproduce many of the experimental solvent parameters (especially the donor and acceptor numbers) using this charge decomposition analysis approach, with an electrostatic basis. The ϸ
3736:
atom by another free radical. The carbon-centered free radical thus formed is able to react with an oxygen molecule to form a peroxide compound. The process of peroxide formation is greatly accelerated by exposure to even low levels of light, but can proceed slowly even in dark conditions.
266:
Dielectric constants are not the only measure of polarity. Because solvents are used by chemists to carry out chemical reactions or observe chemical and biological phenomena, more specific measures of polarity are required. Most of these measures are sensitive to chemical structure.
238:
of the solvent provides a rough measure of a solvent's polarity. The strong polarity of water is indicated by its high dielectric constant of 88 (at 0 °C). Solvents with a dielectric constant of less than 15 are generally considered to be nonpolar.
2391:
If, for environmental or other reasons, a solvent or solvent blend is required to replace another of equivalent solvency, the substitution can be made on the basis of the Hansen solubility parameters of each. The values for mixtures are taken as the
3693:
In addition some solvents, such as methanol, can burn with a very hot flame which can be nearly invisible under some lighting conditions. This can delay or prevent the timely recognition of a dangerous fire, until flames spread to other materials.
160:), as opposed to separate continuous phases as in suspensions, emulsions and other types of non-solution mixtures. The ability of one compound to be dissolved in another is known as solubility; if this occurs in all proportions, it is called
3970:
Chronic exposure to organic solvents in the work environment can produce a range of adverse neuropsychiatric effects. For example, occupational exposure to organic solvents has been associated with higher numbers of painters suffering from
3760:
at the mouth of a container or bottle. Minor mechanical disturbances, such as scraping the inside of a vessel or the dislodging of a deposit, merely twisting the cap may provide sufficient energy for the peroxide to explode or
3655:. Solvent vapors are heavier than air; they will sink to the bottom and can travel large distances nearly undiluted. Solvent vapors can also be found in supposedly empty drums and cans, posing a
3828:
General health hazards associated with solvent exposure include toxicity to the nervous system, reproductive damage, liver and kidney damage, respiratory impairment, cancer, hearing loss, and
4427:
4558:
536:
reaction mechanism. These polar solvents are capable of forming hydrogen bonds with water to dissolve in water whereas non-polar solvents are not capable of strong hydrogen bonds.
6089:
148:
like sand in water. In a solution, all of the ingredients are uniformly distributed at a molecular level and no residue remains. A solvent-solute mixture consists of a single
3674:
which increase greatly the fire risk associated with these solvents. The autoignition temperature of carbon disulfide is below 100 °C (212 °F), so objects such as
167:
In addition to mixing, the substances in a solution interact with each other at the molecular level. When something is dissolved, molecules of the solvent arrange around
4195:
3768:
To avoid explosive peroxide formation, ethers should be stored in an airtight container, away from light, because both light and air can encourage peroxide formation.
3944:
Chronic solvent exposures are often caused by the inhalation of solvent vapors, or the ingestion of diluted solvents, repeated over the course of an extended period.
3810:. Alumina degrades the peroxides but some could remain intact in it, therefore it must be disposed of properly. The advantage of using sodium/benzophenone is that
2412:
at 17.8, 3.1 and 5.7 respectively. Because of the health hazards associated with toluene itself, other mixtures of solvents may be found using a full HSP dataset.
4946:
Hung T, Dewitt CR, Martz W, Schreiber W, Holmes DT (July 2010). "Fomepizole fails to prevent progression of acidosis in 2-butoxyethanol and ethanol coingestion".
5332:
5791:
3271:, and continue to be used and produced in the post-Soviet states. These solvents may have one or more applications, but they are not universal preparations.
513:(separation of partial positive and partial negative charges within the same molecule) and solvate positively charged species via their negative dipole. In
353:
is the transition energy between the ground state and the lowest excited state in kcal/mol, and (30) identifies the dye. Another, roughly correlated scale (
4082:
250:
of the charged particle in a vacuum. Heuristically, the dielectric constant of a solvent can be thought of as its ability to reduce the solute's effective
5288:
5095:
Albrecht von
Graefes Archiv fĂĽr Klinische und Experimentelle Ophthalmologie. Albrecht von Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology
5276:
5305:
3717:
upon exposure to oxygen and light. THF is normally more likely to form such peroxides than diethyl ether. One of the most susceptible solvents is
4091:
prior to distillation to remove water. This may be performed prior to a chemical synthesis where water may interfere with the intended reaction
3964:
3939:
4709:
4446:
4424:
183:
than the solute and solvent separately. This arrangement is mediated by the respective chemical properties of the solvent and solute, such as
5260:
4540:
4510:
4243:
4885:
2501:
The boiling point is an important property because it determines the speed of evaporation. Small amounts of low-boiling-point solvents like
199:
formation reaction, often with considerable energetics (heat of solvation and entropy of solvation) and is thus far from a neutral process.
4555:
5544:
5197:"Adverse birth outcomes and maternal exposure to trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene through soil vapor intrusion in New York State"
5421:
5378:
5138:"A study of chlorinated solvent contamination of the aquifers of an industrial area in central Italy: a possibility of bioremediation"
4734:
5836:
5685:
5325:
3254:
5294:
5784:
4179:
4094:
195:. Solvation does not cause a chemical reaction or chemical configuration changes in the solute. However, solvation resembles a
272:
5926:
5593:
5588:
5398:
4212:
4068:
3192:
1736:(δH). These contain information about the inter-molecular interactions with other solvents and also with polymers, pigments,
453:). These can be calculated from the wavelength shifts of 3–6 different solvatochromic dyes in the solvent, usually including
5753:
4870:
387:. Generally, polar solvents dissolve polar compounds best and non-polar solvents dissolve non-polar compounds best; hence "
5758:
5093:
Raitta C, Husman K, Tossavainen A (August 1976). "Lens changes in car painters exposed to a mixture of organic solvents".
2540:
than water, which means they are lighter than and will form a layer on top of water. Important exceptions are most of the
4603:
254:. Generally, the dielectric constant of a solvent is an acceptable predictor of the solvent's ability to dissolve common
6079:
5318:
1709:
478:
4674:
Anderson JE, Magyarl MW, Siegl WO (1 July 1985). "Concerning the
Luminosity of Methanol-Hydrocarbon Diffusion Flames".
242:
The dielectric constant measures the solvent's tendency to partly cancel the field strength of the electric field of a
6165:
6150:
6009:
5777:
3823:
3235:
1721:
466:
281:
measures polarity in terms of solvent influence on buildup of positive charge of a solute during a chemical reaction.
5046:"Diagnoses of alcohol abuse and other neuropsychiatric disorders among house painters compared with house carpenters"
3207:
6064:
5723:
5413:
4038:, that reach the underlying soil. Since solvents readily migrate substantial distances, the creation of widespread
3918:. The commonly available alcohol solvent methanol can cause permanent blindness or death if ingested. The solvent
3181:
5956:
5450:
5350:
5252:
4148:
1705:
6170:
5941:
5876:
5680:
4077:
4035:
3869:
3771:
A number of tests can be used to detect the presence of a peroxide in an ether; one is to use a combination of
3671:
3214:
3188:
180:
20:
4757:"Revisiting of Benzophenone Ketyl Still: Use of a Sodium Dispersion for the Preparation of Anhydrous Solvents"
5896:
5728:
5529:
2509:, or acetone will evaporate in seconds at room temperature, while high-boiling-point solvents like water or
598:
510:
137:
4660:
5994:
5989:
5846:
5483:
4003:
3640:
3619:
toluene 50%, butyl acetate (or amyl acetate) 18%, butanol 10%, ethanol 10%, ethyl acetate 9%, acetone 3%.
3221:
2552:
will sink to the bottom of a container, leaving water as the top layer. This is crucial to remember when
462:
6094:
6074:
5713:
5645:
5503:
5493:
4386:
4138:
4109:
3999:
3776:
2553:
1045:
498:
4990:
5808:
5800:
5708:
5436:
5002:
4358:
3784:
1725:
324:
196:
157:
141:
50:
3203:
907:
469:, separates the cohesive energy density into dispersion, polar, and hydrogen bonding contributions.
5921:
5891:
5718:
5650:
5635:
5578:
4755:
Inoue, Ryo; Yamaguchi, Mana; Murakami, Yoshiaki; Okano, Kentaro; Mori, Atsunori (31 October 2018).
