Golden eagle - Knowledge (XXG)

2669:, the home ranges varied from 49 to 137 km (19 to 53 sq mi), with an average of 93 km (36 sq mi). However, some home ranges have been much smaller, such as in southwestern Idaho where, possibly due to an abundance of jackrabbits, home ranges as small as 4.85 km (1.87 sq mi) are maintained. The smallest known home ranges on record for golden eagles are in the Bale Mountains of Ethiopia, where they range from 1.5 to 9 km (0.58 to 3.47 sq mi). 46% of undulating displays in Montana occurred shortly after the juvenile eagles left their parents range, suggesting that some residents defend and maintain territories year-round. Elsewhere it is stated that home ranges are less strictly maintained during winter but hunting grounds are basically exclusive. In Israel and Scotland, aggressive encounters peaked from winter until just before egg-laying and were less common during the nesting season. Threat displays include undulating flight and aggressive direct flapping flight with exaggerated downstrokes. Most displays by mature golden eagles (67% for males and 76% for females) occur, rather than around the nest, at the edge of their home ranges. In Western Norway, most recorded undulating flight displays occur during the pre-laying period in late winter/early spring. Display flights seem to be triggered by the presence of other golden eagles. The use of display flights has a clear benefit in that it lessens the need for physical confrontations, which can be fatal. Usually, non-breeding birds are treated aggressively by the golden eagle maintaining their home range, normally being chased to the apparent limit of the range but with no actual physical contact. The territorial flight of the adult golden eagle is sometimes preceded or followed by intense bouts of undulating displays. The invader often responds by rolling over and presenting talons to the aggressor. Rarely, the two eagles will lock talons and tumble through the air; sometimes fall several revolutions and in some cases even tumble to the ground before releasing their grip. In some parts of the Alps, the golden eagle population has reached the saturation point in appropriate habitat and apparently violent confrontations are more common than in other parts of the range. Golden eagles may express their aggression via body language while perched, typically the adult female when confronted by an intruding eagle: the head and body are upright, feathers on head and neck are erect; the wings may be slightly spread and beak open; often accompanied by intense gaze. They then often engage in a similar posture with wings spread wide and oriented toward the threat; sometimes rocking back on tail and even flopping over onto the back with talons extended upward as defense. Such behavior may be accompanied by wing slap against the threatening intruder. When approached by an intruder, the defending eagle turns away, partially spreads tail, lowers head, and remains still; adults on the nest may lower head and "freeze" when approached by a person or a helicopter. Females in Israel displayed more than males and mostly against interspecific intruders; males apparently displayed primarily as part of courtship. Five of 7 aggressive encounters at carcasses during winter in Norway were won by females; in 15 of 21 conflicts, the younger bird dominated an older conspecific. However, obvious juvenile eagles (apparent to the adult eagles due to the amount of white on their wings and tail) are sometimes allowed to penetrate deeply into a pair's home range and all parties commonly ignore each other. In 1645:, which means the wings are often held in a slight, upturned V-shape. When they need to flap, golden eagles appear at their most laboured, but this is less common than soaring or gliding––. Flapping flight usually consists of 6–8 deep wing-beats, interspersed with 2–3 second glides. While soaring, the wings and tail are held in one plane with the primary tips often spread. A typical, unhurried soaring speed in golden eagles is around 45–52 kilometres per hour (28–32 mph). When hunting or displaying, the golden eagle can glide very fast, reaching speeds of up to 190 kilometres per hour (120 mph). When stooping (diving) in the direction of prey or during territorial displays, the eagle holds its legs up against its tail, and holds its wings tight and partially closed against its body. When diving after prey, a golden eagle can reach 240 to 320 kilometres per hour (150 to 200 mph). Although less agile and manoeuvrable, the golden eagle is apparently quite the equal and possibly even the superior of the 1009:. Male wing length is from 56.5 to 67 cm (22.2 to 26.4 in), averaging 62 cm (24 in), and female wing length is from 61.5 to 71.2 cm (24.2 to 28.0 in), averaging 67 cm (26 in). Males weigh from 2.8 to 4.6 kg (6.2 to 10.1 lb), averaging 3.69 kg (8.1 lb), and females weigh from 3.8 to 6.7 kg (8.4 to 14.8 lb), averaging 5.17 kg (11.4 lb). The male of this subspecies has a wingspan of 1.89 to 2.15 m (6 ft 2 in to 7 ft 1 in), with an average of 2.02 m (6 ft 8 in), with the female's typical wingspan range is 2.12 to 2.2 m (6 ft 11 in to 7 ft 3 in), with an average of 2.16 m (7 ft 1 in). This is a medium-sized subspecies and is the palest. As opposed to golden eagles found further east in Eurasia, the adults of this subspecies are a tawny golden-brown on the upperside. The nape patch is often gleaming golden in color and the feathers here are exceptionally long. 1147:). This subspecies is the largest on average. Male wing length is from 60 to 68 cm (24 to 27 in), averaging 64 cm (25 in), and female wing length is from 66 to 72 cm (26 to 28 in), averaging 70 cm (28 in). No range of body weights are known, but males will weigh approximately 4.05 kg (8.9 lb) and females 6.35 kg (14.0 lb). Although the wingspan of this subspecies reportedly averages 2.21 m (7 ft 3 in), some individuals can have much longer wings. One female berkut had an authenticated wingspan of 2.81 m (9 ft 3 in), although she was a captive specimen. It is generally the second-darkest subspecies, being blackish on the back. The forehead and crown are dark with a blackish cap near the end of the crown. The feathers of the nape and top-neck are rich brown-red. The nape feathers are slightly shorter than in the nominate subspecies and are similar in length to 2814:

attacks resulting in death probably occur at the talons of other golden eagles. Nestlings and fledglings are more likely to be killed by another predator than free-flying juveniles and adults. It has been suspected that golden eagle nests may be predated more frequently by other predators (especially birds, which are often the only other large animals that can access a golden eagle nest without the assistance of man-made climbing equipment) in areas where golden eagles are regularly disturbed at the nest by humans. Jeff Watson believed that common raven occasionally eats golden eagle eggs but only in situations where the parent eagles have abandoned their nesting attempt. However, there are no confirmed accounts of predation by other bird species on golden eagle nests. Occasionally, golden eagles may be killed by their prey in self-defense. There is an account of a golden eagle dying from the quills of a

1184:. Male wing length is from 58 to 59.5 cm (22.8 to 23.4 in), averaging 59 cm (23 in), and female wing length is from 62 to 64.5 cm (24.4 to 25.4 in), averaging 63 cm (25 in). No range of body weights are known, but males will weigh approximately 2.5 kg (5.5 lb) and females 3.25 kg (7.2 lb). This is, by far, the smallest-bodied subspecies. It is also the darkest, with even adults being a slaty-grayish black on the back and crown and juveniles being similar, but with darker black plumage contrasting with brownish color and white scaling on the wings, flank and tail. This subspecies has bright rufous nape feathers that are quite loose and long. Adult Japanese golden eagles often maintain extensive white mottling on the inner-webs of the tail that tend to be more typical of juvenile eagles in other subspecies. 120: 2536:, there is less soaring during the day. During winter in Scotland, golden eagles soar frequently in order to scan the environment for carrion. In the more wooded environments of Norway during autumn and winter, much less aerial activity is reported, since the eagles tend to avoid detection by actively contour-hunting rather than looking for carrion. Golden eagles are believed to sleep through much of the night. Although usually highly solitary outside of the bond between breeding pairs, exceptionally cold weather in winter may cause eagles to put their usual guard down and perch together. The largest known congregation of golden eagles was observed on an extremely cold winter's night in eastern Idaho when 124 individuals were observed perched closely along a line of 85 power poles. 1515:

extremely variable; some juveniles have almost no white visible. Juveniles of less than 12 months of age tend to have the most white in their plumage. By their second summer, the white underwing coverts are usually replaced by a characteristic rusty brown colour. By the third summer, the upper-wing coverts are largely replaced by dark brown feathers, although not all feathers moult at once which leaves many juvenile birds with a grizzled pattern. The tail follows a similar pattern of maturation to the wings. Due to the variability between individuals, juvenile eagles cannot be reliably aged by sight alone. Many golden eagles still have white on the tail during their first attempt at nesting. The final adult plumage is not fully attained until the birds are between

1838: 735: 2636:, wintering birds may depart by early March. Elsewhere in the species' breeding range, golden eagles (i.e., those who breed in the contiguous Western United States, all of Europe but for Northern Scandinavia, North Africa and all of Asia but for Northern Russia) are non-migratory and tend to remain within striking distance of their breeding territories throughout the year. In Scotland, among all recovered, banded golden eagles (36 out of 1000, the rest mostly died or disappeared) the average distance between ringing and recovery was 44 km (27 mi), averaging 63 km (39 mi) in juveniles and 36 km (22 mi) in older birds. In the dry 2835:, a bird whose primary defense against predators is to disgorge an oily secretion which may inhibit the predator's ability to fly. Of natural sources of death, starvation is probably under-reported. 11 of 16 dead juvenile eagles which had hatched in Denali National Park had died of starvation. Of 36 deaths of golden eagles in Idaho, 55% were possibly attributable to natural causes, specifically 8 (26%) from unknown trauma, 3 (10%) from disease and 6 (19%) from unknown causes. Of 266 golden eagle deaths in Spain, only 6% were from unknown causes that could not be directly attributed to human activities. Avian cholera caused by bacteria ( 1819: 1870: 1090:. Male wing length is from 55 to 64.3 cm (21.7 to 25.3 in), averaging 59 cm (23 in), and female wing length is from 60 to 70.5 cm (23.6 to 27.8 in), averaging 64 cm (25 in). Weight is from 2.9 to 6 kg (6.4 to 13.2 lb) with no known reports of average masses. This subspecies is slightly smaller and darker plumaged than the nominate subspecies, but it is not as dark as the golden eagles found further to the east. The forehead and crown are dark brownish, with the nape patch being short-feathered and a relatively light rusty color. 866: 2945: 2710: 2509: 2975:. Although widespread and quite secure in some areas, in many parts of the range golden eagles have experienced sharp population declines and have even been extirpated from some areas. The number of golden eagles from around the range is estimated to be between 170,000 and 250,000 while the estimates of breeding pairs are from 60,000 to 100,000. It has the largest known range of any member of its family, with a range estimated at 140 million square kilometers. If its taxonomic 348: 207: 2883: 1625: 1861:), they can occur regularly at roadkills and garbage dumps. The largest numbers of golden eagles are found in mountainous regions today, with many eagles doing a majority of their hunting and nesting on rock formations. However, they are not solely tied to high elevations and can breed in lowlands if the local habitats are suitable. Below are more detailed descriptions of habitats occupied by golden eagles in both continents where they occur. 2425:. The hunting success rate of golden eagles was calculated in Idaho, showing that, out of 115 hunting attempts, 20% were successful in procuring prey. A fully-grown golden eagle requires about 230 to 250 g (8.1 to 8.8 oz) of food per day but in the life of most eagles there are cycles of feast and famine, and eagles have been known to go without food for up to a week and then gorge on up to 900 g (2.0 lb) at one sitting. 1658: 2548:. Golden eagles are very hardy species, being well adapted to cold climates, however they cannot abide declining available food sources in the northern stretches of their range. Eagles raised at latitudes greater than 60° N are usually migratory, though a short migration may be untaken by those who breed or hatch at about 50° N. During migration, they often use soaring-gliding flight, rather than powered flight. In 165: 1633: 1385: 1466: 854: 1552: 2688: 2729:

Mating seems to occur around 40–46 days before the initial egg-laying. The golden eagle chick may be heard from within the egg 15 hours before it begins hatching. After the first chip is broken off of the egg, there is no activity for around 27 hours. Hatching activity accelerates and the shell is broken apart in 35 hours. The chick is completely free in 37 hours.

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inland areas as well as estuarine marshlands, barrier islands, managed wetlands, sounds, and mouths of major river systems in coastal areas. These wetlands are attractive due to a dominance of open vegetation, large concentrations of prey, and the general absence of human disturbance. In the midwestern United States, they are not uncommon during winter near

2653: 2632:, in 26 to 40 days, with arrival dates from November to early December. The departure dates from wintering grounds are variable. In southwestern Canada, they leave their wintering grounds by 6 April to 8 May (the mean being 21 April); in southwestern Idaho, wintering birds leave from 20 March to 13 April (mean of 29 March); and in the 1580:

shrill, has been called "quite pathetic" and "puppy-like", and seems incongruous with the formidable size and nature of the species. Most known vocalisations seem to function as contact calls between eagles, sometimes adults to their offspring, occasionally territorial birds to intruders and rarely between a breeding pair. In western

2927:, when sport-hunting became widespread and commercial stock farming became internationally common, that humans started to widely regard golden eagles as a threat to their livelihoods. This period also brought about the firearm and industrialized poisons, which made it easy for humans to kill the evasive and powerful birds. 1322:. Male wing length is from 61.8 to 70.5 cm (24.3 to 27.8 in), averaging 64 cm (25 in), and female wing length is from 65 to 72 cm (26 to 28 in), averaging 69 cm (27 in). No weights are known in this subspecies. The coloration of these eagles is almost exactly the same as in 2742:

and using a series of short, stiff wing-beats to glide downward or being blown out of nest while wing-flapping. 18 to 20 days after first fledging, the young eagles will take their first circling flight, but they cannot gain height as efficiently as their parents until approximately 60 days after fledging. In

2532:, hunting and territorial flights occurred mostly between 9:00 and 11:00 am and 4:00 and 6:00 pm, with the remaining 15 or so hours of daylight spent perching or resting. Golden Eagles visit water sources for drinking, bathing, and preening, particularly during summer months. When conditions are heavily 1405:, males weigh 2.5 kg (5.5 lb) and females 3.25 kg (7.2 lb). In the species overall, males average around 3.6 kg (7.9 lb) and females around 5.1 kg (11 lb). The maximum size of golden eagles is debated. Large subspecies are the heaviest representatives of the genus 2796:

years and an estimated 75% died by the time they were 5 years old. Near a wind turbine facility in west-central California, estimated survival rates, based on conventional telemetry of 257 individuals, were 84% for first-year eagles, 79% for 1- to 3-year-olds and adult floaters and 91% for breeders;

