523:
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340:. The juvenile forms closely resemble adults, but are smaller and lack adult features such as wings and genitalia. The size and morphological differences between nymphs in different instars are small, often just differences in body proportions and the number of segments; in later instars, external wing buds form. The period from one molt to the next is called a stadium.
1986:
770:, which counteracts its effect. Specific events are dependent on threshold values for different tissues. Because most embryonic development is outside the parental body, development is subject to many adaptations due to specific ecological circumstances. For this reason tadpoles can have horny ridges for teeth, whiskers, and fins. They also make use of the
791:
tongue is formed, and all this is accompanied by associated changes in the neural networks (development of stereoscopic vision, loss of the lateral line system, etc.) All this can happen in about a day. It is not until a few days later that the tail is reabsorbed, due to the higher thyroxin concentrations required for tail resorption.
787:
tadpole lives off a vegetarian diet. Tadpoles use a relatively long, spiral‐shaped gut to digest that diet. Recent studies suggest tadpoles do not have a balanced homeostatic feedback control system until the beginning stages of metamorphosis. At this point, their long gut shortens and begins favoring the diet of insects.
431:
According to a 2009 study, temperature plays an important role in insect development as individual species are found to have specific thermal windows that allow them to progress through their developmental stages. These windows are not significantly affected by ecological traits, rather, the windows
316:
Two types of metamorphosis are shown. In a complete (holometabolous) metamorphosis the insect passes through four distinct phases, which produce an adult that does not resemble the larva. In an incomplete (hemimetabolous) metamorphosis an insect does not go through a full transformation, but instead
832:
In newts, metamorphosis occurs due to the change in habitat, not a change in diet, because newt larvae already feed as predators and continue doing so as adults. Newts' gills are never covered by a gill sac and will be resorbed only just before the animal leaves the water. Adults can move faster on
291:
All three categories of metamorphosis can be found in the diversity of insects, including no metamorphosis ("ametaboly"), incomplete or partial metamorphosis ("hemimetaboly"), and complete metamorphosis ("holometaboly"). While ametabolous insects show very little difference between larval and adult
790:
Rapid changes in the body can then be observed as the lifestyle of the frog changes completely. The spiral‐shaped mouth with horny tooth ridges is resorbed together with the spiral gut. The animal develops a big jaw, and its gills disappear along with its gill sac. Eyes and legs grow quickly, a
786:
With frogs and toads, the external gills of the newly hatched tadpole are covered with a gill sac after a few days, and lungs are quickly formed. Front legs are formed under the gill sac, and hindlegs are visible a few days later. Following that there is usually a longer stage during which the
422:
A number of hypotheses have been proposed to explain the evolution of holometaboly from hemimetaboly, mostly centering on whether or not the intermediate stages of hemimetabolous forms are homologous in origin to the pupal stage of holometabolous forms.
651:), two months at the border of fresh and salt water where the glass eel undergoes a quick metamorphosis into elver, then a long stage of growth followed by a more gradual metamorphosis to the migrating phase. In the pre-adult
296:"), both hemimetabolous and holometabolous insects have significant morphological and behavioral differences between larval and adult forms, the most significant being the inclusion, in holometabolous organisms, of a
754:
all hatch from the eggs as larvae with external gills but it will take some time for the amphibians to interact outside with pulmonary respiration. Afterwards, newt larvae start a predatory lifestyle, while
1438:
Dixon, A. F. G., A. Honěk, P. Keil, M. A. A. Kotela, A. L. Šizling, and V. Jarošík. 2009. Relationship between the minimum and maximum temperature thresholds for development in insects. Funct. Ecol. 23:
1918:
San Mauro, D.; Gower, D. J.; Oommen, O. V.; Wilkinson, M.; Zardoya, R. (November 2004). "Phylogeny of caecilian amphibians (Gymnophiona) based on complete mitochondrial genomes and nuclear RAG1".