4629:
4443:
4130:
4104:
4007:
1313:
586:
400:
235:
224:
77:
54:
6160:
5743:
5513:
5342:
5118:
4971:
4928:
4039:
3915:
2510:
2145:
1229:
525:
188:
125:
4235:
4229:
454:
68:
Major uses of solvents are in paints, paint removers, inks, and dry cleaning. Specific uses for
6155:
6099:
6058:
5961:
5738:
5733:
5695:
5640:
5559:
5539:
5475:
5256:
5226:
5177:
5159:
5110:
5075:
5026:
5018:
4963:
4920:
4844:
4794:
4776:
4691:
4536:
4506:
4374:
4239:
4208:
4034:
A major pathway of induced health effects arises from spills or leaks of solvents, especially
3899:
3718:
2557:
2118:
1489:
1153:
514:
380:
369:
315:
measures polarity in terms of how a solvent interacts with specific substances, like a strong
251:
220:
58:
6034:
6029:
5861:
5821:
5670:
5619:
5573:
5216:
5208:
5167:
5149:
5102:
5065:
5057:
5010:
4955:
4912:
4836:
4811:
4784:
4768:
4683:
4652:
4476:
4366:
4331:
4312:
Kosower, E.M. (1969) "An introduction to
Physical Organic Chemistry" Wiley: New York, p. 293
4281:
4200:
3963:. The cumulative brain effects of long-term or repeated exposure to some solvents is called
3772:
3714:
3667:
3325:
2577:
2564:
2393:
2371:
1749:
1675:
574:
494:
403:
376:
184:
69:
3659:
hazard; hence empty containers of volatile solvents should be stored open and upside down.
1083:
410:) dissolve only in very polar solvents like water, while strongly non-polar compounds like
6004:
5936:
5901:
5886:
5881:
5866:
5831:
5748:
5660:
5609:
4562:
4450:
4431:
4399:
4158:
4099:
4047:
3919:
3911:
3881:
3710:
3644:
2545:
2506:
2397:
2042:
2004:
1681:
1200:
1038:
1030:
945:
506:
6019:
5006:
4362:
1645:
1319:
434:
with each other and will quickly separate into two layers even after being shaken well.
6069:
6024:
6014:
5931:
5826:
5816:
5455:
5444:
5221:
5196:
5172:
5137:
5070:
5045:
4789:
4756:
3956:
3923:
3885:
1733:
336:
285:
255:
247:
192:
149:
121:
97:
62:
41:
28:
4335:
6144:
6114:
5951:
5911:
5856:
5703:
5675:
5583:
5534:
5508:
4322:
Gutmann V (1976). "Solvent effects on the reactivities of organometallic compounds".
3873:
3845:
3749:
3706:
3687:
3663:
3423:
3301:
3297:
3228:
2502:
1974:
1872:
1077:
901:
579:
172:
101:
81:
5122:
4975:
4932:
3979:
effect when taken in combination with many solvents; for instance, a combination of
3794:
Peroxides may be removed by washing with acidic iron(II) sulfate, filtering through
1001:
332:. It can be used with nonpolar compounds, but cannot accommodate complex chemistry.
61:, and the most common solvent used by living things; all the ions and proteins in a
5971:
5966:
5655:
5461:
5368:
5358:
4134:
4064:
3807:
3799:
3745:
3729:
3380:
3321:
2094:
1737:
1575:
1271:
1193:
1122:
985:
765:
630:
529:
518:
458:
228:
73:
1448:
678:
5283:"European Solvents Industry Group - ESIG - ESIG European Solvents Industry Group"
4959:
4530:
4500:
49:, "loosen, untie, solve") is a substance that dissolves a solute, resulting in a
6124:
6039:
5614:
5549:
5014:
4862:
4153:
3998:
Some organic solvents are known or suspected to be cataractogenic. A mixture of
3960:
3927:
3853:
3788:
3757:
3753:
3341:
3170:
2405:
2352:
2242:
2181:
1928:
1729:
1639:
1407:
1160:
858:
614:
295:
161:
4607:
3482:
toluene 25%, xylene 25%, butyl acetate 18%, ethyl cellosolve 17%, butanol 15%.
1236:
6119:
6109:
6104:
5981:
5300:
4840:
4687:
4072:
3972:
3907:
3849:
3841:
3829:
3762:
3679:
3656:
3648:
2549:
2409:
2268:
1906:
1525:
995:
952:
407:
383:
it is able to dissolve and with what other solvents or liquid compounds it is
316:
306:
299:
109:
89:
5163:
5154:
5022:
4780:
4772:
4695:
4481:
4464:
4204:
6129:
6084:
5999:
5665:
5310:
4824:
4589:
4575:
4180:"What's the Difference Between Acetone and Non-acetone Nail Polish Remover?"
4143:
4124:
4119:
4088:
3861:
3857:
3741:
3652:
3636:
3340:
butyl- or amyl acetate 29.8%, ethyl acetate 21.2%, butanol 7.7%, toluene or
2204:
1439:
145:
45:
5230:
5181:
5030:
4967:
4924:
4848:
4798:
4378:
3902:. If ingested, the so-called "toxic alcohols" (other than ethanol) such as
5114:
5079:
4916:
1277:
481:) greater than 15 (i.e. polar or polarizable) can be further divided into
372:
by quantifying polyatomic ions and the monatomic ions in a united manner.
5946:
5061:
4710:"Peroxides and Ethers | Environmental Health, Safety and Risk Management"
4286:
4269:
4023:
3992:
3914:
metabolize into toxic aldehydes and acids, which cause potentially fatal
3903:
3865:
3811:
3733:
3683:
2329:
1774:
1606:
562:
550:
431:
384:
361:
168:
5212:
1612:
1534:
1496:
1413:
864:
730:
567:
5851:
5841:
5106:
4997:. Neurotoxicity and Neurodegeneration: Local Effect and Global Impact.
4370:
4116:) is a measure of differential solubility of a compound in two solvents
4043:
4019:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3895:
3889:
3795:
3780:
3530:
petroleum spirits 50%, ethanol 20%, acetone 20%, ethyl cellosolve 10%.
3329:
3309:
3305:
3293:
3195: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2902:
2541:
2537:
2401:
2302:
2068:
1842:
1816:
1569:
1378:
1372:
1116:
803:
759:
724:
624:
591:
554:
502:
437:
Polarity can be separated to different contributions. For example, the
427:
396:
176:
117:
113:
93:
85:
4129:
Solvent systems exist outside the realm of ordinary organic solvents:
4050:
can occur from sites with extensive subsurface solvent contamination.
3744:
is used which can destroy the peroxides, they will concentrate during
2408:
has δD, δP and δH values of 17.8, 1.6 and 5.5, comparable to those of
5769:
4015:
3988:
3952:
3877:
3803:
3725:
3361:
2521:
Low boilers: boiling point below 100 °C (boiling point of water)
2514:
1362:
672:
558:
482:
423:
419:
302:
105:
53:. A solvent is usually a liquid but can also be a solid, a gas, or a
5136:
Matteucci, Federica; Ercole, Claudia; del Gallo, Maddalena (2015).
4656:
144:
is formed. This is opposed to the situation when the compounds are
5871:
5568:
4463:
Diorazio, Louis J.; Hose, David R. J.; Adlington, Neil K. (2016).
4349:"A first-principles alternative to empirical solvent parameters".
4059:
4011:
3948:
3721:, but all ethers are considered to be potential peroxide sources.
3702:
3675:
848:
809:
603:
490:
486:
392:
27:
339:
dye that changes color in response to polarity, gives a scale of
5301:
CDC – Organic
Solvents – NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic
4825:"Organic solvents and hearing loss: The challenge for audiology"
4644:
3268:
5773:
5314:
2396:
of the values for the neat solvents. This can be calculated by
368:
parameter was originally developed to quantify and explain the
5388:
3164:
561:
solvents, with each group ordered by increasing polarity. The
415:
411:
294:
measures polarity in terms of the influence of the solvent on
243:
2513:
need higher temperatures, an air flow, or the application of
2400:, a spreadsheet of values, or HSP software. A 1:1 mixture of
3840:
Many solvents can lead to a sudden loss of consciousness if
3474:
ethanol 64%, ethylcellosolve 16%, toluene 10%, butanol 10%.
3267:
Multicomponent solvents appeared after World War II in the
1708:
maintains a tool for the selection of solvents based on a
5044:
Lundberg I, Gustavsson A, Högberg M, Nise G (June 1992).
