President of Mexico - Knowledge (XXG)

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level. They thus had an important (but not exclusive) influence over the political life of the country (part of their power had to be shared with unions and other groups, but as an individual, they had no peers). This and their constitutional powers made some political commentators describe the president as a six-year dictator, and to call this system an "imperial presidency". The situation remained largely unchanged until the early 1980s when a grave economic crisis created discomfort both in the population and inside the party, and the president's power was no longer absolute but still impressive.

1846:), but cannot make changes to the cabinet without advice and consent from the Senate. They must also provide an official report of their actions within ten days of leaving the post. Congress must elect an Interim or Substitute President within 60 days of the original absence. The Secretary of the Interior is not required to meet all requirements for the Presidency; specifically, they are not required to meet the age or residency requirements, nor the requirement to not hold certain government positions (secretary of state, under-secretary of state, etc.) 4106: 4067: 3067: 188: 4093: 174: 4041: 4288: 4301: 4249: 4236: 845: 4262: 4171: 4054: 4119: 4275: 4210: 1484:

PRD. The PAN would push the reforms it denied to the PRI and vice versa. This situation, novel in a country where Congress was +90% dominated by the president's party for most of the century, has led to a legal analysis of the president's power. Formerly almost a dictator (because of PRI's party discipline), the current times show the president's power as somewhat limited. In 2004, President

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very limited in their extent. One such decree is the federal budget, which is issued by Congress. The president's office may suggest a budget, but at the end of the day, it is Congress that decrees how to collect taxes and how to spend them. A Supreme Court ruling on Vicente Fox's veto of the 2004 budget suggests that the President may have the right to veto decrees from Congress.

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For example, Ernesto Zedillo holds important offices in the United Nations and in the private sector, but outside of Mexico. It is speculated he lives in a self-imposed exile to avoid the hatred of some of his fellow members of the PRI for having acknowledged the PRI's defeat in the 2000 presidential

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If the absence (death, impeachment, etc.) should occur in the first two years of the term, Congress (if in session, or after being called to extraordinary session by the Permanent Commission) must elect, by a majority of votes in a secret ballot with a quorum of at least two-thirds of its members, an

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Unlike in some other republics, former presidents of Mexico do not continue to be important national figures once out of office, and usually lead a discreet life. This is partly because they do not want to interfere with the government of the new president and partly because they may not have a good

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alliance become the first opposition candidate to win an election since 1911. This historical defeat was accepted on election night by the PRI in the voice of President Zedillo; while this calmed fears of violence, it also fueled questions about the role of the president in the electoral process and

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on 15 September of each year, and when they receive the diplomatic credentials of accredited foreign ambassadors and ministers. They are also expected to wear it "in those official ceremonies of greatest solemnity". The sash is worn from right shoulder to left hip, and should be worn underneath the

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in three bands of equal width, with green on top, white in the center, and red on the bottom, worn from right shoulder to left waist; it also includes the National Seal, in gold thread, to be worn chest-high. In November 2018, a reform was made on Article 34 reordering the colors of the sash. A new

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A decree is a legislative instrument that has an expiration date and that is issued by one of the three branches of government. Congress may issue decrees, and the President may issue decrees as well. They have all the power of laws but cannot be changed by a power that did not issue them. They are

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monopoly status of the PRI. As mentioned above, they effectively chose their successor as president by personally nominating the PRI's candidate in the next election. In addition, the unwritten rules of the PRI allowed them to designate party officials and candidates all the way down to the local

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I affirm to follow and uphold the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States and the laws that emanate from it, and to perform loyally and patriotically the office of President of the Republic which the people have conferred upon me, in all actions looking after the good and prosperity of

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Since 1997, the Congress has been plural, usually with opposition parties having a majority. Major reforms (tax, energy) have to pass by Congress, and the ruling President usually found their efforts blocked: the PRI's Zedillo by opposing PAN/PRD congressmen, and later the PAN's Fox by the PRI and

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Protesto guardar y hacer guardar la Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos y las leyes que de ella emanen, y desempeñar leal y patrióticamente el cargo de Presidente de la República que el pueblo me ha conferido, mirando en todo por el bien y prosperidad de la Unión; y si así no lo

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of peoples; nonintervention; the peaceful settlement of disputes; the prohibition of the threat or use of force in international relations; the legal equality of States; international cooperation for development; respect, protection and promotion of human rights and the struggle for international

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led to worries that PRI candidate Carlos Salinas de Gortari would not come close to a majority, and might actually be defeated. While the votes were being counted, the tabulation system mysteriously shut down. The government declared Salinas the winner, leading to allegations of electoral fraud.

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had personally selected Cárdenas as his successor, and had hoped to control things from behind the scenes as he had for the previous five years. When Cárdenas showed he would rule in name and fact, Calles publicly criticized him, prompting Cárdenas to have Calles escorted out of the country by

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Conduct foreign policy and conclude international treaties and finish, denounce, suspend, modify, amend, remove reservations and issuing interpretative statements thereon, and submitting to the approval of the Senate. In conducting such a policy, the Chief Executive shall observe the following

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An important characteristic of this system is that the new president was effectively chosen by the old one (since the PRI candidate was assured of election) but once they assumed power, the old one lost all power and influence ("no reelection" is a cornerstone of Mexican politics). In fact,

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With the democratic reforms of recent years and fairer elections, the president's powers have been limited in fact as well as in name. Vargas Llosa, during the Fox administration, called this new system "The Imperfect Democracy". The current rights and powers of the president of Mexico are

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tradition called for the incumbent president to fade into the background during the campaign to elect their successor. This renewed command helped maintain party discipline and avoided the stagnation associated with a single person holding power for decades, prompting Peruvian novelist

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Article 85 additionally states that if the president requests a temporarily absence – once authorized by the Congress – executive powers devolve provisionally upon the Secretary of the Interior for a period of up to sixty days until the President reassumes executive powers.