1531:"Essential role of grim-led programmed cell death for the establishment of corazonin-producing peptidergic nervous system during embryogenesis and metamorphosis in Drosophila melanogaster"
1883:
Dunker, Nicole; Wake, Marvalee H.; Olson, Wendy M. (January 2000). "Embryonic and Larval
Development in the Caecilian Ichthyophis kohtaoensis (Amphibia, Gymnophiona): A Staging Table".
799:
Salamander development is highly diverse; some species go through a dramatic reorganization when transitioning from aquatic larvae to terrestrial adults, while others, such as the
371:), and the evolution of metamorphosis in insects is thought to have fuelled their dramatic radiation (1,2). Some early ametabolous "true insects" are still present today, such as
2031:
454:, is able to carry toxins that it acquires from its diet through metamorphosis and into adulthood, where the toxins still serve for protection against predators.
1766:"To eat or not to eat: ontogeny of hypothalamic feeding controls and a role for leptin in modulating life-history transition in amphibian tadpoles"
636:, with an eye on either side of the body; but one eye moves to join the other side of the fish – which becomes the upper side – in the adult form.
2201:
841:. External gills do not return in subsequent aquatic phases because these are completely absorbed upon leaving the water for the first time.
833:
land than in water. Newts often have an aquatic phase in spring and summer, and a land phase in winter. For adaptation to a water phase,
2024:
351:
and differ markedly from adults. Insects which undergo holometabolism pass through a larval stage, then enter an inactive state called
536:
2180:
1529:
Lee, Gyunghee; Sehgal, Ritika; Wang, Zixing; Nair, Sudershana; Kikuno, Keiko; Chen, Chun-Hong; Hay, Bruce; Park, Jae H. (2013-03-15).
1896:
1990:
1093:
813:, species have evolved to be pedomorphic several times, and pedomorphosis and complete development can both occur in some species.
2017:
1222:"Common and Distinct Roles of Juvenile Hormone Signaling Genes in Metamorphosis of Holometabolous and Hemimetabolous Insects"
37:
522:
508:
256:
have a high level of juvenile hormone, the moult to the pupal stage has a low level of juvenile hormone, and the final, or
2001:
548:
706:
for themselves after the yolk sac resorbs, and then to the juvenile stage where the fish progressively start to resemble
403:
undergo a marked change in form, texture and physical appearance from immature stage to adult. These insects either have
217:
778:. The amount of adaptation to specific ecological circumstances is remarkable, with many discoveries still being made.
1823:"Consequences of Metamorphosis for the Locomotor Performance and Thermal Physiology of the Newt Triturus cristatus"
225:
2083:
2056:
855:
go through a metamorphosis in which aquatic larva transition into fossorial adults, which involves a loss of the
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organ. After metamorphosis, these organs become redundant and will be resorbed by controlled cell death, called
949:
2071:
1118:
576:
83:
78:
or hatching, involving a conspicuous and relatively abrupt change in the animal's body structure through cell
1377:
Lowe, Tristan; Garwood, Russell P.; Simonsen, Thomas; Bradley, Robert S.; Withers, Philip J. (July 6, 2013).
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633:
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In typical amphibian development, eggs are laid in water and larvae are adapted to an aquatic lifestyle.
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plays a considerable role during physiological processes of multicellular organisms, particularly during
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stage, then a quick metamorphosis to glass eel at the edge of the continental shelf (eight days for the
458:
287:
Incomplete metamorphosis in the grasshopper with different instar nymphs. The largest specimen is adult.
71:
1039:
599:, undergo metamorphosis. Fish metamorphosis is typically under strong control by the thyroid hormone.
312:
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1451:"Retention of memory through metamorphosis: can a moth remember what it learned as a caterpillar?"
473:, the two ways programmed cell death occur, are processes undergone during insect metamorphosis.
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stage undergo metamorphosis, and during metamorphosis the organism loses larval characteristics.
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throughout their lives. Thus, most caecilians do not undergo an anuran-like metamorphosis.
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Just before metamorphosis, only 24 hours are needed to reach the stage in the next picture.
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572:
329:
213:
56:
1931:
1706:
1468:
1379:"Metamorphosis revealed: Time-lapse three-dimensional imaging inside a living chrysalis"
1350:
Schaefer, C.W. (March 1971). "Instar, Stadium, and Stage: A New Look at Old
Questions".
