140:
770:). The combination delivered 542 s specific impulse in vacuum, equivalent to an exhaust velocity of 5320 m/s. The impracticality of this chemistry highlights why exotic propellants are not actually used: to make all three components liquids, the hydrogen must be kept below −252 °C (just 21 K), and the lithium must be kept above 180 °C (453 K). Lithium and fluorine are both extremely corrosive. Lithium ignites on contact with air, and fluorine ignites most fuels on contact, including hydrogen. Fluorine and the
520:, the specifications of which were finalized by 1954. A highly refined form of jet fuel, RP-1 burned much more cleanly than conventional petroleum fuels and also posed less of a danger to ground personnel from explosive vapours. It became the propellant for most of the early American rockets and ballistic missiles such as the Atlas, Titan I, and Thor. The Soviets quickly adopted RP-1 for their R-7 missile, but the majority of Soviet launch vehicles ultimately used storable hypergolic propellants. As of 2017, it is used in the
6712:
89:
973:
638:
451:
275:
336:
Propellants requiring continuous refrigeration, which cause their rockets to grow ever-thicker blankets of ice, were not practical. As the military was willing to handle and use hazardous materials, a great number of dangerous chemicals were brewed up in large batches, most of which wound up being deemed unsuitable for operational systems. In the case of
425:(UDMH) as fuel were then adopted in the United States and the Soviet Union for use in strategic and tactical missiles. The self-igniting storeable liquid bi-propellants have somewhat lower specific impulse than LOX/kerosene but have higher density so a greater mass of propellant can be placed in the same sized tanks. Gasoline was replaced by different
599:
upper stages. Hydrogen has low density even as a liquid, requiring large tanks and pumps; maintaining the necessary extreme cold requires tank insulation. This extra weight reduces the mass fraction of the stage or requires extraordinary measures such as pressure stabilization of the tanks to reduce
335:
During the 1950s and 1960s there was a great burst of activity by propellant chemists to find high-energy liquid and solid propellants better suited to the military. Large strategic missiles need to sit in land-based or submarine-based silos for many years, able to launch at a moment's notice.
511:
The V-2 rockets developed by Nazi
Germany used LOX and ethyl alcohol. One of the main advantages of alcohol was its water content, which provided cooling in larger rocket engines. Petroleum-based fuels offered more power than alcohol, but standard gasoline and kerosene left too much soot and
623:
and hydrogen offers the highest specific impulse for conventional rockets. This extra performance largely offsets the disadvantage of low density, which requires larger fuel tanks. However, a small increase in specific impulse in an upper stage application can give a significant increase in
745:
Hydrogen-fuelled engines require special design, such as running propellant lines horizontally, so that no "traps" form in the lines, which would cause pipe ruptures due to boiling in confined spaces. (The same caution applies to other cryogens such as liquid oxygen and
5330:
Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin E. (1903), "The
Exploration of Cosmic Space by Means of Reaction Devices (Исследование мировых пространств реактивными приборами)", The Science Review (in Russian) (5), archived from the original on 19 October 2008, retrieved 22 September
187:
to drive the fuel pumps. The alcohol was mixed with water for engine cooling. Both
Germany and the United States developed reusable liquid-propellant rocket engines that used a storeable liquid oxidizer with much greater density than LOX and a liquid fuel that
377:, turned the mixture red and kept it from changing composition, but left the problem that nitric acid corrodes containers it is placed in, releasing gases that can build up pressure in the process. The breakthrough was the addition of a little
515:
During the early 1950s, the chemical industry in the US was assigned the task of formulating an improved petroleum-based rocket propellant which would not leave residue behind and also ensure that the engines would remain cool. The result was
823:
Due to the advantages methane fuel offers, some private space launch providers aimed to develop methane-based launch systems during the 2010s and 2020s. The competition between countries was dubbed the
Methalox Race to Orbit, with the
781:
During the 1950s, the
Department of Defense proposed lithium/fluorine as ballistic-missile propellants. A 1954 accident at a chemical works that released a cloud of fluorine into the atmosphere convinced them to use LOX/RP-1 instead.
1416:
The table uses data from the JANNAF thermochemical tables (Joint Army-Navy-NASA-Air Force (JANNAF) Interagency
Propulsion Committee) throughout, with best-possible specific impulse calculated by Rocketdyne under the assumptions of
741:
Kerosene fires unavoidably cause extensive heat damage that requires time-consuming repairs and rebuilding. This is most frequently experienced by test stand crews involved with firings of large, unproven rocket engines.
71:
have been tested, excluding minor changes to a specific propellant such as propellant additives, corrosion inhibitors, or stabilizers. In the U.S. alone at least 25 different propellant combinations have been flown.
587:
as a cooling refrigerant, since helium has an even lower boiling point than hydrogen. Hydrogen is lost via venting to the atmosphere only after it is loaded onto a launch vehicle, where there is no refrigeration.
256:
system for the
Luftwaffe) to assist take-off of aircraft, which comprised the primary purpose for the case of the U.S. liquid-fueled rocket engine technology - much of it coming from the mind of U.S. Navy officer
842:
successfully reached orbit on its second flight on 12 July 2023, becoming the first methane-fueled rocket to do so. It had failed to reach orbit on its maiden flight on 14 December 2022. The rocket, developed by
1043:, with around 2% to 30% water. It decomposes to steam and oxygen when passed over a catalyst. This was historically used for reaction control systems, due to being easily storable. It is often used to drive
5908:
804:. It also leaves less residue in the engines compared to kerosene, which is beneficial for reusability. In addition, it is expected that its production on Mars will be possible via the
5954:
5867:"We are going to do methane." Musk announced as he described his future plans for reusable launch vehicles including those designed to take astronauts to Mars within 15 years.
75:
Many factors go into choosing a propellant for a liquid-propellant rocket engine. The primary factors include ease of operation, cost, hazards/environment and performance.
143:
Friedrich Sander, Opel RAK technician August Becker and Opel employee Karl Treber (right to left) with liquid-fuel rocket-plane prototype at Opel
Rennbahn in Rüsselsheim
6046:
5847:
737:
for air, so it also rises quickly. Spilled kerosene fuel, on the other hand, falls to the ground and if ignited can burn for hours when spilled in large quantities.
6442:
934:
and the United Launch
Alliance Vulcan Centaur. The BE-4 will provide 2,400 kN (550,000 lbf) of thrust. Two flight engines had been delivered to ULA by mid 2023.
6560:
5542:
6181:
5489:
5732:
994:
705:
Hydrogen's buoyancy. Since hydrogen is a deep cryogen it boils quickly and rises, due to its very low density as a gas. Even when hydrogen burns, the
659:
472:
296:
571:
Hydrogen is very bulky compared to other fuels; it is typically stored as a cryogenic liquid, a technique mastered in the early 1950s as part of the
6458:
835:
As of
January 2024, two methane-fueled rockets have reached orbit. Several others are in development and two orbital launch attempts failed:
750:(LNG).) Liquid hydrogen fuel has an excellent safety record and performance that is well above all other practical chemical rocket propellants.
600:
weight. (Pressure stabilized tanks support most of the loads with internal pressure rather than with solid structures, employing primarily the
163:
on April 10 and April 12, 1929. These Opel RAK rockets were the first European, and after Goddard the second liquid-fuel rockets, in history.
800:
has a lower specific impulse than liquid hydrogen, but is easier to store due to its higher boiling point and density, as well as its lack of
5597:
5395:
196:
5982:
778:
more difficult. Both lithium and fluorine are expensive compared to most rocket propellants. This combination has therefore never flown.
6039:
4938:
Average exhaust velocity, m/s. The same measure as specific impulse in different units, numerically equal to specific impulse in N·s/kg.
1442:
Average exhaust velocity, m/s. The same measure as specific impulse in different units, numerically equal to specific impulse in N·s/kg.
200:
136:
as air will not liquefy against a liquid oxygen tank, so it is possible to store LOX briefly in a rocket without excessive insulation.
5614:
6363:
774:(HF) in the exhaust are very toxic, which makes working around the launch pad difficult, damages the environment, and makes getting a
147:
In Germany, engineers and scientists became enthralled with liquid propulsion, building and testing rockets in the late 1920s within
6437:
5921:
Huzel, D. K.; Huang, D. H. (1971), NASA SP-125, "Modern Engineering for Design of Liquid-Propellant Rocket Engines", (2nd ed.), NASA
5624:
5471:
1083:) and is the most widely used in space vehicles. (Non-oxidized ammonia decomposition is endothermic and would decrease performance).
1020:
685:
498:
322:
5658:
607:
The Soviet rocket programme, in part due to a lack of technical capability, did not use liquid hydrogen as a propellant until the
4805:
4403:
4273:
1425:
expansion, one-dimensional expansion and shifting equilibrium. Some units have been converted to metric, but pressures have not.
