1374:
483:
864:
948:
1184:
1315:
6563:
3736:
3483:
3353:
1416:
shot leaves small dimples on the surface like a peen hammer does, which cause compression stress under the dimple. As the shot media strikes the material over and over, it forms many overlapping dimples throughout the piece being treated. The compression stress in the surface of the material strengthens the part and makes it more resistant to fatigue failure, stress failures, corrosion failure, and cracking.
1480:
6587:
3513:
38:
468:
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60:
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2149:
hammering of various heavy tools and weapons made from chemically pure copper; 2) a big number of gold decorations and ornaments. Metallurgical revolution and CBMP formation emerged independently from centers of the Proto-Metal area where in the 5th millennium BCE there continued a limited production of primitive handmade copper goods.
1524:, is another valuable tool available to the modern metallurgist. Crystallography allows identification of unknown materials and reveals the crystal structure of the sample. Quantitative crystallography can be used to calculate the amount of phases present as well as the degree of strain to which a sample has been subjected.
1401:
receiving the coating material. Two electrodes are electrically charged and the coating material is stuck to the work piece. It is used to reduce corrosion as well as to improve the product's aesthetic appearance. It is also used to make inexpensive metals look like the more expensive ones (gold, silver).
1449:
through which metals and metal alloys are deposited onto nonconductive surfaces. These nonconductive surfaces include plastics, ceramics, and glass etc., which can then become decorative, anti-corrosive, and conductive depending on their final functions. Electroless deposition is a chemical processes
1415:
Shot peening is a cold working process used to finish metal parts. In the process of shot peening, small round shot is blasted against the surface of the part to be finished. This process is used to prolong the product life of the part, prevent stress corrosion failures, and also prevent fatigue. The
1337:
process softens the metal by heating it and then allowing it to cool very slowly, which gets rid of stresses in the metal and makes the grain structure large and soft-edged so that, when the metal is hit or stressed it dents or perhaps bends, rather than breaking; it is also easier to sand, grind, or
2253:
Egypt and adjacent regions closely mimic the metallurgical trajectories of the nearby Middle East. Egyptian metallurgy started with the working of copper around 4000 BC. (p.17) The earliest evidence for metallurgy in Africa comes from the Nile Delta in Egypt and is associated with the Maadi culture
1152:
Determining the hardness of the metal using the
Rockwell, Vickers, and Brinell hardness scales is a commonly used practice that helps better understand the metal's elasticity and plasticity for different applications and production processes. In a saltwater environment, most ferrous metals and some
2148:
The general area of the
Carpatho-Balkan Metallurgical Province (CBMP) equaled approximately 1.5 million sq. km spread from the Danubian basin in the Western flank to the Mid and Lower Volga basin in the Eastern flank of this province. The most characteristic features of the CBMP are 1) casting and
1400:
to the surface of the product. This is done by selecting the coating material electrolyte solution, which is the material that is going to coat the workpiece (gold, silver, zinc). There needs to be two electrodes of different materials: one the same material as the coating material and one that is
928:
Tailings of a previous process may be used as a feed in another process to extract a secondary product from the original ore. Additionally, a concentrate may contain more than one valuable metal. That concentrate would then be processed to separate the valuable metals into individual constituents.
917:
After mining, large pieces of the ore feed are broken through crushing or grinding in order to obtain particles small enough, where each particle is either mostly valuable or mostly waste. Concentrating the particles of value in a form supporting separation enables the desired metal to be removed
1430:
Thermal spraying techniques are another popular finishing option, and often have better high temperature properties than electroplated coatings. Thermal spraying, also known as a spray welding process, is an industrial coating process that consists of a heat source (flame or other) and a coating
1431:
material that can be in a powder or wire form, which is melted then sprayed on the surface of the material being treated at a high velocity. The spray treating process is known by many different names such as HVOF (High
Velocity Oxygen Fuel), plasma spray, flame spray, arc spray and metalizing.
2113:
The scale and technical quality of the
Carpathian-Balkan copper industry totally overshadows that of any other contemporary production centre. This, together with the late sixth-millennium date for its beginning, gives strong support to the suggestion that the art of copper smelting was first
1285:– metallic powder is blown through a movable laser beam (e.g. mounted on a NC 5-axis machine). The resulting melted metal reaches a substrate to form a melt pool. By moving the laser head, it is possible to stack the tracks and build up a three-dimensional piece.
640:'. With the Carpatho-Balkan region described as the 'earliest metallurgical province in Eurasia', its scale and technical quality of metal production in the 6th–5th millennia BC totally overshadowed that of any other contemporary production centre.
190:. Metal alloys are often a blend of at least two different metallic elements. However, non-metallic elements are often added to alloys in order to achieve properties suitable for an application. The study of metal production is subdivided into
212:
Modern metallurgists work in both emerging and traditional areas as part of an interdisciplinary team alongside material scientists and other engineers. Some traditional areas include mineral processing, metal production, heat treatment,
2267:
1759:
1354:
Often, mechanical and thermal treatments are combined in what are known as thermo-mechanical treatments for better properties and more efficient processing of materials. These processes are common to high-alloy special steels,
1997:
1501:
In metallography, an alloy of interest is ground flat and polished to a mirror finish. The sample can then be etched to reveal the microstructure and macrostructure of the metal. The sample is then examined in an optical or
2114:
perfected in the
Balkans. The region can also claim to be the first to produce gold, beginning in the mid-fifth millennium, five hundred years or more before the earliest gold objects appear in the Near East.
925:. Leaching dissolves minerals in an ore body and results in an enriched solution. The solution is collected and processed to extract valuable metals. Ore bodies often contain more than one valuable metal.
1994:
H.I. Haiko, V.S. Biletskyi. First metals discovery and development the sacral component phenomenon. // Theoretical and
Practical Solutions of Mineral Resources Mining // A Balkema Book, London, 2015, р.
2349:
1211:, centrifugal casting, both vertical and horizontal, and continuous castings. Each of these forms has advantages for certain metals and applications considering factors like magnetism and corrosion.
1121:
products. This involves production of alloys, shaping, heat treatment and surface treatment of product. The task of the metallurgist is to achieve balance between material properties, such as cost,
1698:
3549:
1993:
1298:
processes, in which the product's shape is altered by rolling, fabrication or other processes, while the product is cold, can increase the strength of the product by a process called
849:, describes the highly developed and complex processes of mining metal ores, metal extraction, and metallurgy of the time. Agricola has been described as the "father of metallurgy".
659:. The artifacts suggest that lead smelting may have predated copper smelting. The earliest confirmed metallurgy of lead has been found in the Balkans, also in the 6th millennium BC.
1157:
conditions may undergo a ductile to brittle transition and lose their toughness, becoming more brittle and prone to cracking. Metals under continual cyclic loading can suffer from
772:
Historical developments in ferrous metallurgy can be found in a wide variety of past cultures and civilizations. This includes the ancient and medieval kingdoms and empires of the
2014:
Radivojević, Miljana; Rehren, Thilo; Pernicka, Ernst; Šljivar, Dušan; Brauns, Michael; Borić, Dušan (2010). "On the origins of extractive metallurgy: New evidence from Europe".
139:. Chemical metallurgy is chiefly concerned with the reduction and oxidation of metals, and the chemical performance of metals. Subjects of study in chemical metallurgy include
1350:
relieves stresses in the metal that were caused by the hardening process; tempering makes the metal less hard while making it better able to sustain impacts without breaking.
3458:
982:, are also part of the iron-carbon system. Iron-Manganese-Chromium alloys (Hadfield-type steels) are also used in non-magnetic applications such as directional drilling.