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In chordates, metamorphosis is iodothyronine-induced and an ancestral feature of all
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Profound change in body structure during the postembryonic development of an organism
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722:
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are phylogenetically adapted to the ecological circumstances insects are living in.
1807:
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Zakeri, Zahra; Lockshin, Richard A. (2002-07-01). "Cell death during development".
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Below is the sequence of steps in the metamorphosis of the butterfly (illustrated):
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because fish-eating eels develop very wide mandibles, making the head look blunt.
228:(PTTH) that activates prothoracic glands, which secrete a second hormone, usually
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1939:
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have shown how juvenile hormone can affect the number of nymph instar stages in
233:
139:
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Tiger Moths and Woolly Bears—behaviour, ecology, and evolution of the
Arctiidae
30:
This article is about the biological process. For the Franz Kafka novella, see
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498:
Sequence illustrating complete metamorphosis in the cabbage white butterfly,
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transitions from a nymph to an adult by molting its exoskeleton as it grows.
130:. Animals can be divided into species that undergo complete metamorphosis ("
123:
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91:
48:
1947:
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Gullan, P.J. & Cranston, P.S. 6.3 Process and
Control of Moulting in
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1546:
1455:
1427:
Life
History Patterns and Phases in The Insects: An Outline of Entomology
1220:
Singh, Amit; Konopova, Barbora; Smykal, Vlastimil; Jindra, Marek (2011).
950:"What animals undergo incomplete metamorphosis? – Easierwithpractice.com"
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763:
703:
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679:
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622:
580:
457:
Many observations published in 2002, and supported in 2013 indicate that
272:
229:
127:
119:
111:
2009:
1897:
10.1002/(sici)1097-4687(200001)243:1<3::aid-jmor2>3.3.co;2-4
2150:
1449:
Douglas J. Blackiston, Elena Silva Casey & Martha R. Weiss (2008).
907: – Biological process that causes an organism to develop its shape
804:
800:
756:
603:
596:
333:
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52:
1635:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
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development, and undergo an incomplete or partial metamorphosis, or
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751:
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479:
348:
311:
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257:
146:
75:
42:
465:, and metamorphosis. Additional research in 2019 found that both
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development, which undergo a complete metamorphosis, including a
248:, which prevents the development of adult characteristics during
122:
undergo metamorphosis, which is often accompanied by a change of
2105:
766:
concentration in the blood, which stimulates metamorphosis, and
528:
412:
356:
352:
297:
95:
2013:
1629:
Rolff, Jens; Johnston, Paul R.; Reynolds, Stuart (2019-08-26).
837:
is the required hormone, and for adaptation to the land phase,
759:
mostly scrape food off surfaces with their horny tooth ridges.
738:
with some remains of the gill sac and a not fully developed jaw
672:
260:, molt has no juvenile hormone present at all. Experiments on
1040:"Why and how marine-invertebrate larvae metamorphose so fast"
895: – System of describing stages of development in anurans
807:
and never develop into terrestrial adults. Within the genus
643:
has a number of metamorphoses, from the larval stage to the
55:, undergoing metamorphosis, it begins transforming from its
1292:"Chordate Metamorphosis: Ancient Control by Iodothyronines"
1163:"Juvenile hormone activity for the bug Pyrrhocoris apterus"
678:
Most other bony fish undergo metamorphosis initially from
490:
2 – The pupa is now spewing the thread to form chrysalis
332:. Development proceeds in repeated stages of growth and
901: – High variability forms of complete metamorphosis
240:(shedding of the exoskeleton). PTTH also stimulates the
1691:"The Origins and Evolution of Vertebrate Metamorphosis"
359:" in butterfly species), and finally emerge as adults.
208:
In insects, growth and metamorphosis are controlled by
579:-induced and it could be an ancestral feature of all
367:
The earliest insect forms showed direct development (
252:. In holometabolous insects, molts between larval
889: – Growth to adulthood without metamorphosis
1352:Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America
710:morphology and behaviors until finally reaching
494:4 – Adult butterfly coming out of the chrysalis
1167:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
883: – Study of how organisms develop and grow
1968:. Chapman and Hall. Second Edition. Chapter 3.
