503:). In July, as instructed by the arbitration board, a commission of financial experts was formed that investigated the petroleum companies' finances, concluding that their profits easily permitted them to cover the demands of the workers. The report stated that just one company (El Aguila) had received annual profits of over 55 million pesos. The arbitration board concluded that the oil companies should pay 26 million pesos for wages and benefits to the workers. The companies, however, insisted the demands would cripple production and bankrupt them, and refused to pay. The president once again intervened to mediate between the parties, and met with oil company representatives at the
535:
458:
20:
719:, aiming to recalibrate U.S.-Latin American relations; the U.S. government did not intervene to aid U.S. oil companies affected by the Mexican expropriation. Mexican finances suffered due to the boycott, the Mexican peso was devalued, and an immediate 20% increase in prices was suffered by the Mexican population. In a trip to New York to negotiate with oil companies, Mexican treasury minister, Suarez, serendipitously met an American intermediate,
464:, President of Mexico, on the recommendations of the Petroleum Technical Commission, promoted the restitution of the wealth of the subsoil to the nation, which had been yielded during the Porfiriato to the land owners by issuing the issuance of the Code of MinerĂa of 1894 and the law oil company of 1901, both regulations were contrary to Spanish legislative system inherited since colonial times, that had remained in force in Mexico.
148:
626:. The Supreme Court then rejected the appeal and ordered them to raise salaries and improve working conditions for the union members. The oil companies protested this decision and President Cárdenas mediated a compromise; the union would accept 26 million pesos. Cárdenas offered to end the strike if the oil companies paid the sum. According to witnesses of this meeting, representatives of the oil companies asked the President "
871:
857:
416:
1165:
723:
from Davis Oil
Company, who had a refinery in Europe, and asked for a collaboration. Davis mediated between Mexico and Germany to a barter agreement where Mexico would give crude oil to Davis, who then would provide refined oil products to Germany in exchange for machinery to Mexico. By 1940, Mexico
498:
The petroleum workers' struggle was well regarded by the
President and the population despite problems caused by the petroleum shortage. Due to these problems, the union accepted a lift of the strike on June 9, after the president urged them to present their case before the General Arbitration and
836:
of the expropriation was a wage hike of 26 million pesos. In fact, in the short run following nationalization, not only was the promised wage hike postponed indefinitely, wages were actually cut. A tug of war continues between capitalist strategists who favor privatization and popular support for
597:
intervened between the union and the oil companies in order to force an agreement on the contract. The strike was delayed for six months, but the companies never agreed to the contract and on May 28, the strike took place. The entire country was paralyzed for 12 days, with consumers unable to buy
614:
After the publication of the findings, the oil companies threatened to leave Mexico and take all of their capital with them. The government entity in charge of the conflict between these companies and the union, the Junta
Federal de ConciliaciĂłn y Arbitraje (Federal Conciliation and Arbitration
598:
gasoline. Cárdenas convinced the union to end the strike until a decision by the companies could be made. However, the companies declared themselves unable to meet the demands because of financial problems. Cárdenas ordered an investigation and on August 3, and the findings were that the
662:
of his decision, he made the announcement on the radio to the rest of the country. Five days later, a crowd of 200,000 (according to the press) rallied in the zócalo in support of Cárdenas's action. On April 12, 1938, a crowd of thousands of all classes gathered in front of the
784:
The key to the success of the measures taken by Cárdenas was not just to control the opposition, but to develop and train qualified domestic personnel who could keep afloat an industry that had been maintained thus far by foreign management. The government relied on the
541:, president of Mexico from 1934 to 1940, implemented a nationalist policy, interceded during the conflict between workers and companies repeatedly, on March 18, 1938, through a speech directed by radio to the nation, released the expropriatory decree.
564:
Consequently, the foreign companies rebelled against the imposed contract, and the maximum
Judicial Authority responded by rendering a decision on March 1, giving the companies until March 7 to pay the 26 million pesos penalty.
773:. Cárdenas did not consider this a serious threat and minimized efforts to suppress the rebellion, instead choosing persuasion. The US government did not support the rebellion because it was more concerned that fascist and
819:
that Cárdenas' reforms could not be undone, since his position as president and the position of PEMEX were secure. PEMEX was and remains a source of collective national pride, and is an international symbol of Mexico.