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Appoint and remove freely the Secretaries of State, remove the ambassadors, consuls general and senior employees of the Treasury, appoint and remove freely all other employees of the Union whose appointment or removal is not otherwise in the Constitution or in

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Not be a secretary of state or under-secretary of state, attorney general, governor of a state, or head of the government of Mexico City, unless "separated from the post" (resigned or been granted permanent leave of absence) at least six months prior to the

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The presidential term was set at four years from 1821 to 1904, when President Porfirio Díaz extended it to six years for the first time in Mexico's history, and then again from 1917 to 1928 after a new constitution reversed the change made by Díaz in 1904.

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threatened to veto the budget approved by Congress, claiming the budget overstepped his authority to lead the country, only to learn no branch of government had the power to veto a decree issued by another branch of government (although a different, non

1857:). Congress must also call for elections in no less than 14 months and no more than 18 months after the absence of the President occurs; the person who wins those elections will be president for the remainder of the original six-year presidential term. 1917:

was then appointed Interim President to fill out the remainder of Ortiz Rubio's term (under current law Rodríguez would be Substitute President, but at the time there was no distinction between Interim, Substitute, and Provisional presidents).

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Finally, the presidential term was set at six years in 1928 and has remained unchanged since then. The president is elected by direct, popular, universal suffrage. Whoever wins a simple plurality of the national vote is elected; there is no

1864:) by a majority of votes in a secret ballot as above. The Substitute President will be President of the United Mexican States until the end of the original six-year presidential term, at which point regular elections are held. 687:, the government was unstable until 1929, when all the revolutionary leaders united in one political party: the National Revolutionary Party, which later changed its name to the Party of the Mexican Revolution, and is now the 750:; after it has heard and ruled on them, the Tribunal must either declare the election invalid or certify the results of the elections in accordance to their rulings. Once the Tribunal declares the election valid, it issues a 4339: 2231: 1882:

will assume executive powers provisionally within a period of 30 days until Congress (if in session, or after being called to extraordinary session by the Permanent Commission) can elect a Substitute President as stated

555:'s fraudulent victory on his seventh re-election in a row. It is so entrenched in Mexican politics that it has remained in place even as it was relaxed for other offices. In 2014, the constitution was amended to allow 1557:

coat. The only exception is during the swearing-in ceremony, when it is worn over the coat so that the out-going president may easily take the sash off and drape it over the incoming president (Article 36).

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In addition to the Presidential Sash, each president receives a Presidential Flag; the flag has imprinted the words Estados Unidos Mexicanos in golden letters and the national coat of arms also in gold.

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If the absence should occur in the last four years of the term, Congress (if in session, or after being called to extraordinary session by the Permanent Commission) will select a Substitute President (

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Preserve national security, under the terms of the respective law, and have all of the permanent Armed Forces i.e. Army, Navy and Air Force for internal security and external defense of the Federation;

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Toward the end of their term, the incumbent president in consultation with party leaders, selected the PRI's candidate in the next election in a procedure known as "the tap of the finger" (Spanish:

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Former presidents of Mexico continue to carry the title "president" until death but are rarely referred by it; they are commonly called ex-presidents. They were also given protection by the former

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will assume executive powers provisionally until Congress (if in session, or after being called to extraordinary session by the Permanent Commission) can elect an Interim President as stated above.

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Appoint, with Senate approval, ambassadors, consuls general, superior employees of the Treasury and members of collegial bodies of regulation in telecommunications, energy and economic competition;

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sash was made putting the colors of the sash back to the previous order that was used from 1924 through 2009. In swearing-in ceremonies, the outgoing President turns in the sash to the current

4608: 1817: 2070: 765:'Proof of Majority') to the candidate who obtained a plurality. That candidate then becomes President-elect. The final decision is made in September, two months after the election. 1891:

As per Article 83, no person who has already served as president, whether elected, provisional, interim, or substitute, can be designated as provisional, interim, or substitute president.

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Objecting the appointment of commissioners body that sets the guarantor Article 6. of this Constitution made by the Senate, under the terms established in this Constitution and the law;

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The Constitution does not establish formal academic qualifications to serve as president. Most presidents during the 19th and early 20th centuries had careers in one of two fields: the

4325: 582:(1940–1946) was the last president to have been a career military officer. Most of his successors have been lawyers; in fact, all the presidents between 1958 and 1988 graduated from 2226: 567:

to run for a second consecutive term. Previously, Deputies and Senators were barred from successive re-election. The president remains barred from even non-consecutive reelection.

