389:
should anything happen within the economy was approved by the IMF in 2021 for a two-year plan valuing $ 50 billion. This change in arrangement marks the ninth FCL agreement, and is a considerable decline compared to the FCL agreement made in 2017 and 2019. The FCL in 2017 allowed for access to $ 86 billion, and in 2019 was valued at $ 61 billion. The decrease in FCL usage comes as a result of
Mexican authorities requesting reductions in the limit. As a result, Mexican authorities are treating the new FCL arraignment as a "precautionary". Mexico has been lowering its FCL usage in response towards its economic growth and confidence in the reduction of financial risk over the years. Despite this, the FCL still serves an important function, and serves a safety net for Mexico's economy in case of economic crisis. Credit lines also decreased because Donald Trump threatened to disband the North American Trade Agreement. The Mexican economy remains stable, with the peso at the same rate of inflation as years prior. Consumption has risen, which is projected to boost the economy by the end of 2019, despite the decrease in foreign investment. Since the 2009 agreement, Mexico's economy has become better able to handle economic surprises that could have been more detrimental. Mexico faces pressure from the IMF to reform its economic policy and make changes to the proposed budget by President Obrador. The IMF is skeptical of President Obrador's projections regarding tax reforms and issues with Pemex.
380:
the
Flexible Credit Line. This increase was meant to ensure that Mexico would be able to prosper despite global financial crises, and the program would last solely a year. However, the program was renewed less than a year later on March 25, 2010. The flexible credit line (FCL) allowed Mexico to remain a reliable player internationally. However, the FCL did not prevent Mexico from having a record low GDP when compared to other Latin American countries. The 2008 financial crisis in the United States had a big impact on the Mexican economy because relations between both countries were close and friendly. Their friendly economic relationship was namely due to NAFTA, which is a free trade agreement in North America between the United States, Mexico, and Canada. The U.S./Mexico relationship was one of Mexico's greatest assets and allowed for Mexico to become one of the most important Latin American countries due to its increase in manufacturing factories and economic reforms. The FCL allowed Mexico to handle the pressures from other Latin American countries because with the financial and ideological support from the U.S., Mexico could be a formidable opponent. U.S. interests lie with Mexico because Mexico is a good indicator of the economies from other nearby countries in Latin America. In 2009, Mexico's increased credit line was sufficient to remain relatively stable.
351:. The currency crisis has been said to have been brought on by the new fiscal policies created by the government at the time. Critics blame past IMF financial assistance, as it is argued past IMF assistance during times of irresponsible financial management set expectations of IMF bailouts if a future economic crisis occurred. However, other explanations for the crisis have been argued such as political developments undermining trust in the government resulting in capital flight, or rise of US interest rates creating capital outflow contributing to the Mexican crisis. The
304:, mixed responses from both parties were received. The United States, decided that before agreeing to Mexico's request, the IMF would have to decide if the peso's par value was rational under their current circumstances. IMF executive board members doubted that the par value of the peso was reasonable, and whether it could be maintained. Following lack of IMF willingness to assist Mexico, the Bank of Mexico chose to float the peso up until June 1949, when Mexico established a new par value for the peso.
1952:
367:
devaluation in the matter of a couple of weeks ultimately led to interventions by the IMF and other organizations affiliated with the group. In
January 1995, the IMF entered the scene and laid out a 7.8 billion bailout package that would aid Mexico in overcoming the crisis. However, the United States stepped in and increased this rescue package to US$ 50 billion with the aid of private banks, the IMF, and the
1175:
63:
165:
22:
338:, Mexico enjoyed a period of economic stability. This changed in 1976, when a change of president and an alteration of fiscal policy led to a recession. This led to the country being granted an economic stabilization program through the IMF, one of the first programs of this nature to be installed in Mexico by the IMF.