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Territoriality is believed to be the primary cause of interactions and confrontations between non-paired golden eagles. Golden eagles maintain some of the largest known home ranges (or territories) of any bird species but there is much variation of home range size across the range, possibly dictated

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This species moults gradually beginning in March or April until September or October each year. Moulting usually decreases in winter. Moult of the contour feathers begins on the head and neck region and progresses along the feather tracts in a general front-to-back direction. Feathers on head, neck,

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at the bases of the inner primaries and the outer secondaries, forming a crescent marking on the wings which tends to be divided by darker feathers. Rarely, juvenile birds may have only traces of white on the tail. Compared to the relatively consistently white tail, the white patches on the wing are

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Golden eagles are fairly adaptable in habitat but often reside in areas with a few shared ecological characteristics. They are best suited to hunting in open or semi-open areas and search them out year-around. Native vegetation seems to be attractive to them and they typically avoid developed areas

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from a great distance, as it is a large species that, like the golden eagle, often flies with a pronounced dihedral. The turkey vulture can be distinguished by its less controlled, forceful flying style (they frequently rock back and forth unsteadily in even moderate winds) and its smaller, thinner

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s or kites) and a 5% or less rate of loss in eagles and vultures. The oldest known wild golden eagle was a bird banded in Sweden which was recovered 32 years later. The longest-lived known wild golden eagle in North America was 31 years and 8 months. The longest-lived known captive golden eagle, a

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appearance. After hatching, 80% of food items and 90% of food biomass is captured and brought to the nest by the adult male. Fledging occurs at 66 to 75 days of age in Idaho and 70 to 81 days in Scotland. The first attempted flight departure after fledging can be abrupt, with the young jumping off

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In the first 10 days, chicks mainly lie down on the nest substrate. They are capable of preening on their second day but their parents keep them warm until around 20 days. They grow considerably, weighing around 500 g (1.1 lb). They also start sitting up more. Around 20 days of age,

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Golden eagles usually mate for life. A breeding pair is formed in a courtship display. This courtship includes undulating displays by both in the pair, with the male bird picking up a piece of rock or a small stick, and dropping it only to enter into a steep dive and catch it in mid-air, repeating

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or on bluffs and cliffs along river valleys below the tree line. In Washington state, golden eagles can be found in clear-cut sections of otherwise dense coniferous forest zones with relatively little annual precipitation. From east of the Canadian Rocky Mountains to the mountains of Labrador, the

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in Scotland, there are a few cases of red deer trampling golden eagles to death, probably the result of a doe having intercepted a bird that was trying to kill a fawn. Although usually well out-matched by the predator, occasionally other large birds can put up a formidable fight against a golden

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within their territory (preferring cliffs) and use them alternately for several years. Their nesting areas are characterized by the extreme regularity of the nest spacing. Mating and egg-laying timing for golden eagle is variable depending on the locality. Copulation normally lasts 10–20 seconds.

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are most similar in size and body shape to the golden, the body of the Verreaux's eagle being slightly longer overall but marginally less heavy and long-winged than the golden eagle's. The plumage is very distinctly different, however, as Verreaux's eagles are almost entirely jet-black except for

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come closest to reaching the size of golden eagles, but both are distinguished by their longer necks, flatter wings in flight, white markings on their shoulder forewing-coverts, paler cream-straw coloured nape patch and generally darker colouration. Juvenile imperial eagles are much paler overall

1649:'s stooping and gliding speeds. This makes the golden eagle one of the two fastest living animals. Although most flight in golden eagles has a clear purpose (e.g., territoriality, hunting), some flights, such as those by solitary birds or between well-established breeding pairs, seem to be play. 2394:

of the boreal forest, golden eagles are not generally associated with wetlands and, in fact, they can be found near some of the most arid spots on earth. In the wintering population of Eastern United States, however, they are often associated with steep river valleys, reservoirs, and marshes in

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While many accipitrids are not known for their strong voices, golden eagles have a particular tendency for silence, even while breeding. That being said, some vocalization has been recorded, usually centering around the nesting period. The voice of the golden eagle is considered weak, high, and

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Natural sources of mortality are largely reported in anecdotes. On rare occasions, golden eagles have been killed by competing predators or by hunting mammalian carnivores, including the aforementioned wolverine, snow leopard, cougar, brown bear and white-tailed eagle attacks. Most competitive

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and this species is on average the seventh-heaviest living eagle species. The golden eagle is the second heaviest breeding eagle in North America, Europe and Africa and the fourth heaviest in Asia. For some time, the largest known mass authenticated for a wild female was the specimen from the

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is included. Male wing length is from 59.1 to 64 cm (23.3 to 25.2 in), averaging 61 cm (24 in), and female wing length is from 60.1 to 67.4 cm (23.7 to 26.5 in), averaging 65 cm (26 in). The average wingspan in both sexes is about 2.04 m (6 ft

2580:, approximately 4,000 golden eagles may pass during the fall, the largest recorded migration of golden eagles on earth. Here the mountain ranges are relatively moderate and consistent, thus being reliable for thermals and updrafts which made long-distance migrating feasible. Birds hatched in 2754:

Golden eagles are fairly long-living birds in natural conditions if they survive their first few years. The survival rate of raptorial birds tends to increase with larger body size, with a 30–50% annual loss of population rate in small falcons/accipiters, a 15–25% loss of population rate in

1397:, with a bigger difference in larger subspecies. Females of the large Himalayan golden eagles are about 37% heavier than males and have nearly 9% longer wings, whereas in the smaller Japanese golden eagles, females are only 26% heavier with around 6% longer wings. In the largest subspecies ( 1640:

Golden eagles are sometimes considered the best fliers among eagles and perhaps among all raptorial birds. They are equipped with broad, long wings with somewhat finger-like indentations on the tips of the wing. Golden eagles are unique among their genus in that they often fly in a slight

470:, and then incubate them for six weeks. Typically, one or two young survive to fledge in about three months. These juvenile golden eagles usually attain full independence in the fall, after which they wander widely until establishing a territory for themselves in four to five years. 1416:

subspecies which weighed around 6.7 kg (15 lb) and spanned 2.55 m (8 ft 4 in) across the wings. American golden eagles are typically somewhat smaller than the large Eurasian species, but a massive female that was banded and released in 2006 around Wyoming's

2987:). Few other eagle species are as numerous, though some species like the tawny eagle, wedge-tailed eagle and bald eagle have total estimated populations of a similar size to the golden eagle's despite their more restricted distributions. The world's most populous eagle may be the 2004:

stands in southern Scandinavia and the Baltic States. This is largely marginal country for golden eagles and they occur where tree cover is thin and abuts open habitat. Golden eagle taiga habitat usually consists of extensive peatland formations caused by poorly drained soils.

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The golden eagle is a very large raptor, 66 to 102 centimetres (26 to 40 in) in length. Its wings are broad and the wingspan is 1.8 to 2.34 metres (5 ft 11 in to 7 ft 8 in). The wingspan of golden eagles is the fifth largest among living eagle species.

687:(clearly part of an Australasian radiation of the lineage). This identification of this particular clade has long been suspected based on similar morphological characteristics amongst these large-bodied species. More surprisingly, the smaller, much paler-bellied sister species 2123:

range. In these mountain ranges, the species often lives at very high elevations, living above tree line at more than 2,500 m (8,200 ft), often nesting in rocky scree and hunting in adjacent meadows. In Tibet, golden eagles inhabit high ridges and passes in the

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8 in). Males weigh from 2.5 to 4.47 kg (5.5 to 9.9 lb), averaging 3.48 kg (7.7 lb), and females typically weigh from 3.6 to 6.4 kg (7.9 to 14.1 lb), averaging 4.91 kg (10.8 lb). The subspecies does not appear to follow

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Rich, T.D.; Beardmore, C.J.; Berlanga, H.; Blancher, P.J.; Bradstreet, M.S.W.; Butcher, G.S.; Demarest, D.W.; Dunn, E.H.; Hunter, W.C.; Inigo-Elias, E.E.; Martell, A.M.; Panjabi, A.O.; Pashley, D.N.; Rosenberg, K.V.; Rustay, C.M.; Wendt, J.S.; Will, T.C. (2004).

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can also approach golden eagles in size but are more compact and smaller headed with little colour variation to their dark earth-brown plumage, apart from juvenile birds which have distinctive cream-coloured bands running through their coverts and secondaries.

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eagles are often heavily streaked in their juvenile phase. Juvenile golden eagles can have large patches of white on their wings and tail that are quite different from the random, sometimes large and splotchy-looking distribution of white typical of juvenile

2552:, most banded juveniles move between 1,000 and 2,000 km (620 and 1,240 mi) due south, whereas adults stay locally through winter. Further east, conditions are too harsh for even wintering territorial adults. Golden eagles that breed from the 1421:

became the heaviest wild golden eagle on record, at 7.7 kg (17 lb). Captive birds have been measured with a wingspan of 2.81 m (9 ft 3 in) and a mass of 12.1 kg (27 lb), though this mass was for an eagle bred for

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eagles have been grouped superficially as largish, mainly brownish or dark-colored booted eagles that vary little in transition from their juvenile to their adult plumages. Genetic research has recently indicated the golden eagle is included in a

2746:, young golden eagles were first seen hunting large prey 59 days after fledging. 75 to 85 days after fledging, the young were largely independent of parents. Generally, breeding success seems to be greatest where prey is available in abundance. 891:, especially in terms of body size. Other than these characteristics, there is little variation across the range of the species. Some recent studies have gone so far as to propose that only two subspecies be recognized based on genetic markers: 465:

in cliffs and other high places to which they may return for several breeding years. Most breeding activities take place in the spring; they are monogamous and may remain together for several years or possibly for life. Females lay up to four

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proposed allowing wind-turbine electric generation companies to kill golden eagles without penalty, so long as "companies take steps to minimize the losses". If issued, the permits would last 30 years, six times the current 5-year permits.

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Adults of both sexes have similar plumage and are primarily dark brown, with some grey on the inner wing and tail, and a paler, typically golden colour on the back of the crown and nape that gives the species its common name. Unlike other

445:. Immature eagles of this species typically have white on the tail and often have white markings on the wings. Golden eagles use their agility and speed combined with powerful feet and large, sharp talons to hunt a variety of prey, mainly 508:. Because of its hunting prowess, the golden eagle is regarded with great mystic reverence in some ancient, tribal cultures. It is one of the most extensively studied species of raptor in the world in some parts of its range, such as the 1482:

feathers are typically similar in colour to the rest of the plumage, the tarsal feathers of golden eagles tend to be paler, ranging from light golden to white. In addition, some full-grown birds (especially in North America) have white

6785:. Translated by Bernard R. Ortiz de Montellano and Thelma Ortiz de Montellano. Niwot, Colo., 1994. In addition to descriptions of eagles as offerings, there is discussion of the founding of the city of Tenochtitlan and its major temple 139: 2572:. The flat, relatively open landscapes in these regions hold relatively few resident breeding golden eagles. Similarly the entire population of golden eagles from northern and central Alaska and northern Canada migrates south. At 1692:

are distinctly larger, with longer, broader wings, typically held more evenly in a slower, less forceful flight; they often have dramatically different colour patterns. In North America, the golden eagle may be confused with the

2295:) and other low shrub species. Although the vegetation varies a bit more, similar habitat is occupied by golden eagles in Mexico. However, golden eagles are typically absent in North America from true deserts, like the 2673:, it was verified that parent eagles were not aggressive towards their own young after the nesting period and some juveniles stayed on their parents territory until their 2nd spring and then left by their own accord. 2092:, the typical golden eagle habitat is temperate desert-like mountain ranges surrounded by steppe landscapes interspersed with forest. Here the climate is colder and more continental than around the Mediterranean. 1716:

eagles, appearing to be two or three times the length of the head in soaring flight, whereas in the other eagles the head is often more than twice the length of the tail. Confusion is most likely between juvenile

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the chicks generally start standing, which becomes the main position over the course of the next 40 days. The whitish down continues until around 25 days of age, at which point it is gradually replaced by dark

2528:, adult male golden eagles were observed to sit awake on a perch for an average of 78% of daylight, whereas adult females sat on nest or perched for an average of 85% of the day. During the peak of summer in 2850:

sp. caused the deaths of four fledglings in a study of wild golden eagles in Idaho. Several further diseases that contribute to golden eagle deaths have been examined in Japan. A captive eagle died from two

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back and scapulars may be replaced annually. With large feathers of the wing and tail, moult begins with the innermost feathers and proceeds outwards in a straightforward manner known as "descendant" moult.

2916:, had told his people that when they saw the sun (i.e., Huitzilopochtli) in the form of an eagle perched on a cactus whose fruit was red and shaped like a human heart, there they should build their city, 1675:

hawks, which are perhaps most similar to the golden eagle in structure among the species outside of the "booted eagle" group, are often counted among the larger very common raptors. However, a mid-sized

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Wink, M.; Sauer-Gürth, H. (2004). "Phylogenetic relationships in diurnal raptors based on nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial and nuclear marker genes". In Chancellor, R.D.; Meyburg, B.-U. (eds.).