4812:
https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2018-124/pdfs/2018-124.pdf
3752:. When sufficient peroxides have formed, they can form a
3352:
butyl acetate 50%, ethanol 10%, butanol 20%, toluene 20%
4991:"Chronic Solvent induced Encephalopathy: A step forward"
4465:"Toward a More Holistic Framework for Solvent Selection"
211:
Solvents can be broadly classified into two categories:
4903:
Kraut JA, Mullins ME (January 2018). "Toxic
Alcohols".
4886:"National: Recall ordered for toy that turns into drug"
4274:
Journal of
Research of the National Bureau of Standards
4042:
is not uncommon; this is particularly a health risk if
246:
immersed in it. This reduction is then compared to the
5282:
4022:
were found to greatly increase the risk of developing
3872:, often with harmful long-term health effects such as
477:
Solvents with a dielectric constant (more accurately,
418:
dissolve only in very non-polar organic solvents like
4270:"Dielectric Constant of Water from 0° to 100 °C"
3868:
or solvent-based glues) are abused recreationally in
3783:
the Fe ion to an Fe ion, which then forms a deep-red
3611:
xylene 60%, butyl acetate 20%, ethyl cellosolve 20%.
16:
Substance dissolving a solute resulting in a solution
6090:
List of boiling and freezing information of solvents
4989:
van der Laan, Gert; Sainio, Markku (1 August 2012).
565:
of solvents which exceed those of water are bolded.
6048:
5980:
5910:
5807:
5694:
5628:
5602:
5558:
5522:
5474:
5435:
5412:
5349:
3514:xylene 50%, acetone 20%, butanol 15%, ethanol 15%.
2524:
Medium boilers: between 100 °C and 150 °C
120:). Solvents find various applications in chemical,
5195:Forand SP, Lewis-Michl EL, Gomez MI (April 2012).
3947:Some solvents can damage internal organs like the
3595:ethanol 65%, butyl acetate 30%, ethyl acetate 5%.
4643:Fanick ER, Smith LR, Baines TM (1 October 1984).
4565:. Xydatasource.com. Retrieved on 26 January 2013.
4434:. Xydatasource.com. Retrieved on 26 January 2013.
3538:petroleum spirits 50%, acetone 30%, ethanol 20%.
3522:petroleum spirits 70%, ethanol 20%, acetone 10%.
3320:toluene 50%, ethanol 15%, butanol 10%, butyl- or
92:); as nail polish removers and solvents of glue (
4087:Solvents are often refluxed with an appropriate
3643:. Exceptions are some chlorinated solvents like
3442:toluene 50%, ethyl cellosolve 30%, acetone 20%.
375:The polarity, dipole moment, polarizability and
4867:Occupational Safety & Health Administration
4532:Hansen solubility parameters: a user's handbook
3546:absolute alcohol (99.8%) 95%, ethyl acetate 5%
4556:Selected solvent properties – Specific Gravity
4453:. Macro.lsu.edu. Retrieved on 26 January 2013.
4196:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
3372:ethyl cellosolve 20%, butanol 30%, xylene 50%
5785:
5326:
5297:Properties and toxicities of organic solvents
3450:toluene 34%, cyclohexanone 33%, acetone 33%.
3399:toluene 62%, acetone 26%, butyl acetate 12%.
8:
4645:"Safety Related Additives for Methanol Fuel"
3898:(grain alcohol) is a widely used and abused
3490:toluene 60%, butyl acetate 30%, xylene 10%.
3415:toluene 60%, butyl acetate 30%, xylene 10%.
517:the use of polar protic solvents favors the
231:exist which are liquid at room temperature.
5792:
5778:
5770:
5333:
5319:
5311:
4630:"dcpt.ru Solvent 650 Characteristics (ru)"
4604:"dcpt.ru Solvent 648 Characteristics (ru)"
4590:"dcpt.ru Solvent 647 Characteristics (ru)"
4576:"dcpt.ru Solvent 646 Characteristics (ru)"
4524:
4522:
4469:Organic Process Research & Development
3864:for a long time. Many solvents (e.g. from
2570:
2556:compounds between solvents and water in a
1742:
1644:
1611:
1574:
1533:
1447:
1377:
1318:
1199:
1044:
1000:
906:
764:
677:
629:
493:(negatively charged solutes) strongly via
5249:Mechanism and Theory in Organic Chemistry
5220:
5171:
5153:
5069:
4788:
4494:
4492:
4480:
4285:
3651:. Mixtures of solvent vapors and air can
3255:Learn how and when to remove this message
528:, while polar aprotic solvents favor the
4735:"Handling of Peroxide Forming Chemicals"
4502:Hansen solubility parameters in practice
4268:Malmberg CG, Maryott AA (January 1956).
3732:which is formed by the abstraction of a
3639:or highly flammable, depending on their
3556:
3278:
2420:
124:, oil, and gas industries, including in
65:are dissolved in water within the cell.
4420:
4418:
4171:
152:with all solute molecules occurring as
5359:Unimolecular nucleophilic substitution
5050:British Journal of Industrial Medicine
4395:
4384:
4299:
4297:
3965:chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy
3940:Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy
3434:solvent 50%, xylene 35%, acetone 15%.
485:and aprotic. Protic solvents, such as
298:-absorption maxima of a salt, usually
179:is increased making the solution more
5369:Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution
379:of a solvent determines what type of
313:Donor number and donor acceptor scale
7:
4663:from the original on 12 August 2017.
4651:. Vol. 1. Warrendale, PA: SAE.
3193:adding citations to reliable sources
5422:Electrophilic aromatic substitution
4905:The New England Journal of Medicine
4873:from the original on 15 March 2016.
4228:Tinoco I, Sauer K, Wang JC (2002).
3360:ethyl cellosolve 30%, butanol 20%,
2536:Most organic solvents have a lower
545:Properties table of common solvents
32:Ethyl acetate, nail polish solvent.
5389:Nucleophilic internal substitution
5379:Nucleophilic aromatic substitution
4829:International Journal of Audiology
4823:Fuente, A.; McPherson, B. (2006).
4425:Solvent Properties – Boiling Point
4258:Lowery and Richardson, pp. 181–183
4193:Stoye, Dieter (2000). "Solvents".
1716:Hansen solubility parameter values
14:
5247:Lowery TH, Richardson KS (1987).
5201:Environmental Health Perspectives
4676:Combustion Science and Technology
449:) and hydrogen-bonding basicity (
391:". Strongly polar compounds like
5306:EPA – Solvent Contaminated Wipes
3844:in large amounts. Solvents like
3814:and oxygen are removed as well.
3728:) stabilizes the formation of a
3713:(THF) can form highly explosive
3603:cyclohexanone 50%, ethanol 50%.
3169:
2903:Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether
1680:
1495:
1412:
1276:
1235:
1159:
1121:
1082:
951:
863:
808:
729:
108:, petrol ether); in detergents (
5545:Lindemann–Hinshelwood mechanism
4884:Rood, David (7 November 2007).
4095:List of water-miscible solvents
3690:are able to ignite its vapors.
3466:xylene 90%, butyl acetate 10%.
3391:butyl acetate 20%, butanol 80%
3180:needs additional citations for
3135:1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane
2527:High boilers: above 150 °C
441:are dipolarity/polarizability (
223:, whose solutions are known as
203:forms of solutes and solvents.
5594:Outer sphere electron transfer
5589:Inner sphere electron transfer
5399:Nucleophilic acyl substitution
4412:Lowery and Richardson, p. 183.
4303:Lowery and Richardson, p. 177.
3888:by a subcontractor caused the
3880:. Fraudulent substitution of
3852:have been used in medicine as
3498:white spirit 70%, xylene 30%.
2871:Hexamethylphosphorus triamide
549:The solvents are grouped into
473:Polar protic and polar aprotic
219:. A special case is elemental
1:
5759:Diffusion-controlled reaction
5279:ACS Green Chemistry Institute
4336:10.1016/S0010-8545(00)82045-7
3995:than either substance alone.
1706:ACS Green Chemistry Institute
445:), hydrogen-bonding acidity (
6080:Inorganic nonaqueous solvent
4960:10.3109/15563650.2010.492350
4869:. U.S. Department of Labor.
4499:Abbott S, Hansen CM (2008).
3698:Explosive peroxide formation
3686:, and recently extinguished
1710:principal component analysis
479:relative static permittivity
467:Hansen solubility parameters
128:and purification processes.
5414:Electrophilic substitutions
5015:10.1016/j.neuro.2012.04.012
4030:Environmental contamination
3987:and ethanol causes greater
3824:Substance-induced psychosis
2560:during chemical syntheses.