4493:
4408:
4363:
4278:
3999:
1207:
422:
766:, with hydrogen added to improve the exhaust thermodynamics (all propellants had to be kept in their own tanks, making this a
6463:
6328:
6032:
5354:
998:
663:
576:
476:
300:
5879:
139:
6567:
6422:
6391:
6386:
916:
809:
512:
combustion by-products that could clog engine plumbing. In addition, they lacked the cooling properties of ethyl alcohol.
5855:
5680:
5798:
1197:
920:
6741:
5932:
1340:
983:
648:
461:
285:
6736:
5553:
5549:
956:
1258:
rockets, most Chinese boosters, a number of military, orbital and deep space rockets, as this fuel combination is
1002:
987:
667:
652:
480:
465:
304:
289:
6522:
6381:
6555:
6314:
6288:
6214:
6204:
5159:
156:
129:
41:
31:
5516:
180:
6611:
6584:
6539:
6527:
6507:
6273:
6235:
6209:
352:) was unstable, and corroded most metals, making it difficult to store. The addition of a modest amount of
6662:
6512:
6412:
6154:
5799:"ULA's Vulcan rocket launches private US moon lander, 1st since Apollo, and human remains in debut flight"
3462:
1176:
893:
858:
801:
592:
99:
6247:
6240:
6055:
5641:
1485:
1052:
952:
942:
938:
857:
successfully reached orbit on its first try, called Cert-1, on 8 January 2024. The rocket, developed by
548:
is the most common method of producing commercial bulk hydrogen at about 95% of the world production of
189:
53:
5822:
698:
Launch pad fires due to spilled kerosene are more damaging than hydrogen fires, for two main reasons:
6358:
6353:
6257:
6171:
5520:
5062:
4170:
3779:
3657:
3189:
1215:
791:
767:
572:
353:
878:
had a failed orbital launch attempt on its maiden flight on 22 March 2023. The rocket, developed by
6517:
6502:
6417:
6304:
6283:
6252:
5956:
Advanced Monopropellants Combustion Chambers and Monolithic Catalyst for Small Satellite Propulsion
5775:
5589:
4886:
4545:
4453:
4323:
4183:
3831:
3791:
3665:
3470:
3289:
3077:
2689:
2339:
1306:
1293:
1211:
1160:
6711:
6716:
6682:
6647:
6487:
4412:
4282:
1034:
747:
230:
218:
212:
132:
launch. Both propellants are readily available, cheap and highly energetic. Oxygen is a moderate
6677:
6632:
6532:
6432:
6134:
6108:
5620:
5593:
5467:
5459:
5391:
5360:
5350:
5125:
4946:
Characteristic velocity, m/s. Equal to chamber pressure multiplied by throat area, divided by
4833:
4533:
3680:
2512:
1480:
Characteristic velocity, m/s. Equal to chamber pressure multiplied by throat area, divided by
1336:
1135:
1040:
805:
771:
521:
378:
184:
109:
92:
6697:
6687:
6637:
6343:
6096:
5770:
5705:
5498:
5381:
5313:
4825:
4818:
2783:
946:
879:
730:
722:
608:
601:
537:
37:
6309:
6113:
6079:
5751:
5710:
5569:
The total hydrogen market in 1998 was 390×10 Nm³/y + 110×10 Nm³/y co-production.
5304:
Sutton, G. P. (2003). "History of liquid propellant rocket engines in the united states".
2935:
2520:
2133:
1593:
1243:
1193:
1153:
889:
580:
565:
222:
57:
6021:
is a computer program to predict the performance of the liquid-propellant rocket engines.
4918:, purposed for NASA for Martian-based rockets, only a specific impulse about 250 s.
6642:
6577:
6278:
6118:
5581:
4947:
4681:
4120:
3416:
2873:
2466:
1940:
1720:
1481:
1201:
1182:
854:
775:
160:
6730:
6652:
6572:
6427:
6396:
6176:
6166:
6161:
6084:
6074:
6012:
5343:
1332:
1147:
1120:
1086:
905:
817:
620:
591:
In the late 1950s and early 1960s it was adopted for hydrogen-fuelled stages such as
113:
49:
5502:
6657:
6616:
6589:
6348:
6144:
6139:
6018:
5189:
4969:
4166:
1469:
1247:
1143:
533:
381:(HF), which forms a self-sealing metal fluoride on the interior of tank walls that
258:
245:
172:
5436:
88:
5887:
5447:
5385:
6672:
6667:
6473:
6015:
an online computer program to calculate propellant performance in rocket engines
5410:
4811:
1299:
1164:
972:
862:
637:
545:
450:
426:
337:
274:
237:
125:
95:
on March 16, 1926, holding the launching frame of the first liquid-fueled rocket
68:
64:
5487:
Ogden, J.M. (1999). "Prospects for building a hydrogen energy infrastructure".
60:
make contact, and non-hypergolic propellants which require an ignition source.
6692:
6149:
5771:"LandSpace claims win in the methane race to orbit via second ZhuQue-2 launch"
5706:"LandSpace claims win in the methane race to orbit via second ZhuQue-2 launch"
5421:
1422:
1259:
941:
announced plans to use methane fuel for their small satellite launch vehicle,
758:
The highest-specific-impulse chemistry ever test-fired in a rocket engine was
410:
176:
152:
5953:
Shchetkovskiy, Anatoliy; McKechnie, Tim; Mustaikis, Steven (13 August 2012).
919:
engine for its Starship super-heavy-lift launch vehicle. It has been used in
5364:
5095:
4641:
4630:
4584:
4233:
4222:
3943:
3876:
3835:
3732:
3669:
3509:
3328:
2728:
2378:
1894:
1658:
1418:
1265:
1058:
1048:
1044:
931:
844:
825:
418:
248:
interceptor in the case of the Walter 509-series German engine designs, and
437:. This combination is quite practical for rockets that need not be stored.
552:
in 1998. At high temperatures (700–1100 °C) and in the presence of a
5848:"Musk goes for methane-burning reusable rockets as step to colonise Mars"
5466:. & David Dooling, Jr. New York: Harper & Row. pp. 83, 101.
2919:
2827:
2125:
2082:
1986:
1804:
1715:
1189:
1139:
1116:
1103:
of up to 190 seconds, depending on material corrosion and thermal limits.
875:
839:
829:
763:
596:
557:
434:
236:
The U.S. engine designs were fueled with the bipropellant combination of
148:
121:
6024:
17:
6468:
6101:
5733:"China beats rivals to successfully launch first methane-liquid rocket"
3374:
3201:
2562:
2424:
2251:
2180:
1698:
1262:
and storable for long periods at reasonable temperatures and pressures.
1131:
1127:
813:
797:
759:
414:
241:
226:
208:
133:
900:
on 14 March 2024, after two failed attempts. The rocket, developed by
702:
Kerosene burns about 20% hotter in absolute temperature than hydrogen.
195:
The major manufacturer of German rocket engines for military use, the
6091:
6069:
3243:
2926:
2604:
2293:
2077:
1758:
912:
901:
883:
584:
561:
541:
225:; and used in a bipropellant combination of the same oxidizer with a
1309:
and hypergolic, and can be used as a monopropellant with a catalyst.
1296:
and hypergolic, and can be used as a monopropellant with a catalyst.
820:(methalox) was the chosen propellant mixture for the lander module.
231:
rocket engine systems intended for manned combat aircraft propulsion
5541:
Rostrup-Nielsen, Jens R.; Rostrup-Nielsen, Thomas (23 March 2007).
5317:
5962:. 15th Annual Space and Missile Defense Conference. Huntsville, AL
5937:. 23rd Annual AIAA/USU Conference on Small Satellites. SSC09-II-4.
1168:
1094:
897:
848:
706:
553:
138:
87:
4856:
3027:
2977:
2650:
1850:
1255:
1251:
1172:
924:
869:
865:
517:
430:
249:
6028:
1063:
decomposes energetically to nitrogen, hydrogen, and ammonia (2N
102:
proposed the use of liquid propellants in 1903, in his article
1588:
966:
631:
444:
268:
207:-designation series of rocket engine systems, and either used
171:
Germany had very active rocket development before and during
4950:. Used to check experimental rocket's combustion efficiency.
536:
would be a marvelous propellant, since it gives the highest
52:. Bipropellants can further be divided into two categories;
6019:
Design Tool for Liquid Rocket Engine Thermodynamic Analysis
5387:
Ignition!: An Informal History of Liquid Rocket Propellants
244:
as the fuel. Both engines were used to power aircraft, the
5910:
Themis, Prometheus complete first hot-fire tests in France
5659:"SpaceX propulsion chief elevates crowd in Santa Barbara"
1112:
As of June 2024, liquid fuel combinations in common use:
583:
can be stored and transported without boil-off, by using
544:
because the only by-product is water. Steam reforming of
5681:"SpaceX advances drive for Mars rocket via Raptor power"
930:
Blue Origin developed the BE-4 LOX/LNG engine for their
540:. It is also considered the cleanest when oxidized with
5934:
Expanding the ADN-based Monopropellant Thruster Family
721:
that is formed has a molecular weight of only 18
385:
Red Fuming Nitric Acid. This made "IRFNA" storeable.