837:
PEMEX as a nationalization success and the backbone of Mexico's economic independence from manipulation by foreign owners and investors. In 2013 a series of privatization measures were undertaken by the
President
630:", to which the President replied "I, the President of the Republic." After the businessmen asked with sarcasm "You?" President Cárdenas ended the meeting saying "Sirs, we are finished!". Cárdenas moved to
823:
Critics of the expropriation argue that since PEMEX took control of the nation's petroleum, it has suffered from corruption in administrations since that of Cárdenas, and point to its political use by PRI
786:
591:(CTM). On July 20, the union celebrated its first convention, in which it was proposed a project of general contracts for each oil company and it was decided on a strike to push towards an agreement.
507:
on
September 2. In this meeting, one of the El Aguila representatives took issue with the description of it being a foreign company, and stated that El Aguila was a Mexican company. In response,
568:
In 1935, all companies in the business of extraction, processing, and exporting of oil in Mexico were foreign companies with foreign capital. These companies attempted to block the creation of
553:" (binding judgment in arbitration) which demanded that the companies fulfil the requirements of the petitions and pay 26 million pesos in lost salaries. The petroleum companies initiated a
1021:
Mexico
Between Hitler and Roosevelt : Mexican Foreign Relations in the Age of L Zaro C Rdenas, 1934-1940 by Friedrich E. Schuler; Chapter 5; University of New Mexico Press; 1999;
711:
to embargo U.S. technology to Mexico. Many foreign governments closed their markets to
Mexican oil, hoping that PEMEX would drown in its own oil. However, the U.S. government of
1153:
572:
and used legal and illegal tactics to do so. However, the creation of individual unions within each company was made possible, but work conditions differed from one another.
528:
728:
to sell crude oil to the U.S, and the full-scale war in Europe guaranteed that
Mexican oil would have international customers. PEMEX developed into one of the largest
484:
towards benefits and wages. The foreign oil companies refused to sign the agreement, and counter offered with a payment of 14 million pesos toward wages and benefits.
842:
947:
Silva Herzog, Jesús (2003). «México y el vampirismo petrolero». En Óscar Flores Torres. Historiadores de México siglo XX. México: Editorial
Trillas. pp. 226–238.
964:
Silva Herzog, Jesús (2003). «México y el vampirismo petrolero». En Óscar Flores Torres. Historiadores de México siglo XX. México: Editorial Trillas. pp. 55-56.
444:
78:
declared that all mineral and oil reserves found within Mexico belong to "the nation", i.e., the federal government. The Mexican government established a
797:. In spite of technical challenges, the local workers who replaced the foreign technicians succeeded in making the new nationalized oil industry work.
527:
at 1.96 when sold to The Eagle Shipping company. This price was below the market value of US$ 3.19 per barrel. This way profits would be hidden to the
623:
789:(STPRM, or the Union of Oil Workers of the Mexican Republic) to resolve disagreements over the management of oil resources, and deal with threats of
1146:
603:
587:. On January 29, 1936, this union joined the Comité de Defensa Proletaria ("Committee of Proletarian Defense") which would become in February the
1382:
1283:
1245:
825:
308:
253:
171:
472:) was formed and one of the first actions was the writing of a lengthy draft contract transmitted to the petroleum companies demanding a
1387:
642:
On March 18, 1938 President Cárdenas embarked on the expropriation of all oil resources and facilities by the state, nationalizing the
1139:
676:
1095:
Oil, war, and Anglo-American relations: American and British reactions to Mexico's expropriation of foreign oil properties, 1937-1941
757:, showed the strongest opposition to Cárdenas's measures. Cedillo had in the past supported Cárdenas in a conflict with ex-President
1377:
969:
952:
935:
234:
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588:
538:
884:
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437:
56:
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841:; in 2019 attempts to walk back such measures and regain Mexican national control over PEMEX were begun by the populist left
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806:
206:
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On December 27, 1935, the Sindicato Ăšnico de Trabajadores Petroleros was created, despite the legal opposition in the
405:
393:
181:
1008:
430:
368:
276:
127:
110:, the disputes with private companies over compensation were resolved. The anniversary, March 18, is now a Mexican
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Board), was not able to make a decision quickly and the union declared a 24-hour strike in protest on December 8.
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On December 18, the Arbitration Board declared in favor of the union. The oil companies had to pay 26 million
1100:
Maurer, Noel. "The empire struck back: sanctions and compensation in the Mexican oil expropriation of 1938."
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32:
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Meyer, Lorenzo (2000). «La institucionalizaciĂłn del nuevo rĂ©gimen». In Daniel CosĂo Villegas et al.
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of 1928: "Our Mexican subsidiary, Oil Company El Aguila, has obtained good returns during the last
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28:
19:
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in case their demands were not met. On May 28 the strike became effective throughout the country.
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286:
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to protect their property from the labor union and arbitration board, which denied the request.