1722:Hansen solubility parameter
430:and vegetable oil) are not
399:) or ionic compounds, like
6187:
6065:Acid dissociation constant
5724:Energy profile (chemistry)
5686:More O'Ferrall–Jencks plot
5351:Nucleophilic substitutions
4649:SAE Technical Paper Series
4529:Hansen CM (January 2002).
3937:
3821:
3779:. The peroxide is able to
3635:Most organic solvents are
3506:ethanol 75%, butanol 25%.
3458:butanol 60%, ethanol 40%.
1724:(HSP) values are based on
360:(33)) can be defined with
18:
5754:Michaelis–Menten kinetics
5253:Harper Collins Publishers
5142:Frontiers in Microbiology
4841:10.1080/14992020600753205
4688:10.1080/00102208508947000
4357:(31): 20750–20759. 2024.
4234:. Prentice Hall. p.
4149:Volatile Organic Compound
3672:autoignition temperatures
3407:xylene 85%, acetone 15%.
2975:1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone
2171:
1964:
1764:
1358:
1028:
981:
844:
610:
57:. Water is a solvent for
5681:Potential energy surface
5560:Electron/Proton transfer
5445:Unimolecular elimination
5155:10.3389/fmicb.2015.00924
4773:10.1021/acsomega.8b01707
4482:10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00015
4205:10.1002/14356007.a24_437
4078:Free energy of solvation
4026:in the lens of the eye.
3930:and metabolic acidosis.
3756:, shock-sensitive solid
3587:xylene 90%, butanol 10%
3571:butanol 50%, xylene 50%
2983:Hexamethylphosphoramide
319:or a strong Lewis base.
181:thermodynamically stable
21:Solvent (disambiguation)
6030:Solubility table (data)
5897:Apparent molar property
5729:Transition state theory
5530:Intramolecular reaction
5456:Bimolecular elimination
4199:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
3670:have exceptionally low
3579:butanol 95%, xylene 5%
3161:Multicomponent solvents
3119:2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol
2959:2-Methoxyethyl acetate
2710:Methyl isobutyl ketone
2448:methyl isobutyl ketone
1712:of solvent properties.
422:. Similarly, water and
330:cohesive energy density
207:Solvent classifications
132:Solutions and solvation
5995:Total dissolved solids
5990:Solubility equilibrium
5915:and related quantities
5523:Unimolecular reactions
5484:Electrophilic addition
5277:Solvent selection tool
4351:Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys
4139:deep eutectic solvents
4004:aliphatic hydrocarbons
3748:, due to their higher
2517:for fast evaporation.
1967:Polar aprotic solvents
499:Polar aprotic solvents
439:Kamlet-Taft parameters
328:is the square root of
136:When one substance is
33:
6095:Partition coefficient
6075:Polar aprotic solvent
5714:Rate-determining step
5646:Reactive intermediate
5504:Free-radical addition
5494:Nucleophilic addition
5437:Elimination reactions
4917:10.1056/NEJMra1615295
4505:. Hansen-Solubility.
4110:Partition coefficient
4000:aromatic hydrocarbons
3777:potassium thiocyanate
3143:Carbon tetrachloride
2480:carbon tetrachloride
2174:Polar protic solvents
509:, tend to have large
262:Other polarity scales
104:); in spot removers (
31:
6010:Enthalpy of solution
5937:Volume concentration
5932:Number concentration
5709:Equilibrium constant
5062:10.1136/oem.49.6.409
4561:14 June 2011 at the
4430:14 June 2011 at the
4287:10.6028/jres.056.001
4131:Supercritical fluids
4036:chlorinated solvents
3884:by the psychoactive
3785:coordination complex
3189:improve this article
3151:Tetrachloroethylene
3095:1,2-Dichlorobenzene
3055:Propylene carbonate
2879:2-Ethoxyethyl ether
2734:Methyl ethyl ketone
2643:-Butyl methyl ether
2432:ethylene dichloride
1760:δH Hydrogen bonding
325:Hildebrand parameter
197:coordination complex
19:For other uses, see
5922:Molar concentration
5892:Dilution (equation)
5719:Reaction coordinate
5651:Radical (chemistry)
5636:Elementary reaction
5579:Grotthuss mechanism
5343:reaction mechanisms
5285:Solvents in Europe.
5213:10.1289/ehp.1103884
5007:2012NeuTx..33..897V
4948:Clinical Toxicology
4767:(10): 12703–12706.
4449:4 July 2010 at the
4444:Dielectric Constant
4363:2024PCCP...2620750G
4105:Occupational health
3103:Methylene chloride
3071:1,2-Dichloroethane
3015:Dimethyl sulfoxide
2919:-Dimethylformamide
2894:-Dimethylacetamide
2456:methylene chloride
2427:Boiling point (°C)
1398:(at -33.3 °C)
1314:Propylene carbonate
587:Dielectric constant
540:Physical properties
463:diethylnitroaniline
389:like dissolves like
335:Reichardt's dye, a
236:dielectric constant
78:tetrachloroethylene
55:supercritical fluid
6166:Chemical compounds
6151:Soil contamination
5962:Isotopic abundance
5927:Mass concentration
5801:Chemical solutions
5744:Arrhenius equation
5514:Oxidative addition
5476:Addition reactions
5107:10.1007/bf00414364
4394:Unknown parameter
4371:10.1039/D4CP01975J
4231:Physical Chemistry
4182:. 3 November 2009.
4040:soil contamination
3916:metabolic acidosis
3426:50%, toluene 50%.
3047:Diethylene glycol
2568:mixed with water.
2511:dimethyl sulfoxide
2146:Dimethyl sulfoxide
1767:Non-polar solvents
1230:Dimethyl sulfoxide
526:reaction mechanism
515:chemical reactions
465:. Another option,
305:or the pyridinium
126:chemical syntheses
34:
6138:
6137:
5767:
5766:
5739:Activated complex
5734:Activation energy
5696:Chemical kinetics
5641:Reaction dynamics
5540:Photodissociation
5262:978-0-06-364044-3
4890:www.theage.com.au
4542:978-0-8493-7248-3
4512:978-0-9551220-2-6
4245:978-0-13-026607-1
3900:psychoactive drug
3719:diisopropyl ether
3715:organic peroxides
3623:
3622:
3550:
3549:
3383:90%, butanol 10%
3265:
3264:
3257:
3239:
3158:
3157:
3087:Carbon disulfide
3007:Acetic anhydride
2927:2-Methoxyethanol
2718:Isobutyl alcohol
2558:separatory funnel
2498:
2497:
2472:carbon disulfide
2394:weighted averages
2389:
2388:
2119:Dimethylformamide
1702:
1701:
1490:Isopropyl alcohol
1154:Dimethylformamide
370:Hofmeister series
273:Grunwald–Winstein
258:, such as salts.
6178:
6035:Solubility chart
5862:Phase separation
5822:Aqueous solution
5794:
5787:
5780:
5771:
5671:Collision theory
5620:Matrix isolation
5574:Harpoon reaction
5451:E1cB-elimination
5335:
5328:
5321:
5312:
5266:
5251:(3rd ed.).
5235:
5234:
5224:
5192:
5186:
5185:
5175:
5157:
5133:
5127:
5126:
5090:
5084:
5083:
5073:
5041:
5035:
5034:
4986:
4980:
4979:
4943:
4937:
4936:
4900:
4894:
4893:
4881:
4875:
4874:
4859:
4853:
4852:
4820:
4814:
4809:
4803:
4802:
4792:
4752:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4741:
4731:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4706:
4700:
4699:
4682:(3–4): 115–125.
4671:
4665:
4664:
4640:
4634:
4633:
4626:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4615:
4606:. Archived from
4600:
4594:
4593:
4586:
4580:
4579:
4572:
4566:
4553:
4547:
4546:
4526:
4517:
4516:
4496:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4460:
4454:
4441:
4435:
4422:
4413:
4410:
4404:
4403:
4397:
4392:
4390:
4382:
4346:
4340:
4339:
4324:Coord. Chem. Rev
4319:
4313:
4310:
4304:
4301:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4265:
4259:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4225:
4219:
4218:
4190:
4184:
4183:
4176:
3975:. Ethanol has a
3934:Chronic exposure
3892:product recall.
3773:iron(II) sulfate
3724:The heteroatom (
3668:carbon disulfide
3557:
3543:Solvent FK-1 (?)