3613:
163:
focuses on the mechanical properties of metals, the physical properties of metals, and the physical performance of metals. Topics studied in physical metallurgy include
2319:
3791:
458:
5658:
5549:
5290:
4886:
1344:
is the process of cooling metal very quickly after heating, thus "freezing" the metal's molecules in the very hard martensite form, which makes the metal harder.
209:, while non-ferrous metallurgy involves processes and alloys based on other metals. The production of ferrous metals accounts for 95% of world metal production.
2451:
5759:
5505:
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584:
Certain metals, such as tin, lead, and copper can be recovered from their ores by simply heating the rocks in a fire or blast furnace in a process known as
5764:
3542:
2341:
5337:
4788:
1736:
1051:
Aluminium alloys and magnesium alloys are commonly used, when a lightweight strong part is required such as in automotive and aerospace applications.
2495:
1326:
to alter the properties of strength, ductility, toughness, hardness and resistance to corrosion. Common heat treatment processes include annealing,
438:
5742:
3399:
3261:
446:
320:
In the late 19th century, metallurgy's definition was extended to the more general scientific study of metals, alloys, and related processes. In
5786:
3535:
1695:
974:(those that contain essentially only carbon as an alloying element) are used in low-cost, high-strength applications, where neither weight nor
700:, approximately 4 km from the city centre, internationally considered one of the key archaeological sites in world prehistory. The oldest
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treasure in the world, dating from 4,600 BC to 4,200 BC, was discovered at the site. The gold piece dating from 4,500 BC, found in 2019 in
168:
3506:
2205:
5651:
724:, United Kingdom. The precise beginnings, however, have not be clearly ascertained and new discoveries are both continuous and ongoing.
442:
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2199:
1668:
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The earliest documented use of lead (possibly native or smelted) in the Near East dates from the 6th millennium BC, is from the late
4915:
3821:
3448:
2106:
2079:
462:
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from its ore into a workable metal is much more difficult than for copper or tin. The process appears to have been invented by the
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5009:
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182:
Historically, metallurgy has predominately focused on the production of metals. Metal production begins with the processing of
112:
and the engineering of metal components used in products for both consumers and manufacturers. Metallurgy is distinct from the
125:
6482:
5644:
2976:
2796:
2435:
2415:
2311:
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1021:. These metals are most often used as alloys with the noted exception of silicon, which is not a metal. Other forms include:
214:
176:
1934:
1825:
1727:
1674:
588:. The first evidence of copper smelting, dating from the 6th millennium BC, has been found at archaeological sites in
5925:
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5147:
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3178:
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450:
2127:
1964:
4005:
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6128:
6099:
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6032:
5410:
5211:
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3171:
3166:
2816:
2518:"Casting Process, Types of Casting Process, Casting Process Tips, Selecting Casting Process, Casting Process Helps"
1029:
313:
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637:
1795:"The Question of Meteoritic versus Smelted Nickel-Rich Iron: Archaeological Evidence and Experimental Results"
863:
482:
1506:, and the image contrast provides details on the composition, mechanical properties, and processing history.
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954:, the most common metal used in metallurgy, is shown in different forms, including cubes, chips, and nuggets
1722:
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1114:
1037:
712:
is another important example. Other signs of early metals are found from the third millennium BC in
663:
555:
199:
65:
4552:
2487:
738:, about 3,500 BC, it was discovered that by combining copper and tin, a superior metal could be made, an
6477:
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is a chemical surface-treatment technique. It involves bonding a thin layer of another metal such as
629:
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246:
90:
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2372:"Ancient high-carbon steel from southern Tamil Nadu India microstructural and elemental analysis"
1817:
1204:
1158:
1142:
1101:
667:
238:
191:
140:
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2164:
Ex oriente lux? – Ein
Diskussionsbeitrag zur Stellung der frühen Kupfermetallurgie Südosteuropas
1187:
An open-die drop forging with two dies of an ingot, which is then further processed into a wheel
604:. The site of Pločnik has produced a smelted copper axe dating from 5,500 BC, belonging to the
6548:
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1976:
1902:
1809:
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1162:
1126:
1117:, metallurgy is concerned with the production of metallic components for use in consumer or
1033:
922:
689:
633:
625:
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605:
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369:
327:
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311:
signifying a process, especially manufacturing: it was discussed in this sense in the 1797
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1930:
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709:
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609:
566:, dating from the 7th/6th millennia BC, with the use of copper minerals also found in the
164:
3496:
2632:"Thermal Spray, Plasma Spray, HVOF, Flame Spray, Metalizing & Thermal Spray Coating"
2027:
1291:– Sintering or melting amorphous powder metal in a 3D space to make any object to shape.
1149:
extremes. To achieve this goal, the operating environment must be carefully considered.
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6311:
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1599:
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1381:
1323:
1299:
1089:
1082:
921:
Mining may not be necessary, if the ore body and physical environment are conducive to
840:
573:
Metallurgy likely originated in the
Balkans, with the earliest confirmed metallurgy of
507:
363:
230:
148:
3352:
2571:
2517:
2143:
2128:"Metallurgical Provinces of Eurasia in the Early Metal Age: Problems of Interrelation"
2048:
1980:
1965:"Metallurgical Provinces of Eurasia in the Early Metal Age: Problems of Interrelation"
1314:
910:
are interested in three primary streams: feed, concentrate (metal oxide/sulphide) and
6619:
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6383:
6108:
5942:
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5808:
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3990:
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2228:
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1534:
1491:
1455:
1446:
886:
and refining the extracted raw metals into a purer form. In order to convert a metal
682:
621:
551:
526:". Small amounts of natural gold have been found in Spanish caves dating to the late
402:
265:
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6265:
6180:
6156:
6146:
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5974:
5873:
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1487:
1479:
1410:
1295:
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1200:
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1074:
979:
971:
907:
872:
817:
765:. The secret of extracting and working iron was a key factor in the success of the
717:
547:
523:
519:
426:
117:
5437:
1813:
2274:
Gems and
Gemstones: Timeless Natural Beauty of the Mineral World, By Lance Grande
2096:
2074:. New York University, Institute for the Study of the Ancient World. p. 29.
2069:
1794:
1658:
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1303:
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1118:
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903:
801:
773:
766:
527:
487:
242:
1907:
1890:
405:
US and is the first-listed variant in various
American dictionaries, including
5571:
5464:
5422:
5238:
5201:
5164:
4647:
4559:
4424:
4386:
4287:
4260:
4180:
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4010:
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3932:
3843:
3811:
3684:
2238:
2035:
1769:
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1356:
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1062:
1058:) are used in highly corrosive environments and for non-magnetic applications.
868:
747:
728:
721:
705:
674:
652:
648:
467:
430:
105:
37:
1916:
1227:– a billet is passed through successively narrower rollers to create a sheet.
1096:. In modern electronics, high purity single crystal silicon is essential for
581:
has also been described as the "earliest metallurgical province in Eurasia".
6501:
5803:
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5378:
5270:
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3667:
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2901:
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1633:
1483:
Metallography allows the metallurgist to study the microstructure of metals.
1341:
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1138:
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899:
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304:
226:
156:
17:
1939:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. pp. 60–61.
1265:
is heated in a non-oxidizing environment after being compressed into a die.