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To submit to the Senate, the three candidates for the appointment of judges of the Supreme Court and submit their resignations to the approval of licenses and Senate itself;

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When the Senate is not in session, the President of the Republic may make appointments mentioned in sections III, IV and IX, with the approval of the Standing Committee;

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For the first 71 years after the enactment of the 1917 Constitution, the president exercised nearly absolute control over the country. Much of this power came from the

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Intervene in the appointment of the Attorney General of the Republic and delete it, in terms of the provisions of Article 102, Section A, of this Constitution;

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No one who has held the post, even on a caretaker basis, is allowed to run or serve again. The constitution and the office of the president closely follow the

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The designation of the Secretary of the Interior as the immediate successor dates to August 2012, when the changes to the Constitution were published in the

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Be a resident of Mexico for the entire year prior to the election (although absences of 30 days or fewer are explicitly stated not to interrupt residency).

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At an exchange rate of 20.94 pesos to one dollar, approximately $ 9,960.40 per month; the salary after taxes is listed as MXN$ 142,256.56 (US$ 6,793.53).

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The succession provisions have come into play only twice since the current constitution was enacted. In 1928, after the assassination of president-elect

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and sets forth the powers of the president, as well as the qualifications for the office. He is vested with the "supreme executive power of the Union".

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Grant exclusive privileges for a limited time, in accordance with the respective law, to discoverers, inventors or perfectors in any branch of industry;

475:. Another legacy of the Mexican Revolution is the Constitution's ban on re-election. Mexican presidents are limited to a single six-year term, called a 2432: 1849:

If Congress is not in session, then the Permanent Commission calls Congress to an extraordinary session, at which point the process continues as below.

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If an elected president is unable to assume office before being sworn in, the election had not been held, or if the election was annulled, the

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Articles 84 and 85 of the Mexican Constitution state that "in case of absolute absence of a President" the following should happen:

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This is the Logo used in the current 2018-2024 Administration, Pending change during Claudia Sheinbaum’s 2024-2030 Administration.

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two surviving former presidents lived in the United States and taught at the universities where they formerly studied: Zedillo at

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to call Mexico's political system "the perfect dictatorship" since the president's powers were cloaked by democratic practice.

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To be eligible to serve as president, Article 82 of the Constitution specifies that the following requirements must be met:

2458:[How is the new official residence of the President of Mexico?] (in Spanish). La Voz de Michoacan. 14 December 2018 2379: 702:). Until 1988, the PRI's candidate was virtually assured of election, winning by margins well over 70 percent of the vote. 468:

The office of the president is considered to be revolutionary, in the sense that the powers of office are derived from the

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After a presidential election, political parties may issue challenges to the election. These challenges are heard by the

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Having the National Guard to the same duties and responsibilities, in the terms that prevent Section IV of Article 76;

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Appoint, with the approval of the Senate, the colonels and general and flag officers of the Army, Navy and Air Force;

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also lived in a self-imposed exile in Ireland, but returned to Mexico. He campaigned intensely to have his brother,

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Promulgate and execute the laws enacted by Congress, providing in the administrative sphere to its exact observance;

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At any time, opt for a coalition government with one or more of the political parties represented in Congress.

513:") able to exercise full citizenship rights, with at least one parent who is a natural-born citizen of Mexico. 4568: 4533: 4464: 4394: 4374: 4280: 4150: 3787: 3648: 3376: 3244: 3184: 2985: 2937: 2801: 2746: 1950: 1303: 1047: 909: 579: 214: 2669: 1996:

and Felipe Calderón, live in Mexico. As of 2022, Carlos Salinas de Gortari lived in the United Kingdom and

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Upon taking office, the President raises their right arm to shoulder-level and takes the following oath:

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as Interim President; Portes Gil served in the position for 14 months while new elections were called.

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Grant, according to law, pardons to criminals convicted of crimes jurisdiction of the federal courts;

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established, limited and enumerated by Article 89 of the Constitution which include the following:

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Company in the United States, and worked as a professor at several universities in that country.

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moved the presidential residence back to the National Palace upon the start of his term in 2018.

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Enable all classes of ports, establish maritime and border customs and designate their location;

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was elected president in the special elections that followed in 1930, but he resigned in 1932.

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Declare war on behalf of the United Mexican States with consent from the Congress of the Union;

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with a modern-era record of 53% of the popular vote in 2018. The most recent former president,

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Provide the judiciary the aid they need for the expeditious exercise of its functions;

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to whom the responsibility of conceding defeat should fall in a democratic election.

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military police. Cárdenas himself remained silent on the policies of his successor

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The ban on any sort of presidential re-election dates back to the aftermath of the

660:, finishing only 0.56% above his nearest rival, Andrés Manuel López Obrador (who 17: 4293: 4261: 4176: 4098: 4072: 3857: 3035: 2383: 1993: 1584: 1485: 778: 665: 607: 449:, the president heads the executive branch of the federal government and is the 281: 42: 2614:"Dónde vive Carlos Salinas de Gortari ahora que tiene la nacionalidad española" 2328: 2301: 4111: 3254: 3249: 3224: 3209: 2406: 2007: 1647: 595: 583: 544: 528:

Not be in active military service during the six months prior to the election.

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Convene Congress into special session, when agreed by the Standing Committee;

695:). From then until 1988, the PRI ruled Mexico as a virtual one-party state. 4306: 4170: 4066: 4053: 3992: 3162: 1612: 2327:[Elections 1988 and 2006] (in Spanish). El Cato.org. Archived from 1579: 4202: 3792: 3274: 1390:

while giving the president wider powers than their American counterpart.