3326:ethyl cellosolve
3279:
3260:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3240:
3238:
3197:
3173:
3165:
3039:Ethylene glycol
3031:Deuterium oxide
2844:Tetrahydrofuran
2812:Dimethoxyethane
2750:Isoamyl alcohol
2592:Petroleum ether
2578:Specific gravity
2571:
2565:specific gravity
2421:
1750:Chemical formula
1743:
1726:dispersion bonds
1684:
1648:
1615:
1578:
1537:
1499:
1451:
1416:
1381:
1322:
1280:
1239:
1203:
1163:
1125:
1086:
1048:
1004:
955:
910:
867:
812:
768:
733:
681:
633:
575:Chemical formula
568:
495:hydrogen bonding
377:hydrogen bonding
244:charged particle
185:hydrogen bonding
175:is involved and
156:(solvent-solute
140:into another, a
72:solvents are in
6186:
6185:
6181:
6180:
6179:
6177:
6176:
6175:
6171:Polymer physics
6141:
6140:
6139:
6134:
6044:
6005:Solvation shell
5976:
5914:
5906:
5902:Miscibility gap
5887:Serial dilution
5882:Supersaturation
5832:Buffer solution
5803:
5798:
5768:
5763:
5749:Eyring equation
5690:
5661:Stereochemistry
5624:
5610:Solvent effects
5598:
5554:
5518:
5499:
5489:
5470:
5465:
5431:
5427:
5408:
5404:
5394:
5384:
5374:
5364:
5345:
5339:
5273:
5263:
5246:
5243:
5238:
5194:
5193:
5189:
5135:
5134:
5130:
5092:
5091:
5087:
5043:
5042:
5038:
4995:NeuroToxicology
4988:
4987:
4983:
4945:
4944:
4940:
4902:
4901:
4897:
4883:
4882:
4878:
4861:
4860:
4856:
4822:
4821:
4817:
4810:
4806:
4754:
4753:
4749:
4739:
4737:
4733:
4732:
4728:
4718:
4716:
4708:
4707:
4703:
4673:
4672:
4668:
4642:
4641:
4637:
4628:
4627:
4623:
4613:
4611:
4602:
4601:
4597:
4588:
4587:
4583:
4574:
4573:
4569:
4563:Wayback Machine
4554:
4550:
4543:
4528:
4527:
4520:
4513:
4498:
4497:
4490:
4462:
4461:
4457:
4451:Wayback Machine
4442:
4438:
4432:Wayback Machine
4423:
4416:
4411:
4407:
4393:
4383:
4348:
4347:
4343:
4321:
4320:
4316:
4311:
4307:
4302:
4295:
4267:
4266:
4262:
4257:
4253:
4246:
4227:
4226:
4222:
4215:
4192:
4191:
4187:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4159:Water pollution
4100:Lyoluminescence
4056:
4048:Vapor intrusion
4032:
3942:
3936:
3924:fracking fluids
3920:2-butoxyethanol
3912:ethylene glycol
3882:1,5-pentanediol
3838:
3826:
3820:
3711:tetrahydrofuran
3700:
3645:dichloromethane
3633:
3628:
3555:
3479:Solvent PML-315
3277:
3261:
3250:
3244:
3241:
3198:
3196:
3186:
3174:
3163:
2943:Propanoic acid
2836:1-Chlorobutane
2766:Diethyl ketone
2662:-Butyl alcohol
2632:Triethyl amine
2546:dichloromethane
2534:
2507:dichloromethane
2499:
2418:
2398:trial-and-error
2337:
2314:
2310:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2254:
2250:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2189:
2176:
2158:
2154:
2131:
2127:
2103:
2080:
2076:
2054:
2050:
2043:Dichloromethane
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2005:Tetrahydrofuran
1990:
1986:
1982:
1969:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1914:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1828:
1824:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1769:
1718:
1685:
1653:
1649:
1620:
1587:
1583:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1417:
1386:
1367:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1289:
1285:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1208:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1057:
1053:
1039:Dichloromethane
1009:
990:
964:
960:
956:
946:Tetrahydrofuran
927:
923:
919:
915:
880:
876:
872:
868:
853:
825:
821:
817:
785:
781:
777:
773:
742:
738:
734:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
619:
601:
594:
582:
547:
542:
533:
522:
507:dichloromethane
475:
455:Reichardt's dye
358:
351:
344:
264:
256:ionic compounds
252:internal charge
234:Generally, the
229:metal solutions
209:
171:of the solute.
134:
110:citrus terpenes
59:polar molecules
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6184:
6182:
6174:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6143:
6142:
6136:
6135:
6133:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6070:Protic solvent
6067:
6062:
6054:
6052:
6046:
6045:
6043:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6015:Lattice energy
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5986:
5984:
5978:
5977:
5975:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5918:
5916:
5908:
5907:
5905:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5867:Eutectic point
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5827:Solid solution
5824:
5819:
5817:Ideal solution
5813:
5811:
5805:
5804:
5799:
5797:
5796:
5789:
5782:
5774:
5765:
5764:
5762:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5700:
5698:
5692:
5691:
5689:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5632:
5630:
5629:Related topics
5626:
5625:
5623:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5606:
5604:
5603:Medium effects
5600:
5599:
5597:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5565:
5563:
5556:
5555:
5553:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5526:
5524:
5520:
5519:
5517:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5497:
5491:
5487:
5480:
5478:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5468:
5463:
5459:
5453:
5448:
5441:
5439:
5433:
5432:
5430:
5429:
5425:
5418:
5416:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5406:
5402:
5396:
5392:
5386:
5382:
5376:
5372:
5366:
5362:
5355:
5353:
5347:
5346:
5340:
5338:
5337:
5330:
5323:
5315:
5309:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5292:
5291:O-Chem Lecture
5289:Table and text
5286:
5280:
5272:
5271:External links
5269:
5268:
5267:
5261:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5236:
5187:
5128:
5085:
5036:
5001:(4): 897–901.
4981:
4938:
4911:(3): 270–280.
4895:
4876:
4854:
4835:(7): 367–381.
4815:
4804:
4747:
4726:
4701:
4666:
4657:10.4271/841378
4635:
4621:
4610:on 17 May 2017
4595:
4581:
4567:
4548:
4541:
4518:
4511:
4488:
4475:(4): 760–773.
4455:
4436:
4414:
4405:
4396:|authors=
4341:
4314:
4305:
4293:
4260:
4251:
4244:
4220:
4213:
4185:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4062:
4055:
4052:
4046:are affected.
4031:
4028:
3957:nervous system
3938:Main article:
3935:
3932:
3886:1,4-butanediol
3837:
3836:Acute exposure
3834:
3819:
3818:Health effects
3816:
3699:
3696:
3688:bunsen burners
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3617:
3616:Thinner of WFD
3613:
3612:
3609:
3605:
3604:
3601:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3589:
3588:
3585:
3581:
3580:
3577:
3573:
3572:
3569:
3565:
3564:
3561:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3544:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3524:
3523:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3512:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3500:
3499:
3496:
3492:
3491:
3488:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3476:
3475:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3455:Solvent R-3160
3452:
3451:
3448:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3436:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3421:
3417:
3416:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3401:
3400:
3397:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3385:
3384:
3378:
3374:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3365:
3358:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3346:
3345:
3338:
3334:
3333:
3318:
3314:
3313:
3291:
3287:
3286:
3283:
3276:
3273:
3263:
3262:
3177:
3175:
3168:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3108:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3023:Chlorobenzene
3020:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3008:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2857:
2856:
2853:
2852:Ethyl acetate
2849:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2828:Butyl acetate
2825:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2800:
2797:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2779:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2624:Diethyl ether
2621:
2620:
2617:
2616:Diethyl amine
2613:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2544:solvents like
2533:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1754:δD Dispersion
1752:
1747:
1734:hydrogen bonds
1717:
1714:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1663:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1618:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1531:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1493:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1445:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1427:
1424:
1419:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1254:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1233:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1206:
1197:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1157:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1042:
1035:
1034:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1007:
998:
992:
991:
989:
982:
979:
978:
975:
972:
969:
966:
962:
958:
949:
942:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
904:
898:
897:
894:
889:
886:
881:
878:
874:
870:
861:
855:
854:
852:
845:
842:
841:
838:
835:
832:
827:
823:
819:
815:
806:
800:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
762:
756:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
736:
727:
721:
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
675:
669:
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
627:
621:
620:
618:
611:
608:
607:
596:
589:
584:
577:
572:
546:
543:
541:
538:
531:
520:
511:dipole moments
474:
471:
356:
349:
342:
337:solvatochromic
263:
260:
248:field strength
227:; also, other
208:
205:
193:polarizability
133:
130:
122:pharmaceutical
98:methyl acetate
82:paint thinners
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6183:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6148:
6146:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6060:
6056:
6055:
6053:
6051:
6047:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5987:
5985:
5983:
5979:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5957:Mass fraction
5955:
5953:
5952:Mole fraction
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5919:
5917:
5913:
5912:Concentration
5909:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5857:Phase diagram
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5837:Flory–Huggins
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5814:
5812:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5795:
5790:
5788:
5783:
5781:
5776:
5775:
5772:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5704:Rate equation
5702:
5701:
5699:
5697:
5693:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5676:Arrow pushing
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5633:
5631:
5627:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5607:
5605:
5601:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5584:Marcus theory
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5557:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5535:Isomerization
5533:
5531:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5521:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5509:Cycloaddition
5507:
5505:
5502:
5495:
5492:
5485:
5482:
5481:
5479:
5477:
5473:
5467:
5460:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5446:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5438:
5434:
5423:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5415:
5411:
5400:
5397:
5390:
5387:
5380:
5377:
5370:
5367:
5360:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5336:
5331:
5329:
5324:
5322:
5317:
5316:
5313:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5296:
5293:
5290:
5287:
5284:
5281:
5278:
5275:
5274:
5270:
5264:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5245:
5244:
5240:
5232:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5207:(4): 616–21.