606:. Among the bony fish, mechanisms are varied.
2025:
1092:Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940).
698:due to them roughly reaching the length of a
602:Examples among the non-bony fish include the
8:
1429:. pp. 143–153. 2005 by Blackwell Publishing
1044:Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology
762:Metamorphosis in amphibians is regulated by
1285:
1283:
1151:. Blackwell Publishing, 2005. pp. 153-156.
194:
187:
178:
171:
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2018:
2010:
1821:Wilson, Robbie (November–December 2005).
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859:. More recently diverged caecilians (the
694:), then to motile larvae (often known as
1038:Hadfield, Michael G. (1 December 2000).
446:is able to retain behavior learned as a
975:"The Evolution of Insect Metamorphosis"
917:
496:
440:According to research from 2008, adult
399:. Phylogenetically, all insects in the
170:, "transformation, transforming", from
1752:Fishes: an introduction to ichthyology
1750:Peter B. Moyle and Joseph J. Cech Jr,
1689:Laudet, Vincent (September 27, 2011).
1425:Gullan, P.J. & Cranston, P.S. 6.2
1383:Journal of the Royal Society Interface
926:"metamorphosis | biology | Britannica"
1920:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1827:Physiological and Biochemical Zoology
1641:(1783). The Royal Society: 20190063.
1149:The Insects: An Outline of Entomology
7:
347:insects, immature stages are called
336:(moulting); these stages are called
244:, a retrocerebral organ, to produce
1754:5th ed. 9.3: "Development" pp 148ff
1631:"Complete metamorphosis of insects"
427:Temperature-dependent metamorphosis
2181:Evolutionary developmental biology
1764:Bender, Melissa (March 28, 2018).
492:3 – The chrysalis is fully formed
25:
617:, meaning that it changes from a
1995:
1984:
1588:Journal of Immunological Methods
867:of this sort and are in general
825:The large external gills of the
547:
535:
521:
507:
484:Metamorphosis of butterfly (PSF)
973:Truman, James W. (2019-12-02).
134:"), incomplete metamorphosis ("
1107:– via perseus.tufts.edu.
220:). Neurosecretory cells in an
70:by which an animal physically
38:Metamorphosis (disambiguation)
1:
2000:The dictionary definition of
1600:10.1016/s0022-1759(02)00067-4
1119:"Online Etymology Dictionary"
663:are common, occurring in all
488:1 – The larva of a butterfly
415:or resting stage between the
328:, immature stages are called
300:or resting stage between the
2202:Animal developmental biology
1770:The Royal Society Publishing
1478:10.1371/journal.pone.0001736
1247:10.1371/journal.pone.0028728
682:to immotile larvae known as
216:near the front of the body (
1940:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.05.014
452:the ornate moth caterpillar
308:Development and terminology
145:Generally organisms with a
2223:
1290:Denser, Robert J. (2008).
226:prothoracicotropic hormone
138:"), or no metamorphosis ("
29:
2176:
2047:
1716:10.1016/j.cub.2011.07.030
1320:10.1016/j.cub.2008.05.024
1100:. Oxford: Clarendon Press
1000:10.1016/j.cub.2019.10.009
849:Basal caecilians such as
188:
172:
166:
1971:Williamson D.I. (2003).
1161:Slama; Williams (1965).
1138:Davies, 1998. Chapter 3.
655:stage, the eel also has
593:bony fish (Osteichthyes)
1516:Oxford University Press
1098:A Greek-English Lexicon
865:ontogenetic niche shift
634:bilaterally symmetrical
542:pupa ready for eclosion
450:. Another caterpillar,
224:secrete a hormone, the
18:Metamorphosis (biology)
2115:Indirect development:
1966:Outlines of Entomology
1782:10.1098/rspb.2017.2784
1647:10.1098/rstb.2019.0063
1395:10.1098/rsif.2013.0304
1056:10.1006/scdb.2000.0197
954:easierwithpractice.com
829:
739:
727:
597:jawless fish (Agnatha)
485:
318:
292:forms (also known as "
288:
195:
179:
60:
36:. For other uses, see
2041:Developmental biology
1993:at Wikimedia Commons
1973:The Origins of Larvae
1964:Davies, R.G. (1998).