131:
The science of metallurgy is further subdivided into two broad categories:
59:
27:
Field of science that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metals
6523:
5253:
5189:
4994:
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4729:
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4277:
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3273:
2488:"Metal Hardness Tests: Difference Between Rockwell, Brinell, and Vickers"
1521:
1393:
1010:
994:
911:
805:
793:
762:
758:
693:
593:
585:
577:, copper, gold, bronze, and probably silver. The area of the Balkans and
502:(in grey), iron (in reddish brown), gold (in yellow), silver (in white),
476:
121:
44:
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6543:
5315:
5221:
5107:
5065:
5041:
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4292:
4250:
4113:
4032:
3985:
3973:
3699:
1891:"Early Balkan Metallurgy: Origins, Evolution and Society, 6200–3700 BC"
1604:
1569:
1368:
1214:
1066:
1018:
891:
713:
567:
491:
422:
222:
218:
101:
2194:. Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World. Wiley. pp. 302–303.
1821:
5383:
5060:
4920:
4898:
4751:
4687:
4632:
4022:
4000:
3968:
3942:
2312:"World's Oldest Gold Object May Have Just Been Unearthed in Bulgaria"
1462:
1445:
Electroless deposition (ED) or electroless plating is defined as the
1389:
1122:
1097:
1006:
998:
821:
813:
797:
743:
601:
535:
531:
495:
298:
286:
274:
5449:
5169:
5053:
4903:
4857:
4719:
4574:
4522:
4468:
4098:
4064:
1517:
1478:
1451:
1372:
1313:
1252:
1182:
1055:
986:
963:
946:
942:
938:
895:
887:
862:
833:
829:
825:
809:
789:
785:
739:
678:
481:
466:
187:
124:
relies on medical science for technical advancement. A specialist
113:
109:
94:
83:
48:
727:
In approximately 1900 BC, ancient iron smelting sites existed in
186:
to extract the metal, and includes the mixture of metals to make
6518:
5395:
5356:
5036:
4836:
4692:
4622:
4542:
4414:
3927:
1936:
Roots of Ancient Greek Civilization: The Influence of Old Europe
1490:
study the microscopic and macroscopic structure of metals using
1397:
1385:
1014:
959:
951:
781:
754:
701:
685:. This represents the earliest evidence for smelting in Africa.
656:
574:
563:
543:
515:
503:
206:
5640:
4963:
4602:
3868:
3773:
3531:
2660:
1233:– a hot and malleable metal is forced under pressure through a
546:
can also be found in native form, allowing a limited amount of
307:'s term for the extraction of metals from minerals, the ending
120:. Metalworking relies on metallurgy in a similar manner to how
6528:
4999:
4707:
4473:
4431:
2656:
1153:
non-ferrous alloys corrode quickly. Metals exposed to cold or
883:
539:
499:
384:
348:
183:
2071:
The Lost World of Old Europe: The Danube Valley, 5000-3500 BC
2068:
Anthony, David (2010). Anthony, David; Chi, Jennifer (eds.).
696:, is a burial site located in the western industrial zone of
514:
The earliest recorded metal employed by humans appears to be
292:
280:
268:
746:. This represented a major technological shift known as the
387:
2233:. SpringerBriefs in Archaeology. Springer. pp. 17–19.
393:
378:
354:
333:
390:
351:
205:
Ferrous metallurgy involves processes and alloys based on
1861:. Vol. 1. John Wiley & Sons, 2012. p. 296.
342:
1377:
A simplified diagram of electroplating copper on a metal
2191:
A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East
1859:
A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East
1318:
A heat treating furnace at 1,800 °F (980 °C)
636:, which are often grouped together under the name of '
1306:
in the metal, which resist further changes of shape.
1048:
are used, where resistance to corrosion is important.
882:
is the practice of removing valuable metals from an
381:
345:
339:
6460:
6221:
6137:
6058:
6008:
5884:
5827:
5703:
5493:
5306:
5133:
4980:
4845:
4809:
4658:
4615:
4405:
4236:
4209:
4134:
4051:
3956:
3881:
3658:
3627:
3596:
3566:
3424:
3408:
3360:
3124:
3066:
2985:
2910:
2837:
2730:
2717:
2602:"What is Shot Peening – How Does Shot Peening Work"
1889:Radivojević, Miljana; Roberts, Benjamin W. (2021).
375:
372:
336:
330:
82:that studies the physical and chemical behavior of
1069:are used in high-temperature applications such as
2098:By Steppe, Desert and Ocean: The Birth of Eurasia
867:An illustration of a furnace bellows operated by
68:, the process of pouring molten metal into a mold
459:History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent
666:and at the site of Tal-i Iblis in southeastern
5652:
3785:
3543:
2672:
958:Much effort has been placed on understanding
229:). Emerging areas for metallurgists include
8:
1660:Physical Metallurgy: Principles and Practice
401:pronunciation is the more common one in the
362:pronunciation is the more common one in the
2049:Neolithic Vinca was a metallurgical culture
978:are a major concern. Cast irons, including
673:Copper smelting is first documented in the
554:artifacts have been documented at sites in
5659:
5645:
5637:
4977:
4960:
4612:
4599:
4057:
3878:
3865:
3792:
3778:
3770:
3550:
3536:
3528:
2727:
2679:
2665:
2657:
2058:Stonepages from news sources November 2007
1279:and bent and welded into structural shape.
662:Copper smelting is documented at sites in
128:of metallurgy is known as a metallurgist.
1906:
1624:Moore, John Jeremy; Boyce, E. A. (1990).
93:, and their mixtures, which are known as
2101:. Oxford University Press. p. 105.
1853:Potts, Daniel T., ed. (15 August 2012).
1764:. Boston, MA: Springer US. pp. ix.
824:, medieval Europe, ancient and medieval
439:Mining and metallurgy in medieval Europe
2254:dating between 4000 and 3200 BC. (p.19)
1616:
1195:– molten metal is poured into a shaped
447:Metallurgy in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica
217:, and the joining of metals (including
108:of metals, including the production of
3459:Electrical and electronics engineering
2342:"Ancient Smelting in Tamil Nadu India"
2322:from the original on 28 September 2019
2291:from the original on 28 September 2019
2208:from the original on 21 September 2020
2528:from the original on 18 December 2017
2498:from the original on 14 December 2017
2428:The Living World of the Old Testament
2310:Magazine, Smithsonian; Daley, Jason.
2161:Rosenstock, Eva; et al. (2016).
1958:
1956:
1831:from the original on 22 December 2015
962:–carbon alloy system, which includes
761:in about 1200 BC, beginning the
7:
6574:
3747:
3492:
2453:HISTORY of Geology and Palaeontology
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1848:
1846:
1207:, also called the lost wax process,
303:, "work" The word was originally an
202:, also known as colored metallurgy.
51:, Nicaragua in the late 20th century
6598:
3502:
2642:from the original on 14 August 2022
2548:Metallurgy for the Non-Metallurgist
2352:from the original on 4 October 2022
681:in c. 4000 BC, associated with the
443:Metallurgy in pre-Columbian America
1739:from the original on 1 August 2014
1237:, which shapes it before it cools.
894:to a purer metal, the ore must be
612:region were the location of major
25:
4916:Megalithic architectural elements
2612:from the original on 12 June 2018
2582:from the original on 15 June 2019
2388:from the original on 20 June 2023
2144:10.2355/isijinternational.54.1002
2016:Journal of Archaeological Science
1981:10.2355/isijinternational.54.1002
1761:The Extractive Metallurgy of Gold
1677:from the original on 24 June 2021
1454:coatings on various materials by
1088:For extremely high temperatures,
463:Non-ferrous extractive metallurgy
80:materials science and engineering
6597:
6585:
6573:
6562:
6561:
3746:
3735:
3734:
3511:
3501:
3491:
3482:
3481:
3351:
510:(in yellow), and tin (in bronze)
486:The mining areas of the ancient
368:
326:
100:Metallurgy encompasses both the
58:
36:
5535:Evolutionary origin of religion
2492:ESI Engineering Specialties Inc
1271:– sheets of metal are cut with
2550:(2nd ed.), ASM International,
1663:(3rd ed.). PHI Learning.