5206:
5202:
5198:
5191:
5188:
5183:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5132:
5129:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5101:(2): 149–56.
5100:
5096:
5089:
5086:
5081:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5056:(6): 409–15.
5055:
5051:
5047:
5040:
5037:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4985:
4982:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4954:(6): 569–71.
4953:
4949:
4942:
4939:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4899:
4896:
4891:
4887:
4880:
4877:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4858:
4855:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4819:
4816:
4813:
4808:
4805:
4800:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4751:
4748:
4736:
4730:
4727:
4715:
4711:
4705:
4702:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4670:
4667:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4639:
4636:
4631:
4625:
4622:
4609:
4605:
4599:
4596:
4591:
4585:
4582:
4577:
4571:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4557:
4552:
4549:
4544:
4538:
4535:. CRC press.
4534:
4533:
4525:
4523:
4519:
4514:
4508:
4504:
4503:
4495:
4493:
4489:
4483:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4459:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4445:
4440:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4426:
4421:
4419:
4415:
4409:
4406:
4401:
4388:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4345:
4342:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4318:
4315:
4309:
4306:
4300:
4298:
4294:
4288:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4264:
4261:
4255:
4252:
4247:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4232:
4224:
4221:
4216:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4197:
4189:
4186:
4181:
4175:
4172:
4166:
4164:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4135:ionic liquids
4132:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4115:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4090:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4070:
4069:Refurbishment
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3945:
3941:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3874:neurotoxicity
3871:
3870:glue sniffing
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3846:diethyl ether
3843:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3825:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3750:boiling point
3747:
3743:
3738:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3707:diethyl ether
3704:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3664:diethyl ether
3660:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3630:
3625:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3608:Thinner R-197
3607:
3606:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3584:Thinner RKB-3
3583:
3582:
3578:
3576:Thinner RKB-2
3575:
3574:
3570:
3568:Thinner RKB-1
3567:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3552:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3447:Solvent R-219
3446:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3424:cyclohexanone
3422:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3388:Solvent KR-36
3387:
3386:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3302:ethyl acetate
3299:
3298:butyl acetate
3295:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3259:
3256:
3248:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3209:
3206: –
3205:
3201:
3200:Find sources:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3178:This section
3176:
3172:
3167:
3166:
3160:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3111:Nitromethane
3110:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2967:Benzonitrile
2966:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2678:Acetonitrile
2677:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2531:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2503:diethyl ether
2493:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2416:Boiling point
2415:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1978:
1976:
1975:Ethyl acetate
1973:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1876:
1874:
1873:Diethyl ether
1871:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1738:nanoparticles
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1647:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1614:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1577:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1536:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1450:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1380:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1321:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1279:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1124:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1085:
1081:
1079:
1078:Ethyl acetate
1076:
1075:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1003:
999:
997:
994:
993:
987:
983:
980:
976:
973:
970:
967:
954:
950:
947:
944:
943:
939:
936:
933:
930:
928:
909:
905:
903:
902:Diethyl ether
900:
899:
895:
893:
890:
887:
885:
882:
866:
862:
860:
857:
856:
850:
846:
843:
839:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
811:
807:
805:
802:
801:
797:
794:
791:
788:
786:
767:
763:
761:
758:
757:
753:
750:
747:
744:
732:
728:
726:
723:
722:
718:
715:
712:
709:
707:
680:
676:
674:
671:
670:
666:
663:
660:
657:
655:
632:
628:
626:
623:
622:
616:
612:
609:
605:
600:
599:Dipole moment
597:
593:
590:
588:
585:
581:
580:Boiling point
578:
576:
573:
570:
569:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
544:
539:
537:
535:
527:
524:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
472:
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
373:
371:
365:
363:
359:
352:
346:(30) values.
345:
338:
333:
331:
327:
326:
320:
318:
314:
310:
308:
304:
301:
297:
293:
291:
287:
282:
280:
278:
274:
268:
261:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
240:
237:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
206:
204:
200:
198:
194:
190:
189:dipole moment
186:
182:
178:
174:
173:Heat transfer
170:
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
131:
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
102:ethyl acetate
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
66:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
47:
43:
39:
30:
26:
22:
6049:
6020:Raoult's law
5972:Ternary plot
5967:Mixing ratio
5656:Molecularity
5248:
5241:Bibliography
5204:
5200:
5190:
5145:
5141:
5131:
5098:
5094:
5088:
5053:
5049:
5039:
4998:
4994:
4984:
4951:
4947:
4941:
4908:
4904:
4898:
4889:
4879:
4866:
4857:
4832:
4828:
4818:
4807:
4764:
4760:
4750:
4740:24 September
4738:. Retrieved
4729:
4717:. Retrieved
4713:
4704:
4679:
4675:
4669:
4648:
4638:
4624:
4612:. Retrieved
4608:the original
4598:
4584:
4570:
4551:
4531:
4501:
4472:
4468:
4458:
4439:
4408:
4387:cite journal
4354:
4350:
4344:
4327:
4323:
4317:
4308:
4277:
4273:
4263:
4254:
4230:
4223:
4194:
4188:
4174:
4163:
4113:
4065:Construction
4033:
3997:
3969:
3946:
3943:
3926:, can cause
3894:
3839:
3827:
3808:benzophenone
3793:
3770:
3767:
3746:distillation
3739:
3730:free radical
3723:
3701:
3692:
3661:
3634:
3563:Composition
3535:Solvent RE-4
3527:Solvent RE-3
3519:Solvent RE-2
3511:Solvent RE-1
3495:Solvent PC-2
3487:Solvent PC-1
3439:Solvent R-40
3431:Solvent R-24
3420:Solvent R-14
3412:Solvent R-12
3404:Solvent R-10
3381:white spirit
3322:amyl acetate
3285:Composition
3266:
3251:
3245:January 2022
3242:
3232:
3225:
3218:
3211:
3199:
3187:Please help
3182:verification
3179:
3063:Formic acid
2999:Acetic acid
2991:1,4-Dioxane
2916:
2912:
2891:
2887:
2860:
2793:
2782:
2670:Isopropanol
2659:
2651:Cyclohexane
2640:
2562:
2554:partitioning
2535:
2500:
2488:
2390:
2269:
2205:
2095:Acetonitrile
2010:
1933:
1719:
1703:
1665:
1657:
1616:
1579:
1538:
1526:
1473:
1452:
1440:
1429:
1421:
1397:
1382:
1352:
1347:
1339:
1323:
1306:
1301:
1293:
1281:
1272:Nitromethane
1264:
1259:
1251:
1222:
1204:
1194:Acetonitrile
1186:
1175:
1146:
1067:
1049:
1019:
1005:
986:chlorocarbon
911:
891:
883:
829:
813:
769:
682:
634:
557:, and polar
548:
476:
459:nitroaniline
450:
446:
442:
438:
436:
388:
374:
366:
354:
347:
340:
334:
329:
323:
321:
312:
311:
289:
284:
283:
276:
271:
269:
265:
241:
233:
216:
212:
210:
201:
166:
153:
135:
74:dry cleaning
67:
44:
37:
35:
25:
6125:Lyonium ion
6040:Miscibility
6025:Henry's law
5615:Cage effect
5550:RRKM theory
5466:elimination
4714:www.uaf.edu
4154:Water model
3977:synergistic
3928:hypotension
3854:anesthetics
3789:thiocyanate
3758:precipitate
3754:crystalline
3680:light bulbs
3600:Thinner P-7
3503:Solvent RFG
3471:Solvent RML
3463:Solvent RCC
3396:Solvent R-4
3377:Solvent 651
3369:Solvent 650
3357:Solvent 649
3349:Solvent 648
3342:benzopyrene
3337:Solvent 647
3317:Solvent 646
3290:Solvent 645
3127:Chloroform
2726:1-Propanol
2542:halogenated
2406:1,4 dioxane
2353:Formic acid
2251:-CH(-OH)-CH
2243:Isopropanol
2182:Acetic acid
2124:H-C(=O)N(CH
1983:-C(=O)-O-CH
1929:1,4-Dioxane
1730:polar bonds
1640:Acetic acid
1505:-CH(-OH)-CH
1408:Formic acid
1165:H-C(=O)N(CH
1092:-C(=O)-O-CH
859:1,4-Dioxane
615:hydrocarbon
6145:Categories
6120:Amphiphile
6115:Lipophilic
6110:Hydrophile
6105:Hydrophobe
5982:Solubility
5877:Saturation
5847:Suspension
4863:"Solvents"
4719:25 January
4614:18 January
4330:(2): 225.