104:
Exploration of Outer Space by Means of Rocket Devices.
159:
launched two liquid-fuel rockets at Opel Rennbahn in
4861:
See MIL-P-25576C, basically kerosene (approximately
227:
fuel mixture of hydrazine hydrate and methyl alcohol
6625:
6604:
6548:
6495:
6486:
6451:
6405:
6374:
6336:
6327:
6297:
6266:
6223:
6197:
6190:
6127:
6062:
5437:
Wlater site-page on the Henschel air-sea glide bomb
832:methalox rocket becoming the first to reach orbit.
5342:
1099:when externally heated gives a reasonably modest I
868:engine, though the second stage uses the hydrolox
217:rocket-propulsive assisted takeoff needs; or as a
5642:"Current Evaluation of the Tripropellant Concept"
5990:. ECAPS: Polish - Swedish Space Industry Meeting
1351:6,895 kPa; 68.05 atm (1,000 psi)
1150:. Very similar to Robert Goddard's first rocket.
179:and other missiles. The V-2 used an alcohol/LOX
388:Propellant combinations based on IRFNA or pure
1407:2,068 kPa; 20.41 atm (300 psi)
1399:2,758 kPa; 27.22 atm (400 psi)
1391:3,447 kPa; 34.02 atm (500 psi)
1383:4,137 kPa; 40.83 atm (600 psi)
1375:4,826 kPa; 47.63 atm (700 psi)
1367:5,516 kPa; 54.44 atm (800 psi)
1359:6,205 kPa; 61.24 atm (900 psi)
6040:
433: – a highly refined grade of
8:
923:since 2019. SpaceX had previously used only
44:). They can consist of a single chemical (a
5490:Annual Review of Energy and the Environment
5448:List of 109-509 series Walter rocket motors
5376:
5374:
1001:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
666:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
479:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
303:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
6492:
6333:
6194:
6047:
6033:
6025:
5517:Hydrogen production: Natural gas reforming
1305:Used in deep space missions because it is
1292:Used in deep space missions because it is
1242:Used in three first stages of the Russian
532:Many early rocket theorists believed that
5984:HPGP® - High Performance Green Propulsion
5948:
5946:
5944:
5750:I. Morales Volosín, Juan (12 July 2023).
5586:Dark Sun: The making of the hydrogen bomb
5390:. Rutgers University Press. p. 302.
1509:Optimal expansion from 68.05 atm to
1021:Learn how and when to remove this message
686:Learn how and when to remove this message
499:Learn how and when to remove this message
323:Learn how and when to remove this message
40:chemical rockets use liquid propellants (
6459:Atmosphere-breathing electric propulsion
4980:
4927:Mixture ratio: mass oxidizer / mass fuel
1496:
1450:Mixture ratio: mass oxidizer / mass fuel
1317:
5281:
5679:Belluscio, Alejandro G. (2014-03-07).
1484:. Used to check experimental rocket's
619:The liquid-rocket engine bipropellant
564:), steam reacts with methane to yield
5981:Dingertz, Wilhelm (10 October 2017).
5349:. New York: Macmillan Reference USA.
5293:. Boston: Kluver Academic Publishers.
4801:Definitions of some of the mixtures:
252:units from both nations (as with the
155:'s account, Opel RAK rocket designer
7:
5661:. Pacific Business Times. 2014-02-19
999:adding citations to reliable sources
664:adding citations to reliable sources
477:adding citations to reliable sources
301:adding citations to reliable sources
48:) or a mix of two chemicals, called
5462:; Ordway III; Frederick I (1985) .
1039:High test peroxide is concentrated
812:documents (between 2009 and 2012),
128:for his first partially successful
6364:Field-emission electric propulsion
5613:Sutton, E.P.; Biblarz, O. (2010).
5289:Larson, W.J.; Wertz, J.R. (1992).
1091:decomposes to nitrogen and oxygen.
25:
6438:Microwave electrothermal thruster
5619:(8th ed.). New York: Wiley.
5291:Space Mission Analysis and Design
1198:doing nearly orbital test flights
1126:Used for the lower stages of the
810:Mars Design Reference Mission 5.0
573:hydrogen bomb development program
192:with the high density oxidizer.
84:Development in early 20th century
56:, which ignite when the fuel and
27:Liquid form of rocket propellants
6710:
5345:Macmillan encyclopedia of energy
1723:under development in the 2010s.
971:
636:
449:
273:
223:MCLOS-guided air-sea glide bombs
190:ignited spontaneously on contact
5931:Anflo, K.; Moore, S.; King, P.
5543:Large-scale Hydrogen Production
5503:10.1146/annurev.energy.24.1.227
5306:Journal of Propulsion and Power
1208:Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine
955:is developing a 980kN methalox
423:unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine
6568:Pulsed nuclear thermal rocket
6464:High Power Electric Propulsion
5823:"Starship's Third Flight Test"
5640:Zurawski, Robert (June 1986).
5460:Braun, Wernher von (Estate of)
1200:), and the first stage of the
959:which was test fired in 2023.
1:
6423:Helicon double-layer thruster
6392:Electrodeless plasma thruster
6387:Magnetoplasmadynamic thruster
5769:Bell, Adrian (12 July 2023).
5704:Beil, Adrian (12 July 2023).
5629:– via Internet Archive.
5341:Zumerchik, John, ed. (2001).
1130:boosters, the first stage of
151:in Rüsselsheim. According to
5852:FlightGlobal/Blogs Hyperbola
5411:British site on the HWK firm
409:as oxidizer and kerosene or
5552:. p. 3. Archived from
4997:68.05 atm to vacuum (0 atm)
1326:at other chamber pressures
524:of many orbital launchers.
6758:
5846:Todd, David (2012-11-20).
5797:Josh Dinner (2024-01-08).
5752:"Second Flight | ZhuQue-2"
5616:Rocket Propulsion Elements
5068:PRISMA mission (2010–2015)
4972:of fuel and oxidizer, g/cm
2116:
2101:
1587:
1508:
1472:of fuel and oxidizer, g/cm
1302:(50/50 hydrazine and UDMH)
1159:Used in the stages of the
789:
29:
6708:
6382:Pulsed inductive thruster
4994:
4989:
4986:
4983:
4914:Has not all data for CO/O
4532:
4402:
4272:
4165:
3778:
3656:
3461:
3188:
2918:
2511:
2124:
1519:(nozzle area ratio 40:1)
1516:
1513:
1505:
1502:
1499:
611:core stage in the 1980s.
175:, both for the strategic
42:liquid-propellant rockets
6556:Nuclear pulse propulsion
6315:Electric-pump-fed engine
6215:Hybrid-propellant rocket
6205:Liquid-propellant rocket
5422:Walter site-page on the
5160:Hydroxylammonium nitrate
957:Prometheus rocket engine
211:as a monopropellant for
181:liquid-propellant engine
157:Friedrich Wilhelm Sander
130:liquid-propellant rocket
32:Liquid-propellant rocket
6612:Beam-powered propulsion
6585:Fission-fragment rocket
6540:Nuclear photonic rocket
6508:Nuclear electric rocket
6274:Staged combustion cycle
6210:Solid-propellant rocket
5464:Space Travel: A History
4961:Chamber temperature, °C
1461:Chamber temperature, °C
1188:Used in both stages of
927:/LOX in their engines.
624:payload-to-orbit mass.
604:of the tank material.)
6663:Non-rocket spacelaunch
6513:Nuclear thermal rocket
6413:Pulsed plasma thruster
4990:Optimal expansion from
1134:, and both stages of
894:transatmospheric orbit
859:United Launch Alliance
802:hydrogen embrittlement
729:compared to 29.9
628:Comparison to kerosene
144:
100:Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
96:
54:hypergolic propellants
6329:Electrical propulsion
6056:Spacecraft propulsion
5884:Firefly Space Systems
5070:5 S/Cs launched 2016
1486:combustion efficiency
939:Firefly Space Systems
240:as the oxidizer; and
142:
91:
6561:Antimatter-catalyzed
6359:Hall-effect thruster
6172:Solar thermal rocket
5592:. pp. 483–504.