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Not be an official or minister of any church or religious denomination.

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the Union; and if I were not to do so, may the Nation demand it of me.

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public image. This tradition can be traced back to the presidency of

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Not have been president already, even in a provisional capacity (see

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Instituto Nacional de Estudios Históricos de la Revolución Mexicana

2382:. Electoral Tribunal of the Federal Judicial Branch. Archived from 4196: 4183: 4157: 4105: 3106: 1523: 721:

The 1997 federal congressional election saw the first opposition

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Be at least thirty-five years of age at the time of the election.

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The official residence and workplace of the President is the

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Until Congress names a Substitute or Interim President, the

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was elected with a plurality of 43% of the popular vote,

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In 1988, the PRI ruptured and the dissidents formed the

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won 38% of the popular vote in 2012. Former President

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Ensign of the President, for use aboard naval vessels

614:, the current president, studied political sciences. 1475:

The others expressly conferred by this Constitution.

676:won with a majority of 50.4% in the 1988 election. 4501: 4492: 4362: 4353: 3843: 3729: 3578: 3456: 3318: 3148: 672:won 48.7% of the vote in 1994, and his predecessor 397: 382: 368: 358: 348: 330: 320: 310: 297: 287: 275: 263: 245: 213: 143: 67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2225: 516:Be a resident of Mexico for at least twenty years. 2670:President of Mexico – Official government website 1382:The 1917 Constitution borrowed heavily from the 748:Electoral Tribunal of the Federal Judicial Power 610:(2000–2006) studied business administration and 1512: 1503: 4348:Heads of state and government of North America 2530:[The exile of Plutarco Elías Calles]. 2179:"Reelección inicia en 2018, ¿cómo funcionará?" 1587:. The site has been a seat of power since the 4333: 4008: 3122: 2690: 2479:"Oficial: Eliminan pensión de ex-presidentes" 2405:Canal del Congreso México (1 December 2018), 2230:. The Daily Telegraph (London). 2 July 2012. 2156:[Effective suffrage, no reelection], 1811: 1363: 151: 8: 4649:Executive branch of the government of Mexico 2501:"Por qué se van de México los expresidentes" 4664:Lists of political office-holders in Mexico 3659:North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 760: 465:, who will take office on October 1, 2024. 4498: 4359: 4340: 4326: 4318: 4015: 4001: 3993: 3735: 3584: 3462: 3324: 3129: 3115: 3107: 2697: 2683: 2675: 2578: 2576: 2503:[Why ex-presidents leave Mexico]. 2352:The World Today Series: Latin America 2007 1842:) assumes executive powers provisionally ( 1818: 1804: 1626: 1611:established the presidential residence at 1550:Law on the National Arms, Flag, and Anthem 1370: 1356: 830: 431:Presidente de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos 153:Presidente de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos 2125:Ghio, Valeria Ordóñez (20 January 2024). 2071:"Portal de Obligaciones de Transparencia" 1005:LXIII Legislature of the Mexican Congress 819:Learn how and when to remove this message 606:(2012–2018) were both lawyers, President 127:Learn how and when to remove this message 709:with rival center-left parties (now the 2052: 1936:did. The system was abolished in 2018. 1646: 833: 2620:(in European Spanish). 31 October 2022 1603:, formerly the imperial palace of the 1082:Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation 509:Be a natural-born citizen of Mexico (" 427:president of the United Mexican States 140: 27:Head of state and government of Mexico 2557:[A worthy former president]. 2415:from the original on 21 December 2021 2254:"2006 Presidential Electoral Results" 7: 2234:from the original on 12 January 2022 2091:Article 80, Constitution of Mexico. 1880:President of the Chamber of Deputies 1599:. The President also has the use of 1543:President of the Chamber of Deputies 1506:hiciere que la Nación me lo demande. 801:adding citations to reliable sources 693:Partido Revolucionario Institucional 656:won with 36.38% of the votes in the 65:adding citations to reliable sources 2528:"El exilo de Plutarco Elías Calles" 2639:Jurado, Alfonso M. (30 May 2022). 