1885:Journal of Morphology
1510:Conner, W.E. (2009).
1364:10.1093/besa/17.1.17c
1188:10.1073/pnas.54.2.411
881:Developmental biology
824:
733:
725:
657:phenotypic plasticity
483:
459:programmed cell death
315:
286:
46:
1547:10.1242/bio.20133384
863:) do not undergo an
76:birth transformation
1932:2004MolPE..33..413S
1707:2011CBio...21.R726L
1469:2008PLoSO...3.1736B
1311:2008CBio...18.R567D
1238:2011PLoSO...628728K
1179:1965PNAS...54..411S
991:2019CBio...29R1252T
985:(23): R1252–R1268.
575:, metamorphosis is
2130:Direct development
2121:Hypermetamorphosis
930:www.britannica.com
899:Hypermetamorphosis
887:Direct development
830:
740:
734:Almost functional
728:
486:
319:
294:direct development
289:
68:biological process
61:
2189:
2188:
1989:Media related to
1701:(18): R726–R737.
632:begin their life
419:and adult forms.
304:and adult forms.
33:The Metamorphosis
16:(Redirected from
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246:juvenile hormone
236:), that induces
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204:Hormonal control
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84:differentiation
41:
28:
23:
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2207:Animal anatomy
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2127:
2125:hemimetabolism
2117:holometabolism
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2098:
2093:
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2059:
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2014:
2006:at Wiktionary
1983:
1981:
1980:External links
1978:
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1954:
1953:
1926:(2): 413–427.
1910:
1875:
1847:10.1086/432923
1839:10.1086/432923
1833:(6): 967–975.
1813:
1756:
1743:
1741:9th ed. Ch. 31
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1678:
1621:
1578:
1541:(3): 283–294.
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1369:
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1305:(13): R567–9.
1279:
1232:(12): e28728.
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1173:(2): 411–414.
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1084:
1050:(6): 437–443.
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381:Hemimetabolous
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345:holometabolous
323:hemimetabolous
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266:hemimetabolous
242:corpora allata
222:insect's brain
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2112:
2111:Metamorphosis
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1991:metamorphosis
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674:
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645:leptocephalus
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577:iodothyronine
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482:
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468:
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463:embryogenesis
460:
455:
453:
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443:Manduca sexta
435:
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185:
183:
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164:
163:Ancient Greek
161:derives from
160:
159:metamorphosis
152:
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148:
143:
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137:
133:
129:
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121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
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81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
64:Metamorphosis
58:
54:
51:in its final
50:
45:
39:
35:
34:
19:
2156:Regeneration
2110:
2072:
2002:
1994:
1972:
1965:
1959:Bibliography
1923:
1919:
1913:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1866:. Retrieved
1830:
1826:
1816:
1773:
1769:
1759:
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1733:
1698:
1694:
1638:
1634:
1624:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1538:
1535:Biology Open
1534:
1524:
1514:. New York:
1511:
1505:
1463:(3): e1736.
1460:
1454:
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1434:
1426:
1421:
1386:
1382:
1372:
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1351:
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1302:
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1229:
1225:
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1166:
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1113:
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1075:. Retrieved
1047:
1043:
1033:
982:
978:
968:
957:. Retrieved
953:
944:
933:. Retrieved
929:
920:
893:Gosner stage
857:lateral line
850:
848:
831:
827:crested newt
808:
798:
789:
785:
772:lateral line
761:
741:
700:human finger
683:
677:
661:Leptocephali
649:Japanese eel
641:European eel
638:
627:
608:
601:
590:
570:
501:Pieris rapae
499:
487:
475:
456:
441:
439:
430:
421:
389:grasshoppers
373:bristletails
366:
342:
320:
290:
270:
207:
193:
177:
167:μεταμόρφωσις
158:
156:
144:
136:hemimetaboly
132:holometaboly
63:
62:
32:
2134:ametabolism
2057:Compartment
1891:(1): 3–34.