5590:Simon & Schuster
5521:Department of Energy
5063:Ammonium dinitramide
1216:dinitrogen tetroxide
1047:, being used on the
995:improve this section
754:Lithium and fluorine
660:improve this section
473:improve this section
297:improve this section
63:About 170 different
6503:Direct Fusion Drive
6418:Vacuum arc thruster
6305:Pressure-fed engine
6284:Gas-generator cycle
6191:Chemical propulsion
6128:Physical propulsion
5776:NASASpaceFlight.com
5685:NASAspaceflight.com
4992:68.05 atm to 1 atm
4887:monomethylhydrazine
4005:Hypergolic, common
3955:Hypergolic, common
3796:Hypergolic, common
1517:0 atm, vacuum
1327:
1212:monomethylhydrazine
1161:Space Launch System
429:fuels, for example
340:, the acid itself (
199:, manufactured the
108:On March 16, 1926,
6742:Rocket propellants
6717:Spaceflight portal
6683:Reactionless drive
6648:Aerogravity assist
6488:Nuclear propulsion
5756:Everyday Astronaut
5559:on 8 February 2016
1331:Absolute pressure
1318:
1035:High-test peroxide
748:liquid natural gas
354:nitrogen tetroxide
145:
97:
6737:Rocket propulsion
6724:
6723:
6678:Atmospheric entry
6633:Orbital mechanics
6600:
6599:
6482:
6481:
6433:Resistojet rocket
6323:
6322:
6298:Intake mechanisms
6231:Liquid propellant
6135:Cold gas thruster
5890:on 6 October 2014
5599:978-0-684-82414-7
5397:978-0-8135-9918-2
5382:Clark, John Drury
5273:
5272:
5126:Hydrogen peroxide
4799:
4798:
1414:
1413:
1041:Hydrogen peroxide
1031:
1030:
1023:
806:Sabatier reaction
772:hydrogen fluoride
696:
695:
688:
509:
508:
501:
379:hydrogen fluoride
333:
332:
325:
209:hydrogen peroxide
185:hydrogen peroxide
110:Robert H. Goddard
93:Robert H. Goddard
16:(Redirected from
6749:
6714:
6698:Alcubierre drive
6688:Field propulsion
6638:Orbital maneuver
6626:Related concepts
6493:
6344:Colloid thruster
6334:
6195:
6097:Specific impulse
6049:
6042:
6035:
6026:
6000:
5999:
5997:
5995:
5989:
5978:
5972:
5971:
5969:
5967:
5961:
5950:
5939:
5938:
5928:
5922:
5919:
5913:
5906:
5900:
5899:
5897:
5895:
5886:. Archived from
5876:
5870:
5869:
5864:
5863:
5854:. Archived from
5843:
5837:
5836:
5834:
5833:
5819:
5813:
5812:
5810:
5809:
5794:
5788:
5787:
5785:
5783:
5766:
5760:
5759:
5747:
5741:
5740:
5729:
5723:
5722:
5720:
5718:
5701:
5695:
5694:
5692:
5691:
5676:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5666:
5655:
5649:
5648:
5646:
5637:
5631:
5630:
5610:
5604:
5603:
5588:. New York, NY:
5578:
5572:
5571:
5566:
5564:
5558:
5547:
5538:
5532:
5531:
5529:
5527:
5513:
5507:
5506:
5484:
5478:
5477:
5456:
5450:
5445:
5439:
5434:
5428:
5419:
5413:
5408:
5402:
5401:
5378:
5369:
5368:
5348:
5338:
5332:
5328:
5322:
5321:
5301:
5295:
5294:
5286:
4981:
4910:
4909:
4908:
4900:
4899:
4881:
4880:
4879:
4871:
4870:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1497:
1328:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1278:
1277:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1228:
1227:
1026:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1006:
975:
967:
947:aerospike engine
880:Relativity Space
735:
734:
727:
726:
719:
717:
716:
691:
684:
680:
677:
671:
640:
632:
602:tensile strength
551:
538:specific impulse
504:
497:
493:
490:
484:
453:
445:
413:(self igniting)
408:
407:
406:
398:
397:
376:
375:
374:
366:
365:
351:
350:
349:
328:
321:
317:
314:
308:
277:
269:
167:World War II era
38:specific impulse
21:
6757:
6756:
6752:
6751:
6750:
6748:
6747:
6746:
6727:
6726:
6725:
6720:
6704:
6621:
6596:
6544:
6478:
6447:
6401:
6375:Electromagnetic
6370:
6319:
6310:Pump-fed engine
6293:
6262:
6219:
6186:
6123:
6114:Rocket equation
6080:Reaction engine
6058:
6053:
6009:
6004:
6003:
5993:
5991:
5987:
5980:
5979:
5975:
5965:
5963:
5959:
5952:
5951:
5942:
5930:
5929:
5925:
5920:
5916:
5907:
5903:
5893:
5891:
5878:
5877:
5873:
5861:
5859:
5845:
5844:
5840:
5831:
5829:
5821:
5820:
5816:
5807:
5805:
5796:
5795:
5791:
5781:
5779:
5768:
5767:
5763:
5749:
5748:
5744:
5739:. 12 July 2023.
5731:
5730:
5726:
5716:
5714:
5711:NASASpaceFlight
5703:
5702:
5698:
5689:
5687:
5678:
5677:
5673:
5664:
5662:
5657:
5656:
5652:
5644:
5639:
5638:
5634:
5627:
5612:
5611:
5607:
5600:
5582:Rhodes, Richard
5580:
5579:
5575:
5562:
5560:
5556:
5545:
5540:
5539:
5535:
5525:
5523:
5519:(Report). U.S.
5515:
5514:
5510:
5486:
5485:
5481:
5474:
5458:
5457:
5453:
5446:
5442:
5435:
5431:
5420:
5416:
5409:
5405:
5398:
5384:(23 May 2018).
5380:
5379:
5372:
5357:
5340:
5339:
5335:
5329:
5325:
5312:(6): 978–1007.
5303:
5302:
5298:
5288:
5287:
5283:
5278:
5259:
5251:
5233:
5225:
5069:
5047:
5039:
5021:
5013:
5002:
4998:
4996:
4991:
4979:
4977:Monopropellants
4958:
4935:
4917:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4902:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4873:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4829:
4822:
4815:
4784:
4771:
4753:
4740:
4689:
4685:
4638:
4634:
4592:
4588:
4541:
4537:
4230:
4226:
4178:
4174:
4128:
4124:
4087:
4083:
4047:
4043:
3997:
3993:
3951:
3947:
3787:
3783:
3740:
3736:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3677:
3673:
3661:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3562:
3558:
3517:
3513:
3466:
3424:
3420:
3378:
3336:
3332:
3251:
3247:
3205:
3197:
3193:
3173:
3160:
3142:
3129:
3073:
3069:
3023:
3019:
2939:
2930:
2923:
2881:
2877:
2835:
2831:
2787:
2781:
2777:
2736:
2732:
2612:
2608:
2566:
2524:
2516:
2474:
2470:
2428:
2386:
2382:
2301:
2297:
2255:
2218:
2178:
2137:
2129:
2086:
2039:
2035:
1994:
1990:
1948:
1944:
1902:
1898:
1812:
1808:
1766:
1762:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1573:
1560:
1542:
1529:
1518:
1495:
1458:
1439:
1431:
1325:
1319:To approximate
1316:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1154:Liquid hydrogen
1110:
1102:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1027:
1016:
1010:
1007:
992:
976:
965:
963:Monopropellants
794:
792:Methalox rocket
788:
756:
732:
731:
724:
723:
715:
712:
711:
710:
708:
692:
681:
675:
672:
657:
641:
630:
617:
615:Upper stage use
581:Liquid hydrogen
566:carbon monoxide
549:
530:
505:
494:
488:
485:
470:
454:
443:
405:
402:
401:
400:
396:
393:
392:
391:
389:
373:
370:
369:
368:
364:
361:
360:
359:
357:
348:
345:
344:
343:
341:
329:
318:
312:
309:
294:
278:
267:
265:1950s and 1960s
169:
86:
81:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6755:
6753:
6745:
6744:
6739:
6729:
6728:
6722:
6721:
6709:
6706:
6705:
6703:
6702:
6701:
6700:
6695:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6643:Gravity assist
6640:
6635:
6629:
6627:
6623:
6622:
6620:
6619:
6614:
6608:
6606:
6605:External power
6602:
6601:
6598:
6597:
6595:
6594:
6593:
6592:
6582:
6581:
6580:
6578:Bussard ramjet
6570:
6565:
6564:
6563:
6552:
6550:
6546:
6545:
6543:
6542:
6537:
6536:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6510:
6505:
6499:
6497:
6490:
6484:
6483:
6480:
6479:
6477:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6455:
6453:
6449:
6448:
6446:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6409:
6407:
6406:Electrothermal
6403:
6402:
6400:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6378:
6376:
6372:
6371:
6369:
6368:
6367:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6346:
6340:
6338:
6331:
6325:
6324:
6321:
6320:
6318:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6301:
6299:
6295:
6294:
6292:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6279:Expander cycle
6276:
6270:
6268:
6264:
6263:
6261:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6248:Monopropellant
6245:
6244:
6243:
6238:
6227:
6225:
6221:
6220:
6218:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6201:
6199:
6192:
6188:
6187:
6185:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6158:
6157:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6131:
6129:
6125:
6124:
6122:
6121:
6119:Thermal rocket
6116:
6111:
6106:
6105:
6104:
6099:
6089:
6088:
6087:
6082:
6072:
6066:
6064:
6060:
6059:
6054:
6052:
6051:
6044:
6037:
6029:
6023:
6022:
6016:
6008:
6007:External links
6005:
6002:
6001:
5973:
5940:
5923:
5914:
5901:
5871:
5838:
5814:
5789:
5761:
5742:
5724:
5696:
5671:
5650:
5632:
5625:
5605:
5598:
5573:
5533:
5508:
5479:
5472:
5451:
5440:
5429:
5414:
5403:
5396:
5370:
5355:
5333:
5323:
5318:10.2514/2.6942
5296:
5280:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5257:
5252:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5231:
5226:
5223:
5218:
5215:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5206:
5204:
5202:
5200:
5198:
5196:
5194:
5192:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5163:
5156:
5155:
5152:
5149:
5146:
5143:
5140:
5137:
5134:
5131:
5128:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5066:
5059:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5045:
5040:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5019:
5014:
5011:
5005:
5004:
5000:
4995:Expansion from
4993:
4988:
4985:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4973:
4967:
4962:
4959:
4956:
4951:
4948:mass flow rate
4944:
4939:
4936:
4933:
4928:
4925:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4905:
4896:
4889:
4883:
4876:
4867:
4859:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4839:
4836:
4827:
4820:
4813:
4808:
4797:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4731:
4728:
4724:
4723:
4720:
4717:
4714:
4711:
4708:
4705:
4702:
4699:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4678:
4677:
4674:
4671:
4668:
4665:
4662:
4659:
4656:
4653:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4636:
4632:
4627:
4626:
4623:
4620:
4617:
4614:
4611:
4608:
4605:
4602:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4581:
4580:
4577:
4574:
4571:
4568:
4565:
4562:
4559:
4556:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4530:
4529:
4526:
4523:
4520:
4517:
4514:
4511:
4508:
4505:
4502:
4499:
4496:
4490:
4489:
4486:
4483:
4480:
4477:
4474:
4471:
4468:
4465:
4462:
4459:
4456:
4450:
4449:
4446:
4443:
4440:
4437:
4434:
4431:
4428:
4425:
4422:
4419:
4416:
4406:
4400:
4399:
4396:
4393:
4390:
4387:
4384:
4381:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4366:
4360:
4359:
4356:
4353:
4350:
4347:
4344:
4341:
4338:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4316:
4313:
4310:
4307:
4304:
4301:
4298:
4295:
4292:
4289:
4286:
4276:
4270:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4260:
4257:
4254:
4251:
4248:
4245:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4228:
4224:
4219:
4218:
4215:
4212:
4209:
4206:
4203:
4200:
4197:
4194:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4172:
4163:
4162:
4159:
4156:
4153:
4150:
4147:
4144:
4141:
4138:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4117:
4116:
4113:
4110:
4107:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4089:
4088::Be 76.6:23.4
4085:
4081:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4060:
4057:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4036:
4033:
4030:
4027:
4024:
4021:
4018:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4003:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3986:
3983:
3980:
3977:
3974:
3971:
3968:
3965:
3962:
3959:
3956:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3940:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3930:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3872:
3871:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3850:
3847:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3828:
3827:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3815:
3812:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3776:
3775:
3772:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3760:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3729:
3728:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3713:
3710:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3695:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3675:
3671:
3663:
3659:
3654:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3641:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3584:
3581:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3506:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3468:
3464:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3371:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2974:
2973:
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2967:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2952:
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2933:
2928:
2921:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2888:
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2883:
2879:
2875:
2870:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2790:50.5:29.8:19.7
2785:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2746:
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2738:
2734:
2730:
2725:
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2721:
2718:
2715:
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2709:
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2703:
2700:
2697:
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2682:
2679:
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2667:
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2647:
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2634:
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2628:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2543:
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2537:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2219::Li 60.7:39.3
2216:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1854:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1712:
1704:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1651:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1606:
1599:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1482:mass flow rate
1478:
1473:
1467:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1451:
1448:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1430:
1427:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1323:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1303:
1297:
1290:
1283:
1274:
1263:
1244:Proton booster
1240:
1233:
1224:
1205:
1202:Vulcan Centaur
1186:
1183:Liquid methane
1180:
1157:
1151:
1124:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1092:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1056:
1037:
1029:
1028:
979:
977:
970:
964:
961:
937:In July 2014,
915:developed the
910:
909:
887:
873:
855:Vulcan Centaur
852:
814:liquid methane
790:Main article:
787:
784:
776:launch license
755:
752:
739:
738:
713:
703:
694:
693:
644:
642:
635:
629:
626:
616:
613:
568:and hydrogen.
529:
526:
507:
506:
457:
455:
448:
442:
439:
403:
394:
371:
362:
346:
331:
330:
281:
279:
272:
266:
263:
219:form of thrust
168:
165:
85:
82:
80:
77:
46:monopropellant
30:Main article:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6754:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6734:
6732:
6719:
6718:
6713:
6707:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6690:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6653:Oberth effect
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6630:
6628:
6624:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6609:
6607:
6603:
6591:
6588:
6587:
6586:
6583:
6579:
6576:
6575:
6574:
6573:Fusion rocket
6571:
6569:
6566:
6562:
6559:
6558:
6557:
6554:
6553:
6551:
6547:
6541:
6538:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6515:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6500:
6498:
6496:Closed system
6494:
6491:
6489:
6485:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6456:
6454:
6450:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6428:Arcjet rocket
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6410:
6408:
6404:
6398:
6397:Plasma magnet
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6379:
6377:
6373:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6351:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6341:
6339:
6337:Electrostatic
6335:
6332:
6330:
6326:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6302:
6300:
6296:
6290:
6289:Tap-off cycle
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6271:
6269:
6265:
6259:
6258:Tripropellant
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6233:
6232:
6229:
6228:
6226:
6222:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6202:
6200:
6196:
6193:
6189:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6177:Photon rocket
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6167:Magnetic sail
6165:
6163:
6162:Electric sail
6160:
6156:
6153:
6152:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6132:
6130:
6126:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6094:
6093:
6090:
6086:
6085:Reaction mass
6083:
6081:
6078:
6077:
6076:
6075:Rocket engine
6073:
6071:
6068:
6067:
6065:
6061:
6057:
6050:
6045:
6043:
6038:
6036:
6031:
6030:
6027:
6020:
6017:
6014:
6011:
6010:
6006:
5986:
5985:
5977:
5974:
5958:
5957:
5949:
5947:
5945:
5941:
5936:
5935:
5927:
5924:
5918:
5915:
5912:
5911:
5905:
5902:
5889:
5885:
5881:
5875:
5872:
5868:
5858:on 2012-11-28
5857:
5853:
5849:
5842:
5839:
5828:
5824:
5818:
5815:
5804:
5800:
5793:
5790:
5778:
5777:
5772:
5765:
5762:
5757:
5753:
5746:
5743:
5738:
5734:
5728:
5725:
5713:
5712:
5707:
5700:
5697:
5686:
5682:
5675:
5672:
5660:
5654:
5651:
5643:
5636:
5633:
5628:
5626:9780470080245
5622:
5618:
5617:
5609:
5606:
5601:
5595:
5591:
5587:
5583:
5577:
5574:
5570:
5555:
5551:
5550:Haldor Topsøe
5544:
5537:
5534:
5522:
5518:
5512:
5509:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5492:
5491:
5483:
5480:
5475:
5473:0-06-181898-4
5469:
5465:
5461:
5455:
5452:
5449:
5444:
5441:
5438:
5433:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5418:
5415:
5412:
5407:
5404:
5399:
5393:
5389:
5388:
5383:
5377:
5375:
5371:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5352:
5347:
5346:
5337:
5334:
5327:
5324:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5300:
5297:
5292:
5285:
5282:
5275:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5256:
5253:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5230:
5227:
5222:
5219:
5216:
5213:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5205:
5203:
5201:
5199:
5197:
5195:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5184:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5158:
5157:
5153:
5150:
5147:
5144:
5141:
5138:
5135:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5123:
5120:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5090:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5067:
5064:
5061:
5060:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5044:
5041:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5018:
5015:
5010:
5007:
5006:
4982:
4976:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4960:
4955:
4952:
4949:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4937:
4932:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4920:
4919:
4890:
4888:
4884:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4831:
4823:
4816:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4802:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4735:
4732:
4729:
4726:
4725:
4721:
4718:
4715:
4712:
4709:
4706:
4703:
4700:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4690:
4680:
4679:
4675:
4672:
4669:
4666:
4663:
4660:
4657:
4654:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4639:
4629:
4628:
4624:
4621:
4618:
4615:
4612:
4609:
4606:
4603:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4593:
4583:
4582:
4578:
4575:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4563:
4560:
4557:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4531:
4527:
4524:
4521:
4518:
4515:
4512:
4509:
4506:
4503:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4487:
4484:
4481:
4478:
4475:
4472:
4469:
4466:
4463:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4447:
4444:
4441:
4438:
4435:
4432:
4429:
4426:
4423:
4420:
4417:
4414:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4394:
4391:
4388:
4385:
4382:
4379:
4376:
4373:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4357:
4354:
4351:
4348:
4345:
4342:
4339:
4336:
4333:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4317:
4314:
4311:
4308:
4305:
4302:
4299:
4296:
4293:
4290:
4287:
4284:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4264:
4261:
4258:
4255:
4252:
4249:
4246:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4231:
4221:
4220:
4216:
4213:
4210:
4207:
4204:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4179:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4157:
4154:
4151:
4148:
4145:
4142:
4139:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4079:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4061:
4058:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4039:
4038:
4034:
4031:
4028:
4025:
4022:
4019:
4016:
4013:
4010:
4007:
4004:
4001:
3989:
3988:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3969:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3934:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3911:MMH:Al 58:42
3910:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3822:
3819:
3816:
3813:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3777:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3678:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3599:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3460:
3456:
3453:
3450:
3447:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3389:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3200:
3198:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2934:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2519:
2517:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2132:
2130:
2123:
2119:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2090:Gaseous form
2089:
2087:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1512:
1498:
1493:Bipropellants
1492:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1322:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1148:Firefly Alpha
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1121:liquid oxygen
1118:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1107:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1087:Nitrous oxide
1085:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:, and modern
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1025:
1022:
1014:
1004:
1000:
996:
990:
989:
985:
980:This section
978:
974:
969:
968:
962:
960:
958:
954:
950:
948:
944:
943:Firefly Alpha
940:
935:
933:
928:
926:
922:
918:
914:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
888:
885:
881:
877:
874:
871:
867:
864:
863:Blue Origin's
860:
856:
853:
850:
846:
841:
838:
837:
836:
833:
831:
827:
821:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
793:
785:
783:
779:
777:
773:
769:
768:tripropellant
765:
761:
753:
751:
749:
743:
736:
728:
720:
704:
701:
700:
699:
690:
687:
679:
669:
665:
661:
655:
654:
650:
645:This section
643:
639:
634:
633:
627:
625:
622:
621:liquid oxygen
614:
612:
610:
605:
603:
598:
594:
589:
586:
582:
578:
574:
569:
567:
563:
559:
555:
550:500 billion m
547:
543:
539:
535:
527:
525:
523:
519:
513:
503:
500:
492:
489:December 2017
482:
478:
474:
468:
467:
463:
458:This section
456:
452:
447:
446:
440:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
386:
384:
380:
355:
339:
327:
324:
316:
306:
302:
298:
292:
291:
287:
282:This section
280:
276:
271:
270:
264:
262:
260:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
215:
210:
206:
202:
198:
193:
191:
186:
182:
178:
174:
166:
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
141:
137:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
114:liquid oxygen
111:
106:
105:
101:
94:
90:
83:
78:
76:
73:
70:
66:
61:
59:
55:
51:
50:bipropellants
47:
43:
39:
33:
19:
6715:
6658:Space launch
6590:Fission sail
6518:Radioisotope
6349:Ion thruster
6267:Power cycles
6253:Bipropellant
6230:
6145:Steam rocket
6140:Water rocket
5992:. Retrieved
5983:
5976:
5964:. Retrieved
5955:
5933:
5926:
5917:
5909:
5904:
5892:. Retrieved
5888:the original
5883:
5874:
5866:
5860:. Retrieved
5856:the original
5851:
5841:
5830:. Retrieved
5826:
5817:
5806:. Retrieved
5802:
5792:
5780:. Retrieved
5774:
5764:
5755:
5745:
5736:
5727:
5715:. Retrieved
5709:
5699:
5688:. Retrieved
5684:
5674:
5663:. Retrieved
5653:
5635:
5615:
5608:
5585:
5576:
5568:
5561:. Retrieved
5554:the original
5536:
5524:. Retrieved
5511:
5494:
5488:
5482:
5463:
5454:
5443:
5432:
5423:
5417:
5406:
5386:
5344:
5336:
5326:
5309:
5305:
5299:
5290:
5284:
5267:
5262:
5254:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5228:
5220:
5190:Nitromethane
5055:
5050:
5042:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5016:
5008:
4970:Bulk density
4964:
4953:
4941:
4930:
4922:
4913:
4838:IRFNA IV HDA
4800:
4793:
4788:
4780:
4775:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4749:
4744:
4736:
4404:IRFNA IV HDA
3182:
3177:
3169:
3164:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3138:
3133:
3125:
1856:
1714:
1608:
1581:
1576:
1568:
1563:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1537:
1532:
1524:
1475:
1470:Bulk density
1464:
1453:
1445:
1434:
1421:combustion,
1415:
1346:Multiply by
1320:
1248:Vikas engine
1144:Falcon Heavy
1111:
1017:
1008:
993:Please help
981:
951:
936:
929:
921:test flights
911:
898:third flight
834:
822:
808:. In NASA's
795:
780:
757:
744:
740:
697:
682:
673:
658:Please help
646:
618:
606:
590:
570:
531:
522:first stages
514:
510:
495:
486:
471:Please help
459:
387:
382:
334:
319:
310:
295:Please help
283:
259:Robert Truax
253:
246:Me 163 Komet
235:
213:
204:
194:
173:World War II
170:
146:
126:rocket fuels
117:
107:
103:
98:
74:
62:
45:
36:The highest
35:
6673:Aerocapture
6668:Aerobraking
6549:Open system
6533:"Lightbulb"
6474:Mass driver
6224:Propellants
6155:Diffractive
6013:Cpropep-Web
5994:14 December
5966:14 December
5880:"Firefly α"
5497:: 227–279.
5214:Propellant
5162:(AF-M315E)
5065:(LMP-103S)
4984:Propellant
4498:Hypergolic
4458:Hypergolic
4418:Hypergolic
4368:Hypergolic
4328:Hypergolic
4288:Hypergolic
3744:Hypergolic
3697:Hypergolic
1853:(kerosene)
1514:1 atm
1429:Definitions
1300:Aerozine-50
1185:(LNG) / LOX
1165:New Shepard
1108:Present use
904:, uses the
892:achieved a
882:, uses the
861:, uses the
847:, uses the
546:natural gas
427:hydrocarbon
338:nitric acid
238:nitric acid
233:purposes.
161:Rüsselsheim
69:liquid fuel
65:propellants
6731:Categories
6693:Warp drive
6523:Salt-water
6241:Hypergolic
6150:Solar sail
5862:2012-11-22
5832:2024-05-07
5808:2024-01-08
5690:2014-03-07
5665:2014-02-22
5548:(Report).
5424:Starthilfe
5356:0028650212
5276:References
4853:O, 0.7% HF
4806:IRFNA IIIa
4274:IRFNA IIIa
4236:76.6:23.4
3074:87.8:12.2
1859:. Common.
1711:(methane)
1423:isentropic
1260:hypergolic
1210:(UDMH) or
1156:(LH) / LOX
1045:Turbopumps
1011:March 2017
676:March 2017
577:Los Alamos
411:hypergolic
313:March 2017
254:Starthilfe
214:Starthilfe
203:-numbered
177:V-2 rocket
153:Max Valier
6236:Cryogenic
5894:5 October
5803:Space.com
5096:Hydrazine
4841:54.3% HNO
4727:Oxidizer
4644:74.5:25.5
4048::Be 80:20
3838:76.6:29.4
3694:55:26:19
3620:55:26:19
3116:Oxidizer
2183:65.2:34.0
2040:92.6:7.4
1609:Hydrolox.
1500:Oxidizer
1419:adiabatic
1266:Hydrazine
1246:, Indian
1119:(RP-1) /
1059:Hydrazine
1049:V2 rocket
982:does not
932:New Glenn
845:LandSpace
826:LandSpace
647:does not
460:does not
419:hydrazine
383:Inhibited
284:does not
6528:Gas core
6063:Concepts
5584:(1995).
5365:44774933
5217:Comment
5003:= 40:1)
4987:Comment
4845:, 44% NO
4733:Comment
3122:Comment
1716:Methalox
1611:Common.
1506:Comment
1307:storable
1294:storable
1218:(NTO or
1214:(MMH) /
1194:Starship
1190:Zhuque-2
1140:Falcon 9
1136:Electron
1117:Kerosene
949:design.
945:with an
890:Starship
876:Terran 1
840:Zhuque-2
830:Zhuque-2
764:fluorine
707:gaseous
558:catalyst
534:hydrogen
528:Hydrogen
441:Kerosene
435:kerosene
197:HWK firm
149:Opel RAK
122:gasoline
67:made of
58:oxidizer
18:Methalox
6617:Tethers
6469:MagBeam
6354:Gridded
6109:Staging
6102:Delta-v
5782:12 July
5737:Reuters
5717:16 July
5563:16 July
5526:6 April
5130:Common
5100:Common
4832:, 0.6%
1857:Kerolox
1721:engines
1719:. Many
1177:Centaur
1132:Atlas V
1128:Soyuz-2
1003:removed
988:sources
908:engine.
896:on its
886:engine.
851:engine.