2323:Manuel Suarez Mier (7 July 2006). 2298:"Elecciones en México 1979 – 2015" 2154:"Sufragio efectivo, no reelección" 1896:Official Journal of the Federation 25: 3280:Institutional Revolutionary Party 2553:Krauze, Enrique (19 March 2012). 1384:Constitution of the United States 689:Institutional Revolutionary Party 594:(1994–2000) were both trained as 461:. The current president-elect is 4609:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 4470:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 4299: 4286: 4273: 4260: 4247: 4234: 4221: 4208: 4195: 4182: 4169: 4156: 4143: 4130: 4117: 4104: 4091: 4078: 4065: 4052: 4039: 3065: 2325:"México: Elecciones 1988 y 2006" 2026:List of heads of state of Mexico 2010: 1330: 843: 777: 494:Chapter III of Title III of the 186: 172: 160: 41: 32:List of heads of state of Mexico 2477:El Debate (14 September 2018). 1736: 1548:According to Article 35 of the 788:needs additional citations for 536: 362: 52:needs additional citations for 1201:National Regeneration Movement 662:contested the official results 500:executive branch of government 166:Logo of the President’s Office 30:For a list of presidents, see 1: 4659:1824 establishments in Mexico 3200:Centralist Republic of Mexico 2507:(in Spanish). 5 December 2012 2444:Historia.palacionacional.info 2358:: Stryker-Post Publications. 2036:List of viceroys of New Spain 1292:Diplomatic missions of Mexico 664:). In 2000, former President 3629:Institutional stock exchange 3265:Second American intervention 2526:Cruz Rivera, Dulce Liliana. 2356:Harpers Ferry, West Virginia 1159:Instituto Nacional Electoral 3830:Water supply and sanitation 3195:Spanish reconquest attempts 3051:Andrés Manuel López Obrador 2777:Francisco Javier Echeverría 2757:Antonio López de Santa Anna 2350:Buckman, Robert T. (2007). 2031:List of Tenochtitlan rulers 1967:José Francisco Ruiz Massieu 1874:If the absence is due to a 1617:Andrés Manuel López Obrador 1274:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 1181:Institutional Revolutionary 1059:Federal electoral districts 956:Andrés Manuel López Obrador 679:After the fall of dictator 642:Andrés Manuel López Obrador 612:Andrés Manuel López Obrador 490:Requirements to hold office 459:Andrés Manuel López Obrador 457:. The current president is 196:Andrés Manuel López Obrador 4680: 3230:Second French intervention 3178:Control of Central America 2903:Francisco León de la Barra 2185:(in Spanish), 15 June 2017 1090:Federal Electoral Tribunal 621: 200:since 1 December 2018 29: 4034: 3954: 3738: 3587: 3465: 3429:Tropical cyclone rainfall 3327: 3074: 3063: 3026:Carlos Salinas de Gortari 2878:Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada 2712: 2433:Casas nuevas de Moctezuma 1959:Carlos Salinas de Gortari 1929:Estado Mayor Presidencial 1840:Secretario de Gobernación 1836:Secretary of the Interior 1534:Mexican Presidential sash 755: 707:National Democratic Front 205: 183: 171: 159: 150: 3470:Administrative divisions 2973:Abelardo Luján Rodríguez 2438:3 September 2018 at the 1575:Plaza de la Constitución 1573:, a building facing the 1386:, providing for a clear 1230:Administrative divisions 1044:President of the Chamber 578:) or the law. President 206:Executive branch of the 3885:Handcrafts and folk art 3654:National stock exchange 3392:Protected natural areas 3220:Second Mexican Republic 3185:Supreme Executive Power 2943:Francisco Lagos Cházaro 2822:Manuel María Lombardini 2787:José Joaquín de Herrera 2555:"Un digno expresidente" 1992:Two former presidents, 1869:President of the Senate 1048:Marcela Guerra Castillo 1022:President of the Senate 756:Certificate of Majority 640:The current president, 511:mexicano por nacimiento 336:; 199 years ago 311:Constituting instrument 3697:States by unemployment 3687:Science and technology 3190:First Mexican Republic 2898:Manuel González Flores 2817:Juan Bautista Ceballos 1987:Harvard Kennedy School 1844:Presidente Provisional 1536:has the colors of the 1529: 1517: 1508: 1440:normative principles: 1109:Recent major elections 1014:Senate of the Republic 966:List of heads of state 867:Constitution of Mexico 699: 692: 683:in 1910 following the 551:, which erupted after 447:Constitution of Mexico 430: 422: 315:Constitution of Mexico 152: 4599:Saint Kitts and Nevis 4460:Saint Kitts and Nevis 3925:Our Lady of Guadalupe 3419:Territorial evolution 3235:Second Mexican Empire 2958:Plutarco Elías Calles 2923:Francisco S. Carvajal 2855:Manuel Robles Pezuela 2752:Valentín Gómez Farías 1946:Plutarco Elías Calles 1915:Abelardo L. Rodríguez 1905:, Congress appointed 1862:Presidente