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years as the average for adult golden eagles in this area, which is probably far too high an estimate. Survival rates are usually much lower in juvenile eagles than in adult eagles. In the western

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are also usually distinctly paler below, although some species occur in dark morphs which can be darker than a golden eagle. Among raptorial birds that share the golden eagle's range, only some

1278:, but with much overlap. It is blackish to dark brown on the back. The long feathers of the nape and top-neck are rusty-reddish and slightly narrower and darker than in the nominate subspecies. 2900:

Human beings have been fascinated by the golden eagle as early as the beginning of recorded history. Most early-recorded cultures regarded the golden eagle with reverence. In pre-Hispanic

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by a golden eagle resulted in the death of both birds from wounds sustained in the ensuing fight. There is at least one case in Scotland of a golden eagle dying after being "oiled" by a

1510:. They have a less faded colour. Young birds are white for about two-thirds of their tail length, ending with a broad, black band. Occasionally, juvenile eagles have white patches on the 2797:

with no difference in survival rates between sexes. Survival rates may be lower for migrating populations of golden eagles. A 19–34% survival rate was estimated for juvenile eagles from

1050:, at the southern limit of the species' range worldwide. Although this latter population has not been formally assigned to a subspecies, there is a high probability that it belongs with 1743:

eagles in Eurasia is more difficult. Identification may rely on the golden eagle's relatively long tail and patterns of white or grey on the wings and tail. Unlike golden eagles, other

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species usually have a larger bill and larger head which protrudes more distinctly than a golden eagle's in flight. The tail of the golden eagle is longer on average than those of

140: 5520: 2644:, populations breeding at lower latitudes, like Morocco, are mostly sedentary, although some occasionally disperse after breeding to areas outside of the normal breeding range. 2215:, the eagles occupy the Arctic fringe of North America (the species does not range into the true high Arctic tundra), where open canopy gives way to dwarf-shrub heathland with 2920:. The scene—shown on a well-known sculpture, in early manuscripts, and on the present-day Mexican flag—surely had astronomical and geomantic, as well as mythological meaning. 2524:

Despite the dramatic ways in which they attain food and interact with raptors of their own and other species, the daily life of golden eagles is often rather uneventful. In

662:. Up to 20 species have been classified in the genus, but more recently the taxonomic placement of some of the traditional species has been questioned. Traditionally, the 2256:

where golden eagles are widespread, especially where there is a low human presence. Here, grassland on low rolling hills and flat plains are typical, interrupted only by

1363:(Weesie, 1988). Similarly, an ancestral golden eagle, with a heavier, broader skull, larger wings and shorter legs when compared to modern birds, has been found in the 119: 1790:

some striking, contrasting white on the wing primaries, shoulders and upper-wing. This closely related species is known to co-occur with the golden eagle only in the

3903: 7190: 2682: 2588:

traveled from 818 to 4,815 km (508 to 2,992 mi) to their winter ranges in western North America. These western migrants may winter anywhere from southern

1837: 7268: 2319:

woodland, oak savanna and grassland amongst low rolling hill typified by diverse vegetation. In the Eastern United States, the species once bred widely in the

7467: 6503: 6091: 5754: 5705: 6819: 5911: 5878: 5115: 5005: 1441:(upper ridge of beak) reportedly averages around 4.5 cm (1.8 in), with a range of 3.6 to 5 cm (1.4 to 2.0 in). The bill length from the 5771:

Thévenot, M.; Bergier, P. & Beaubrun, P. (1985). "Present distribution and status of raptors in Morocco". In Newton, I. & Chancellor, R.D. (eds.).

4539: 2939: 5569: 5445: 5175: 4188:

A Field Guide to Western Birds: A Completely New Guide to Field Marks of All Species Found in North America West of the 100th Meridian and North of Mexico

5362: 4498: 593:

The golden eagle is part of a broad group of raptors called "booted eagles" which are defined by the feature that all species have feathering over their

707:, have been revealed to be genetically much closer to the Verreaux's and golden eagle lineage than to other species traditionally included in the genus 3376: 2183:, the habitat is often of a sparse, desert-like character and is quite similar to the habitat in Middle East and the Arabian peninsula. In Ethiopia's 6271:

McIntyre, C.L.; Collopy, M.W.; Lindberg, M.S. (2006). "Survival probability and mortality of migratory juvenile Golden Eagles from Interior Alaska".

4720: 7426: 7141: 2724:

the maneuver 3 or more times. The female takes a clump of earth and drops and catches it in the same fashion. Golden eagles typically build several

1747:

eagles do not generally fly in a pronounced dihedral. At close range, the golden to rufous nape-shawl of the golden eagle is distinctive from other

2187:, where the vegetation is more lush and the climate is clearly less arid than in Northeastern Africa, the golden eagle occupies verdant mountains. 7216: 4922: 1798:. Other booted eagles in the golden eagle's range are unlikely to be confused due to differences in size and form. The only species in the genus 6832: 3576: 3546: 3516: 3292:

Systema Naturæ per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Volume 1

6772: 4220: 4196: 3842: 3352: 3220: 2661:

by food abundance and habitat preference. Home ranges in most of the range can vary from 20 to 200 km (7.7 to 77.2 sq mi). In

731:, are now thought to be separate, close-knit clade, which attained some similar characteristics to the prior clade via convergent evolution. 597:, unlike many other accipitrids which have bare legs. Included in this group are all species described as "hawk eagles" including the genera 7512: 6722: 2359:. The golden eagles who breed in eastern Canada winter on montane grass and heath fields in the Appalachian Plateau region, especially in 7502: 7487: 2408: 734: 5505: 7164: 7079: 4269: 3477: 3270: 1818: 1274:, with a mean weight of 3.76 kg (8.3 lb). It is medium-sized, being generally intermediate in size between the nominate and 543:. Since birds were grouped largely on superficial characteristics at that time, many species were grouped by Linnaeus into the genus 4877: 4443: 4287: 4252: 3676: 3344: 1669:

Size readily distinguishes this species from most other raptors when it is seen well. Most other raptors are considerably smaller.

825:

species due to its lack of change from juvenile to adult plumage and brownish color but it is actually genetically aligned to the

7507: 7497: 7372: 6000:

Halley, D.J.; Gjershaug, J.O. (1998). "Inter- and intra-specific dominance relationships and feeding behaviour of golden eagles

7522: 7092: 6844: 6611: 2245: 2140:

in May 1975. In the mountains of Japan and Korea, the golden eagle occupies deciduous scrub woodland and carpet-like stands of

1196: 928: 533: 461:. Golden eagles maintain home ranges or territories that may be as large as 200 km (77 sq mi). They build large 322: 1869: 1266:(the rule that widely distributed organisms are larger-bodied further away from the Equator), as specimens of both sexes from 5780: 5325: 5216: 4973: 4948: 4829: 3737: 3701: 3319:

Ornithologie; ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, espéces & leurs variétés. &c

2877: 1842: 1401:), males and females weigh typically 4.05 and 6.35 kg (8.9 and 14.0 lb), respectively. In the smallest subspecies, 7221: 4327: 2299:, where annual precipitation is less than 20 cm (7.9 in). Golden eagles occupy the mountains and coastal areas of 5023: 4745: 3338: 7255: 7014: 1948:. In Western Europe, golden eagle habitat is dominated by open, rough grassland, heath and bogs, and rocky ridges, spurs, 1418: 865: 809:

serpent-eagle genus. This genus has recently been eliminated by many authorities and is now occasionally also included in

31: 5194:

Distributional status of Falconiformes in west central Arizona-with notes on ecology, reproductive success and management

2930:

In 2017 the French Army trained golden eagles to catch drones. The golden eagle is officially Utah's state bird of prey.

493:. It is the largest and least populous of the five species of true accipitrid to occur as a breeding species in both the 6918: 6800: 2864: 2179:

areas, chiefly in desert and to a lesser extent in semi-desert and Mediterranean climates, extending to open areas. In

7203: 6991: 4568: 4303: 3694:

Raptors Worldwide: Proceedings of the VI World Conference on Birds of Prey and Owls, Budapest, Hungary, 18–23 May 2003

1680:

is dwarfed by a golden eagle, as an adult female eagle has about double the wingspan and about five times the weight.

481:

from or uncommon in some of its former range, the species is still widespread, being present in sizeable stretches of

7364: 2171:

habitat is largely bereft of vegetation but offers many rocky plateaus to support both the eagles and their prey. In

1698:

body, much smaller head and, at closer range, its slaty black-brown colour and silvery wing secondaries. Compared to

4908:"An annotated list of birds wintering in the Lhasa river watershed and Yamzho Yumco, Tibet Autonomous Region, China" 3779:

Golden Eagle in Armenia. 2017. TSE NGO, Armenian Bird Census Council. Retrieved from abcc-am.org on 10 October 2017.

7110: 6488: 6076: 5723: 5674: 4107: 4093:"Avian zoogeographical patterns during the Quaternary in the Mediterranean region and paleoclimatic interpretation" 3019: 2637: 2633: 1257:. It is the subspecies with the largest breeding range and is probably the most numerous subspecies, especially if 5896: 5859: 5100: 4990: 3925: 3377:"A multi-gene phylogeny of aquiline eagles (Aves: Accipitriformes) reveals extensive paraphyly at the genus level" 1857:

of any type from urban to agricultural as well as heavily forested regions. In desolate areas (e.g., the southern

1499:, the bare portion of the feet is yellow. There are subtle differences in colouration among subspecies, described 7273: 7123: 6850: 4524: 2557: 1897: 1359: 5538: 5430: 5136: 7517: 7492: 7281: 6811: 5355: 4467: 4435: 2944: 2815: 2029: 615: 559: 206: 6842:

Golden Eagle Records from the Midwinter Bald Eagle Survey: Information for Wind Energy Management and Planning

6284: 3955:

Mexico's Coat of Arms depicts a golden eagle perched on a prickly pear cactus, with a rattlesnake in its beak.

2913: 2709: 1506:

Juvenile golden eagles are similar to adults but tend to be darker, appearing black on the back especially in

7444: 1449:(hind claw) can range from 4.5 to 6.34 cm (1.77 to 2.50 in), about one centimetre longer than in a 813:, although not all ornithological unions have followed this suit in this re-classification. The small-bodied 7477: 7472: 6947: 5390: 4656: 4054: 3415: 2508: 887:. Individuals of any of the subspecies are somewhat variable and the differences between the subspecies are 803:), consists of much smaller species, that are in fact smallest birds called eagles outside of the unrelated 548: 6612:"New Wind Energy Permits Would Raise Kill Limit of Bald Eagles But Still Boost Conservation, Officials Say" 7286: 6978: 6871: 6693: 6654: 5289:

Millsap, B.A.; Vana, S.L. (1984). "Distribution of wintering Golden Eagles in the eastern United States".

4724: 2257: 2008:

In central Europe, golden eagles today occur almost exclusively in the major mountain ranges, such as the

1780:(caramel-cream in the Spanish; cream and tawny streaks in the eastern) and are not likely to be confused. 1776: 1772: 1642: 1254: 845:"hawk-eagle" group (in which it was previously classified) which is not known to have radiated to Africa. 830: 720: 716: 7169: 6909: 5775:. ICBP Technical Publication. Vol. 5. International Council for Bird Preservation. pp. 83–101. 7333: 7320: 6996: 4907: 3439:"Phylogeny of eagles, Old World vultures, and other Accipitridae based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA" 2924: 2837: 2380: 2356: 1226: 1214: 755: 509: 301: 3069: 796: 4991:"Notes on Golden Eagle productivity and nest site characteristics, Porcupine River, Alaska, 1979–1982" 4041: 2223:

tundra. In land-locked areas of the sub-Arctic, golden eagles are by far the largest raptor. From the

7377: 6960: 6929: 6761:

Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa, the Birds of the Western Palearctic

5409: 4771: 4344: 3453: 3391: 2798: 2581: 2517: 1430: 751: 747: 639: 1433:

length of 52–72 cm (20–28 in), a tail length of 26.5–38 cm (10.4–15.0 in) and a

7133: 6829: 4844: 3584: 3554: 3524: 2384: 2320: 2180: 2141: 1786: 1311: 938: 814: 672: 441:

in the Northern Hemisphere. These birds are dark brown, with lighter golden-brown plumage on their

426: 154: 7247: 5654:

Sherrington, P. (1993). "Golden Eagle migration the Front Ranges of the Alberta Rocky Mountains".

4818:

Family Accipitridae (concluded) Buteos, Golden Eagle, Family Falconidae, Crested Caracara, Falcons

3939: 2656:

Two golden eagles in an aerial conflict over their home ranges, the upper bird clearly a juvenile.

2032:, grassland and heath above. Golden eagles also occur in moderately mountainous habitat along the 6806: 6452: 6358: 6296: 6288: 6248: 6162: 5840: 5832: 5746: 5697: 5620: 5561: 5298: 5167: 5159: 5081: 4787: 4699: 4661: 4490: 4383: 4141: 3999: 3979: 2988: 2734: 2413:

Golden eagles usually hunt during daylight hours, but were recorded hunting from one hour before

2228: 1803: 1335: 1315: 760: 696: 684: 621: 513: 381: 201: 7325: 4821: 4809: 2199:

occupied by golden eagles are roughly concurrent with those of Eurasia. In western and northern

1326:. The main difference is that this subspecies is much larger in size, being nearly the equal of 1263: 688: 347: 7338: 7195: 6734: 3494: 3298:

cera lutea, pedibus lanatis, corpore fusco ferrugineo vario, cauda nigra basi cinereo-undulata.

2764:

in Scotland is around 97.5%. When this extrapolated into an estimated lifespan this results in

551:

was given simply as "Europa"; it was later restricted to Sweden. It was moved to the new genus

7307: 7234: 7027: 6768: 6585: 6566: 5965: 5957: 5776: 5321: 5267:

Singer, F.J. (1974). "Status of the Osprey, Bald Eagle, and Golden Eagle in the Adirondacks".

5234:

Hunt, W. G., Jackman, R.E. Brown, T. L., Gilardi, J. G., Driscoll, D. E. & Culp, L. 1995.