1585:Metallurgical failure analysis
1565:Experimental archaeometallurgy
1199:. Variants of casting include
1145:resistance and performance in
1054:Copper-nickel alloys (such as
570:during the 7th millennium BC.
1:
5926:Interface and colloid science
5680:Glossary of chemical formulae
5148:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
4678:British megalith architecture
1814:10.1080/00438243.1989.9980081
1165:at elevated temperatures can
435:History of ferrous metallurgy
5143:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
4683:Nordic megalith architecture
2709:List of engineering branches
2227:Chirikure, Shadreck (2015).
2167:. Leidorf. pp. 59–122.
1330:, quenching, and tempering:
1255:cut the cold metal to shape.
1092:alloys are used to minimize
518:, which can be found either
299:
287:
275:
155:, and chemical degradation (
6203:Bioorganometallic chemistry
5690:List of inorganic compounds
2606:www.engineeredabrasives.com
1895:Journal of World Prehistory
1758:Yannopoulos, J. C. (1991).
1728:Oxford Learner's Dictionary
1328:precipitation strengthening
1030:Austenitic stainless steels
608:. The Balkans and adjacent
451:Copper metallurgy in Africa
257:Etymology and pronunciation
6647:
6129:Dynamic covalent chemistry
6100:Enantioselective synthesis
6080:Physical organic chemistry
6033:Organolanthanide chemistry
5291:British Isles and Brittany
5212:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
2572:"How electroplating works"
2126:Chernykh, Evgenij (2014).
1963:Chernykh, Evgenij (2014).
1908:10.1007/s10963-021-09155-7
1494:, a technique invented by
1472:
1438:
1423:
1408:
1366:
1176:
936:
856:
420:
407:Merriam-Webster Collegiate
293:
281:
279:, "worker in metal", from
269:
6557:
5718:Electroanalytical methods
5675:
4976:
4959:
4611:
4598:
4060:
3877:
3864:
3807:
3730:
3477:
3349:
2694:
2636:www.precisioncoatings.com
2239:10.1007/978-3-319-11641-9
2054:19 September 2017 at the
2036:10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.012
1770:10.1007/978-1-4684-8425-0
1709:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
1302:. Work hardening creates
455:Iron metallurgy in Africa
171:, mechanical metallurgy,
169:material characterization
6473:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
6389:Supramolecular chemistry
6028:Organometallic chemistry
3705:Condensed-matter physics
2379:www.currentscience.ac.in
2270:12 February 2020 at the
2230:Metals in Past Societies
2095:Cunliffe, Barry (2015).
1161:. Metals under constant
91:inter-metallic compounds
6411:Combinatorial chemistry
6322:Food physical chemistry
6285:Environmental chemistry
6169:Bioorthogonal chemistry
6095:Retrosynthetic analysis
5916:Chemical thermodynamics
5899:Spectroelectrochemistry
5842:Computational chemistry
5523:Evolutionary musicology
4926:Oldest extant buildings
4853:Archaeological features
4372:Prepared-core technique
3370:Bachelor of Engineering
3212:Engineering mathematics
2546:Arthur Reardon (2011),
2522:www.themetalcasting.com
2462:10.5962/bhl.title.33301
2000:8 December 2015 at the
1733:Oxford University Press
1701:18 January 2015 at the
1634:10.1016/c2013-0-00969-3
1221:is hammered into shape.
839:A 16th century book by
832:, ancient and medieval
828:, ancient and medieval
314:Encyclopædia Britannica
6483:of element discoveries
6329:Agricultural chemistry
6317:Carbohydrate chemistry
6208:Bioinorganic chemistry
6073:Alkane stereochemistry
6018:Coordination chemistry
5847:Mathematical chemistry
5713:Instrumental chemistry
5485:Unchambered long cairn
5333:Mound Builders culture
4666:Neolithic architecture
3801:Prehistoric technology
3469:Structural engineering
3464:Mechanical engineering
3207:Engineering management
2448:Karl Alfred von Zittel
2426:B. W. Anderson (1975)
1855:"Northern Mesopotamia"
1793:E. Photos, E. (2010).
1580:Gold phosphine complex
1484:
1441:Electroless deposition
1435:Electroless deposition
1378:
1319:
1188:
1173:Metalworking processes
1115:production engineering
1100:transistors (MOS) and
955:
876:
511:
479:
200:non-ferrous metallurgy
6478:Timeline of chemistry
6375:Post-mortem chemistry
6360:Clandestine chemistry
6290:Atmospheric chemistry
6213:Biophysical chemistry
6045:Solid-state chemistry
5995:Equilibrium chemistry
5904:Photoelectrochemistry
5160:List of Stone Age art
4362:Microblade technology
4310:Langdale axe industry
3908:Ard / plough
3673:Solid-state chemistry
3449:Aerospace engineering
3362:Engineering education
2346:www.indianexpress.com
2285:"World's oldest gold"
1482:
1447:autocatalytic process
1376:
1359:and titanium alloys.
1317:
1186:
950:
918:from waste products.
880:Extractive metallurgy
866:
859:Extractive metallurgy
485:
470:
249:(semiconductors) and
173:phase transformations
6468:History of chemistry
6423:Chemical engineering
6198:Bioorganic chemistry
5948:Structural chemistry
5685:List of biomolecules
5567:Prehistoric medicine
5562:Prehistoric counting
5545:Prehistoric religion
5540:Paleolithic religion
5518:Behavioral modernity
4875:Causewayed enclosure
4767:Abri de la Madeleine
3891:Neolithic Revolution
3597:Material independent
3390:Graduate certificate
2408:The Bible as History
2316:Smithsonian Magazine
2188:Potts, D.T. (2012).
1657:Raghavan, V (2015).
933:Metal and its alloys
579:Carpathian Mountains
247:electronic materials
243:biomedical materials
145:extraction of metals
6491:The central science
6445:Ceramic engineering
6370:Forensic toxicology
6343:Chemistry education
6241:Radiation chemistry
6223:Interdisciplinarity
6176:Medicinal chemistry
6114:Fullerene chemistry
5990:Microwave chemistry
5859:Molecular mechanics
5854:Molecular modelling
5606:Prehistoric warfare
4352:Magdalenian culture
4315:Levallois technique
4246:Earliest toolmaking
3720:Solid-state physics
3715:Soft-matter physics
3695:Nuclear engineering
3614:Fundamental aspects
3588:Polymer engineering
3579:Ceramic engineering
3375:Bachelor of Science
3217:Engineering physics
3201:Engineering drawing
2723:Interdisciplinarity
2028:2010JArSc..37.2775R
1626:Chemical Metallurgy
1555:Carbonyl metallurgy
1504:electron microscope
1496:Henry Clifton Sorby
1338:cut annealed metal.
1304:microscopic defects
1102:integrated circuits
1098:metal-oxide-silicon
972:Plain carbon steels
677:region of northern
616:cultures including
558:and at the site of
550:in early cultures.
530:period, 40,000 BC.