Substituto 1605:Second Mexican Empire 1595:of the Aztec emperor 1527: 1191:Democratic Revolution 997:Congress of the Union 752:Constancia de Mayoría 729:saw Vicente Fox of a 658:2006 general election 622:Further information: 178:Presidential Standard 146:United Mexican States 76:"President of Mexico" 4644:Presidents of Mexico 3942:World Heritage Sites 3357:Environmental issues 3215:Mexican–American War 3173:First Mexican Empire 2996:Adolfo Ruiz Cortines 2991:Miguel Alemán Valdés 2986:Manuel Ávila Camacho 2938:Roque González Garza 2837:Juan Álvarez Hurtado 2802:Pedro María de Anaya 2747:Manuel Gómez Pedraza 2737:Anastasio Bustamante 2727:José María Bocanegra 2706:Presidents of Mexico 2647:(in Mexican Spanish) 2481:(in Spanish). Debate 1951:Manuel Ávila Camacho 1944:. Former president 1639:Orders of succession 1388:separation of powers 797:improve this article 580:Manuel Ávila Camacho 473:Constitution of 1917 455:Mexican Armed Forces 423:Presidente de México 334:10 October 1824 61:improve this article 4614:Trinidad and Tobago 4509:Antigua and Barbuda 4494:Heads of government 4475:Trinidad and Tobago 4370:Antigua and Barbuda 3597:Automotive industry 3485:Chamber of Deputies 3168:War of Independence 3080:President of Mexico 3021:Miguel de la Madrid 3016:José López Portillo 3001:Adolfo López Mateos 2968:Pascual Ortiz Rubio 2948:Adolfo de la Huerta 2928:Venustiano Carranza 2908:Francisco I. Madero 2883:José María Iglesias 2850:Félix María Zuloaga 1911:Pascual Ortiz Rubio 1855:Presidente Interino 1853:Interim President ( 1445:peace and security; 1036:Chamber of Deputies 948:President of Mexico 723:Chamber of Deputies 715:Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas 484:presidential system 419:president of Mexico 4654:Politics of Mexico 4549:Dominican Republic 4410:Dominican Republic 3798:Indigenous peoples 3702:Telecommunications 3561:State legislatures 3502:Federal government 3382:Metropolitan areas 3260:Mexican Revolution 3046:Enrique Peña Nieto 3006:Gustavo Díaz Ordaz 2865:José Ignacio Pavón 2797:José Mariano Salas 2717:Guadalupe Victoria 2408:Banda Presidencial 1998:Enrique Peña Nieto 1601:Chapultepec Castle 1530: 1442:self-determination 1404:Mario Vargas Llosa 1249:State legislatures 1211:Citizens' Movement 971:Federal government 915:Capital punishment 859:Federal government 836:Politics of Mexico 685:Mexican Revolution 650:Enrique Peña Nieto 549:Mexican Revolution 451:commander in chief 439:head of government 425:), officially the 363:Line of succession 353:Guadalupe Victoria 258:Commander in chief 254:Head of government 208:Mexican Government 4631: 4630: 4627: 4626: 4488: 4487: 4315: 4314: 3990: 3989: 3950: 3949: 3725: 3724: 3574: 3573: 3544:Political parties 3507:Foreign relations 3452: 3451: 3240:Restored Republic 3158:Pre-Columbian era 3104: 3103: 3091:Emperor of Mexico 3058:(President-elect) 3056:Claudia Sheinbaum 2963:Emilio Portes Gil 2933:Eulalio Gutiérrez 2918:Victoriano Huerta 2842:Ignacio Comonfort 2807:Manuel de la Peña 2782:Valentín Canalizo 2365:978-1-887985-84-0 2106:on 2 January 2013 2041:Emperor of Mexico 1907:Emilio Portes Gil 1828: 1827: 1380: 1379: 1337:Mexico portal 1314:Visa requirements 1267:Foreign relations 1173:Political parties 920:Life imprisonment 829: 828: 821: 764: 644:, was elected in 463:Claudia Sheinbaum 415: 414: 325:Emperor of Mexico 137: 136: 129: 111: 18:Mexican President 16:(Redirected from 4671: 4502:Sovereign states 4499: 4363:Sovereign states 4360: 4342: 4335: 4328: 4319: 4304: 4303: 4291: 4290: 4278: 4277: 4265: 4264: 4252: 4251: 4239: 4238: 4226: 4225: 4213: 4212: 4200: 4199: 4187: 4186: 4174: 4173: 4161: 4160: 4148: 4147: 4135: 4134: 4122: 4121: 4109: 4108: 4096: 4095: 4083: 4082: 4070: 4069: 4057: 4056: 4044: 4043: 4017: 4010: 4003: 3994: 3970: 3963: 3910:National symbols 3736: 3677: 3622:Renewable energy 3612:Economic history 3585: 3463: 3325: 3305:Chiapas conflict 3205:Texas Revolution 3131: 3124: 3117: 3108: 3069: 3068: 2767:José Justo Corro 2722:Vicente Guerrero 2699: 2692: 2685: 2676: 2657: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2636: 2630: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2610: 2604: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2590:. 