5212: 4969: 4944: 4873: 4825: 4620: 4439: 4283: 4248: 4216: 4192: 4186: 4159: 3838: 3733: 3697: 3672: 3469: 3407: 3348: 3266: 3216: 2569: 2288: 2136:). One golden eagle was recorded circling at 6,190 m (20,310 ft) above sea-level in 2129: 2037: 2033: 1689: 1685: 1479: 1434: 1394: 1285: 1067: 1023: 676: 594: 6180: 3323: 2760:

specimen in Europe, survived to 46 years of age. The estimated adult annual survival rate on

1708:-like and lack the flat, plank-like wing positioning seen in the other genus. Large northern 1205:. Occupies the species' entire range in North America, which comprises the great majority of 7312: 6556: 6444: 6402: 6350: 6314:

Bezzel, E.; Funfstuck, H.-J. (1994). "Brut biologie und Populations dynamic des Steinadlers

6280: 6240: 6152: 6121: 6057: 6017: 5824: 5738: 5689: 5610: 5553: 5316:

Wingfield, G.A. (1991). "Central plains buteos and Golden Eagle". In Pendleton, B.G. (ed.).

5196:. Technical Note. Vol. 355. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 5151: 5101:"Results of a helicopter survey of cliff nesting raptors in a deep canyon in southern Idaho" 5073: 5046: 5038: 4779: 4651: 4482: 4375: 4133: 3461: 3438: 3399: 3064: 2882: 2828: 2662: 2561: 2364: 2208: 2061: 1646: 1624: 1364: 1350: 494: 478: 7359: 6983: 6796:

Kazakh hunter. Fox Hunting with a Golden Eagle – Human Planet: Mountains, preview – BBC One

5475:"Investigating the Influence of Available Drinking Water on Wildlife in Utah's West Desert" 4012: 3873: 3790: 3753: 2640:, golden eagles tend to move to higher elevations once the breeding season is complete. In 2311:

where hot, dry summers and moist winters are typical. The golden eagles here often nest in

1270:

had a mean weight of 4.22 kg (9.3 lb) and where slightly heavier than those from

7482: 7294: 6934: 6836: 5404: 5342:

Habitat use and hunting strategies of Prairie Falcons, Red-tailed Hawks, and Golden Eagles

4402: 4331: 4244: 2976: 2832: 2779: 2699: 2441: 2344: 2304: 2220: 2100: 2096: 2041: 1822: 1721:

and golden eagles, as the adult golden has a more solidly golden-brown coloration and all

1657: 1343: 1303: 990: 888: 610: 458: 258: 5431:"Territory size, activity budget, and role of undulating flight in nesting Golden Eagles" 5236:

A pilot Golden Eagle population study in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area, California

3046: 477:, it has disappeared from many areas that are heavily populated by humans. Despite being 7156: 5944:

Haller, H. (1982). "Spatial organization and dynamics of a population of Golden Eagles (

4775: 3457: 3395: 7118: 7105: 6636: 6231:

Harmata, A.R. (2002). "Encounters of Golden Eagles banded in the Rocky Mountain West".

6125: 6061: 6021: 5064:

Marr, N.V.; Knight, R.L. (1983). "Food Habits of Golden Eagles in Eastern Washington".

4049: 2949: 2553: 2545: 2184: 1893: 1791: 1760: 1739: 1694: 1407: 1047: 966: 654: 498: 5248:

Spofford, W.R. (1971). "The breeding status of the Golden Eagle in the Appalachians".

2399:

and wildlife refuges that provide foraging opportunities at waterfowl concentrations.

1661:

Golden eagles are readily distinguished by their brown plumage, paler than most other

7461: 7229: 4431: 4279: 3831: 3317: 3286: 3055: 2964: 2573: 2387:(30% of records) and within the Coastal Plain physiographic region (33% of records). 2368: 2296: 2152: 1977: 1965: 1941: 1488: 1438: 1192: 994: 942: 924: 633: 627: 579: 556: 529: 486: 318: 278: 174: 169: 77: 7019: 6541:"Metastatic cholangiocellular carcinoma and renal adenocarcinoma in a golden eagle ( 6300: 6252: 5844: 5624: 5171: 4665: 1704:

eagles, the golden eagle has wings that are only somewhat more slender but are more

17: 7417: 7390: 7045: 6048:

Brown, L.H.; Watson, A. (1964). "The Golden Eagle in relation to its food supply".

6036:

Population status and chemical contamination in Golden Eagles in southwestern Idaho

5050: 4791: 2995:), which has a stable total population estimated at 300,000 and is found solely in 2917: 2725: 2670: 2641: 2625: 2489: 2469: 2360: 2224: 1826: 1781: 1632: 1496: 1384: 1230: 1031: 788: 780: 728: 504:

For centuries, this species has been one of the most highly regarded birds used in

490: 438: 434: 422: 268: 7032: 6539:

Mikaelian, I.R.; Patenaude, Robert; Girard, Christiane; Martineau, Daniel (1998).

5934:) in the arid regions of Israel. Master's Thesis. Tel Aviv Univ. Tel Aviv, Israel. 5135:

Marzluff, J.M.; Knick, S.T.; Vekasy, M.S.; Schueck, L.S.; Zarriello, T.J. (1997).

4866: 3290: 1465: 7097: 7006: 6820:

Ageing and sexing (PDF; 5.7 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze

5209:

Atlas of wintering North American birds; an analysis of Christmas Bird Count data

4820:. Handbook of North American birds. Vol. 5. Yale University Press. pp. 4425: 4324: 3295:(in Latin). Vol. v.1 (10th ed.). Holmiae:Laurentii Salvii. p. 88. 3210: 138: 7351: 7260: 7242: 7177: 6903: 6435:

Bortolotti, G.R. (1984). "Trap and poison mortality of Golden and Bald Eagles".

5984:

The Golden Eagle in the Grisons: Long-term studies on the population ecology of

3465: 3403: 2901: 2846: 2533: 2445: 2268: 2089: 2081: 2073: 2017: 1937: 1929: 1807: 1756: 1454: 1246: 1222: 1063: 950: 853: 768: 724: 645: 128: 52: 6830:Åldersbestämning av kungsörn – Ageing of Golden Eagles (in Swedish and English) 5615: 5594: 4366:

Fowler, J.M.; Cope, J.B. (1964). "Notes on the Harpy Eagle in British Guiana".

3696:. World Working Group on Birds of Prey/MME-BirdLife Hungary. pp. 483–495. 2544:

Most populations of golden eagles are sedentary, but the species is actually a

1759:

is often paler than the golden eagle (the overlap in range is verified only in

1551: 1221:. The species is found breeding occasionally in all Canadian provinces but for 7385: 6795: 6561: 6540: 6391:"A recollection of an encounter between a Golden Eagle and a Great Blue Heron" 6244: 5930:

Bahat, O. (1989). Aspects in the ecology and biodynamics of the Golden Eagle (

2894: 2666: 2613: 2605: 2597: 2300: 2280: 2216: 2156: 2085: 1700: 1491:. The bill is dark at the tip, fading to a lighter horn colour, with a yellow 1484: 1450: 1368: 1242: 1112: 1087: 1055: 1002: 880: 659: 97: 62: 5969: 5961: 4624: 4069: 3304:, , body dusky brown variegated with rusty, tail black with ashy-waved base.) 2468:

in smaller numbers. Golden eagles occasionally capture large prey, including

1030:, though it is absent from the rest of continental Europe. It also ranges in 7066: 5557: 5474: 4868:

Hawks in Flight: The Flight Identification of North American Migrant Raptors

4275: 2691: 2396: 2312: 2236: 2120: 2108: 2025: 1933: 1507: 1124: 998: 805: 599: 474: 462: 218: 102: 7208: 6894: 6570: 4579: 3778: 3473: 3411: 3091: 2687: 7084: 5137:"Spatial use and habitat selection of Golden Eagles in southwestern Idaho" 2999:. On a global scale, the golden eagle is not considered threatened by the 2801:

in their first 11 months. The average life expectancy of golden eagles in

1920:

scrub and various heathland. In the rocky, wet, windy maritime climate of

1571: 7411: 6888: 6407: 6390: 5042: 4092: 3902:. Foundation for Ecological Security- Indian Biodiversity. Archived from 2979:

is considered, it is the second most wide-ranging species after only the

2890: 2842: 2841:) infects eagles that eat waterfowl that have died from the disease. The 2621: 2609: 2565: 2473: 2457: 2376: 2372: 2324: 2241: 2112: 2021: 2009: 1921: 1830: 1795: 1764: 1445:

measures around 6 cm (2.4 in). The long, straight and powerful

1423: 1307: 1238: 1234: 1173: 1132: 1120: 1079: 1043: 986: 946: 605: 505: 467: 238: 92: 87: 72: 67: 57: 6970: 6520:

Ikedia, Y.; Yamazaki, T. (1988). "Diseases of Golden Eagles: a review".

5815:

Dixon, J.B. (1937). "The Golden Eagle in San Diego County, California".

4124:

Howard, H. (1947). "An ancestral Golden Eagles a question in taxonomy".

3970:

Bortolotti, G.R. (1984). "Age and sex size variation in Golden Eagles".

7439: 7431: 7299: 7146: 6955: 6825:

Website on the Golden Eagle maintained by Raptor Protection of Slovakia

6456: 6362: 6292: 6166: 6108:

Watson, A.; Rothery, P. (1986). "Regularity in spacing of Golden Eagle

5836: 5750: 5701: 5675:"Complete migration cycle of Golden Eagles breeding in northern Quebec" 5565: 5539:"A large concentration of roosting Golden Eagles in southwestern Idaho" 5302: 5163: 5085: 4703: 4494: 4387: 4145: 4037: 3983: 2802: 2743: 2738: 2629: 2601: 2593: 2589: 2577: 2549: 2461: 2414: 2284: 2276: 2261: 2253: 2045: 1969: 1961: 1925: 1901: 1581: 1511: 1250: 1140: 1039: 1035: 974: 970: 962: 884: 739: 525: 482: 107: 82: 5238:. Predatory Bird Research Group, University of California, Santa Cruz. 6942: 6841: 5897:"What is the function of undulating flight display in Golden Eagles?" 4783: 2996: 2980: 2968: 2956: 2955:

At one time, the golden eagle lived in a great majority of temperate

2909: 2905: 2852: 2782:, 50% of golden eagles banded in the nest died by the time they were 2703: 2695: 2617: 2585: 2497: 2481: 2477: 2449: 2433: 2429: 2418: 2383:

recently are concentrated within or along southwestern border of the

2348: 2332: 2308: 2232: 2212: 2204: 2200: 2172: 2168: 2137: 2077: 2053: 2049: 1993: 1973: 1957: 1917: 1885: 1881: 1846: 1339: 1271: 1218: 1210: 1206: 1177: 1169: 1136: 1059: 982: 978: 954: 454: 450: 228: 7182: 6865: 6448: 6354: 6157: 6140: 5828: 5742: 5693: 5155: 5077: 4639: 4486: 4379: 4137: 3934:

The national seal is an image of the left profile of a Mexican eagle

2823: 2805:

is 13 years, extrapolated from a reported mere 92.5% survival rate.

2652: 1802:

that exceeds the golden eagle in average wingspan and length is the

7071: 7058: 5462:

Fixsen, Rachel (Spring 2024). "Eye on the Sky". Utah Life Magazine.

5318:

Proceedings of the Midwest raptor management symposium and workshop

2355:

but they are now believed to be absent as a breeding bird from the

2248:. In the foothills of the Rocky Mountains in the United States are 1932:, the golden eagle dwells in mountains. These areas include upland 1245:. The southern limits of its range are in central Mexico, from the 941:. This subspecies is found almost throughout Europe, including the 7346: 7053: 2972: 2943: 2881: 2708: 2686: 2651: 2525: 2513: 2507: 2485: 2484:. They have also been known to capture large flying birds such as 2422: 2352: 2351:. Until 1999, a pair of golden eagles were still known to nest in 2328: 2272: 2249: 2196: 2160: 2125: 2116: 2104: 2001: 1997: 1989: 1984:

forest. These areas are dominated by stands of evergreens such as

1981: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1889: 1868: 1858: 1850: 1836: 1817: 1671: 1656: 1631: 1623: 1570: 1550: 1464: 1383: 1354: 1298:. This subspecies ranges from Western Siberia (where overlap with 1267: 1181: 1165: 1144: 1128: 1071: 1027: 958: 864: 852: 733: 668: 567: 430: 191: 185: 6075:

O'Toole, L.T.; Kennedy, P.L.; Knight, R.L.; McEwen, L.C. (1999).

4966:

The Birds of Israel: A Complete Avifauna and Bird Atlas of Israel

1810:; however, the wedge-tailed eagle is a slightly less heavy bird. 775:), and many generic reassignments have been advocated. The genus 4640:"Thinking about feathers: adaptations of golden eagle rectrices" 3301: 3000: 2960: 2761: 2717: 2529: 2492:. They have also been known to prey on other raptors, including 2465: 2453: 2437: 2391: 2340: 2176: 2164: 2065: 2057: 2013: 1985: 1874: 1705: 1492: 1446: 1442: 1116: 1083: 1075: 1042:. A completely isolated population of golden eagles is found in 1006: 873: 658:

is distributed across every continent but for South America and

446: 442: 248: 6869: 6824: 5599:) from interior Alaska during their first year of independence" 3316:

Brisson, Mathurin-Jacques; Martinet, François Nicolas (1760).

2493: 2336: 2316: 2069: 6681:

Partners in flight: North American landbird conservation plan

6141:"Parental care and feeding ecology of Golden Eagle nestlings" 4345:"Birds of North America Online—Birds of North America Online" 4213:

National Geographic Field Guide To The Birds Of North America

2060:. This area is characterized by low mountains, Mediterranean 1884:

fringe of Eurasia, golden eagles occur along the edge of the

6489:"Breeding biology of the golden eagle in southwestern Idaho" 2343:. In Eastern North America, the species still breeds on the 1253:

area in the east; it is the "Mexican eagle" featured on the

4698:. Wildlife Monographs. Vol. 70. Wiley. pp. 3–94. 4607:

Tjernberg, M. (1988). "Age determination of Golden Eagles,

3862:. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions. p. 107. 2076:

shrubs are well-adapted to prolonged summer droughts. From

5506:"Territorial behaviour of Golden Eagles in western Norway" 4762:

Darling, F.F. (1934). "Speed of a Golden Eagle's flight".