4214:3527306730
4167:References
4073:Renovation
3973:alcoholism
3922:, used in
3908:1-propanol
3850:chloroform
3830:dermatitis
3822:See also:
3800:distilling
3657:flash fire
3649:chloroform
3641:volatility
3215:newspapers
2774:1-Octanol
2758:1-Butanol
2742:2-Butanol
2550:chloroform
2464:isooctane
2410:chloroform
2357:H-C(=O)OH
1907:Chloroform
1418:H-C(=O)OH
996:Chloroform
563:properties
501:, such as
489:, solvate
408:table salt
317:Lewis acid
307:zwitterion
300:pyridinium
112:); and in
90:turpentine
40:(from the
6161:Solutions
6130:Lyate ion
6085:Solvation
6000:Solvation
5942:Normality
5666:Catalysis
5562:reactions
5164:1664-302X
5023:0161-813X
4781:2470-1343
4761:ACS Omega
4696:0010-2202
4398:ignored (
4144:Superfund
4125:Solvation
4120:Pollution
4089:desiccant
4024:cataracts
3959:, or the
3862:hypnotics
3858:sedatives
3787:with the
3742:desiccant
3740:Unless a
3684:hotplates
3637:flammable
3592:Thinner M
3204:"Solvent"
3079:Glycerin
2935:Pyridine
2702:Methanol
2440:pyridine
2272:-Propanol
2190:-C(=O)OH
2155:-S(=O)-CH
2077:-C(=O)-CH
1757:δP Polar
1732:(δP) and
1654:-C(=O)OH
1529:-Propanol
1245:-S(=O)-CH
1131:-C(=O)-CH
1033:solvents
984:Nonpolar
847:Nonpolar
613:Nonpolar
401:inorganic
381:compounds
217:non-polar
169:molecules
158:complexes
146:insoluble
138:dissolved
6156:Solvents
6100:Polarity
6059:Category
5947:Molality
5809:Solution
5231:22142966
5182:26388862
5123:31344706
5031:22560998
4976:23257894
4968:20560787
4933:36652482
4925:29342392
4871:Archived
4849:16938795
4799:30411016
4661:Archived
4559:Archived
4447:Archived
4428:Archived
4379:38988220
4280:(1): 1.
4054:See also
4044:aquifers
4020:terpenes
4008:alcohols
3993:vomiting
3904:methanol
3866:gasoline
3812:moisture
3763:detonate
3734:hydrogen
3553:Thinners
3275:Solvents
2863:-Xylene
2820:Benzene
2804:Toluene
2796:-Xylene
2785:-Xylene
2694:Acetone
2686:Ethanol
2608:Heptane
2584:Pentane
2574:Solvent
2491:-xylene
2424:Solvent
2330:Methanol
2208:-Butanol
1775:n-Hexane
1746:Solvent
1607:Methanol
1443:-Butanol
1365:solvents
988:solvents
851:solvents
617:solvents
571:Solvent
553:, polar
551:nonpolar
432:miscible
385:miscible
362:Nile red
225:amalgams
162:miscible
154:solvates
142:solution
114:perfumes
51:solution
6050:Solvent
5852:Colloid
5842:Mixture
5222:3339451
5173:4556989
5148:: 924.
5115:1086605
5080:1606027
5071:1012122
5003:Bibcode
4790:6210062
4359:Bibcode
4016:ketones
3985:benzene
3981:toluene
3967:(CSE).
3953:kidneys
3896:Ethanol
3890:Bindeez
3842:inhaled
3796:alumina
3781:oxidize
3678:pipes,
3653:explode
3330:acetone
3310:ethanol
3306:butanol
3294:toluene
3229:scholar
3026:1.1066
2600:Hexane
2563:Often,
2538:density
2532:Density
2494:144.42
2443:115.25
2402:toluene
2303:Ethanol
2148:(DMSO)
2097:(MeCN)
2069:Acetone
1843:Toluene
1817:Benzene
1570:Ethanol
1373:Ammonia
1294:100–103
1232:(DMSO)
1196:(MeCN)
1117:Acetone
1031:aprotic
804:Toluene
760:Heptane
725:Benzene
625:Pentane
595:(g/mL)
592:Density
555:aprotic
503:acetone
428:vinegar
397:sucrose
286:Kosower
221:mercury
177:entropy
118:ethanol
94:acetone
86:toluene
70:organic
38:solvent
5341:Basic
5295:Tables
5259:
5229:
5219:
5180:
5170:
5162:
5121:
5113:
5078:
5068:
5029:
5021:
4974:
4966:
4931:
4923:
4847:
4797:
4787:
4779:
4694:
4539:
4509:
4377:
4242:
4211:
4018:, and
4012:esters
3989:nausea
3955:, the
3951:, the
3910:, and
3878:cancer
3860:, and
3804:sodium
3726:oxygen
3703:Ethers
3626:Safety
3362:xylene
3344:41.3%
3231:
3224:
3217:
3210:
3202:
3154:1.623
3146:1.594
3138:1.575
3130:1.498
3122:1.393
3114:1.382
3106:1.325
3098:1.306
3090:1.263
3082:1.261
3074:1.245
3050:1.118
3042:1.115
3034:1.107
3018:1.092
3002:1.049
2994:1.033
2978:1.028
2962:1.009
2954:1.000
2951:Water
2946:0.993
2938:0.982
2930:0.965
2922:0.944
2907:0.943
2897:0.937
2882:0.909
2874:0.898
2866:0.897
2855:0.895
2847:0.889
2839:0.886
2831:0.882
2823:0.879
2815:0.868
2807:0.867
2799:0.864
2788:0.861
2777:0.826
2769:0.814
2761:0.810
2753:0.809
2745:0.808
2737:0.805
2729:0.803
2721:0.802
2713:0.798
2705:0.791
2697:0.790
2689:0.789
2681:0.786
2673:0.785
2665:0.781
2654:0.779
2646:0.741
2635:0.728
2627:0.713
2619:0.707
2611:0.684
2603:0.659
2595:0.656
2587:0.626
2515:vacuum
2483:76.75
2467:99.24
2459:39.75
2451:116.5
2435:83.48
2376:H-O-H
2121:(DMF)
2007:(THF)
1728:(δD),
1695:1.000
1686:H-O-H
1631:0.791
1598:0.789
1595:24.55
1561:0.803
1517:0.785
1492:(IPA)
1481:0.810
1396:0.674
1390:-33.3
1363:protic
1361:Polar
1302:1.1371
1298:35.87
1219:0.786
1183:0.944
1156:(DMF)
1143:0.786
1108:0.894
1068:1.3266
1041:(DCM)
1029:Polar
974:0.886
948:(THF)
937:0.713
837:0.867
795:0.680
789:98.38
751:0.879
716:0.655
673:Hexane
664:0.626
559:protic
491:anions
483:protic
424:hexane
420:hexane
406:(e.g.
395:(e.g.
393:sugars
303:iodide
106:hexane
80:); as
76:(e.g.
5872:Alloy
5569:Redox
5405:Acyl)
5119:S2CID
4972:S2CID
4929:S2CID
4112:(log
4060:ASTDR
3961:brain
3949:liver
3802:from
3798:, or
3705:like
3676:steam
3662:Both
3324:10%,
3312:10%.
