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278:. Nowadays the situation has slightly changed: the city of Ljubljana is now linked to the Metelkova’s site, for example thanks to the presence of different institutional actors. It is therefore possible to assume that the situation is constantly changing and that a part of Metelkova is actually normalized and institutionalized, despite the fact that the type of culture and urban development is still not compliant with building codes and urban planning regulation.
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180:. When, in 1993, the Metelkova declared its independence from the communal possession, a group of young activists occupied the site. From 1993 onwards, the site has been occupied, in a declared illegal way, mainly by artists, activists and young students, organising a rich agenda of cultural activities. Nowadays, many artists have their own ateliers in Metelkova and some
202:” as an alternative place can be seen as another reason that can explain the existence of Metelkova: in fact, the municipality of Ljubljana sees the presence of a space of this type in a rather positive way because it attracts a large number of tourists and contributes to the promotion of the Slovenian capital in the world.
309:
This general national and international interest in
Metelkova represents a sort of insurance for Metelkova’s durability. Besides, it can support the economy of Ljubljana in a context where culture adds value to cities and contributes to cities’ regeneration. For example, Metelkova on its own is said
321:
for the site, and the type of urbanism we can find is informal. For example, residents of
Metelkova initially illegally siphoned water from Ljubljana. However, today Metelkova is legally connected to the city's water system and power grid. Metelkova is considered as a squat and there is not a clear
238:
Nowadays, it can be said that there are three different areas in
Metelkova: one part is defined by art and social life, the second by civil engagement and the third is commercial; the squatters act in all three areas mentioned. Metelkova's differentiation into three possible sub-entities can be seen
121:
to stay and use the site. Nevertheless, those promises given by the municipality were never really maintained. This example on the request for permission demonstrates the ambiguous role of the municipality of
Ljubljana towards the Network for Metelkova, in which the municipality seems to allow them
125:
This ambiguous role of the municipality of
Ljubljana in regard to Metelkova and its Network has remained over the years. In 1993 the cultural centre became a squat when a commissioner mandated the demolition of some barracks that were promised to the Network, with the aim of illegally reconverting
258:
defined through tolerance and legitimization toward city's authority. A possible explanation for this situation is to be found in the nature of the squatting in
Metelkova: in fact the old buildings of the Yugoslav army are not occupied for the sole purpose of living there, but also for the aim of
148:
from
Ljubljana’s city administration for the construction of a little summer lodge also known as the Small School (from the Slovene: Mala Šola). Nevertheless, the lodge, planned and constructed in 2001 by volunteers, was immediately defined as
226:
since they have been present for decades in parallel to the cities of which they are legally part. Nevertheless, they are characterized by a particular relationship with the authorities of their cities in comparison to other districts.
230:
334:
and rehabilitation through urban planning. In fact, in the last decades, theories about urban densification replaced urban sprawl. What could that mean for
Metelkova? Does the cultural aspect overlaps
263:, Metelkova stopped hosting permanent residents, following an agreement reached with the municipality, whereby the city decided to dedicate the Metelkova buildings to the promotion of culture and art.
86:
The contested history of
Metelkova as a squat begins on June 25, 1991 with the Slovenian and Croatian declaration of independence. This date is considered one of many that mark the end of the
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dynamisms and processes begin. Besides, some associations that defend feminism and LGBT communities are located in
Metelkova. That is the reason why there are some attacks from
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153:. In fact, the construction was followed by the request of its demolition, right after another municipal office reported it to the State Inspectorate for the Environment and
157:. After several failed attempts, the building was demolished on August 2, 2006. Although there are plans to rebuild the building, it has not been reconstructed since then.
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509:
Davidson, M., Iveson, K. (2015). "Recovering the politics of the city: From the 'post-political city' to a 'method of equality' for critical urban geography".