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and 411: 408: 406: 404: 393: 344: 342: 337: 241: 233: 225: 190: 176: 164: 155: 144:President of the 141: 132: 125: 121: 118: 112: 110: 69: 45: 37: 21: 4679: 4678: 4674: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4669: 4668: 4634: 4633: 4632: 4623: 4484: 4349: 4346: 4316: 4311: 4298: 4285: 4272: 4259: 4246: 4233: 4220: 4207: 4194: 4181: 4168: 4155: 4142: 4129: 4116: 4103: 4090: 4077: 4064: 4051: 4038: 4030: 4021: 3991: 3986: 3973: 3966: 3959: 3946: 3839: 3815:Public holidays 3788:Nationality law 3783:Life expectancy 3721: 3675: 3570: 3534:Law enforcement 3448: 3439:Water resources 3314: 3290:Mexican miracle 3144: 3135: 3105: 3100: 3070: 3066: 3061: 3041:Felipe Calderón 3031:Ernesto Zedillo 3011:Luis Echeverría 2981:Lázaro Cárdenas 2977: 2913:Pedro Lascuráin 2869: 2846: 2792:Mariano Paredes 2762:Miguel Barragán 2742:Melchor Múzquiz 2708: 2703: 2666: 2661: 2660: 2650: 2648: 2638: 2637: 2633: 2623: 2621: 2612: 2611: 2607: 2597: 2595: 2594:on 23 July 2014 2582: 2581: 2574: 2564: 2562: 2552: 2551: 2547: 2537: 2535: 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1220: 1206:Ecologist Green 1186:National Action 1175: 1165: 1164: 1145:Gubernatorial: 1144: 1127: 1110: 1105: 1095: 1094: 1076: 1066: 1065: 1053: 1046: 1031: 1024: 1009: 991: 981: 980: 962: 958: 942: 932: 931: 870: 861: 838: 825: 814: 808: 805: 794: 782: 771: 744: 742:President-elect 670:Ernesto Zedillo 654:Felipe Calderón 635:runoff election 626: 620: 574:(typically the 498:deals with the 492: 486:of government. 401: 391: 390: 340: 338: 335: 306:, non-renewable 270:National Palace 256: 252: 239: 238: 234: 231: 230: 226: 223: 222: 201: 199: 198: 194: 191: 179: 167: 145: 133: 122: 116: 113: 70: 68: 58: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4677: 4675: 4667: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4636: 4635: 4629: 4628: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4505: 4503: 4496: 4490: 4489: 4486: 4485: 4483: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 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Méndez 2885: 2880: 2875: 2868: 2867: 2862: 2860:Miguel Miramón 2857: 2852: 2845: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2827:Martín Carrera 2824: 2819: 2814: 2812:Mariano Arista 2809: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2764: 2759: 2754: 2749: 2744: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2724: 2719: 2713: 2710: 2709: 2704: 2702: 2701: 2694: 2687: 2679: 2673: 2672: 2665: 2664:External links 2662: 2659: 2658: 2631: 2605: 2572: 2545: 2518: 2505:BBC News Mundo 2492: 2469: 2447: 2425: 2397: 2371: 2364: 2342: 2315: 2289: 2267: 2245: 2217: 2195: 2170: 2158:Cultura Genial 2144: 2117: 2084: 2061: 2051: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2044: 2043: 2038: 2033: 2028: 2022: 2021: 2005: 2002: 1923: 1920: 1903:Álvaro Obregón 1885: 1884: 1872: 1865: 1858: 1850: 1847: 1826: 1825: 1823: 1822: 1815: 1808: 1800: 1797: 1796: 1795: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1651: 1650: 1644: 1643: 1624: 1621: 1566: 1563: 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elections 725:ever, and the 674:Carlos Salinas 619: 616: 561:congresspeople 541: 540: 533: 529: 526: 523: 520: 517: 514: 491: 488: 413: 412: 399: 395: 394: 384: 380: 379: 377:Vice President 370: 366: 365: 360: 356: 355: 350: 346: 345: 332: 328: 327: 322: 318: 317: 312: 308: 307: 301: 295: 294: 289: 285: 284: 279: 273: 272: 267: 261: 260: 247: 243: 242: 236:His Excellency 217: 211: 210: 203: 202: 192: 185: 184: 181: 180: 177: 169: 168: 165: 157: 156: 148: 147: 135: 134: 49: 47: 40: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4676: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4641: 4639: 4620: 4619:United States 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4491: 4481: 4480:United States 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 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Presidents 585: 581: 577: 573: 568: 566: 562: 558: 554: 553:Porfirio Díaz 550: 546: 538: 534: 530: 527: 524: 521: 518: 515: 512: 508: 507: 506: 503: 501: 497: 489: 487: 485: 481: 479: 474: 471: 470:Revolutionary 466: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 435:head of state 432: 428: 424: 420: 410: 400: 396: 388: 385: 381: 378: 374: 371: 367: 364: 361: 357: 354: 351: 347: 333: 329: 326: 323: 319: 316: 313: 309: 305: 302: 300: 296: 293: 290: 286: 283: 280: 278: 274: 271: 268: 266: 262: 259: 255: 251: 250:Head of state 248: 244: 237: 229: 228:The Honorable 221: 220:Mr. President 218: 216: 212: 209: 204: 197: 189: 182: 175: 170: 163: 158: 154: 149: 142: 139: 131: 128: 120: 117:November 2018 109: 106: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: – 77: 73: 72:Find sources: 66: 62: 56: 55: 50:This article 48: 44: 39: 38: 33: 19: 4583: 4444: 3853:Architecture 3758:Demographics 3602:Central bank 3548: 3512:Human rights 3492:Constitution 3310:War on drugs 3285:World War II 3270:Cristero War 3163:Colonial era 3079: 3078: 2649:. Retrieved 2644: 2634: 2622:. Retrieved 2617: 2608: 2596:. Retrieved 2592:the original 2587: 2563:. Retrieved 2561:(in Spanish) 2558: 2548: 2536:. Retrieved 2534:(in Spanish) 2531: 2521: 2509:. Retrieved 2504: 2495: 2483:. Retrieved 2472: 2460:. Retrieved 2450: 2443: 2428: 2417:, retrieved 2407: 2400: 2388:. Retrieved 2384:the original 2374: 2351: 2345: 2333:. Retrieved 2329:the original 2318: 2306:. Retrieved 2302:the original 2292: 2280:. Retrieved 2270: 2258:. Retrieved 2248: 2236:. Retrieved 2220: 2208:. Retrieved 2198: 2187:, retrieved 2182: 2173: 2162:, retrieved 2160:(in Spanish) 2157: 2147: 2135:. Retrieved 2133:(in Spanish) 2130: 2120: 2110:22 September 2108:. Retrieved 2101:the original 2087: 2075:. 