3308:10%,
3304:12%,
3300:18%,
3296:50%,
3236:JSTOR
3222:books
3066:1.22
3058:1.21
3010:1.08
2986:1.03
2970:1.01
2475:46.3
2385:42.3
2382:16.0
2379:15.5
2372:Water
2366:14.0
2363:10.0
2360:14.6
2347:22.3
2344:12.3
2341:14.7
2324:19.4
2318:15.8
2297:17.4
2291:16.0
2263:16.4
2257:15.8
2237:15.8
2231:16.0
2199:13.5
2193:14.5
2167:10.2
2164:16.4
2161:18.4
2140:11.3
2137:13.7
2134:17.4
2110:18.0
2107:15.3
2104:-C≡N
2086:10.4
2083:15.5
2057:17.0
2031:16.8
2019:-O-CH
1993:15.8
1954:17.5
1942:-O-CH
1917:17.8
1895:14.5
1885:-O-CH
1861:18.0
1831:18.4
1805:14.9
1698:1.85
1676:Water
1670:1.74
1666:1.049
1634:1.70
1625:64.7
1601:1.69
1592:78.2
1564:1.68
1520:1.66
1511:82.6
1484:1.63
1474:117.7
1434:1.41
1422:100.8
1402:1.42
1348:1.205
1344:64.0
1260:1.092
1256:46.7
1216:37.5
1209:-C≡N
1137:56.1
1111:1.78
1105:6.02
1102:77.1
1072:1.60
1061:39.6
1024:1.04
1020:1.498
1016:4.81
1013:61.2
977:1.75
940:1.15
931:34.6
920:-O-CH
896:0.45
892:1.033
884:101.1
849:ether
840:0.36
834:2.38
792:1.92
754:0.00
745:80.1
719:0.00
713:1.88
667:0.00
661:1.84
658:36.1
583:(°C)
487:water
416:waxes
404:salts
292:scale
279:scale
213:polar
150:phase
46:solvĹŤ
42:Latin
5458:(E2)
5447:(E1)
5257:ISBN
5227:PMID
5178:PMID
5160:ISSN
5111:PMID
5076:PMID
5027:PMID
5019:ISSN
4964:PMID
4921:PMID
4845:PMID
4795:PMID
4777:ISSN
4742:2021
4721:2018
4692:ISSN
4616:2018
4537:ISBN
4507:ISBN
4400:help
4375:PMID
4240:ISBN
4209:ISBN
4137:and
4083:IARC
3848:and
3775:and
3709:and
3666:and
3647:and
3631:Fire
3560:Name
3364:50%
3328:8%,
3282:Name
3269:USSR
3208:news
2660:tert
2641:tert
2404:and
2321:8.8
2294:6.8
2260:6.1
2234:5.7
2196:8.0
2113:6.1
2089:7.0
2063:7.1
2060:7.3
2037:8.0
2034:5.7
2011:/-CH
1999:7.2
1996:5.3
1960:9.0
1957:1.8
1950:-O-\
1934:/-CH
1923:5.7
1920:3.1
1911:CHCl
1901:4.6
1898:2.9
1867:2.0
1864:1.4
1837:2.0
1834:0.0
1811:0.0
1808:0.0
1720:The
1704:The
1689:100
1662:6.2
1430:1.21
1307:3.56
1265:3.96
1223:3.92
1187:3.82
1147:2.88
1064:9.1
1006:CHCl
971:7.5
934:4.3
888:2.3
798:0.0
774:C(CH
748:2.3
461:and
426:(or
412:oils
322:The
270:The
215:and
191:and
63:cell
5428:Ar)
5385:Ar)
5217:PMC
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5168:PMC
5150:doi
5103:doi
5099:200
5066:PMC
5058:doi
5011:doi
4956:doi
4913:doi
4909:378
4837:doi
4785:PMC
4769:doi
4684:doi
4653:doi
4477:doi
4367:doi
4332:doi
4282:doi
4236:134
4201:doi
3876:or
3332:7%
3191:by
2548:or
2338:OH
2315:OH
2288:OH
2228:OH
2023:-CH
2015:-CH
1987:-CH
1946:-CH
1938:-CH
1855:-CH
1692:80
1658:118
1628:33
1621:OH
1588:OH
1558:20
1555:97
1551:OH
1514:18
1478:18
1469:OH
1426:58
1393:17
1353:4.9
1340:240
1286:-NO
1252:189
1213:82
1180:38
1176:153
1140:21
1096:-CH
968:66
830:111
822:-CH
710:69
505:or
414:or
288:'s
6147::
5496:(A
5486:(A
5424:(S
5401:(S
5395:i)
5391:(S
5381:(S
5375:2)
5371:(S
5365:1)
5361:(S
5255:.
5225:.
5215:.
5203:.
5199:.
5176:.
5166:.
5158:.
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5140:.
5117:.
5109:.
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5064:.
5054:49
5052:.
5048:.
5025:.
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5009:.
4999:33
4993:.
4970:.
4962:.
4952:48
4950:.
4927:.
4919:.
4907:.
4888:.
4865:.
4843:.
4833:45
4831:.
4827:.
4793:.
4783:.
4775:.
4763:.
4759:.
4712:.
4690:.
4680:43
4678:.
4659:.
4647:.
4521:^
4491:^
4473:20
4471:.
4467:.
4417:^
4391::
4389:}}
4385:{{
4373:.
4365:.
4355:26
4353:.
4328:18
4326:.
4296:^
4278:56
4276:.
4272:.
4238:.
4207:.
4133:,
4071:|
4067:|
4014:,
4010:,
4006:,
4002:,
3906:,
3856:,
3832:.
3791:.
3682:,
2505:,
2334:CH
2311:CH
2307:CH
2284:CH
2280:CH
2276:CH
2247:CH
2224:CH
2220:CH
2216:CH
2212:CH
2186:CH
2151:CH
2100:CH
2073:CH
2051:Cl
2047:CH
2027:-\
1979:CH
1889:CH
1881:CH
1877:CH
1799:CH
1795:CH
1791:CH
1787:CH
1783:CH
1779:CH
1650:CH
1617:CH
1584:CH
1580:CH
1547:CH
1543:CH
1539:CH
1501:CH
1465:CH
1461:CH
1457:CH
1453:CH
1383:NH
1282:CH
1241:CH
1205:CH
1127:CH
1088:CH
1054:Cl
1050:CH
965:O
924:CH
916:CH
912:CH
782:CH
703:CH
699:CH
695:CH
691:CH
687:CH
683:CH
651:CH
647:CH
643:CH
639:CH
635:CH
606:)
497:.
457:,
443:Ď€*
364:.
309:.
296:UV
187:,
164:.
100:,
96:,
88:,
36:A
6061:)
6057:(
5793:e
5786:t
5779:v
5500:)
5498:N
5490:)
5488:E
5464:i
5462:E
5426:E
5403:N
5393:N
5383:N
5373:N
5363:N
5334:e
5327:t
5320:v
5265:.
5233:.
5211::
5184:.
5152::
5146:6
5125:.
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5082:.
5060::
5033:.
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4801:.
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4744:.
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4698:.
4686::
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4632:.
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4248:.
4217:.
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3991:/
3983:/
3806:/
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3252:(
3247:)
3243:(
3233:·
3226:·
3219:·
3212:·
3185:.
2917:N
2915:,
2913:N
2892:N
2890:,
2888:N
2861:o
2794:m
2783:p
2489:o
2336:3
2313:2
2309:3
2286:2
2282:2
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2270:n
2253:3
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2226:2
2222:2
2218:2
2214:3
2206:n
2188:3
2157:3
2153:3
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2126:3
2102:3
2079:3
2075:3
2053:2
2049:2
2025:2
2021:2
2017:2
2013:2
1989:3
1985:2
1981:3
1948:2
1944:2
1940:2
1936:2
1913:3
1891:3
1887:2
1883:2
1879:3
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1853:5
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1827:6
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1823:6
1821:C
1801:3
1797:2
1793:2
1789:2
1785:2
1781:3
1652:3
1619:3
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1582:3
1549:2
1545:2
1541:3
1527:n
1507:3
1503:3
1467:2
1463:2
1459:2
1455:3
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1385:3
1334:3
1332:O
1330:6
1328:H
1326:4
1324:C
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1243:3
1207:3
1171:2
1169:)
1167:3
1133:3
1129:3
1098:3
1094:2
1090:3
1056:2
1052:2
1008:3
963:8
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959:4
957:C
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879:2
877:O
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814:C
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780:5
778:)
776:2
772:3
770:H
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737:6
735:C
705:3
701:2
697:2
693:2
689:2
685:3
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645:2
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637:3
604:D
602:(
534:2
532:N
530:S
523:1
521:N
519:S
451:β
447:α
357:T
355:E
350:T
348:E
343:T
341:E
290:Z
277:Y
275:m
116:(
84:(
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