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In the 2000s, new actors became involved in the Metelkova autonomous zone, for example the LGBT community, other non-governmental organizations and even
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producing culture. From this perspective, it is possible to determine the beginning of the tolerance: since 1997, when Ljubljana was designated as the
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74:(Slovene: Metelkova ulica), which is named after the 19th-century Slovenian Roman Catholic priest, philologist, and unsuccessful language reformer
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in order to explain the situation: at its very first beginning, Metelkova could be considered as completely informal since the occupation of the
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for permission to use those barracks for peaceful and creative purposes. As a response, Ljubljana authorities gave the Network for Metelkova
330:. This paradox around Metelkova makes it difficult to imagine future decisions, especially because military brownfields are good places for
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164:. Although it did not help Metelkova to receive proper legal status, the area was recognized as a national cultural heritage back in 2005.
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actors in the neighbourhood, such as the Museum of Contemporary Art, different NGOs and different commercial activities, such as the
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the area into a commercial site. At that time, Metelkova came into being as an illegal occupation (a squat) and was redefined as an
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62:. It consists of seven buildings (military barracks) extended over a total area of 12,500 m, which have been
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2018:
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569:"Normalising jurisdictional heterotopias through place branding: The cases of Christiania and Metelkova"
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Primorac, J. (2007). "Report on thePostgraduate course "Cultural Transitions in Southeastern Europe".
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In Švob-Đokić, Nada (Editor): The Creative City: Crossing Visions and New Realities in the Region.
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and formality in Metelkova: the autonomous part is considered to be in a legal and administrative
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In Švob-Đokić, Nada (Editor): The Creative City: Crossing Visions and New Realities in the Region
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in state and municipality actions towards the Network for Metelkova and Metelkova itself are the
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2518:
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1521:
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195:, performances, concerts and engaged activities have taken place in the buildings of Metelkova.
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and institutions that surround it. These districts mentioned above can be defined as
54:'s capital city. Formerly, the site was the military headquarters of the Army of the
889:
715:
668:"How an abandoned barracks in Ljubljana became Europe's most successful urban squat"
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1982:
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1334:
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441:
Breznik, M. (2007). "The Role of Culture in the Strategies of "City Regeneration".
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in that year, the Yugoslavian Army left Metelkova, which shortly became a military
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and social ones? This kind of cultural, alternative zones are also places where
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1972:
1937:
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67:
47:
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38:, "Metelkova City Autonomous Cultural Centre", referred to by the acronym
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1942:
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Roy, A. (2005). "Urban Informality: Toward an Epistemology of Planning".
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63:
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1977:
1952:
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161:
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810:"Metelkova mesto, un squat culturel au cœur de la capitale slovène"
266:
Finally, the example of Metelkova can be related to the concept of
3026:
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229:
199:
172:
In September 1991 the Network for Metelkova was born, merging the
150:
18:
3406:
2895:
2808:
867:
403:"Metelkova mesto Autonomous Cultural Zone - Culture of Slovenia"
185:
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898:
310:
to contribute for 40% of all the music concerts in Ljubljana.
219:
839:
Hatherley, Owen (2016). "The Anarchist International Style".
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872:
274:
by the squatters was considered illegal and not rules- and
122:
to stay there, but in fact it does not want them to stay.
457:"Metelkova, il centro culturale nel'ex edificio militare"
133:
Since then, the centre has been a site of tolerance of
247:, which reuses some of the areas of the old barracks.
842:
Landscapes of Communism: A History Through Buildings
3354:
3333:
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3207:
3198:
3109:
3053:
3042:
2926:
2756:
Centre International de Recherches sur l'Anarchisme
2748:
2741:
2728:
Centre International de Recherches sur l'Anarchisme
2720:
2662:
2296:
2098:
2077:
2061:
2001:
1880:
1864:
1857:
1764:
Ljubljana Slovene National Theatre Opera and Ballet
1686:
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1462:
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1206:
1115:
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1042:
946:
932:
58:, then it became the Slovenian headquarters of the
234:Place in front of the Museum of Contemporary Art.
174:Movement for the Culture of Peace and Nonviolence
250:Squatters represent the heart of the matter of
885:Where Soldiers Slept, a Cultural Enclave Rises
3225:Bound Together Anarchist Collective Bookstore
2698:
910:
354:add up to the uncertain future of Metelkova.
8:
696:Journal of the American Planning Association
607:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
543:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
760:"The Role of Culture in Urban Regeneration"
306:attributes financial support to Metelkova.