798:methane
796:Liquid
786:Methane
760:lithium
668:removed
653:sources
609:Energia
593:Centaur
556:-based
481:removed
466:sources
415:aniline
305:removed
290:sources
242:aniline
205:109-500
183:, with
134:cryogen
79:History
6443:VASIMR
6092:Thrust
6070:Rocket
5827:SpaceX
5623:
5596:
5470:
5426:system
5394:
5363:
5353:
5001:nozzle
4849:, 1% H
4817:, 14%
4810:83.4%
4415:60:40
4285:60:40
4180:25:75
4002:50:50
3024:70:30
2932:30:70
1146:, and
917:Raptor
913:SpaceX
906:Raptor
902:SpaceX
884:Aeon 1
597:Saturn
585:helium
562:nickel
542:oxygen
120:) and
6452:Other
6198:State
5988:(PDF)
5960:(PDF)
5645:(PDF)
5557:(PDF)
5546:(PDF)
5182:1.46
5179:1893
5172:1.46
5169:1893
5154:1040
5151:1.45
5148:1270
5145:1860
5142:1040
5139:1.45
5136:1270
5133:1610
5118:1.01
5108:1.01
5088:1.24
5085:1608
5078:1.24
5075:1608
4999:(Area
4824:, 2%
4730:Fuel
4722:1817
4719:1.01
4716:2597
4713:2.09
4710:3642
4707:1828
4704:1.02
4701:2667
4698:2.20
4695:3016
4676:1940
4673:1.24
4670:3098
4667:0.57
4664:3954
4661:1943
4658:1.21
4655:2915
4652:0.48
4649:3289
4625:1744
4622:1.25
4619:2645
4616:2.12
4613:3308
4610:1751
4607:1.24
4604:2651
4601:2.05
4598:2810
4579:1714
4576:1.24
4573:2707
4570:3.69
4567:3301
4564:1726
4561:1.24
4558:2720
4555:3.46
4552:2790
4528:1662
4525:1.29
4522:2977
4519:3.12
4516:3220
4513:1676
4510:1.28
4507:2983
4504:2.95
4501:2719
4488:1680
4485:1.31
4482:2947
4479:2.58
4476:3242
4473:1696
4470:1.29
4467:2953
4464:2.43
4461:2742
4448:1641
4445:1.33
4442:2951
4439:3.25
4436:3187
4433:1656
4430:1.32
4427:2903
4424:3.06
4421:2689
4398:1634
4395:1.27
4392:2864
4389:3.31
4386:3157
4383:1648
4380:1.26
4377:2874
4374:3.13
4371:2668
4358:1655
4355:1.28
4352:2841
4349:2.71
4346:3178
4343:1665
4340:1.27
4337:2849
4334:2.59
4331:2690
4318:1617
4315:1.31
4312:2839
4309:3.41
4306:3123
4303:1627
4300:1.30
4297:2848
4294:3.26
4291:2638
4268:1775
4265:1.20
4262:3026
4259:1.51
4256:3381
4253:1787
4250:1.19
4247:3023
4244:1.43
4241:2872
4217:1732
4214:1.18
4211:3158
4208:2.50
4205:3360
4202:1753
4199:1.17
4196:3153
4193:2.28
4190:2839
4161:1781
4158:1.11
4155:3706
4152:3.26
4149:3513
4146:1782
4143:1.11
4140:3678
4137:3.18
4134:2927
4115:1913
4112:1.22
4109:3230
4106:0.60
4103:3849
4065:1918
4062:1.20
4059:3038
4056:0.51
4053:3209
4035:1731
4032:1.20
4029:3096
4026:2.15
4023:3349
4020:1747
4017:1.12
4014:3095
4011:1.98
4008:2831
3985:1770
3982:1.22
3979:2993
3976:1.42
3973:3369
3970:1781
3967:1.21
3964:2992
3961:1.36
3958:2862
3938:1771
3935:1.31
3932:3450
3929:0.87
3926:3460
3896:1785
3893:1.27
3890:3294
3887:0.85
3884:2891
3879:63:27
3870:1849
3867:1.24
3864:3451
3861:1.10
3858:3720
3855:1858
3852:1.17
3849:3193
3846:0.99
3843:3106
3826:1724
3823:1.20
3820:3125
3817:2.37
3814:3347
3811:1745
3808:1.19
3805:3122
3802:2.17
3799:2827
3774:1822
3771:1.50
3768:3666
3765:2.89
3762:3356
3759:1824
3756:1.49
3753:3650
3750:2.81
3747:2885
3727:1739
3724:1.42
3721:3413
3718:3.01
3715:3274
3712:1739
3709:1.42
3706:3407
3703:2.97
3700:2789
3652:1863
3649:1.46
3646:3722
3643:2.49
3640:3500
3637:1864
3634:1.46
3631:3717
3628:2.46
3625:2989
3600:MMH:N
3595:1844
3592:1.41
3589:3579
3586:2.81
3583:3498
3580:1844
3577:1.41
3574:3575
3571:2.78
3568:2971
3563:86:14
3555:MMH:N
3550:1934
3547:1.47
3544:3905
3541:2.71
3538:3580
3535:1935
3532:1.47
3529:3894
3526:2.66
3523:3069
3504:1837
3501:1.40
3498:3579
3495:2.83
3492:3488
3489:1837
3486:1.40
3483:3577
3480:2.82
3477:2962
3457:1992
3454:1.35
3451:4803
3448:8.31
3445:3898
3442:1997
3439:1.34
3436:4791
3433:7.76
3430:3259
3411:2021
3408:1.22
3405:4062
3402:4.58
3399:3723
3396:2020
3393:1.22
3390:4062
3387:4.58
3384:3204
3369:2058
3366:1.38
3363:4216
3360:3.25
3357:3827
3354:2059
3351:1.38
3348:4214
3345:3.22
3342:3283
3323:1926
3320:1.32
3317:3823
3314:3.39
3311:3730
3308:1928
3305:1.32
3302:3819
3299:3.35
3296:3163
3284:1843
3281:1.14
3278:3743
3275:3.71
3272:3612
3269:1844
3266:1.13
3263:3741
3260:3.67
3257:3035
3238:1915
3235:1.15
3232:3707
3229:6.51
3226:3692
3223:1917
3220:1.15
3217:3705
3214:6.44
3211:3127
3119:Fuel
3111:2186
3108:1.23
3105:4453
3102:2.83
3099:4148
3096:2191
3093:1.24
3090:4454
3087:2.82
3084:3525
3061:2104
3058:1.20
3055:4361
3052:3.84
3049:3955
3046:2106
3043:1.20
3040:4361
3037:3.84
3034:3377
3011:1889
3008:1.10
3005:3692
3002:3.30
2999:3697
2996:1908
2993:1.09
2990:3665
2987:3.01
2984:3103
2972:2417
2969:0.36
2966:3195
2963:5.70
2960:4520
2957:2453
2954:0.32
2951:2954
2948:4.80
2945:3871
2914:2161
2911:1.21
2908:4844
2905:4.30
2902:4239
2899:2163
2896:1.20
2893:4825
2890:4.16
2887:3539
2868:2167
2865:1.02
2862:4486
2859:3.98
2856:4367
2853:2244
2850:1.01
2847:4479
2844:3.95
2841:3653
2822:2018
2819:1.25
2816:3769
2813:1.92
2810:3908
2807:2025
2804:1.24
2801:3726
2798:1.75
2795:3286
2774:MMH:N
2769:2081
2766:1.27
2763:3814
2760:1.65
2757:4008
2754:2087
2751:1.26
2748:3769
2745:1.51
2742:3381
2723:2106
2720:1.26
2717:4133
2714:2.58
2711:4067
2708:2119
2705:1.24
2702:4075
2699:2.28
2696:3427
2684:2130
2681:1.28
2678:4432
2675:3.85
2672:4021
2669:2132
2666:1.28
2663:4436
2660:3.87
2657:3424
2645:2176
2642:1.13
2639:4538
2636:3.86
2633:4137
2630:2176
2627:1.13
2624:4539
2621:3.87
2618:3511
2599:2139
2596:1.09
2593:4207
2590:5.58
2587:4131
2584:2160
2581:1.06
2578:4157
2575:4.94
2572:3485
2557:2499
2554:0.44
2551:3587
2548:7.37
2545:4679
2542:2542
2539:0.39
2536:3311
2533:5.92
2530:4014
2507:2140
2504:1.25
2501:5083
2498:5.58
2495:4191
2492:2147
2489:1.23
2486:5050
2483:5.14
2480:3502
2461:2193
2458:1.12
2455:4341
2452:3.35
2449:4143
2446:2194
2443:1.12
2440:4337
2437:3.32