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But, on December 8, the companies hired other unemployed workers and had not responded to the
516:
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761:, but disagreed with his plan of reforms. On May 15 of the same year, the state congress of
704:
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board. On December 18, 1937, the board gave a verdict in favor of the union by means of a "
1332:
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issued a decree where it refused to recognize Cárdenas as President and declared that the
631:
346:
292:
1327:
1314:
1052:
Daniel Yergin, (2009). "The Prize, the Epic Quest for Oil, Money & Power". Free Press
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16:
1938 nationalization of all Mexican oil supplies into a state-owned oil company, PEMEX
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91:
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Oil, Banks, and Politics: the United States and Postrevolutionary Mexico, 1917-1924
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in the world and helped Mexico become the world's seventh-largest oil exporter.
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to make donations to pay the debt to foreign companies. Donations varied from
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1009:"How the Allied multinationals supplied Nazi Germany throughout World War II"
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523:." It was also explained that El Aguila de Mexico would set the price of an
176:
24:
686:(PEMEX), with exclusive rights over exploration, extraction, refining, and
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campaign against Mexico, urging people to stop buying Mexican goods and
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On November 3, 1937, the union demanded that the companies sign the
511:(present in the meeting) responded with a financial newspaper from
683:
533:
456:
83:
18:
1135:
1112:
Mexico and the United States in the oil controversy, 1917–1942
622:
of wages lost because of the strike, but they appealed to the
90:
of Mexican products in the following years, especially by the
787:
Sindicato de Trabajadores Petroleros de la RepĂşblica Mexicana
682:
On June 7, 1938, President Cárdenas issued a decree creating
470:
Sindicato de Trabajadores Petroleros de la RepĂşblica Mexicana
86:. For a short period, this measure caused an international
634:
the oil industry and create a national oil company, PEMEX.
468:
On August 16, 1935, the Petroleum Workers Union of Mexico (
67:
on March 18, 1938. In accordance with Article 27 of the
39:, delegation Miguel Hidalgo of Mexico City, D.F., Mexico.
690:
of oil in Mexico. On June 20, PEMEX started operations.
1126:
Latin American Oil Companies and the Politics of Energy
1074:
The Mexican Petroleum Industry in the Twentieth Century
658:) operating companies. Two hours before informing his
1081:
The Expropriation of Foreign-Owned Property in Mexico
1292:
1223:
1176:
1069:. Berkeley: University of California Press 1993.
703:In retaliation, the oil companies initiated a
628:Who can guarantee that the strike will be over
1147:
1128:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 1985.
438:
8:
913:Jonathan C. Brown, "Petrolem: Pre-1938" in
82:petroleum company, PetrĂłleos Mexicanos, or
1154:
1140:
1132:
1072:Brown, Jonathan C. and Alan Knight, eds.
917:, p. 1082. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997.
445:
431:
121:
1090:. Austin: University of Texas Press 1995.
1076:. Austin: University of Texas Press 1992.
501:Junta General de ConciliaciĂłn y Arbitraje
1241:Aniversario de la ExpropiaciĂłn petrolera
106:and the alliance between Mexico and the
1211:TransmisiĂłn del Poder Ejecutivo Federal
1040:"Oil - production - Country Comparison"
906:
135:
124:
985:. New York: HarperCollins 1997, p. 474
1279:Natalicio de José Ma. Morelos y Pavón
930:. El Colegio de México. pp. 823–880.
638:Oil Expropriation Day, March 18, 1938
7:
826:Partido Revolucionario Institucional
491:and on May 17, the union summoned a
724:had an agreement with the American
928:Historia general de MĂ©xico. MĂ©xico
14:
1114:(University of Texas Press, 2014)
602:produced higher returns than the
1163:
869:
855:
589:Confederation of Mexican Workers
480:, and the payment of 65 million
414:
146:
57:nationalization of all petroleum
1275:ConsumaciĂłn de la Independencia
885:Nationalization of oil supplies
656:Mexican Eagle Petroleum Company
1119:Oil and the Mexican Revolution
557:on January 2, 1938 before the
1:
1340:DĂa de la Virgen de Guadalupe
515:that cited a report from the
1383:Petroleum industry in Mexico
1067:Oil and Revolution in Mexico
895:Petroleum industry in Mexico
1353:Dia de los Santos Inocentes
1256:Natalicio de Miguel Hidalgo
1246:Heroica Defensa de Veracruz
1102:Journal of Economic History
843:government of LĂłpez Obrador
102:, but with the outbreak of
1409:
1388:Economic history of Mexico
1337:DĂa de los Fieles Difuntos
1192:Natalicio de Benito Juárez
996:Mexico: Biography of Power
983:Mexico: Biography of Power
981:quoted in Enrique Krauze,
59:reserves, facilities, and
1284:Descubrimiento de América
1170:Public holidays in Mexico
713:Franklin Delano Roosevelt
342:Petroleum nationalization
45:Mexican oil expropriation
1378:Fiestas Patrias (Mexico)
805:to Mexico, explained to
781:would spread to Mexico.