3204:
3050:
2745:
2705:
2691:
2683:
1861:
1569:
1459:
1285:Government Building and President's Office
1112:
917:
903:
895:
317:and well-organized community. There is no
647:
592:
36:Avtonomni kulturni center Metelkova mesto
1759:Ljubljana Slovene National Theatre Drama
294:and from attempts for densification and
210:Over the last few years Metelkova, like
88:Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
1585:Tivoli–Rožnik–Šiška Hill Landscape Park
622:Siegrist, Nathan; Thörn, Håkan (2020).
485:"Retina - Metelkova; 100 let Metelkove"
385:
290:site, prevented from being part of an
2090:List of University of Ljubljana people
1819:Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts
730:"Metelkova - Ljubljana - Artfactories"
600:
567:Ntounis,N., Kanellopoulou, E. (2017).
536:
16:Cultural centre in Ljubljana, Slovenia
1744:Ljubljana International Film Festival
624:"Metelkova as Autonomous Heterotopia"
7:
2078:Lists of people related to Ljubljana
1729:International Centre of Graphic Arts
1699:Archives of the Republic of Slovenia
1648:Trail of Remembrance and Comradeship
1239:Trail of Remembrance and Comradeship
689:
687:
661:
659:
562:
560:
558:
556:
554:
479:
477:
436:
434:
432:
430:
428:
426:
424:
422:
397:
395:
393:
391:
389:
1219:Monument to the Victims of All Wars
178:Student Cultural Centre Association
1694:Anton Melik Geographical Institute
1456:Parks, ponds, squares, and streets
1207:Monuments, memorials and fountains
286:In 2005, Metelkova was declared a
206:Metelkova and concepts of urbanism
198:The development of the Metelkova “
14:
239:through the arrival of different
3424:
3423:
1829:Slovenian Philharmonic Orchestra
1704:Historical Archives of Ljubljana
1214:General Maister Monument (Brdar)
1065:Exhibition and Convention Centre
292:alternative economic development
1804:National and University Library
1687:Culture, science, and education
1412:Sts. Cyril and Methodius Church
926:Urban Municipality of Ljubljana
845:. New Press. pp. 386–388.
767:Fòrum Universal de les Cultures
3071:Autonomous Centre of Edinburgh
1784:Museum of Contemporary History
1364:Churches and places of worship
868:AKC Metelkova mesto (new page)
42:) is an autonomous social and
1:
3096:London Action Resource Centre
2085:List of people from Ljubljana
1075:Ljubljana Passenger Transport
666:Niranjan, Ajit (2015-07-24).
3496:Cultural venues in Ljubljana
3235:Camas Bookstore and Infoshop
1928:Ljubljana Matica Alpine Club
890:The Story Of Metelkova Mesto
487:. 2005-01-22. Archived from
326:about the legitimacy of the
105:, composed of more than 200
98:with its leftover barracks.
2062:Health-related institutions
736:(in French). Archived from
511:Progress in Human Geography
261:European Capital of Culture
90:. After the dissolution of
3522:
3506:Center District, Ljubljana
3501:Cultural centers in Europe
3392:Self-managed social centre
3321:Old Market Autonomous Zone
3032:Vrijplaats Koppenhinksteeg
2831:Centro Sociale Leoncavallo
2469:Poljane (Šentvid District)
1315:National Assembly Building
1070:Ljubljana Castle funicular
873:Metelkova mesto (old page)
573:Environment and Planning A
350:groups. Those attempts of
313:Metelkova is defined as a
288:national cultural heritage
191:have their offices there.