2434:3531
2419:2122
2416:1.31
2413:4468
2410:2.37
2407:4215
2404:2219
2401:1.31
2398:4461
2395:2.32
2392:3580
2373:1987
2370:1.24
2367:4091
2364:2.47
2361:4071
2358:2063
2355:1.24
2352:4074
2349:2.39
2346:3413
2334:2014
2331:1.10
2328:3923
2325:3.78
2322:3987
2319:2019
2316:1.09
2313:3914
2310:3.68
2307:3335
2288:2064
2285:1.04
2282:3933
2279:4.74
2276:4075
2273:2068
2270:1.03
2267:3918
2264:4.53
2261:3414
2246:2656
2243:0.21
2240:1974
2237:1.08
2234:5050
2200:2680
2197:0.19
2194:1830
2191:0.96
2188:4256
2170:2530
2167:0.52
2164:3985
2161:9.74
2158:4697
2155:2556
2152:0.46
2149:3689
2146:7.94
2143:4036
2120:2519
2114:2862
2111:3.92
2108:4485
2105:2550
2099:2576
2096:3.29
2093:3997
2072:1897
2069:0.72
2066:3287
2063:3.63
2060:3719
2057:1920
2054:0.71
2051:3245
2048:3.36
2045:3126
2027:2039
2024:0.75
2021:3563
2018:2.06
2015:4016
2012:2041
2009:0.74
2006:3489
2003:1.96
2000:3351
1981:1894
1978:0.92
1975:3863
1972:2.16
1969:3758
1966:1895
1963:0.92
1960:3834
1957:2.12
1954:3124
1935:1878
1932:1.07
1929:3146
1926:0.98
1923:3460
1920:1892
1917:1.07
1914:3132
1911:0.92
1908:3065
1889:1783
1886:1.03
1883:3428
1880:2.77
1877:3510
1874:1799
1871:1.03
1868:3403
1865:2.58
1862:2941
1845:1855
1842:0.89
1839:3521
1836:2.59
1833:3635
1830:1875
1827:0.88
1824:3486
1821:2.38
1818:3053
1799:1825
1796:0.91
1793:3351
1790:3.10
1787:3584
1784:1840
1781:0.90
1778:3320
1775:2.89
1772:3006
1753:1838
1750:0.83
1747:3290
1744:3.45
1741:3615
1738:1857
1735:0.82
1732:3260
1729:3.21
1726:3034
1693:2850
1690:0.24
1687:2589
1684:0.91
1681:5295
1678:2833
1675:0.23
1672:2558
1669:0.87
1666:4498
1661:49:51
1641:2386
1638:0.32
1635:2978
1632:4.83
1629:4462
1626:2416
1623:0.29
1620:2740
1617:4.13
1614:3816
1503:Fuel
1410:0.88
1402:0.91
1394:0.93
1386:0.95
1378:0.97
1370:0.98
1362:0.99
1354:1.00
1314:Table
1169:H-IIB
1123:(LOX)
1095:Steam
1053:Soyuz
849:TQ-12
554:metal
112:used
6182:WINE
5996:2017
5968:2017
5896:2014
5784:2023
5719:2023
5621:ISBN
5594:ISBN
5565:2023
5528:2017
5468:ISBN
5392:ISBN
5361:OCLC
5351:ISBN
5331:2008
5115:883
5105:883
4901:NHNH
4885:MMH
4857:RP-1
4494:UDMH
4413:DETA
4409:UDMH
4364:UDMH
4283:DETA
4279:UDMH
4000:UDMH
3875:MMH:
3028:RP-1
2978:RP-1
2651:RP-1
1851:RP-1
1256:GSLV
1254:and
1252:PSLV
1250:for
1175:and
1173:GSLV
1079:+2NH
986:any
984:cite
925:RP-1
870:RL10
866:BE-4
762:and
651:any
649:cite
595:and
518:RP-1
464:any
462:cite
431:RP-1
288:any
286:cite
250:RATO
229:for
221:for
5499:doi
5314:doi
4812:HNO
4546:MMH
4454:MMH
4324:MMH
4184:MMH
3832:MMH
3792:MMH
3666:MMH
3658:ClF
3471:MMH
3463:ClF
3290:MMH
3078:MMH
2690:MMH
2340:MMH
2078:GOX
1589:LOX
1341:psi
1337:atm
1333:kPa
1071:→ N
997:by
953:ESA
828:'s
818:LOX
733:AMU
725:AMU
662:by
575:at
475:by
421:or
342:HNO
299:by
201:RLM
124:as
118:LOX
6733::
5943:^
5882:.
5865:.
5850:.
5825:.
5801:.
5773:.
5754:.
5735:.
5708:.
5683:.
5567:.
5495:24
5493:.
5373:^
5359:.
5310:19
5308:.
5268:C*
5242:C*
5056:C*
5030:C*
4942:C*
4892:CH
4877:18
4868:10
4834:HF
4819:NO
4794:C*
4763:C*
4642:Be
4234:Be
4167:NO
3877:Al
3836:Be
3689:NO
3616:NO
3608::N
3375:NH
3202:CH
3183:C*
3152:C*
3070::O
3020::O
2563:CH
2513:OF
2425:NH
2252:CH
2181:Li
2117:—
2102:—
2083:GH
2036::H
2032:CH
1700:CH
1659:Be
1582:C*
1551:C*
1476:C*
1343:)
1335:;
1324:sp
1192:,
1171:,
1167:,
1163:,
1142:,
1138:,
1101:sp
1075:+H
579:.
417:,
356:,
261:.
6048:e
6041:t
6034:v
5998:.
5970:.
5898:.
5835:.
5811:.
5786:.
5758:.
5721:.
5693:.
5668:.
5647:.
5602:.
5530:.
5505:.
5501::
5476:.
5400:.
5367:.
5320:.
5316::
5263:d
5258:c
5255:T
5250:e
5247:V
5237:d
5232:c
5229:T
5224:e
5221:V
5051:d
5046:c
5043:T
5038:e
5035:V
5025:d
5020:c
5017:T
5012:e
5009:V
4965:d
4957:c
4954:T
4934:e
4931:V
4923:r
4916:2
4906:2
4897:3
4882:)
4872:H
4863:C
4851:2
4847:2
4843:3
4830:O
4828:2
4826:H
4821:2
4814:3
4789:d
4783:c
4781:T
4776:r
4770:e
4768:V
4758:d
4752:c
4750:T
4745:r
4739:e
4737:V
4688:9
4686:H
4684:5
4682:B
4640::
4637:4
4635:H
4633:2
4631:N
4591:4
4589:H
4587:2
4585:N
4540:2
4538:O
4536:2
4534:H
4411::
4281::
4232::
4229:4
4227:H
4225:2
4223:N
4177:4
4175:O
4173:2
4171:N
4169::
4127:9
4125:H
4123:5
4121:B
4086:4
4084:H
4082:2
4080:N
4046:4
4044:H
4042:2
4040:N
3998::
3996:4
3994:H
3992:2
3990:N
3950:4
3948:H
3946:2
3944:N
3834::
3786:4
3784:O
3782:2
3780:N
3739:4
3737:H
3735:2
3733:N
3691:3
3687:5
3685:H
3683:2
3681:N
3679::
3676:4
3674:H
3672:2
3670:N
3668::
3660:3
3618:3
3614:5
3612:H
3610:2
3606:4
3604:H
3602:2
3561:4
3559:H
3557:2
3516:4
3514:H
3512:2
3510:N
3465:5
3423:9
3421:H
3419:5
3417:B
3377:3
3335:4
3333:H
3331:2
3329:N
3250:4
3248:H
3246:2
3244:C
3204:4
3196:4
3194:F
3192:2
3190:N
3178:d
3172:c
3170:T
3165:r
3159:e
3157:V
3147:d
3141:c
3139:T
3134:r
3128:e
3126:V
3072:2
3068:2
3066:F
3022:2
3018:2
3016:F
2938:2
2936:H
2929:2
2927:O
2925::
2922:2
2920:F
2880:9
2878:H
2876:5
2874:B
2834:6
2832:H
2830:2
2828:B
2788:O
2786:2
2784:H
2782::
2780:4
2778:H
2776:2
2735:4
2733:H
2731:2
2729:N
2611:6
2609:H
2607:2
2605:C
2565:4
2523:2
2521:H
2515:2
2473:9
2471:H
2469:5
2467:B
2427:3
2385:4
2383:H
2381:2
2379:N
2300:6
2298:H
2296:2
2294:C
2254:4
2217:2
2215:H
2179::
2177:2
2175:H
2136:2
2134:H
2128:2
2126:F
2085:2
2038:2
2034:4
1993:6
1991:H
1989:2
1987:B
1947:9
1945:H
1943:5
1941:B
1901:4
1899:H
1897:2
1895:N
1811:4
1809:H
1807:2
1805:C
1765:6
1763:H
1761:2
1759:C
1705:4
1657::
1652:2
1647:H
1600:2
1595:H
1577:d
1572:c
1569:T
1564:r
1559:e
1556:V
1546:d
1541:c
1538:T
1533:r
1528:e
1525:V
1488:.
1465:d
1457:c
1454:T
1446:r
1438:e
1435:V
1339:(
1321:I
1289:)
1284:4
1279:H
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