471:Artefacts from the
251:surface engineering
161:physical metallurgy
137:physical metallurgy
133:chemical metallurgy
6534:Chemical substance
6396:Chemical synthesis
6365:Forensic chemistry
6246:Actinide chemistry
6188:Clinical chemistry
5869:Molecular geometry
5864:Molecular dynamics
5819:Elemental analysis
5772:Separation process
5557:Origin of language
5550:Spiritual drug use
5460:Rectangular dolmen
5362:Dartmoor kistvaens
5175:Carved stone balls
4887:Circular enclosure
4846:Other architecture
4789:Alp pile dwellings
4377:Solutrean industry
4288:Gravettian culture
3938:Secondary products
3690:Mining engineering
2977:Telecommunications
2882:Naval architecture
2638:. Saint Paul, MN.
2576:Explain that Stuff
2132:ISIJ International
1969:ISIJ International
1485:
1465:in a liquid bath.
1459:chemical reduction
1379:
1320:
1205:investment casting
1189:
1044:, or occasionally
985:Other engineering
956:
877:
836:, amongst others.
753:The extraction of
512:
480:
291:, "mine, metal" +
192:ferrous metallurgy
177:failure mechanisms
141:mineral processing
6613:
6612:
6549:Quantum mechanics
6514:Chemical compound
6497:Chemical reaction
6435:Materials science
6353:General chemistry
6348:Amateur chemistry
6276:Photogeochemistry
6261:Stellar chemistry
6231:Nuclear chemistry
6152:Molecular biology
6119:Polymer chemistry
6090:Organic synthesis
6085:Organic reactions
6050:Ceramic chemistry
6040:Cluster chemistry
5970:Chemical kinetics
5958:Molecular physics
5837:Quantum chemistry
5750:Mass spectrometry
5634:
5633:
5630:
5629:
5626:
5625:
5579:Prehistoric music
5528:music archaeology
5185:Cup and ring mark
5010:Clothing/textiles
4955:
4954:
4951:
4950:
4594:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4397:Yubetsu technique
4382:Striking platform
4347:Lithic technology
4232:
4231:
4217:Game drive system
4136:Projectile points
4028:Mortar and pestle
3767:
3766:
3678:Polymer chemistry
3660:Interdisciplinary
3560:materials science
3525:
3524:
3454:Civil engineering
3400:Licensed engineer
3395:Engineer's degree
3347:
3346:
3179:Building services
3162:Health technology
3023:Chemical reaction
2972:Signal processing
2406:W. Keller (1963)
2248:978-3-319-11640-2
2174:978-3-86757-010-7
1946:978-0-7864-7827-9
1868:978-1-4443-6077-6
1802:World Archaeology
1779:978-1-4684-8427-4
1540:Archaeometallurgy
670:from c. 5000 BC.
600:, in present-day
411:American Heritage
264:derives from the
159:). In contrast,
16:(Redirected from
6638:
6601:
6600:
6589:
6577:
6576:
6565:
6564:
6509:Chemical element
6164:Chemical biology
6023:Magnetochemistry
6000:Mechanochemistry
5953:Chemical physics
5894:Electrochemistry
5799:Characterization
5661:
5654:
5647:
5638:
5594:Divje Babe flute
5501:Archaeoastronomy
5244:Petrosomatoglyph
4978:
4961:
4810:Water management
4613:
4600:
4503:Denticulate tool
4325:Lithic reduction
4058:
3879:
3866:
3794:
3787:
3780:
3771:
3750:
3749:
3738:
3737:
3650:Microelectronics
3604:Characterization
3552:
3545:
3538:
3529:
3515:
3505:
3504:
3495:
3494:
3485:
3484:
3355:
2942:Electromechanics
2728:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2564:
2558:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2494:. 14 June 2017.
2484:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2464:. Archived from
2444:
2438:
2424:
2418:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2387:
2376:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2281:
2275:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2138:(5): 1002–1009.
2123:
2117:
2116:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2065:
2059:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2011:
2005:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1975:(5): 1002–1009.
1960:
1951:
1950:
1931:Haarmann, Harald
1927:
1921:
1920:
1910:
1886:
1873:
1872:
1850:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1830:
1799:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1719:
1713:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1621:
1595:Mineral industry
1475:Characterization
1469:Characterization
1426:Thermal spraying
1420:Thermal spraying
1249:milling machines
1079:pressure vessels
1034:galvanized steel
904:electrolytically
690:Varna Necropolis
560:Tell Maghzaliyah
473:Varna Necropolis
400:
399:
396:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
361:
360:
357:
356:
353:
350:
347:
344:
341:
338:
335:
332:
302:
296:
295:
290:
284:
283:
278:
272:
271:
215:failure analysis
196:black metallurgy
153:electrochemistry
62:
40:
21:
6646:
6645:
6641:
6640:
6639:
6637:
6636:
6635:
6616:
6615:
6614:
6609:
6553:
6456:
6450:Polymer science
6406:Click chemistry
6401:Green chemistry
6295:Ocean chemistry
6271:Biogeochemistry
6217:
6133:
6105:Total synthesis
6068:Stereochemistry
6054:
6004:
5921:Surface science
5911:Thermochemistry
5880:
5823:
5794:Crystallography
5699:
5671:
5665:
5635:
5622:
5489:
5475:Stone box grave
5445:Megalithic tomb
5350:Cotswold-Severn
5302:
5207:Guardian stones
5135:Prehistoric art
5129:
4972:
4947:
4936:Timber trackway
4841:
4805:
4801:Wattle and daub
4654:
4633:Standing stones
4607:
4586:
4401:
4228:
4205:
4130:
4047:
3957:Food processing
3952:
3901:New World crops
3873:
3860:
3803:
3798:
3768:
3763:
3726:
3710:Polymer physics
3654:
3640:Surface science
3635:Crystallography
3623:
3592:
3584:Polymer science
3562:
3556:
3526:
3521:
3473:
3420:
3404:
3380:Master's degree
3356:
3343:
3257:Instrumentation
3120:
3062:
3028:Electrochemical
2981:
2967:Radio frequency
2906:
2833:
2797:Municipal/Urban
2721:
2719:
2713:
2690:
2685:
2655:
2645:
2643:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2615:
2613:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2585:
2583:
2568:Woodford, Chris
2566:
2565:
2561:
2545:
2541:
2531:
2529:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2501:
2499:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2471:
2469:
2468:on 4 March 2016
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2348:. 14 May 2022.