755:Secretary of Agriculture
726:Sinclair Oil Corporation
531:, and taxes were saved.
476:, a full salary paid in
357:Mexican Movement of 1968
177:Viceroyalty of New Spain
1333:DĂa de Todos los Santos
1300:DĂa de los Santos Reyes
1271:DĂa de los Niños HĂ©roes
1104:71.03 (2011): 590–615.
830:Partido Accion Nacional
665:Palacio de Bellas Artes
539:Lázaro Cárdenas del RĂo
235:Second Federal Republic
1188:DĂa de la ConstituciĂłn
915:Encyclopedia of Mexico
767:expropiaciĂłn petrolera
542:
465:
309:Occupation of Veracruz
53:expropiaciĂłn petrolera
52:
40:
1121:. Leiden: Brill 1972.
810:Franklin D. Roosevelt
759:Plutarco ElĂas Calles
559:Mexican Supreme Court
537:
478:the event of sickness
460:
272:Second Mexican Empire
61:foreign oil companies
22:
1207:DĂa de la RevoluciĂłn
1202:DĂa de Independencia
1124:Wirth, John D., ed.
1093:Jayne, Catherine E.
890:Economic nationalism
832:). In addition, the
769:did not benefit the
721:William Rhodes Davis
717:Good Neighbor Policy
600:Mexican oil industry
499:Conciliation Board (
489:collective agreement
474:40-hour working week
394:Coronavirus pandemic
369:1982 economic crisis
222:Mexican–American War
69:Constitution of 1917
23:Fountain of Mexican
1305:DĂa de San ValentĂn
1065:Brown, Jonathan C.
684:PetrĂłleos Mexicanos
462:Venustiano Carranza
379:Mexican peso crisis
254:French intervention
207:Centralist Republic
182:War of Independence
29:Paseo de la Reforma
27:(Monument), in the
1324:DĂa del estudiante
1177:Statutory holidays
814:Secretary of State
543:
509:Jesus Silva Herzog
466:
41:
1360:
1359:
1315:DĂa de las Madres
1236:DĂa de la Bandera
1079:Gordon, Wendell.
771:economy of Mexico
741:Saturnino Cedillo
688:commercialization
604:U.S. oil industry
517:Royal Dutch Shell
455:
454:
421:Mexico portal
363:La DĂ©cada Perdida
352:Mexican Dirty War
336:(1928–1934)
299:Plan of Guadalupe
293:La decena trágica
277:Restored Republic
172:Spanish-Aztec War
33:Anillo Periférico
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1266:Grito de Dolores
1261:DĂa de la Marina
1231:DĂa del EjĂ©rcito
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1197:DĂa del Trabajo
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1097:(Praeger, 2001)
1086:Hall, Linda B.
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384:PRI downfall
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314:Cristero War
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187:First Empire
104:World War II
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1344:Las Posadas
1293:Festivities
834:casus belli
753:and former
632:expropriate
547:arbitration
137:History of
100:Netherlands
80:state-owned
37:Chapultepec
1367:Categories
1349:Nochebuena
1027:0826321607
901:References
839:Peña Nieto
803:ambassador
694:Opposition
581:Tamaulipas
525:oil barrel
287:Revolution
249:Reform War
243:La Reforma
217:Pastry War
118:Background
98:, and the
55:) was the
1184:Año Nuevo
807:President
775:communist
266:1864–1928
73:President
25:Petroleum
998:, p. 475
994:Krauze,
849:See also
795:sabotage
736:Domestic
709:lobbying
669:chickens
585:Veracruz
406:Timeline
333:Maximato
128:a series
126:Part of
1215:Navidad
801:, U.S.
791:strikes
746:cacique
675:. (see
673:jewelry
660:cabinet
555:lawsuit
88:boycott
49:Spanish
1106:online
1083:(1941)
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577:states
513:London
493:strike
326:Modern
139:Mexico
130:on the
108:Allies
94:, the
65:Mexico
749:from
677:photo
652:Dutch
648:Anglo
620:pesos
551:laudo
482:pesos
84:PEMEX
1023:ISBN
966:ISBN
949:ISBN
932:ISBN
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