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Under the 426: 418: 416: 409:/presidencia 372: 349:First holder 292:Popular vote 240:(diplomatic) 138: 123: 114: 104: 97: 90: 83: 71: 59:Please help 54:verification 51: 4604:Saint Lucia 4554:El Salvador 4465:Saint Lucia 4415:El Salvador 4294:Charles III 4099:Charles III 4073:Charles III 3778:Immigration 3644:Land reform 3592:Agriculture 3414:Territories 3352:Earthquakes 3300:Peso crisis 3295:Lost Decade 3036:Vicente Fox 2832:Rómulo Díaz 2732:Pedro Vélez 2238:12 December 2183:Politico.mx 1994:Vicente Fox 1752:Philippines 1732:South Korea 1585:Mexico City 1319:Visa policy 1196:Labor Party 989:Legislature 910:Nationality 886:LGBT rights 666:Vicente Fox 557:city mayors 299:Term length 282:Mexico City 4638:Categories 4534:Costa Rica 4395:Costa Rica 4190:Mattarella 4151:Steinmeier 3937:Television 3895:Literature 3773:Healthcare 3748:Censorship 3743:Corruption 3676:(currency) 3634:Irrigation 3255:Porfiriato 3250:Yaqui Wars 3225:La Reforma 3210:Pastry War 2485:2 December 2419:1 December 2380:"About Us" 2077:26 October 2047:References 1957:election. 1623:Succession 1593:the palace 754:(English: 691:(Spanish: 604:Peña Nieto 596:economists 584:law school 545:Porfiriato 537:Succession 433:), is the 429:(Spanish: 421:(Spanish: 389:208,570.92 359:Succession 341:1824-10-10 224:(informal) 87:newspapers 4589:Nicaragua 4564:Guatemala 4450:Nicaragua 4425:Guatemala 4255:Ramaphosa 4047:Ghazouani 3900:Monuments 3890:Languages 3763:Education 3682:Petroleum 3639:Labor law 3607:Companies 3549:President 3497:Elections 3387:Mountains 3320:Geography 3245:Caste War 2645:Diario AS 1971:Dow Jones 1772:Sri Lanka 1712:Indonesia 1657:Argentina 1613:Los Pinos 1565:Residence 1296:in Mexico 1242:Governors 1111:General: 1103:Elections 1074:Judiciary 940:Executive 809:July 2019 700:el dedazo 618:Elections 532:election. 392:(monthly) 373:Abolished 331:Formation 321:Precursor 304:Six years 288:Appointer 265:Residence 193:Incumbent 4574:Honduras 4544:Dominica 4519:Barbados 4435:Honduras 4405:Dominica 4380:Barbados 4203:Naruhito 3977:Category 3920:Religion 3880:Folklore 3539:Military 3517:Intersex 3475:Congress 3458:Politics 3444:Wildlife 3434:Volcanos 3275:Maximato 3142:articles 2436:Archived 2413:archived 2232:Archived 2004:See also 1762:Portugal 1742:Pakistan 1682:DR Congo 1672:Colombia 1632:a series 1630:Part of 1395:de facto 1309:Passport 1279:Minister 1028:(MORENA) 959:(MORENA) 900:Abortion 600:Calderón 565:senators 547:and the 232:(formal) 4579:Jamaica 4559:Grenada 4514:Bahamas 4440:Jamaica 4420:Grenada 4375:Bahamas 4281:Erdoğan 4045: 4026:of the 3961:Outline 3868:Cuisine 3845:Culture 3835:Welfare 3825:Smoking 3810:Poverty 3731:Society 3707:Tourism 3580:Economy 3554:Cabinet 3372:Islands 3367:Forests 3342:Climate 3332:Borders 3150:History 2651:15 June 2624:15 June 2618:infobae 2598:15 June 2588:Proceso 2462:28 July 2390:20 July 2335:28 July 2308:28 July 2282:28 July 2260:28 July 2210:28 July 2189:28 July 2164:28 July 1792:Vietnam 1787:Uruguay 1767:Romania 1727:Ireland 1702:Germany 1692:Finland 1662:Austria 976:Cabinet 873:history 763: 592:Zedillo 588:Salinas 539:below). 478:sexenio 453:of the 398:Website 339: ( 101:scholar 4594:Panama 4584:Mexico 4529:Canada 4524:Belize 4455:Panama 4445:Mexico 4390:Canada 4385:Belize 4305: 4292: 4279: 4266: 4253: 4242:Salman 4240: 4227: 4214: 4201: 4188: 4177:Jokowi 4175: 4162: 4149: 4138:Macron 4136: 4125:Michel 4123: 4110: 4097: 4084: 4071: 4058: 3982:Portal 3932:Sports 3863:Cinema 3793:People 3617:Energy 3480:Senate 3402:States 3397:Rivers 3337:Cities 3140: 3138:Mexico 3095:Regent 2565:23 May 2538:23 May 2511:23 May 2362: 2137:6 June 1883:above. 1878:, the 1777:Taiwan 1757:Poland 1737:Mexico 1717:Israel 1697:France 1667:Brazil 1580:Zócalo 1237:States 1123:, and 769:Powers 443:Mexico 383:Salary 369:Deputy 103: 96: 89: 82: 74: 4569:Haiti 4430:Haiti 4307:Biden 4229:Putin 4164:Murmu 4060:Milei 3968:Index 3915:Radio 3905:Music 3803:Women 3768:Flags 3753:Crime 3674:Peso 3377:Lakes 2104:(PDF) 2097:(PDF) 1722:Italy 1707:India 1687:Egypt 1677:China 1583:) in 1418:laws; 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