4752:. Animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu. Retrieved on 2012-08-22. 3375:

Helbig, A.J.; Kocum, A.; Seibold, I.; Braun, M.J. (2005).

2620:

reached their wintering grounds, which range from central

759:), have been discovered to be more closely related to the 6586:"New federal rule would permit thousands of eagle deaths" 6285:

10.2193/0022-541x(2006)70[717:spamom]2.0.co;2

6038:. Masters in Science thesis. University of Idaho, Moscow. 5673:

Brodeur, S.; Décarie, R.; Bird, D.M.; Fuller, M. (1996).

5641:. Israel Programme of Scientific Translations, Jerusalem. 5024:"Birds of the Kilbuck and Ahklun Mountain Region, Alaska" 2428:

The diet of golden eagles is composed primarily of small

2283:. In this habitat, trees are generally absent other than 1940:, and sub-Arctic heaths but also fragmented woodland and 6655:"France Is Destroying Drones by Using Real, Live Eagles" 4241:

The Audubon Society Encyclopedia of North American Birds

2240:

golden eagle is found in small numbers in boreal forest

1833:

is typical golden eagle habitat: rugged and mountainous.

4657:

10.3356/0892-1016(2006)40[1:TAFAOG]2.0.CO;2

4052:

form sēn-murw also meant golden eagle; see "Simorğ" in

1022:. This subspecies occurs in almost the entirety of the 989:

in southeastern Europe. It is also distributed through

5340:

Dunstan, T. C., Harper, J.H. & Phipps, K.B. 1978.

5593:

McIntyre, C.L.; Douglas, D.C.; Collopy, M.W. (2008).

2737:

that eclipse the down and the birds attain a general

861:

shows the typical rusty coloration of the subspecies.

5385: 5383: 2148:) that merge into grasslands and alpine heathland. 1904:, nesting in forests and hunting over nearby arctic 1725:

eagles have obvious distinctive plumages as adults.

7401: 6878: 6475:

en Spana: distribution, reproduccion y conservacion

4525:"The field identification of North American eagles" 4215:(4th ed.). National Geographic Society. 2002. 3837:. Enfield, Middlesex : Guinness Superlatives. 1429:The standard measurements of the species include a 1302:is probable), across most of Russia, including the 993:, reportedly reaching its eastern limit around the 5724:"Golden Eagle population studies in the Southwest" 4865: 3830: 3070:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22696060A202078899.en 1453:and a little more than one centimetre less than a 1437:length of 9.4–12.2 cm (3.7–4.8 in). The 6783:The Offerings of the Templo Mayor of Tenochtitlan 6469:Arroyo, B., Ferreiro, E. & Garza, V. (1990). 4847:. Bna.birds.cornell.edu. Retrieved on 2012-08-22. 4002:. Bna.birds.cornell.edu. Retrieved on 2012-08-22. 3667:Ferguson-Lees, James; Christie, David A. (2001). 3662: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3622: 1755:eagles have darker plumage, although the smaller 883:of golden eagle that differ slightly in size and 6641:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures 6112:nests used within years in northeast Scotland". 5356:"Foraging Behavior and Success of Golden Eagles" 5344:. Fin. Rep. Western Illinois University, Macomb. 5320:. National Wildlife Federation. pp. 60–68. 3620: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3020:"Aquila chrysaetos Linnaeus 1758 (golden eagle)" 2694:(in hollow at left center) in the Valley of the 2390:Though they do regularly nest in the marsh-like 2235:, it is often found in high mountains above the 2175:, their habitat is mainly rocky slopes and wide 2095:Golden eagles occupy the alpine ranges from the 1500: 338: 5022:Petersen, M.R.; Weir, D.N.; Dick, M.H. (1991). 4943:(2nd ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press. 3860:Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Volume 2 2683:Reproduction and life cycle of the golden eagle 1841:An adult flying above Himalayan mountains from 1555:Captive adult of the North American subspecies 429:. It is the most widely distributed species of 5649: 5647: 4481:(4). American Ornithologists' Union: 549–576. 3874:"Birds of Kazakhstan. Himalayan Golden Eagle ( 2151:The golden eagle occurs in mountains from the 2128:, where they regularly join groups of soaring 738:Wintering eagle of the nominate subspecies in 6266: 6264: 6262: 5479:BYU ScholarsArchive: Theses and Dissertations 4906:Lang, A.; Bishop, M.A.; Le Seuer, A. (2007). 4424:Clark, William S.; Wheeler, Brian K. (2001). 3965: 3963: 3437:Lerner, H.R.; Mindell, D.P. (November 2005). 2064:, and sub-temperate open woodland. The local 1469:Subadult, showing white in tail and dark neck 8: 5637:Dementiev, G.P. & Gladkov, N.A. (1966). 4696:Development of behaviour in the Golden Eagle 4268:del Hoyo, J; Elliot, A; Sargatal, J (1996). 4234: 4232: 4191:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 180–. 3944:Mexican Cultural Institute of Washington, DC 3340:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names 1908:. Typical vegetation is stunted, fragmented 1111:. This subspecies is distributed in central 433:. Like all eagles, it belongs to the family 6217:Perrins, C.M. & Birkhead, T.R. (1983). 5858:Clouet, M.; Barrau, C.; Goar, J.L. (1999). 5588: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5269:New York Fish & Game Commission Journal 4715: 4713: 4602: 4600: 4562: 4560: 4070:"The Quaternary avifauna of. Crete, Greece" 3995: 3993: 3833:The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats 2940:Status and conservation of the golden eagle 2564:migrate south to winter on the Russian and 2421:during the breeding season in southwestern 1737:Distinguishing the golden eagle from other 1342:(and possibly elsewhere) are referred to a 997:in Russia, also ranging south at a similar 6866: 5284: 5282: 4864:Sutton, C.; Dunne, P.; Sibley, D. (1989). 2855:– one in the liver and one in the kidney. 2267:Golden eagles also occupy the desert-like 1980:, golden eagles occur sparsely in lowland 837:) is also probably closely related to the 346: 163: 136: 118: 38: 6683:. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY. 6560: 6406: 6156: 5614: 5499: 5497: 5495: 5473:Finlayson, Danielle K (9 December 2021). 5429:Collopy, M.W.; Edwards, T.C. Jr. (1989). 4803: 4801: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4655: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4455: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3068: 2264:where the eagles may build their nests. 1636:Golden eagle flying in dihedral with food 1054:. This subspecies also ranges in much of 6077:"Postfledging behavior of Golden Eagles" 5926: 5924: 5391:"Golden Eagle | the Peregrine Fund" 4896:, 1980 report. Kluane National Park, YT. 4859: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4334:. Gbgm-umc.org. Retrieved on 2012-08-22. 4239:Terres, John K. (1980). "Golden Eagle". 3370: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 2516:, golden eagles such as this one in the 1229:as breeding species east of a line from 5230: 5228: 5130: 5128: 4427:A field guide to hawks of North America 3824: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3011: 1318:. This subspecies is often included in 1164:. This subspecies is found in northern 1143:(rarely ranging over into northernmost 6643:. : Oxford University Press, 2001 6208:. 1st Am. ed. Citadel Press, New York. 5796:McGrady, M.J. (1997). "Golden Eagle". 4989:Ritchie, R.J.; Curatolo, J.A. (1982). 3263:Eagles, Hawks and Falcons of the World 3040: 3038: 3036: 1972:and almost the entire distribution in 1426:, which tend to be unnaturally heavy. 1131:and along the Himalayas from northern 821:) has been traditionally considered a 127:Wild golden in flight at Pfyn-Finges, 6487:Beecham, I.J.; Kochert, M.N. (1975). 6423:Oil and the eagle: an unsolved riddle 4964:Shirihai, H.; Roselaar, C.S. (1996). 4892:Burles, D. W. & Frey, R. (1981). 4872:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 4468:"Plumage Changes in the Golden Eagle" 3384:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 3343:. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 1487:" on the upper part of each scapular 1388:The foot and talons of a golden eagle 1078:to its eastern limits throughout the 7: 7445:44AD5E44-72B6-4BA9-AD3F-659C445E8A32 7124:c33b8c2b-8469-4857-b22a-e4a2d7fe9fbb 6653:Nickalls, Sammy (23 February 2017). 6509:from the original on 9 October 2022. 6097:from the original on 9 October 2022. 5917:from the original on 9 October 2022. 5884:from the original on 9 October 2022. 5760:from the original on 9 October 2022. 5711:from the original on 9 October 2022. 5575:from the original on 9 October 2022. 5526:from the original on 9 October 2022. 5451:from the original on 9 October 2022. 5181:from the original on 9 October 2022. 5121:from the original on 9 October 2022. 5011:from the original on 9 October 2022. 4928:from the original on 9 October 2022. 4113:from the original on 9 October 2022. 4013:"Birds of Kazakhstan. Golden Eagle ( 3858:Rasmussen, PC; Anderton, JC (2005). 3791:"Birds of Kazakhstan. Golden Eagle ( 3754:"Birds of Kazakhstan. Golden Eagle ( 3583:. The Peregrine Fund. Archived from 3553:. The Peregrine Fund. Archived from 3523:. The Peregrine Fund. Archived from 3483:from the original on 9 October 2022. 3261:Brown, Leslie; Amadon, Dean (1986). 1873:Portrait of a golden eagle near the 1584:, nine distinct calls were noted: a 703:), previously included in the genus 7468:IUCN Red List least concern species 6767:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 5368:from the original on 9 October 2022 4545:from the original on 9 October 2022 4504:from the original on 9 October 2022 3056:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2822:) it had attempted to hunt. On the 2409:Dietary biology of the golden eagle 2287:with vegetation being dominated by 2024:. Here, the species nests near the 1034:in a narrow sub-coastal strip from 745:Genetically, the "spotted eagles" ( 570:for "eagle", possibly derived from 148:Call of a golden eagle in Scotland 6635:Benson, Elizabeth P. "Eagles." In 6318:im Werdenfelser Land/Oberbayern". 6126:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1989.tb02783.x 6062:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1964.tb03682.x 6022:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1998.tb04392.x 5990:. Ornithol. Beob. Beiheft 9:1–167. 5864:) in the Bale Mountains, Ethiopia" 5405:"Aquila chrysaetos (Golden eagle)" 4271:Handbook of the Birds of the World 4166:. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. 2009 2912:) symbol: the tribal and sun god, 2612:. Adults who bred in northeastern 1139:and discontinuing in northeastern 25: 6801:Photos Hunting with Golden Eagles 5639:Birds of the Soviet Union, Vol. 1 5537:Craig, T.H.; Craig, E.H. (1984). 5099:Craig, T.H.; Craig, E.H. (1984). 4939:Inskipp, C.; Inskipp, T. (1991). 4040:is a mythical bird. Some say the 3930:Embassy of Mexico in South Africa 3322:. Paris: C.J.B. Bauche. pp. 2827:eagle. An attempted capture of a 2456:(usually of medium size, such as 1653:Distinguishing from other species 437:. They are one of the best-known 6584:Daly, Matthew (April 18, 2013). 5722:Boeker, E.L.; Ray, T.D. (1971). 4638:Ellis, D.H.; Lish, J.W. (2006). 1956:, slopes and grand plateaux. In 1349:, and the huge specimens of the 1225:. It is currently absent in the 363: Nesting, present in summer 205: 6845:United States Geological Survey 6425:. Country Life, December: 1639. 6337:Lano, A. (1922). "Golden Eagle 6206:The Golden Eagle; king of birds 5773:Conservation studies on raptors 5211:. University of Chicago Press. 4723:. San Diego Zoo. Archived from 3045:BirdLife International (2021). 1996:, occasionally supplemented by 1575:Golden eagles are often silent. 1290:– sometimes referred to as the 933:– sometimes referred to as the 369: Nesting, present all year 7170:golden-eagle-aquila-chrysaetos 6703:. BirdLife International. 2020 6437:Journal of Wildlife Management 6273:Journal of Wildlife Management 6221:. New York: Chapman & Hall 4015:Aquila chrysaetos kamtschatica 2878:Golden eagles in human culture 2072:vegetation, with a variety of 1843:Shingba Rhododendron Sanctuary 1282:Aquila chrysaetos kamtschatica 1: 5595:"Movements of golden eagles ( 4941:A guide to the birds of Nepal 4304:"Golden Eagle May Set Record" 4185:Peterson, Roger Tory (1998). 3671:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2030:subalpine and alpine pastures 1419:Bridger-Teton National Forest 1395:Females are larger than males 1306:(spilling over into Northern 32:Golden Eagle (disambiguation) 6759:Cramp, Stanley, ed. (1979). 6610:Khan, Mariam (May 4, 2016). 6233:Journal of Field Ornithology 5438:Journal of Field Ornithology 4160:"Golden Eagle, Life History" 3972:Journal of Field Ornithology 3756:Aquila chrysaetos chrysaetos 2865:US Fish and Wildlife Service 1557:Aquila chrysaetos canadensis 1188:Aquila chrysaetos canadensis 953:, southern and northernmost 920:Aquila chrysaetos chrysaetos 893:Aquila chrysaetos chrysaetos 859:Aquila chrysaetos canadensis 7513:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 4403:"Journey North Bald Eagles" 3466:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.04.010 3404:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.10.003 1347:Aquila chrysaetos bonifacti 1203:North American golden eagle 849:Subspecies and distribution 473:Once widespread across the 7539: 7503:National symbols of Mexico 7488:Birds of the United States 5932:Aquila chrysaetos homeyeri 5871:Journal of Raptor Research 5616:10.1525/auk.2008.125.1.214 5108:Journal of Raptor Research 4644:Journal of Raptor Research 4569:"How to Age Golden Eagles" 4091:Sánchez Marco, A. (2004). 3926:"Information about Mexico" 3876:Aquila chrysaetos daphanea 3793:Aquila chrysaetos homeyeri 2937: 2875: 2755:medium-sized hawks (e.g., 2680: 2638:Southwestern United States 2634:Southwestern United States 2406: 1155:Aquila chrysaetos japonica 1094:Aquila chrysaetos daphanea 1086:and north to southwestern 1013:Aquila chrysaetos homeyeri 870:Aquila chrysaetos homeyeri 582:for the golden eagle from 29: 6562:10.1080/03079459808419345 6245:10.1648/0273-8570-73.1.23 6181:"Bird Banding Laboratory" 5988:in the centre of the Alps 4894:Raptor monitoring program 4721:"Golden Eagle Fact Sheet" 4578:: 278–283. Archived from 4523:Clark, William S (1983). 4330:28 September 2013 at the 3337:Jobling, James A (2010). 3063:: e.T22696060A202078899. 2260:around river valleys and 1360:Aquila chrysaetos simurgh 1233:down through westernmost 1180:) and undefined parts of 1099:– known variously as the 1026:as well as the island of 675:in Africa as well as the 387: 380: 354: 345: 335: 330: 307: 300: 202:Scientific classification 200: 183: 161: 152: 147: 135: 126: 117: 41: 6812:Internet Bird Collection 6379:. Whittet Books, London. 5948:) in the central Alps". 4466:Jollie, Malcolm (1947). 4436:Houghton Mifflin Company 3900:"Himalayan Golden Eagle" 2904:, the eagle was a major 2816:North American porcupine 2379:. Most sightings in the 2119:, where they occupy the 2084:to the foothills of the 1814:Habitat and distribution 1330:if going on wing-length. 1249:area in the west to the 1201:– commonly known as the 1160:– commonly known as the 1018:– commonly known as the 560:Mathurin Jacques Brisson 520:Taxonomy and systematics 7508:Birds described in 1758 7498:Birds of prey of Africa 6781:López Luján, Leonardo. 5895:Harmata, A. R. (1982). 5051:2027/uc1.31822033875303 4567:Liguori, Jerry (2004). 4347:. Bna.birds.cornell.edu 4068:Weesie, P.D.M. (1988). 2934:Status and conservation 1296:Kamchatkan golden eagle 1176:and discontinuously in 1062:, spottily through the 574:, "dark in colour" and 528:was first described by 7523:Birds of the Himalayas 6139:Collopy, M.W. (1984). 6034:Kochert, M.N. (1972). 5192:Millsap, B.A. (1981). 2952: 2923:It was only after the 2897: 2886:1870s illustration of 2863:In December 2016, the 2720: 2706: 2657: 2521: 2504:Activity and movements 2452:. They also eat other 1877: 1853: 1834: 1777:Spanish imperial eagle 1666: 1665:, and pale nape patch. 1637: 1629: 1576: 1559: 1470: 1389: 1255:coat of arms of Mexico 1119:, and the easternmost 1105:Himalayan golden eagle 876: 862: 841:group rather than the 742: 609:, as well as assorted 7334:Paleobiology Database 7321:Paleobiology Database 6859:NCBI Taxonomy Browser 6723:"African Fish Eagle, 5558:10.1093/auk/101.3.610 4808:Palmer, R.S. (1988). 3829:Wood, Gerald (1983). 3732:. David and Charles. 3495:"Lophaetus pomarinus" 3446:Mol. Phylogenet. Evol 3209:Watson, Jeff (2010). 3027:Paleobiology Database 2947: 2925:Industrial Revolution 2885: 2838:Pasteurella multocida 2712: 2690: 2655: 2511: 2381:Eastern United States 2357:Eastern United States 2126:Lhasa River watershed 1872: 1840: 1821: 1660: 1635: 1627: 1574: 1554: 1468: 1387: 1292:Siberian golden eagle 1227:Eastern United States 1215:Western United States 1162:Japanese golden eagle 935:European golden eagle 879:There are six extant 868: 856: 773:Ictinaetus malayensis 765:Lophaetus occipitalis 737: 532:in his landmark 1758 510:Western United States 7119:Fauna Europaea (new) 6807:"Golden eagle media" 6408:10.29173/bluejay2691 6375:Love, J. A. (1989). 6006:Haliaeetus albicilla 5410:Animal Diversity Web 5043:10.3996/nafa.76.0001 5031:North American Fauna 4694:Ellis, D.H. (1979). 4532:North American Birds 4055:Encyclopædia Iranica 3669:Raptors of the World 3497:. The Peregrine Fund 3092:"Appendices | CITES" 2799:Denali National Park 2582:Denali National Park 2246:mixed woodland areas 2086:Hindu Kush Mountains 1020:Iberian golden eagle 30:For other uses, see 18:Mexican golden eagle 6835:10 May 2015 at the 6737:on December 3, 2013 6421:Gordon, S. (1971). 6204:Gordon, S. (1955). 5860:"The Golden Eagle ( 5207:Root, T.L. (1988). 4776:1934Natur.134..325D 3940:"Symbols of Mexico" 3730:Eagles of the World 3458:2005MolPE..37..327L 3396:2005MolPE..35..147H 2385:Appalachian Plateau 2321:Appalachian Plateau 2181:Northeastern Africa 2142:Siberian dwarf pine 1976:all the way to the 1478:species, where the 1312:Kamchatka Peninsula 969:, it is found from 949:), the majority of 939:nominate subspecies 831:Cassin's hawk-eagle 427:Northern Hemisphere 402:Linnaeus, 1758 394:Linnaeus, 1758 155:Conservation status 6731:The Peregrine Fund 6725:Haliaeetus vocifer 6389:Santy, D. (1964). 6320:Acta Ornithologica 5504:Bergo, G. (1987). 4968:. Academic Press. 