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2013:
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2002:Wayback Machine
1992:
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1510:Crystallography
1477:
1471:
1443:
1437:
1428:
1422:
1413:
1407:
1371:
1365:
1312:
1181:
1175:
1111:
1083:heat exchangers
1042:titanium alloys
1028:, particularly
1026:Stainless steel
945:
937:Main articles:
935:
861:
855:
846:De re metallica
796:in present-day
647:settlements of
475:in present-day
465:
419:
371:
367:
329:
325:
259:
235:superconductors
194:(also known as
165:crystallography
78:is a domain of
73:
72:
71:
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69:
63:
54:
53:
52:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
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6362:
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6355:
6350:
6339:
6338:
6337:
6336:
6334:Soil chemistry
6326:
6325:
6324:
6319:
6312:Food chemistry
6309:
6307:Carbochemistry
6304:
6302:Clay chemistry
6299:
6298:
6297:
6292:
6281:
6280:
6279:
6278:
6273:
6263:
6257:Astrochemistry
6253:Cosmochemistry
6250:
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6248:
6243:
6238:
6236:Radiochemistry
6227:
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6200:
6195:
6193:Neurochemistry
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6124:Petrochemistry
6121:
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6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
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6064:
6062:
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6042:
6037:
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6035:
6025:
6020:
6014:
6012:
6006:
6005:
6003:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5985:Spin chemistry
5982:
5980:Photochemistry
5977:
5972:
5967:
5965:Femtochemistry
5962:
5961:
5960:
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5945:
5940:
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5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
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5901:
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5888:
5882:
5881:
5879:
5878:
5877:
5876:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5850:
5849:
5839:
5833:
5831:
5825:
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5816:
5811:
5806:
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5796:
5791:
5790:
5789:
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5777:Chromatography
5774:
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5757:
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5709:
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5698:
5697:
5695:Periodic table
5692:
5687:
5682:
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5673:
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5664:
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5656:
5649:
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5632:
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5621:
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5619:
5618:
5608:
5603:
5602:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5584:Alligator drum
5576:
5575:
5574:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5553:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5532:
5531:
5530:
5520:
5515:
5514:
5513:
5511:lunar calendar
5508:
5497:
5495:
5494:Other cultural
5491:
5490:
5488:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5441:
5440:
5435:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5414:
5413:
5408:
5398:
5393:
5392:
5391:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5365:
5364:
5354:
5353:
5352:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5330:
5329:
5328:
5323:
5312:
5310:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5300:
5298:Venus figurine
5295:
5294:
5293:
5288:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5267:
5266:
5261:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5229:Megalithic art
5226:
5225:
5224:
5219:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5198:
5197:
5187:
5182:
5180:Cave paintings
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5156:
5155:
5145:
5139:
5137:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5127:
5126:
5125:
5120:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5099:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5063:
5058:
5057:
5056:
5046:
5045:
5044:
5039:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5018:
5017:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4986:
4984:
4982:Material goods
4974:
4973:
4964:
4957:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4945:
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4943:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4901:
4896:
4895:
4894:
4884:
4883:
4882:
4872:
4871:
4870:
4860:
4855:
4849:
4847:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4813:
4811:
4807:
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4803:
4798:
4793:
4792:
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4781:
4776:
4775:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4738:
4737:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4716:
4715:
4705:
4700:
4698:Cliff dwelling
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4674:
4673:
4662:
4660:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4652:
4651:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4630:
4625:
4619:
4617:
4609:
4608:
4603:
4596:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4584:
4583:
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4567:
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4409:
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4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4283:Fire hardening
4280:
4275:
4273:Clovis culture
4270:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4242:
4240:
4234:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4213:
4211:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4203:
4198:
4196:Manis Mastodon
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4152:
4151:
4140:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4096:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4075:throwing stick
4067:
4061:
4055:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4008:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3971:
3966:
3960:
3958:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3945:
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3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3904:
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3898:
3887:
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3875:
3874:
3869:
3862:
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3859:
3858:
3853:
3852:
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3841:
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3834:
3829:
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3819:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3799:
3797:
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3789:
3782:
3774:
3765:
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3761:
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3731:
3728:
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3725:
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3717:
3712:
3707:
3697:
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3647:
3642:
3637:
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3622:
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3616:
3611:
3606:
3600:
3598:
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3576:
3570:
3568:
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3523:
3522:
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3519:
3509:
3499:
3489:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3439:
3430:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3412:
3410:
3409:Related topics
3406:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3366:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3329:Sustainability
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
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3264:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3198:
3193:
3191:Geoengineering
3188:
3187:
3186:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3172:Rehabilitation
3169:
3167:Pharmaceutical
3164:
3159:
3154:
3152:Bioinformatics
3144:
3139:
3134:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3111:Semiconductors
3108:
3103:
3101:Nanotechnology
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3072:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3055:
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3019:
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3008:
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2859:
2854:
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2843:
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2835:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2817:Transportation
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2757:
2752:
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2712:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2695:
2692:
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2676:
2669:
2661:
2654:
2653:
2623:
2593:
2559:
2556:978-1615038213
2539:
2509:
2479:
2456:. p. 15.
2439:
2419:
2399:
2363:
2333:
2302:
2276:
2258:
2247:
2219:
2201:978-1444360776
2200:
2180:
2173:
2153:
2118:
2107:
2087:
2080:
2060:
2041:
2006:
1986:
1952:
1945:
1922:
1901:(2): 195–278.
1874:
1867:
1842:
1808:(3): 403–421.
1785:
1778:
1750:
1714:
1688:
1670:978-8120351707
1669:
1649:
1643:978-0408053693
1642:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1600:Pyrometallurgy
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1512:, often using
1473:Main article:
1470:
1467:
1439:Main article:
1436:
1433:
1424:Main article:
1421:
1418:
1409:Main article:
1406:
1403:
1382:Electroplating
1367:Main article:
1364:
1361:
1352:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1322:Metals can be
1311:
1310:Heat treatment
1308:
1300:work hardening
1293:
1292:
1286:
1283:Laser cladding
1280:
1266:
1263:powdered metal
1256:
1238:
1228:
1222:
1212:
1177:Main article:
1174:
1171:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1090:single crystal
1086:
1059:
1052:
1049:
934:
931:
857:Main article:
854:
851:
841:Georg Agricola
508:arsenic bronze
418:
415:
364:United Kingdom
258:
255:
231:nanotechnology
149:thermodynamics
64:
57:
56:
55:
42:
35:
34:
33:
32:
31:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6643:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6623:
6621:
6606:
6605:
6596:
6594:
6593:
6588:
6584:
6582:
6581:
6572:
6570:
6569:
6560:
6559:
6556:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6539:Chemical bond
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6503:
6500:
6499:
6498:
6495:
6492:
6488:
6484:
6481:
6480:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6465:
6463:
6459:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6437:
6436:
6433:
6429:
6428:Stoichiometry
6426:
6425:
6424:
6421:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6398:
6397:
6394:
6390:
6387:
6386:
6385:
6384:Nanochemistry
6382:
6381:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6367:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6345:
6344:
6341:
6340:
6335:
6332:
6331:
6330:
6327:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6314:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6287:
6286:
6283:
6282:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6268:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6258:
6254:
6251:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6233:
6232:
6229:
6228:
6226:
6224:
6220:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6182:
6179:
6178:
6177:
6174:
6170:
6167:
6166:
6165:
6162:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6149:
6148:
6145:
6144:
6142:
6140:
6136:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6109:Semisynthesis
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6074:
6071:
6070:
6069:
6066:
6065:
6063:
6061:
6057:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6034:
6031:
6030:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6015:
6013:
6011:
6007:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5959:
5956:
5955:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5943:Sonochemistry
5941:
5939:
5938:Cryochemistry
5936:
5932:
5931:Micromeritics
5929:
5928:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5896:
5895:
5892:
5891:
5889:
5887:
5883:
5875:
5872:
5871:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5848:
5845:
5844:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5834:
5832:
5830:
5826:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5809:Wet chemistry
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5779:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5752:
5751:
5748:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5725:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5710:
5708:
5706:
5702:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5677:
5674:
5670:
5662:
5657:
5655:
5650:
5648:
5643:
5642:
5639:
5617:
5614:
5613:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5580:
5577:
5573:
5570:
5569:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5537:
5536:
5533:
5529:
5526:
5525:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5503:
5502:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5492:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5470:Simple dolmen
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5455:Passage grave
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5430:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5403:
5402:
5401:Gallery grave
5399:
5397:
5394:
5390:
5387:
5386:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5363:
5360:
5359:
5358:
5355:
5351:
5348:
5347:
5346:
5343:
5339:
5336:
5335:
5334:
5331:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5317:
5316:Burial mounds
5314:
5313:
5311:
5309:
5305:
5299:
5296:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5276:Statue menhir
5274:
5272:
5269:
5265:
5264:Stone carving
5262:
5260:
5257:
5256:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5154:
5151:
5150:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5136:
5132:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5103:Sewing needle
5101:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5055:
5052:
5051:
5050:
5047:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5016:
5013:
5012:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4962:
4958:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4931:Timber circle
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4888:
4885:
4881:
4880:Tor enclosure
4878:
4877:
4876:
4873:
4869:
4868:fulacht fiadh
4866:
4865:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4844:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4808:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4657:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4601:
4597:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4487:
4484:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4404:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4235:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4208:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4104:spear-thrower
4102:
4101:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4083:
4082:Bow and arrow
4080:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3991:Grinding slab
3989:
3987:
3984:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3923:Domestication
3921:
3919:
3918:Digging stick
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3896:Founder crops
3894:
3893:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3867:
3863:
3857:
3854:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3842:
3838:
3837:New Stone Age
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3806:
3802:
3795:
3790:
3788:
3783:
3781:
3776:
3775:
3772:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3733:
3732:
3729:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3609:Computational
3607:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3553:
3548:
3546:
3541:
3539:
3534:
3533:
3530:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3508:
3500:
3498:
3490:
3488:
3480:
3479:
3476:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3354:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2872:Manufacturing
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2862:Biomechanical
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2760:Environmental
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2740:Architectural
2738:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2716:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2682:
2677:
2675:
2670:
2668:
2663:
2662:
2659:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2627:
2624:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2513:
2510:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2483:
2480:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2367:
2364:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2337:
2334:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2306:
2303:
2290:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2223:
2220:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2184:
2181:
2176:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2108:9780199689170
2104:
2100:
2099:
2091:
2088:
2083:
2081:9780691143880
2077:
2073:
2072:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2045:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2010:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1789:
1786:
1781:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1754:
1751:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1704:
1700:
1697:
1696:"Металлургия"
1692:
1689:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1653:
1650:
1645:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1617:
1611:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1535:Adrien Chenot
1533:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1505:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1492:metallography
1489:
1488:Metallurgists
1481:
1476:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1456:autocatalytic
1453:
1448:
1442:
1434:
1432:
1427:
1419:
1417:
1412:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1375:
1370:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1316:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1159:metal fatigue
1156:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1075:turbochargers
1072:
1068:
1064:
1061:Nickel-based
1060:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1046:copper alloys
1043:
1039:
1038:nickel alloys
1035:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1020:
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606:Vinča culture
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6266:Geochemistry
6181:Pharmacology
6157:Cell biology
6147:Biochemistry
5975:Spectroscopy
5874:VSEPR theory
5723:Spectroscopy
5667:Branches of
5411:wedge-shaped
5396:Funeral pyre
5389:Great dolmen
5345:Chamber tomb
5326:Round barrow
5281:Stone circle
5153:Blombos Cave
5081:Grooved ware
5005:Chalcolithic
4909:Thornborough
4827:Flush toilet
4762:Blombos Cave
4757:Rock shelter
4713:Quiggly hole
4605:Architecture
4580:illustration
4222:Buffalo jump
4043:Storage pits
4006:Aşıklı Höyük
3996:Ground stone
3832:Subdivisions
3751:
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3567:Main classes
3558:Branches of
3433:Engineering
3279:Mechatronics
3132:Agricultural
3090:
2782:Geotechnical
2750:Construction
2644:. Retrieved
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2466:the original
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2324:. Retrieved
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2190:
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1894:
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1833:. Retrieved
1805:
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1760:
1753:
1741:. Retrieved
1726:
1723:"metallurgy"
1717:
1706:
1691:
1681:20 September
1679:. Retrieved
1659:
1652:
1625:
1619:
1590:Metalworking
1508:
1500:
1486:
1450:that create
1444:
1429:
1414:
1411:Shot peening
1405:Shot peening
1380:
1353:
1324:heat-treated
1321:
1296:Cold-working
1294:
1217:– a red-hot
1201:sand casting
1179:Metalworking
1151:
1112:
1071:gas turbines
984:
980:ductile iron
957:
927:
920:
916:
898:physically,
878:
873:Yuan Dynasty
844:
838:
771:
752:
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726:
718:Los Millares
716:, Portugal,
687:
672:
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642:
614:Chalcolithic
583:
572:
548:metalworking
513:
506:(in black),
494:(in brown),
427:Chalcolithic
410:
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319:
312:
308:
276:metallourgós
270:μεταλλουργός
261:
260:
211:
204:
195:
181:
130:
126:practitioner
118:metalworking
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18:Metallurgist
6604:WikiProject
5829:Theoretical
5814:Calorimetry
5433:unchambered
5428:Long barrow
5418:Grave goods
5374:Court cairn
5369:Clava cairn
5321:Bowl barrow
5259:Rock cupule
5202:Golden hats
5195:Hill figure
5096:Unstan ware
5076:Cord-marked
4941:Sweet Track
4863:Burnt mound
4784:Stilt house
4772:Sibudu Cave
4565:Tally stick
4533:Quern-stone
4518:Hammerstone
4508:Fire plough
4479:Pesse canoe
4437:Bannerstone
4407:Other tools
4320:Lithic core
4268:Aurignacian
4156:Bare Island
4038:Quern-stone
3619:Informatics
3507:Wikiproject
3262:and Control
3252:Information
3076:Biomaterial
3006:Bioresource
2997:/Bioprocess
2995:Biochemical
2947:Electronics
2718:Specialties
2688:Engineering
2646:13 December
2532:13 December
2502:13 December
1575:Goldbeating
1560:Cupellation
1514:diffraction
1357:superalloys
1289:3D printing
1277:gas cutters
1273:guillotines
1269:Fabrication
1209:die casting
1147:temperature
1119:engineering
1063:superalloys
871:during the
869:waterwheels
820:of ancient
802:Ancient Nok
774:Middle East
767:Philistines
528:Paleolithic
488:Middle East
47:workers in
6626:Metallurgy
6620:Categories
6440:Metallurgy
6139:Biological
5705:Analytical
5572:trepanning
5465:Ring cairn
5423:Jar burial
5406:transepted
5338:U.S. sites
5239:Petroglyph
5165:Bird stone
5123:wine press
4796:Stone roof
4779:Roundhouse
4671:long house
4648:Stonehenge
4616:Ceremonial
4560:Stone tool
4387:Tool stone
4357:Metallurgy
4261:Mousterian
4238:Toolmaking
4176:Cumberland
4149:Transverse
4119:Schöningen
4011:Qesem cave
3979:Earth oven
3933:Irrigation
3844:Technology
3812:Prehistory
3685:Mineralogy
3574:Metallurgy
3426:Glossaries
3247:Industrial
3227:Facilities
3222:Explosives
3147:Biomedical
3142:Automation
3091:Metallurgy
3001:Biological
2952:Microwaves
2912:Electrical
2857:Automotive
2839:Mechanical
2812:Structural
2777:Geological
2765:Ecological
2755:Earthquake
2436:0582485983
2430:, p. 154,
2416:034000312X
2410:. p. 156.