66:since September 1993. The
3420:
3316:Iron Rail Book Collective
1774:Ljubljana Summer Festival
1636:Designed nature monuments
1422:Visitation of Mary Church
1080:Ljubljana railway station
708:10.1080/01944360508976689
115:municipality of Ljubljana
3296:Brian MacKenzie Infoshop
3137:Bloomsbury Social Centre
2766:Kulturzentrum Bremgarten
1839:St. Stanislaus Institute
1834:Slovenian Railway Museum
1709:Biennial of Graphic Arts
1381:St. Bartholomew's Church
1090:Ljubljana Stock Exchange
594:10.1177/0308518X17725753
523:10.1177/0309132514535284
463:(in Italian). 2013-10-21
128:autonomous social center
3172:Wapping Autonomy Centre
2524:Šmartno pod Šmarno Goro
2319:Brod (Šentvid District)
2101:the administrative seat
2044:Tacen Whitewater Course
1844:University of Ljubljana
1234:Tomb of National Heroes
1173:Ljubljanica Sluice Gate
816:(in French). 2013-11-29
140:Another example of the
56:Austro-Hungarian Empire
3311:Internationalist Books
2314:Brod (Črnuče District)
2163:Mali Vrh pri Prežganju
1993:ŽNK Olimpija Ljubljana
1824:Natural History Museum
1739:Jožef Stefan Institute
304:European Cultural Fund
298:of the sector through
235:
70:is named after nearby
60:Yugoslav People's Army
46:in the city centre of
35:
24:
3412:Intentional Community
2789:Syndikalistiskt Forum
2761:Ernst-Kirchweger-Haus
2459:Podgorica pri Črnučah
2019:Kodeljevo Sports Park
1958:NK Olimpija Ljubljana
1769:Ljubljana Opera House
1043:Economy and transport
364:Squatting in Slovenia
233:
103:Network for Metelkova
22:
3250:Interference Archive
3162:Spike Surplus Scheme
3147:DIY Space for London
2113:Brezje pri Lipoglavu
2099:Settlements besides
2024:Ljubljana Hippodrome
1963:NK Svoboda Ljubljana
1948:NK IB 1975 Ljubljana
1908:KK Cedevita Olimpija
1789:Museum of Modern Art
1406:St. Rosalia's Church
1386:St. Florian's Church
734:www.artfactories.net
369:Freetown Christiania
168:Squatting activities
3457:46.0564°N 14.5167°E
3453: /
3255:Lucy Parsons Center
2329:Dobrava pri Črnučah
2029:Stožice Sports Park
1475:Navje Memorial Park
1438:Navje Memorial Park
1396:Ljubljana Cathedral
1085:Ljubljana Ring Road
933:Administrative seat
758:Sasaki, M. (2004).
640:2020Antip..52.1837S
585:2017EnPlA..49.2223N
332:urban densification
111:youth organizations
3429:Category:Infoshops
3240:Civic Media Center
3157:Really Free School
2979:Kunsthaus Tacheles
2297:Former settlements
1872:Ljubljana Marathon
1401:St. Peter's Church
1391:St. James's Church
1253:Palaces and houses
1193:St. Peter's Bridge
1188:St. James's Bridge
878:2006-11-08 at the
649:10.1111/anti.12677
272:military warehouse
236:
224:heterotopic spaces
25:
3436:
3435:
3362:Alternative media
3329:
3328:
3306:Catalyst Infoshop
3194:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3022:De Blauwe Aanslag
2916:Eskalera Karakola
2826:Cascina Torchiera
2680:
2679:
2649:Zgornja Zadobrova
2554:Spodnja Zadobrova
2504:Šentjakob ob Savi
2263:Veliko Trebeljevo
2138:Gabrje pri Jančah
2057:
2056:
2049:Šiška Sports Park
1661:Hills and valleys
1656:
1655:
1610:Natural monuments
1561:
1560:
1451:
1450:
1371:Franciscan Church
1290:Grand Hotel Union
1224:Prešeren Monument
852:978-1-62097-189-5
579:(10): 2223–2240.