4845:Cornell University 4727:on 12 October 2013 4000:Cornell University 3728:Brown, L. (1976). 3587:on 26 October 2012 3527:on 28 October 2012 3519:Aquila morphnoides 3421:on 13 August 2012. 3300:– (A with yellow 2993:Haliaeetus vocifer 2989:African fish eagle 2953: 2898: 2820:Erethizon dorsatum 2721: 2707: 2658: 2570:North China Plains 2522: 2417:to one hour after 2130:Himalayan vultures 1878: 1854: 1835: 1804:wedge-tailed eagle 1767:). Among Eurasian 1686:Old World vultures 1667: 1638: 1630: 1577: 1560: 1471: 1390: 1357:) have been named 1336:Middle Pleistocene 1316:Anadyrsky District 1259:A. c. kamtschatica 1101:Asian golden eagle 913:A. c. kamtschatica 877: 863: 843:Spizaetus/Nisaetus 797:Ayres's hawk-eagle 761:long-crested eagle 743: 697:African hawk-eagle 685:wedge-tailed eagle 611:monotypical genera 514:Western Palearctic 293:A. chrysaetos 7455: 7454: 7391:Aquila-chrysaetos 7308:Open Tree of Life 7046:aquila-chrysaetos 6948:aquila-chrysaetos 6935:Aquila_chrysaetos 6910:Aquila chrysaetos 6880:Aquila chrysaetos 6872:Taxon identifiers 6853:Aquila chrysaetos 6774:978-0-19-857505-4 6765:Hawks to Bustards 6696:Pandion haliaetus 6543:Aquila chrysaetos 6522:Aquila Chrysaetos 6473:Aquila chrysaetos 6339:Aquila chrysaetos 6316:Aquila chrysaetos 6185:www.pwrc.usgs.gov 6110:Aquila chrysaetos 6002:Aquila chrysaetos 5986:Aquila chrysaetos 5982:Haller, H. 1996. 5946:Aquila chrysaetos 5862:Aquila chrysaetos 5597:Aquila chrysaetos 4812:Aquila chrysaetos 4748:Aquila chrysaetos 4609:Aquila chrysaetos 4222:978-0-79226-877-2 4198:978-0-395-91174-7 3932:. 31 March 2016. 3844:978-0-85112-235-9 3557:on 4 October 2013 3354:978-1-4081-2501-4 3222:978-1-4081-1420-9 3215:. A&C Black. 3049:Aquila chrysaetos 2985:Pandion haliaetus 2809:Natural mortality 2714:Aquila chrysaetos 2696:Siagne de la Pare 2568:steppes, and the 2518:Province of Ávila 2258:cottonwood stands 2134:Gyps himalayensis 2080:and the southern 2062:maquis vegetation 2038:Iberian Peninsula 2034:Mediterranean Sea 1912:merging into low 1787:Verreaux's eagles 1690:California condor 1338:golden eagles of 1289: 1200: 1159: 1123:, distributed to 1098: 1068:Arabian Peninsula 1024:Iberian Peninsula 1017: 932: 418:Aquila chrysaetos 409: 408: 375: Non-nesting 311:Aquila chrysaetos 195: 178: 141: 16:(Redirected from 7530: 7448: 7447: 7435: 7434: 7422: 7421: 7420: 7403:Falco chrysaetos 7394: 7393: 7381: 7380: 7368: 7367: 7355: 7354: 7342: 7341: 7329: 7328: 7316: 7315: 7303: 7302: 7290: 7289: 7277: 7276: 7264: 7263: 7261:NHMSYS0000530170 7251: 7250: 7238: 7237: 7225: 7224: 7212: 7211: 7199: 7198: 7186: 7185: 7173: 7172: 7160: 7159: 7150: 7149: 7137: 7136: 7127: 7126: 7114: 7113: 7101: 7100: 7088: 7087: 7075: 7074: 7062: 7061: 7049: 7048: 7036: 7035: 7023: 7022: 7010: 7009: 7000: 6999: 6987: 6986: 6974: 6973: 6964: 6963: 6961:5F8E7CA845BD413F 6951: 6950: 6938: 6937: 6925: 6924: 6914: 6913: 6912: 6899: 6898: 6897: 6867: 6862: 6816: 6778: 6747: 6746: 6744: 6742: 6733:. Archived from 6719: 6713: 6712: 6710: 6708: 6702: 6690: 6684: 6676: 6670: 6669: 6667: 6665: 6650: 6644: 6633: 6627: 6626: 6624: 6622: 6607: 6601: 6600: 6598: 6596: 6590:Associated Press 6581: 6575: 6574: 6564: 6536: 6530: 6529: 6517: 6511: 6510: 6508: 6493: 6484: 6478: 6477:. ICONA, Madrid. 6467: 6461: 6460: 6432: 6426: 6419: 6413: 6412: 6410: 6386: 6380: 6373: 6367: 6366: 6341:and porcupine". 6334: 6328: 6327: 6311: 6305: 6304: 6268: 6257: 6256: 6228: 6222: 6215: 6209: 6202: 6196: 6195: 6193: 6191: 6177: 6171: 6170: 6160: 6136: 6130: 6129: 6105: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6081: 6072: 6066: 6065: 6045: 6039: 6032: 6026: 6025: 5997: 5991: 5980: 5974: 5973: 5941: 5935: 5928: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5901: 5892: 5886: 5885: 5883: 5868: 5855: 5849: 5848: 5812: 5806: 5805: 5793: 5787: 5786: 5768: 5762: 5761: 5759: 5728: 5719: 5713: 5712: 5710: 5679: 5670: 5664: 5663: 5651: 5642: 5635: 5629: 5628: 5618: 5590: 5577: 5576: 5574: 5543: 5534: 5528: 5527: 5525: 5510: 5501: 5490: 5489: 5487: 5485: 5470: 5464: 5463: 5459: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5435: 5426: 5415: 5414: 5401: 5395: 5394: 5387: 5378: 5377: 5375: 5373: 5367: 5360: 5351: 5345: 5338: 5332: 5331: 5313: 5307: 5306: 5286: 5277: 5276: 5264: 5258: 5257: 5245: 5239: 5232: 5223: 5222: 5204: 5198: 5197: 5189: 5183: 5182: 5180: 5141: 5132: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5105: 5096: 5090: 5089: 5061: 5055: 5054: 5028: 5019: 5013: 5012: 5010: 4995: 4986: 4980: 4979: 4961: 4955: 4954: 4936: 4930: 4929: 4927: 4912: 4903: 4897: 4890: 4884: 4883: 4871: 4861: 4848: 4842: 4836: 4835: 4805: 4796: 4795: 4784:10.1038/134325c0 4759: 4753: 4743: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4717: 4708: 4707: 4691: 4670: 4669: 4659: 4635: 4629: 4628: 4604: 4595: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4584: 4573: 4564: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4544: 4529: 4520: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4503: 4472: 4463: 4450: 4449: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4398: 4392: 4391: 4363: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4341: 4335: 4322: 4316: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4265: 4259: 4258: 4236: 4227: 4226: 4209: 4203: 4202: 4182: 4176: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4156: 4150: 4149: 4121: 4115: 4114: 4112: 4097: 4088: 4082: 4081: 4074:Palaeovertebrata 4065: 4059: 4035: 4029: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4009: 4003: 3997: 3988: 3987: 3967: 3958: 3957: 3952: 3950: 3936: 3922: 3916: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3896: 3890: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3870: 3864: 3863: 3855: 3849: 3848: 3836: 3826: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3787: 3781: 3776: 3770: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3750: 3744: 3743: 3725: 3708: 3707: 3689: 3683: 3682: 3664: 3597: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3549:Aquila wahlbergi 3543: 3537: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3513: 3507: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3482: 3443: 3434: 3423: 3422: 3420: 3414:. Archived from 3381: 3372: 3359: 3358: 3334: 3328: 3327: 3313: 3307: 3306: 3283: 3277: 3276: 3258: 3227: 3226: 3212:The Golden Eagle 3206: 3107: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3072: 3042: 3031: 3030: 3024: 3016: 2872:In human culture 2853:malignant tumors 2829:great blue heron 2795: 2794: 2790: 2787: 2777: 2776: 2772: 2769: 2762:the Isle of Skye 2735:contour feathers 2663:San Diego County 2628:to northeastern 2604:and from inland 2562:Russian Far East 2442:ground squirrels 2209:Ungava Peninsula 2109:Himalayan massif 1773:eastern imperial 1647:peregrine falcon 1542: 1541: 1537: 1534: 1528: 1527: 1523: 1520: 1414:A. c. chrysaetos 1365:La Brea Tar Pits 1351:Late Pleistocene 1324:A. c. canadensis 1320:A. c. canadensis 1300:A. c. chrysaetos 1284: 1190: 1168:(the islands of 1157: 1096: 1015: 922: 901:A. c. canadensis 815:Wahlberg's eagle 779:, including the 721:Spanish imperial 717:eastern imperial 711:. Other largish 673:Verreaux's eagle 541:Falco chrysaetos 534:10th edition of 459:ground squirrels 403: 395: 391:Falco chrysaëtos 374: 368: 362: 350: 313: 210: 209: 189: 172: 167: 166: 143: 142: 122: 112: 49: 45:Temporal range: 39: 27:Species of eagle 21: 7538: 7537: 7533: 7532: 7531: 7529: 7528: 7527: 7518:Birds of Europe 7493:Holarctic birds 7458: 7457: 7456: 7451: 7443: 7438: 7430: 7425: 7416: 7415: 7410: 7397: 7389: 7384: 7376: 7371: 7363: 7358: 7350: 7345: 7337: 7332: 7324: 7319: 7311: 7306: 7298: 7295:Observation.org 7293: 7285: 7280: 7272: 7267: 7259: 7254: 7246: 7241: 7233: 7228: 7220: 7215: 7207: 7202: 7194: 7189: 7181: 7176: 7168: 7163: 7155: 7153: 7145: 7140: 7132: 7130: 7122: 7117: 7109: 7104: 7096: 7091: 7083: 7078: 7070: 7065: 7057: 7052: 7044: 7039: 7031: 7026: 7018: 7013: 7005: 7003: 6995: 6990: 6982: 6977: 6969: 6967: 6959: 6954: 6946: 6941: 6933: 6928: 6922: 6917: 6908: 6907: 6902: 6893: 6892: 6887: 6874: 6849: 6837:Wayback Machine 6805: 6792: 6775: 6763:. Vol. 2: 6758: 6755: 6753:Further reading 6750: 6740: 6738: 6721: 6720: 6716: 6706: 6704: 6700: 6692: 6691: 6687: 6677: 6673: 6663: 6661: 6652: 6651: 6647: 6634: 6630: 6620: 6618: 6609: 6608: 6604: 6594: 6592: 6583: 6582: 6578: 6549:Avian Pathology 6538: 6537: 6533: 6519: 6518: 6514: 6506: 6496:Wilson Bulletin 6491: 6486: 6485: 6481: 6471:El Aquila Real 6468: 6464: 6449:10.2307/3801778 6434: 6433: 6429: 6420: 6416: 6388: 6387: 6383: 6374: 6370: 6355:10.2307/4073972 6336: 6335: 6331: 6313: 6312: 6308: 6270: 6269: 6260: 6230: 6229: 6225: 6216: 6212: 6203: 6199: 6189: 6187: 6179: 6178: 6174: 6158:10.2307/4086902 6138: 6137: 6133: 6107: 6106: 6102: 6094: 6084:Wilson Bulletin 6079: 6074: 6073: 6069: 6047: 6046: 6042: 6033: 6029: 6004:and Sea Eagles 5999: 5998: 5994: 5981: 5977: 5943: 5942: 5938: 5929: 5922: 5914: 5904:Raptor Research 5899: 5894: 5893: 5889: 5881: 5866: 5857: 5856: 5852: 5829:10.2307/1363773 5814: 5813: 5809: 5795: 5794: 5790: 5783: 5770: 5769: 5765: 5757: 5743:10.2307/1366668 5726: 5721: 5720: 5716: 5708: 5694:10.2307/1369147 5677: 5672: 5671: 5667: 5656:Birders Journal 5653: 5652: 5645: 5636: 5632: 5592: 5591: 5580: 5572: 5541: 5536: 5535: 5531: 5523: 5508: 5503: 5502: 5493: 5483: 5481: 5472: 5471: 5467: 5461: 5460: 5456: 5448: 5433: 5428: 5427: 5418: 5403: 5402: 5398: 5389: 5388: 5381: 5371: 5369: 5365: 5358: 5353: 5352: 5348: 5339: 5335: 5328: 5315: 5314: 5310: 5291:Wilson Bulletin 5288: 5287: 5280: 5266: 5265: 5261: 5247: 5246: 5242: 5233: 5226: 5219: 5206: 5205: 5201: 5191: 5190: 5186: 5178: 5156:10.2307/4089287 5139: 5134: 5133: 5126: 5118: 5103: 5098: 5097: 5093: 5078:10.2307/3535265 5063: 5062: 5058: 5026: 5021: 5020: 5016: 5008: 4998:Raptor Research 4993: 4988: 4987: 4983: 4976: 4963: 4962: 4958: 4951: 4938: 4937: 4933: 4925: 4910: 4905: 4904: 4900: 4891: 4887: 4880: 4863: 4862: 4851: 4843: 4839: 4832: 4810:"Golden eagle: 4807: 4806: 4799: 4770:(3383): 325–6. 4761: 4760: 4756: 4744: 4740: 4730: 4728: 4719: 4718: 4711: 4693: 4692: 4673: 4637: 4636: 4632: 4606: 4605: 4598: 4588: 4586: 4585:on 6 March 2012 4582: 4571: 4566: 4565: 4558: 4548: 4546: 4542: 4527: 4522: 4521: 4517: 4507: 4505: 4501: 4487:10.2307/4080715 4470: 4465: 4464: 4453: 4446: 4438:. p. 241. 4423: 4422: 4418: 4408: 4406: 4405:. Journey North 4400: 4399: 4395: 4380:10.2307/4082683 4365: 4364: 4360: 4350: 4348: 4343: 4342: 4338: 4332:Wayback Machine 4323: 4319: 4309: 4307: 4302: 4301: 4297: 4290: 4274:. Vol. 3. 4267: 4266: 4262: 4255: 4247:. p. 478. 4245:Alfred A. Knopf 4238: 4237: 4230: 4223: 4211: 4210: 4206: 4199: 4184: 4183: 4179: 4169: 4167: 4164:All About Birds 4158: 4157: 4153: 4138:10.2307/4080550 4123: 4122: 4118: 4110: 4095: 4090: 4089: 4085: 4067: 4066: 4062: 4036: 4032: 4022: 4020: 4011: 4010: 4006: 3998: 3991: 3969: 3968: 3961: 3948: 3946: 3938: 3924: 3923: 3919: 3909: 3907: 3898: 3897: 3893: 3883: 3881: 3872: 3871: 3867: 3857: 3856: 3852: 3845: 3828: 3827: 3810: 3800: 3798: 3789: 3788: 3784: 3777: 3773: 3763: 3761: 3752: 3751: 3747: 3740: 3727: 3726: 3711: 3704: 3691: 3690: 3686: 3679: 3666: 3665: 3600: 3590: 3588: 3579:Aquila africana 3575: 3574: 3570: 3560: 3558: 3545: 3544: 3540: 3530: 3528: 3515: 3514: 3510: 3500: 3498: 3493: 3492: 3488: 3480: 3441: 3436: 3435: 3426: 3418: 3379: 3374: 3373: 3362: 3355: 3336: 3335: 3331: 3315: 3314: 3310: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3273: 3260: 3259: 3230: 3223: 3208: 3207: 3110: 3100: 3098: 3090: 3089: 3085: 3075: 3073: 3044: 3043: 3034: 3022: 3018: 3017: 3013: 3009: 2942: 2936: 2914:Huitzilopochtli 2880: 2874: 2861: 2859:Killing permits 2833:northern fulmar 2811: 2792: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2780:Rocky Mountains 2774: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2752: 2700:Alpes-Maritimes 2685: 2679: 2650: 2546:partial migrant 2542: 2506: 2411: 2405: 2345:Gaspe Peninsula 2305:Baja California 2193: 2107:, in the great 2101:Pamir Mountains 2097:Altai Mountains 2042:Atlas Mountains 1867: 1816: 1655: 1622: 1569: 1549: 1539: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1525: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1463: 1382: 1377: 1344:paleosubspecies 1264:Bergmann's rule 1158:Severtzov, 1888 1097:Severtzov, 1888 1016:Severtzov, 1888 991:European Russia 851: 689:Bonelli's eagle 536:Systema Naturae 522: 489:, and parts of 401: 393: 376: 372: 370: 366: 364: 360: 326: 315: 309: 296: 259:Accipitriformes 204: 196: 179: 168: 164: 157: 137: 113: 111: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 48:Pliocene–recent 47: 46: 43: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7536: 7534: 7526: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7478:Apex predators 7475: 7473:Aquila (genus) 7470: 7460: 7459: 7453: 7452: 7450: 7449: 7436: 7423: 7407: 7405: 7399: 7398: 7396: 7395: 7382: 7369: 7356: 7343: 7330: 7317: 7304: 7291: 7278: 7265: 7252: 7239: 7226: 7213: 7200: 7187: 7174: 7161: 7151: 7138: 7128: 7115: 7106:Fauna Europaea 7102: 7089: 7076: 7063: 7050: 7037: 7024: 7011: 7001: 6988: 6975: 6965: 6952: 6939: 6926: 6915: 6900: 6884: 6882: 6876: 6875: 6870: 6864: 6863: 6847: 6839: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6803: 6798: 6791: 6790:External links 6788: 6787: 6786: 6779: 6773: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6748: 6714: 6685: 6671: 6645: 6637:David Carrasco 6628: 6602: 6576: 6531: 6512: 6502:(4): 506–513. 6479: 6462: 6427: 6414: 6381: 6368: 6329: 6306: 6279:(3): 717–722. 6258: 6223: 6210: 6197: 6172: 6151:(4): 753–760. 6131: 6120:(3): 336–348. 6100: 6067: 6040: 6027: 6016:(2): 295–301. 5992: 5975: 5950:Ornithol. Beob 5936: 5920: 5887: 5850: 5807: 5788: 5781: 5763: 5714: 5665: 5643: 5630: 5609:(1): 214–224. 5578: 5529: 5519:(8): 361–376. 5491: 5465: 5454: 5416: 5396: 5379: 5354:Collopy, M.W. 5346: 5333: 5326: 5308: 5297:(4): 692–701. 5278: 5259: 5250:American Birds 5240: 5224: 5217: 5199: 5184: 5150:(4): 673–687. 5124: 5091: 5056: 5014: 4981: 4974: 4956: 4949: 4931: 4898: 4885: 4878: 4849: 4837: 4830: 4797: 4754: 4738: 4709: 4671: 4630: 4613:Vår Fågelvärld 4596: 4556: 4538:(5): 822–826. 4515: 4451: 4444: 4416: 4393: 4374:(3): 257–273. 4358: 4336: 4317: 4295: 4288: 4260: 4253: 4228: 4221: 4204: 4197: 4177: 4151: 4132:(2): 287–291. 4116: 4083: 4060: 4050:Middle Persian 4030: 4004: 3989: 3959: 3917: 3906:on 4 July 2013 3891: 3865: 3850: 3843: 3808: 3782: 3771: 3745: 3738: 3709: 3702: 3684: 3677: 3598: 3568: 3538: 3508: 3486: 3424: 3390:(1): 147–164. 3360: 3353: 3329: 3308: 3278: 3272:978-1555214722 3271: 3228: 3221: 3108: 3083: 3032: 3010: 3008: 3005: 2950:Czech Republic 2938:Main article: 2935: 2932: 2876:Main article: 2873: 2870: 2860: 2857: 2810: 2807: 2751: 2748: 2681:Main article: 2678: 2675: 2649: 2648:Territoriality 2646: 2554:Kola peninsula 2541: 2538: 2520:are sedentary. 2505: 2502: 2407:Main article: 2404: 2401: 2271:from southern 2192: 2189: 2185:Bale Mountains 2074:Sclerophyllous 1946:boreal forests 1928:, and western 1910:larch woodland 1894:Kola peninsula 1866: 1863: 1815: 1812: 1792:Bale Mountains 1761:Bale Mountains 1695:turkey vulture 1654: 1651: 1621: 1618: 1568: 1565: 1548: 1545: 1462: 1459: 1403:A. c. japonica 1399:A. c. daphanea 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1353:of Liko Cave ( 1332: 1331: 1328:A. c. daphanea 1279: 1276:A. c. homeyeri 1185: 1152: 1149:A. c. homeyeri 1091: 1070:into northern 1052:A. c. homeyeri 1048:Bale Mountains 1010: 967:Eastern Europe 937:. This is the 909:A. c. daphanea 905:A. c. japonica 897:A. c. homeyeri 850: 847: 793:H. morphnoides 701:A. spilogaster 677:Gurney's eagle 640:Lophotriorchis 521: 518: 425:living in the 407: 406: 405: 404: 396: 385: 384: 378: 377: 371: 365: 359: 352: 351: 343: 342: 333: 332: 328: 327: 316: 305: 304: 298: 297: 290: 288: 284: 283: 276: 272: 271: 266: 262: 261: 256: 252: 251: 246: 242: 241: 236: 232: 231: 226: 222: 221: 216: 212: 211: 198: 197: 184: 181: 180: 162: 159: 158: 153: 150: 149: 145: 144: 133: 132: 124: 123: 115: 114: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 51: 50: 44: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7535: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7465: 7463: 7446: 7441: 7437: 7433: 7428: 7424: 7419: 7413: 7409: 7408: 7406: 7404: 7400: 7392: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7374: 7370: 7366: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7348: 7344: 7340: 7335: 7331: 7327: 7322: 7318: 7314: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7296: 7292: 7288: 7283: 7279: 7275: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7257: 7253: 7249: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7218: 7214: 7210: 7205: 7201: 7197: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7179: 7175: 7171: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7152: 7148: 7143: 7139: 7135: 7129: 7125: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7029: 7025: 7021: 7016: 7012: 7008: 7002: 6998: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6980: 6976: 6972: 6966: 6962: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6931: 6927: 6920: 6916: 6911: 6905: 6901: 6896: 6890: 6886: 6885: 6883: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6868: 6860: 6856: 6854: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6834: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6814: 6813: 6808: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6793: 6789: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6757: 6756: 6752: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6726: 6718: 6715: 6699: 6697: 6689: 6686: 6682: 6675: 6672: 6660: 6656: 6649: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6632: 6629: 6617: 6613: 6606: 6603: 6591: 6587: 6580: 6577: 6572: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6544: 6535: 6532: 6527: 6523: 6516: 6513: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6490: 6483: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6466: 6463: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6443:(4): 1173–9. 