2392:27 October
2356:27 October
1743:29 January
1612:References
1545:Blacksmith
1109:Production
968:cast irons
900:chemically
853:Extraction
788:, ancient
784:, ancient
780:, ancient
748:Bronze Age
729:Tamil Nadu
722:Stonehenge
706:Durankulak
653:Arpachiyah
649:Yarim Tepe
638:Old Europe
610:Carpathian
498:(in red),
431:Bronze Age
421:See also:
262:Metallurgy
239:composites
106:technology
76:Metallurgy
6502:Catalysis
6010:Inorganic
5804:Titration
5669:chemistry
5616:symbolism
5480:Tor cairn
5438:Grønsalen
5379:Cremation
5271:Sculpture
5249:Pictogram
5234:Petroform
5054:amber use
5022:Cosmetics
4832:Reservoir
4817:Check dam
4747:Pueblitos
4742:Pit-house
4725:Longhouse
4659:Dwellings
4528:Microlith
4459:Bow drill
4454:Bone tool
4447:prismatic
4256:Acheulean
4171:Cresswell
4144:Arrowhead
4070:Boomerang
3986:Granaries
3948:Terracing
3827:Stone Age
3668:Chemistry
3645:Tribology
3385:Doctorate
3299:Packaging
3269:Logistics
3242:Geomatics
3203:/graphics
3096:Molecular
3086:Corrosion
3068:Materials
3048:Petroleum
3038:Molecular
2920:Broadcast
2902:Tribology
2852:Aerospace
2787:Hydraulic
2616:4 January
2472:1 January
1917:0892-7537
1835:1 January
1522:electrons
1461:of metal
1348:Tempering
1342:Quenching
1335:Annealing
1259:Sintering
1241:Machining
1231:Extrusion
1155:cryogenic
1139:corrosion
1131:toughness
1003:magnesium
991:aluminium
976:corrosion
914:(waste).
778:Near East
736:Near East
645:Neolithic
630:Gumelnița
590:Majdanpek
305:alchemist
227:soldering
157:corrosion
6568:Category
6524:Molecule
6461:See also
5886:Physical
5254:Rock art
5217:painting
5190:Geoglyph
5015:timeline
4995:Beadwork
4735:Mehrgarh
4730:Mudbrick
4638:megalith
4513:Fire-saw
4335:debitage
4330:analysis
4298:Hand axe
4278:Cupstone
3856:Glossary
3817:Timeline
3759:Material
3741:Category
3487:Category
3416:Engineer
3324:Software
3319:Security
3294:Ontology
3284:Military
3274:Robotics
3237:Forensic
3157:Clinical
3116:Surfaces
3106:Polymers
3081:Ceramics
3058:Reaction
2987:Chemical
2925:Computer
2847:Acoustic
2802:Offshore
2770:Sanitary
2640:Archived
2610:Archived
2580:Archived
2570:(2017).
2526:Archived
2496:Archived
2450:(1901).
2383:Archived
2350:Archived
2320:Archived
2289:Archived
2268:Archived
2212:19 March
2206:Archived
2052:Archived
1998:Archived
1995:227-233.
1933:(2014).
1826:Archived
1737:Archived
1699:Archived
1675:Archived
1528:See also
1394:chromium
1135:hardness
1127:strength
1011:titanium
995:chromium
989:include
923:leaching
912:tailings
892:sulphide
875:in China
806:Carthage
794:Anatolia
763:Iron Age
759:Hittites
694:Bulgaria
664:Anatolia
634:Hamangia
626:Karanovo
594:Jarmovac
586:smelting
556:Anatolia
477:Bulgaria
288:métallon
282:μέταλλον
122:medicine
104:and the
89:, their
87:elements
84:metallic
45:smelting
6580:Commons
6544:Alchemy
6060:Organic
5611:Symbols
5222:pigment
5108:Weaving
5071:Cardium
5066:Pottery
5061:Mirrors
5049:Jewelry
4990:Baskets
4970:culture
4822:Cistern
4628:Pyramid
4570:Weapons
4548:Scraper
4538:Racloir
4498:Cleaver
4486:Chopper
4392:Uniface
4303:Grooves
4293:Hafting
4251:Oldowan
4210:Systems
4161:Cascade
4124:woomera
4114:harpoon
4087:history
4053:Hunting
4033:Pottery
3974:Cooking
3883:Farming
3849:history
3822:Outline
3700:Physics
3628:Domains
3497:Commons
3339:Textile
3334:Systems
3304:Privacy
3289:Nuclear
3053:Process
3011:Genetic
2957:Optical
2937:Control
2930:outline
2897:Thermal
2887:Railway
2827:Railway
2822:Traffic
2745:Coastal
2704:Outline
2699:History
2024:Bibcode
1712:. 1979.
1605:Welding
1570:Forging
1550:CALPHAD
1463:cations
1369:Plating
1363:Plating
1225:Rolling
1215:Forging
1193:Casting
1143:fatigue
1067:Inconel
1019:silicon
896:reduced
742:called
734:In the
714:Palmela
708:, near
598:Pločnik
568:Balkans
492:arsenic
423:Alchemy
417:History
322:English
223:brazing
219:welding
102:science
66:Casting
6631:Metals
6592:Portal
5738:UV-Vis
5589:flutes
5384:Dolmen
5308:Burial
5118:winery
5091:Linear
4921:Midden
4899:Cursus
4892:Goseck
4752:Pueblo
4703:Dugout
4688:Burdei
4367:Mining
4191:Lamoka
4186:Folsom
4166:Clovis
4023:Metate
4001:Hearth
3969:Basket
3943:Sickle
3753:Common
3517:Portal
3314:Survey
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3016:Tissue
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1245:lathes
1219:billet
1163:stress
1123:weight
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1017:, and
1007:nickel
999:copper
987:metals
964:steels
822:Europe
818:Romans
814:Greeks
808:, the
798:Turkey
792:, and
744:bronze
602:Serbia
536:copper
532:Silver
524:native
496:copper
461:, and
366:. The
324:, the
225:, and
198:) and
188:alloys
175:, and
143:, the
110:metals
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5765:MALDI
5733:Raman
5506:sites
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5170:Cairn
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5037:shoes
5032:Hides
4904:Henge
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4575:Wheel
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4469:Canoe
4464:Burin
4442:Blade
4340:flake
4201:Plano
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4065:Arrow
4018:Manos
3871:Tools
3137:Audio
3125:Other
3043:Paper
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2732:Civil
2386:(PDF)
2375:(PDF)
1829:(PDF)
1818:JSTOR
1798:(PDF)
1705:. in
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1167:creep
1094:creep
1065:like
1056:Monel
943:Alloy
939:Metal
902:, or
888:oxide
834:Japan
830:India
826:China
810:Celts
790:Nubia
786:Egypt
740:alloy
710:Varna
698:Varna
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675:Delta
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618:Vinča
490:with
309:-urgy
300:érgon
294:ἔργον
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5787:HPLC
5599:gudi
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5286:list
5113:Wine
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5027:Glue
5000:Beds
4968:and
4966:Arts
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4693:Cave
4623:Kiva
4553:side
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4415:Adze
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4094:Nets
3964:Fire
3928:Goad
3913:Celt
3586:and
3232:Fire
3033:Food
2648:2017
2618:2019
2588:2019
2552:ISBN
2534:2017
2504:2017
2474:2015
2432:ISBN
2412:ISBN
2394:2023
2358:2023
2328:2019
2297:2019
2243:ISBN
2214:2022
2196:ISBN
2169:ISBN
2103:ISBN
2076:ISBN
1941:ISBN
1913:ISSN
1863:ISBN
1837:2015
1774:ISBN
1745:2011
1707:The
1683:2020
1665:ISBN
1638:ISBN
1398:zinc
1386:gold
1261:– a
1251:and
1197:mold
1015:zinc
966:and
960:iron
952:Iron
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782:Iran
776:and
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688:The
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651:and
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564:Iraq
544:iron
522:or "
520:free
516:gold
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409:and
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184:ores
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3437:A–L
3184:MEP
2720:and
2458:doi
2235:doi
2140:doi
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