1868:28 December
852:Ichthyophis
795:Salamanders
736:common frog
696:fingerlings
665:Elopomorpha
625:lifestyle.
448:caterpillar
393:dragonflies
385:cockroaches
369:ametabolism
234:ecdysteroid
200:), "form".
116:echinoderms
108:crustaceans
74:including
2196:Categories
2168:Teratology
2096:Metamerism
2091:Embryology
2073:Drosophila
1125:2012-08-26
1104:2012-08-26
959:2022-04-01
935:2022-04-01
912:References
861:Teresomata
845:Caecilians
803:, display
718:Amphibians
653:freshwater
619:freshwater
615:diadromous
377:silverfish
357:"chrysalis
355:(called a
126:source or
112:cnidarians
100:amphibians
1975:. Kluwer.
1655:0962-8436
1608:0022-1759
1555:2046-6390
1358:(1): 17.
1256:1932-6203
1064:1084-9521
1025:208541817
1009:0960-9822
869:fossorial
835:prolactin
810:Ambystoma
776:apoptosis
768:prolactin
623:saltwater
581:chordates
567:Amphioxus
471:apoptosis
467:autophagy
401:Pterygota
397:true bugs
363:Evolution
273:chordates
268:insects.
157:The word
153:Etymology
140:ametaboly
124:nutrition
120:tunicates
92:jellyfish
49:dragonfly
2146:Ontogeny
2084:polarity
1948:15336675
1905:10629095
1863:34285867
1855:16228936
1800:29593109
1776:(1875).
1725:21959163
1673:31438816
1616:12072175
1573:23519152
1497:18320055
1456:PLoS ONE
1439:257–264.
1413:23676900
1337:18587560
1329:18606129
1274:22174880
1226:PLOS ONE
1072:11145872
1017:31794762
875:See also
839:thyroxin
764:thyroxin
757:tadpoles
692:yolk sac
630:flatfish
562:Chordata
262:firebugs
258:imaginal
230:ecdysone
218:anterior
210:hormones
128:behavior
104:mollusks
72:develops
2151:Puberty
1928:Bibcode
1808:4853293
1791:5897637
1739:Biology
1703:Bibcode
1664:6711294
1564:3603410
1488:2248710
1465:Bibcode
1404:3673169
1307:Bibcode
1265:3234286
1234:Bibcode
1207:5217430
1175:Bibcode
1077:7 March
987:Bibcode
801:axolotl
690:with a
684:sac fry
604:lamprey
338:instars
334:ecdysis
326:insects
279:Insects
254:instars
250:ecdysis
238:ecdysis
88:insects
86:. Some
2052:Ageing
1946:
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750:, and
704:forage
671:- and
669:tarpon
611:salmon
417:larval
395:, and
349:larvae
330:nymphs
302:larval
196:morphe
147:larval
118:, and
80:growth
2161:Human
2101:Larva
2067:Human
1859:S2CID
1843:JSTOR
1804:S2CID
1333:S2CID
1295:(PDF)
1021:S2CID
817:Newts
752:newts
748:toads
744:Frogs
708:adult
621:to a
555:adult
515:larva
413:pupal
298:pupal
189:μορφή
181:meta-
173:μετα-
66:is a
57:nymph
53:moult
2106:Pupa
2079:Fish
1944:PMID
1901:PMID
1870:2020
1851:PMID
1796:PMID
1721:PMID
1669:PMID
1651:ISSN
1612:PMID
1604:ISSN
1569:PMID
1551:ISSN
1493:PMID
1409:PMID
1325:PMID
1270:PMID
1252:ISSN
1203:PMID
1079:2022
1068:PMID
1060:ISSN
1013:PMID
1005:ISSN
639:The
609:The
595:and
587:Fish
529:pupa
469:and
375:and
353:pupa
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1936:doi
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1399:PMC
1391:doi
1360:doi
1315:doi
1260:PMC
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1193:PMC
1183:doi
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688:fry
680:egg
673:eel
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