6442: 6438: 6431: 6428: 6424: 6418: 6415: 6409: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6385: 6382: 6378: 6372: 6369: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6333: 6330: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6310: 6307: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6267: 6265: 6263: 6259: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6227: 6224: 6220: 6219:Avian ecology 6214: 6211: 6207: 6201: 6198: 6186: 6182: 6176: 6173: 6168: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6135: 6132: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6104: 6101: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6078: 6071: 6068: 6063: 6059: 6056:(1): 78–100. 6055: 6051: 6044: 6041: 6037: 6031: 6028: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6008:at carcass". 6007: 6003: 5996: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5979: 5976: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5940: 5937: 5933: 5927: 5925: 5921: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5898: 5891: 5888: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5865: 5863: 5854: 5851: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5811: 5808: 5803: 5799: 5792: 5789: 5784: 5778: 5774: 5767: 5764: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5725: 5718: 5715: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5676: 5669: 5666: 5661: 5657: 5650: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5634: 5631: 5626: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5598: 5589: 5587: 5585: 5583: 5579: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5540: 5533: 5530: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5513:British Birds 5507: 5500: 5498: 5496: 5492: 5480: 5476: 5469: 5466: 5458: 5455: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5432: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5417: 5412: 5411: 5406: 5400: 5397: 5392: 5386: 5384: 5380: 5364: 5357: 5350: 5347: 5343: 5337: 5334: 5329: 5323: 5319: 5312: 5309: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5285: 5283: 5279: 5274: 5270: 5263: 5260: 5255: 5251: 5244: 5241: 5237: 5231: 5229: 5225: 5220: 5214: 5210: 5203: 5200: 5195: 5188: 5185: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5138: 5131: 5129: 5125: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5102: 5095: 5092: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5060: 5057: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5025: 5018: 5015: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4992: 4985: 4982: 4977: 4971: 4967: 4960: 4957: 4952: 4946: 4942: 4935: 4932: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4909: 4902: 4899: 4895: 4889: 4886: 4881: 4879:0-3955-1022-8 4875: 4870: 4869: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4841: 4838: 4833: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4813: 4804: 4802: 4798: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4758: 4755: 4751: 4750:: Information 4749: 4742: 4739: 4726: 4722: 4716: 4714: 4710: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4678: 4676: 4672: 4667: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4634: 4631: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4603: 4601: 4597: 4581: 4577: 4570: 4563: 4561: 4557: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4526: 4519: 4516: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4469: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4452: 4447: 4445:0-395-67067-5 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4428: 4420: 4417: 4404: 4397: 4394: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4362: 4359: 4346: 4340: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4326: 4321: 4318: 4305: 4299: 4296: 4291: 4289:84-87334-20-2 4285: 4281: 4280:Lynx Edicions 4277: 4273: 4272: 4264: 4261: 4256: 4254:0-517-03288-0 4250: 4246: 4242: 4235: 4233: 4229: 4224: 4218: 4214: 4208: 4205: 4200: 4194: 4190: 4189: 4181: 4178: 4165: 4161: 4155: 4152: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4120: 4117: 4109: 4106:(1): 91–132. 4105: 4101: 4094: 4087: 4084: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4064: 4061: 4057: 4056: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4034: 4031: 4018: 4016: 4008: 4005: 4001: 3996: 3994: 3990: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3966: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3945: 3941: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3921: 3918: 3905: 3901: 3895: 3892: 3879: 3877: 3869: 3866: 3861: 3854: 3851: 3846: 3840: 3835: 3834: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3796: 3794: 3786: 3783: 3780: 3775: 3772: 3759: 3757: 3749: 3746: 3741: 3735: 3731: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3710: 3705: 3699: 3695: 3688: 3685: 3680: 3678:0-618-12762-3 3674: 3670: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3599: 3586: 3582: 3580: 3572: 3569: 3556: 3552: 3550: 3542: 3539: 3526: 3522: 3520: 3512: 3509: 3496: 3490: 3487: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3452:(2): 327–46. 3451: 3447: 3440: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3425: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3378: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3341: 3333: 3330: 3325: 3321: 3320: 3312: 3309: 3305: 3303: 3299: 3294: 3293: 3288: 3282: 3279: 3274: 3268: 3265:. Wellfleet. 3264: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3229: 3224: 3218: 3214: 3213: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3109: 3097: 3093: 3087: 3084: 3071: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3057: 3052: 3050: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3033: 3028: 3021: 3015: 3012: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2965:North America 2962: 2958: 2951: 2948:In flight in 2946: 2941: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2921: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2896: 2892: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2871: 2869: 2866: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2849: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2839: 2834: 2830: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2800: 2781: 2763: 2758: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2740: 2736: 2730: 2727: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2684: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2654: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2574:Mount Lorette 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2519: 2515: 2510: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2426: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2410: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2369:West Virginia 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2297:Sonora Desert 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2203:and northern 2202: 2198: 2191:North America 2190: 2188: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2153:Adrar Plateau 2149: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2006: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1978:Pacific Ocean 1975: 1971: 1967: 1966:Baltic States 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1942:woodland edge 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1876: 1871: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1839: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1782:Steppe eagles 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1751:. Most other 1750: 1746: 1742: 1741: 1735: 1733: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1702: 1696: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1674: 1673: 1664: 1659: 1652: 1650: 1648: 1644: 1634: 1626: 1619: 1617: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1573: 1567:Vocalisations 1566: 1564: 1558: 1553: 1546: 1544: 1513: 1509: 1504: 1502: 1498: 1495:. As in many 1494: 1490: 1489:feather tract 1486: 1481: 1477: 1467: 1460: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1427: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1409: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1386: 1379: 1374: 1372: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1361: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1287: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1198: 1194: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1095: 1092: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1005:and northern 1004: 1001:into western 1000: 996: 995:Yenisei River 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 943:British Isles 940: 936: 930: 926: 921: 918: 917: 916: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 875: 871: 867: 860: 855: 848: 846: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 807: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 757: 753: 749: 741: 736: 732: 730: 729:steppe eagles 726: 722: 718: 715:species, the 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 665: 661: 657: 656: 650: 648: 647: 642: 641: 636: 635: 630: 629: 628:Stephanoaetus 624: 623: 618: 617: 612: 608: 607: 602: 601: 596: 591: 589: 586:, "gold" and 585: 581: 580:Ancient Greek 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 558: 557:ornithologist 554: 550: 549:type locality 546: 542: 538: 537: 531: 530:Carl Linnaeus 527: 519: 517: 515: 511: 507: 502: 500: 496: 492: 488: 487:North America 484: 480: 476: 471: 469: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 439:birds of prey 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 419: 414: 400: 397: 392: 389: 388: 386: 383: 379: 358: 357:A. chrysaetos 353: 349: 344: 341: 340: 334: 329: 324: 320: 314: 312: 306: 303: 302:Binomial name 299: 295: 294: 289: 286: 285: 282: 281: 277: 274: 273: 270: 267: 264: 263: 260: 257: 254: 253: 250: 247: 244: 243: 240: 237: 234: 233: 230: 227: 224: 223: 220: 217: 214: 213: 208: 203: 199: 193: 187: 182: 176: 171: 170:Least Concern 160: 156: 151: 146: 134: 130: 125: 121: 116: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 40: 37: 33: 19: 7402: 7157:golden-eagle 6879: 6858: 6852: 6810: 6782: 6764: 6760: 6739:. 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Retrieved 6184: 6175: 6148: 6144: 6134: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6103: 6090:(4): 472–7. 6087: 6083: 6070: 6053: 6049: 6043: 6035: 6030: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5995: 5987: 5983: 5978: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5939: 5931: 5910:(4): 103–9. 5907: 5903: 5890: 5877:(2): 102–9. 5874: 5870: 5861: 5853: 5823:(2): 49–58. 5820: 5816: 5810: 5801: 5797: 5791: 5772: 5766: 5737:(4): 463–7. 5734: 5730: 5717: 5688:(2): 293–9. 5685: 5681: 5668: 5659: 5655: 5638: 5633: 5606: 5602: 5596: 5552:(3): 610–3. 5549: 5545: 5532: 5516: 5512: 5482:. Retrieved 5478: 5468: 5457: 5444:(1): 43–51. 5441: 5437: 5408: 5399: 5370:. Retrieved 5349: 5341: 5336: 5317: 5311: 5294: 5290: 5272: 5268: 5262: 5253: 5249: 5243: 5235: 5208: 5202: 5193: 5187: 5147: 5143: 5114:(1): 20–25. 5111: 5107: 5094: 5072:(3): 73–77. 5069: 5065: 5059: 5034: 5030: 5017: 5004:(4): 123–7. 5001: 4997: 4984: 4965: 4959: 4940: 4934: 4918: 4914: 4901: 4893: 4888: 4867: 4840: 4817: 4811: 4767: 4763: 4757: 4747: 4741: 4729:. 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Retrieved 3060: 3054: 3048: 3026: 3014: 2992: 2984: 2954: 2929: 2922: 2918:Tenochtitlan 2899: 2887: 2862: 2845: 2836: 2819: 2812: 2756: 2753: 2731: 2722: 2713: 2677:Reproduction 2671:North Dakota 2659: 2642:North Africa 2626:Pennsylvania 2624:to southern 2543: 2534:anticyclonic 2523: 2446:prairie dogs 2427: 2412: 2389: 2361:Pennsylvania 2292: 2275:to northern 2266: 2244:and similar 2225:Alaska Range 2194: 2159:to northern 2150: 2146:Pinus pumila 2145: 2133: 2094: 2007: 1944:, including 1879: 1855: 1827:Isle of Mull 1799: 1771:, the adult 1768: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1738: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1713: 1709: 1699: 1681: 1677: 1670: 1668: 1662: 1639: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1578: 1561: 1556: 1505: 1475: 1472: 1428: 1413: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1391: 1367:of southern 1358: 1346: 1333: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1281: 1275: 1258: 1231:North Dakota 1202: 1187: 1161: 1154: 1148: 1127:and central 1108: 1104: 1100: 1093: 1051: 1032:North Africa 1019: 1012: 934: 919: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 878: 869: 858: 842: 838: 835:H. africanus 834: 826: 822: 819:H. wahlbergi 818: 810: 804: 800: 792: 789:little eagle 784: 781:booted eagle 776: 772: 764: 746: 744: 712: 708: 704: 700: 693:A. fasciatus 692: 680: 663: 653: 651: 644: 638: 632: 626: 620: 614: 604: 598: 592: 587: 583: 575: 571: 563: 552: 544: 540: 535: 523: 503: 491:North Africa 472: 435:Accipitridae 423:bird of prey 417: 416: 413:golden eagle 412: 410: 399:Falco fulvus 398: 390: 356: 336: 310: 308: 292: 291: 279: 269:Accipitridae 42:Golden eagle 36: 7282:Neotropical 7243:NatureServe 7178:iNaturalist 6904:Wikispecies 6701:(Data Zone) 5956:: 163–211. 4650:(1): 1–28. 4619:: 321–334. 4589:27 December 4549:27 December 4508:27 December 4325:Sagip Eagle 4170:26 December 2902:Mesoamerica 2847:Trichomonas 2824:Isle of Rùm 2269:Great Basin 2217:cottongrass 2090:Afghanistan 2082:Caspian Sea 2036:, from the 2018:Carpathians 1938:blanket bog 1930:Scandinavia 1900:in eastern 1808:Australasia 1757:tawny eagle 1543:years old. 1497:accipitrids 1455:harpy eagle 1447:hallux-claw 1375:Description 1334:The larger 1247:Guadalajara 1223:Nova Scotia 1064:Middle East 951:Scandinavia 945:(mainly in 903:(including 895:(including 785:H. pennatus 769:black eagle 748:A. pomarina 590:, "eagle". 331:Subspecies 188:Appendix II 129:Switzerland 7462:Categories 7418:Q122578184 7386:Xeno-canto 5798:BWP Update 5782:094688806X 5662:: 195–204. 5327:0945051506 5218:0226725391 4975:0126402558 4950:0713681098 4831:0300040601 4351:8 November 4080:(1): 1–94. 4019:. birds.kz 3880:. birds.kz 3797:. birds.kz 3760:. birds.kz 3739:0360003184 3703:9638641819 3101:14 January 3076:14 January 3007:References 2895:Kazakhstan 2667:California 2614:Hudson Bay 2606:California 2598:New Mexico 2397:reservoirs 2301:California 2281:New Mexico 2229:Washington 2167:where the 2157:Mauritania 2020:, and the 1934:grasslands 1823:Beinn Mhor 1732:Haliaeetus 1727:Haliaeetus 1723:Haliaeetus 1719:Haliaeetus 1714:Haliaeetus 1710:Haliaeetus 1701:Haliaeetus 1485:epaulettes 1451:bald eagle 1431:wing chord 1369:California 1310:), to the 1243:West Texas 1209:, western 1115:, eastern 1113:Kazakhstan 1088:Kazakhstan 1082:, much of 1056:Asia Minor 1003:Kazakhstan 881:subspecies 857:A captive 839:Hieraaetus 827:Hieraaetus 801:H. ayresii 777:Hieraaetus 767:) and the 705:Hieraaetus 683:) and the 681:A. gurneyi 660:Antarctica 652:The genus 646:Ictinaetus 634:Polemaetus 576:chrysaetos 555:by French 495:Palearctic 479:extirpated 457:and other 6621:March 14, 6595:March 14, 6401:(2): 55. 6239:: 27–32. 5970:689312112 5962:0030-5707 5804:: 99–114. 5037:: 1–158. 4625:0042-2649 4306:. 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