324:political parties
119:formal permission
23:Metelkova in 2012
3513:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3462:46.0564; 14.5167
3458:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3427:
3426:
3372:Community centre
3205:
3051:
2964:Patio Maravillas
2841:Forte Prenestino
2746:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2684:
2288:Zgornje Gameljne
2238:Srednje Gameljne
2233:Spodnje Gameljne
2009:Bežigrad Stadium
1862:
1799:National Gallery
1734:Jakopič Pavilion
1714:Botanical Garden
1673:Mount Saint Mary
1643:Tivoli City Park
1570:
1460:
1376:Ljubljana Mosque
1305:Ljubljana Castle
1300:Kresija Building
1270:Central Pharmacy
1128:Cobblers' Bridge
1123:Butchers' Bridge
1113:
919:
912:
905:
896:
856:
825:
824:
822:
821:
806:
800:
799:
791:
785:
784:
782:
781:
775:
769:. Archived from
764:
755:
749:
748:
746:
745:
726:
720:
719:
691:
682:
681:
679:
678:
663:
654:
653:
651:
634:(6): 1837–1856.
619:
613:
612:
606:
598:
596:
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1537:Vodnik Square
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1168:Kavšek Bridge
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1148:Fužine Bridge
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1133:Črnuče Bridge
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374:Rog (factory)
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336:environmental
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282:Controversies
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241:institutional
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3438:
3422:
3341:Freedom Shop
3291:Boxcar Books
3275:Trumbullplex
3182:Pink Peacock
3101:Sumac Centre
3066:56a Infoshop
3061:1 in 12 Club
3008:Netherlands
3002:Squat Milada
2984:Villa Amalia
2847:Netherlands
2781:Ungdomshuset
2770:
2564:Štepanja Vas
2484:Rožna Dolina
2404:Kamna Gorica
1983:RK Ljubljana
1778:
1668:Kucja Valley
1355:Zois Mansion
1335:Souvan House
1330:Selo Mansion
1178:Prule Bridge
1153:Grain Bridge
937:
841:
818:. Retrieved
814:Le Taurillon
813:
804:
795:
789:
778:. Retrieved
771:the original
766:
753:
742:. Retrieved
738:the original
733:
724:
699:
695:
675:. Retrieved
672:the Guardian
671:
631:
627:
617:
603:cite journal
576:
572:
539:cite journal
514:
510:
504:
493:. Retrieved
489:the original
465:. Retrieved
460:
451:
442:
410:. Retrieved
406:
328:cultural hub
319:legal status
315:self-managed
312:
308:
285:
265:
249:
245:Hotel Celica
237:
209:
197:
189:associations
171:
159:
139:
132:
124:
113:, asked the
101:In 1991 the
100:
85:
76:Fran Metelko
39:
27:
26:
3481:DIY culture
3460: /
3122:491 Gallery
3081:Cowley Club
2949:Factory Rog
2861:Grote Broek
2804:Trotz Allem
2733:Salon Mazal
2218:Sadinja Vas
2188:Podlipoglav
2014:Tivoli Hall
1988:RK Olimpija
1913:KK Olimpija
1893:HK Olimpija
1724:Rog factory
1617:Castle Hill
1532:Town Square
1501:Tivoli Pond
1496:Koseze Pond
1480:Tivoli Park
1019:Šmarna Gora
268:informality
212:Christiania
107:alternative
3475:Categories
3448:14°31′00″E
3445:46°03′23″N
3367:Autonomism
3346:Jura Books
3265:Red Emma's
3215:ABC No Rio
3117:121 Centre
3086:The Forest
2906:Can Masdeu
2278:Zagradišče
2248:Toško Čelo
2208:Ravno Brdo
2128:Dolgo Brdo
1968:NK Šmartno
1923:ŽKD Ježica
1918:KK Parklji
1898:KD Ilirija
1888:ACH Volley
1627:Pod Turnom
1553:Čop Street
1431:Cemeteries
1320:Nebotičnik
1275:Courthouse
1163:Jek Bridge
820:2018-04-25
780:2018-04-25
744:2018-04-25
677:2018-04-25
495:2018-04-25
467:2018-04-25
412:2018-04-25
216:Copenhagen
135:minorities
96:brownfield
92:Yugoslavia
3486:Infoshops
3397:Squatting
3382:Indymedia
3377:DIY ethic
3260:Okupa Che
2959:Liebig 34
2939:Centro 73
2891:Hausmania
2856:Extrapool
2771:Metelkova
2714:Infoshops
2439:Nadgorica
2268:Vnajnarje
2243:Stanežiče
2228:Šentpavel
2198:Prežganje
2193:Podmolnik
1973:RD Slovan
1938:ND Slovan
1903:KD Slovan
1779:Metelkova
1749:Kiberpipa
1350:Town Hall
1109:Landmarks
947:Districts
939:Ljubljana
531:145299777
461:Linkiesta
146:subsidies
142:ambiguity
130:in 1995.
48:Ljubljana
28:Metelkova
2997:Ladronka
2911:Can Vies
2800:Germany
2672:Timeline
2634:Zavoglje
2604:Vižmarje
2584:Tomačevo
2574:Studenec
2529:Sneberje
2449:Podboršt
2429:Mala Vas
2334:Dobrunje
2273:Volavlje
2253:Tuji Grm
2123:Črna Vas
2118:Češnjica
1943:NK Bravo
1754:Križanke
1408:(former)
1050:BTC City
954:Bežigrad
876:Archived
716:14046644
628:Antipode
358:See also
348:skinhead
344:neo-Nazi
252:legality
176:and The
64:squatted
52:Slovenia
3387:Library
3355:Related
3334:Oceania
3230:C-Squat
3208:Current
3201:America
3152:rampART
3054:Current
3046:Kingdom
2992:Klinika
2954:Kukutza
2882:Norway
2794:Kafé 44
2785:Sweden
2776:Rozbrat
2749:Current
2664:History
2614:Vrhovci
2569:Stožice
2539:Soteska
2509:Šentvid
2464:Podutik
2454:Podgora
2419:Kozarje
2384:Hrastje
2374:Gunclje
2359:Glinica
2344:Dravlje
2339:Dolnice
2309:Bokalce
2304:Bizovik
2183:Podgrad
2108:Besnica
1978:RK Krim
1953:NK Krim
1814:Poligon
1546:Streets
1510:Squares
1116:Bridges
1060:Emonika
1009:Šentvid
994:Posavje
974:Golovec
969:Dravlje
636:Bibcode
581:Bibcode
151:abusive
82:History
32:Slovene
3491:Squats
3284:Former
3110:Former
3044:United
2927:Former
2902:Spain
2836:Cox 18
2742:Europe
2629:Zapuže
2619:Zadvor
2609:Vodmat
2534:Sostro
2494:Savlje
2489:Rudnik
2444:Obrije
2414:Koseze
2399:Ježica
2364:Gmajna
2354:Glince
2349:Fužine
2324:Črnuče
2203:Rašica
2002:Venues
1865:Events
1858:Sports
1678:Rožnik
1601:Mostec
1029:Trnovo
1024:Sostro
1004:Rudnik
999:Rožnik
964:Črnuče
959:Center
849:
714:
529:
162:UNESCO
3199:North
3027:Ubica
3017:ASCII
2969:RHINO
2886:Blitz
2876:OT301
2871:OCCII
2821:Italy
2624:Zalog
2594:Vevče
2589:Trata
2579:Tacen
2514:Slape
2479:Pržan
2474:Polje
2434:Moste
2409:Kleče
2389:Jarše
2213:Repče
2178:Pance
2173:Medno
2148:Javor
2143:Janče
1881:Clubs
1489:Ponds
1463:Parks
1100:Trams
1014:Šiška
989:Polje
984:Moste
979:Jarše
798:(11).
774:(PDF)
763:(PDF)
712:S2CID
527:S2CID
445:(11).
380:Notes
256:limbo
200:brand
68:squat
3407:Zine
3076:BASE
2934:Binz
2896:UFFA
2814:Køpi
2809:SO36
2721:Asia
2499:Selo
2424:Laze
2394:Ježa
2369:Grič
2153:Lipe
2133:Dvor
1443:Žale
1095:Nama
847:ISBN
609:link
545:link
346:and
220:laws
186:LGBT
184:and
182:NGOs
109:and
3132:BIT
3012:ADM
2851:ACU
2599:Vič
1849:Zoo
1034:Vič
704:doi
644:doi
589:doi
519:doi
214:in
40:AKC
3477::
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765:.
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710:.
700:71
698:.
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597:.
591::
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547:)
533:.
521::
498:.
470:.
415:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.