330:
also provided $ 1.85 billion, giving Mexico the short term funding in order to avoid becoming default. The programs and conditions that applied to the
Mexican debt crisis lasted for three years. As a result of IMF involvement in Mexico following its economic crisis, many believe this marked the IMF's
379:
As of 2009, the
Mexican government requested an increase in credit line from the IMF. This was approved by the IMF in the same year, increasing Mexico's credit line to US$ 47 billion. A notable feature about this increase is that it is one of the new arrangements under the new IMF lending reforms or
388:
Mexico's credit line has fluctuated since the 2009 agreement, rising to $ 88 billion in 2016 and decreasing to $ 74 billion in 2019. The most recent change in the
Flexible Credit Line and the IMF occurred in 2021. The FCL, which is intended for economic crisis prevention and as an insurance policy,
346:
Following the crisis that occurred in 1982, Mexico with IMF assistance managed to reduce inflation by 160 percent by 1987 to 8 percent in 1993. Following this marginal success of Mexico's economy, 1994 would mark another crisis. 1994, a currency crisis in Mexico resulted in the devaluation of the
317:
advised former IMF acting manager
William Dale to send a mission to Mexico, in attempts to reach a solution. Negotiations began in August 1982 in order to secure appropriate funding assistance. However, on August 11, Mexico's commercial bank creditors no longer rolled over principle payments that
312:
Mexico suffered from a massive debt crisis in 1982, resulting in the country requesting emergency financing from the IMF. Despite an early period of economic success, a decline in oil prices and an increase in US interest rates caused Mexico to double its debt from 1979 to 1982 causing an excess
366:
In the month of
December, the government changed Presidents and cabinet, which resulted in a transformation of fiscal policy. Within the course of December 15 - December 21, approximately US$ 5.5 billion left the country, and by the end of December, the Mexican peso's devaluation was 35%. This
325:
Mexico successfully avoided future defaults on debt payments due to $ 7 billion of
American aid that consisted of payments for advanced oil exports, and credit guarantees from both US Department of Agriculture and the Treasury Department's Exchange Stabilization Fund. The
2027:
265:(SDRs,) and a SDR quota of 8912.7 million. The leading director of Mexico on the IMF Executive Board is Pablo Moreno, with Alfonso Guerra, and José Andrés Romero serving as alternatives. Mexico's current governor is
2141:
567:
487:
80:
35:
2178:
733:
1044:
2378:
1472:
1286:
1226:
2383:
1163:
2323:
318:
were due on August 16, creating further economic difficulties for Mexico. As a result, Herzog flew to
Washington in order to meet with newly appointed IMF managing director
296:
to practically lose all their accumulated reserves during the war. As a result, in July 1948, Mexico informed the IMF that it could no longer maintain the par value of the
1014:
175:
273:
serving as an alternative. As of 2022, Mexico holds 90,586 votes totaling 1.80% of total voting shares in the IMF. Mexico has the second greatest number of votes in
2353:
2258:
2208:
2127:
186:
41:
2428:
2273:
2163:
2393:
2358:
2308:
2238:
2223:
2158:
2403:
2368:
2363:
2338:
2318:
2293:
2203:
2183:
1094:
2398:
2388:
2373:
2343:
2313:
2303:
2298:
2263:
2233:
2228:
2218:
2173:
2168:
1462:
2348:
2333:
2278:
2213:
2188:
127:
1685:
99:
2268:
2253:
2198:
2193:
1156:
1482:
1332:
2328:
2283:
2248:
2243:
1069:
1397:
371:. As a result, this marked the first international crisis of the 21st century, and a successful instance of IMF involvement in a financial crisis.
2070:
106:
1492:
1236:
1141:
2104:
1917:
2079:
2075:
2017:
2002:
587:
322:
on August 13, 1982. IMF support was promised on the condition that Mexico find a solution to avoid further defaults on future debt payments.
807:
113:
1149:
2134:
1977:
1886:
1741:
848:"Mexico: Arrangement Under the Flexible Credit Line—Staff Report; Staff Supplement; and Press Release on the Executive Board Discussion"
687:"Drawing Lessons from the Mexican Crisis: Preventing and Resolving Financial Crises--the Role of the IMF -- Address by Michel Camdessus"
1487:
95:
368:
327:
1650:
1296:
222:
204:
146:
49:
1912:
1876:
1821:
1640:
1600:
1595:
1520:
1467:
1407:
1251:
438:
363:, praised the Mexican economic reforms of the time, claiming that the country's reforms were effective in bettering the economy.
1933:
1811:
1590:
1545:
1535:
1530:
1382:
1271:
2012:
1902:
1806:
1660:
1655:
1635:
1560:
1504:
1442:
1417:
1337:
84:
1861:
1856:
1836:
1776:
1726:
1675:
1630:
1620:
1615:
1477:
1452:
1432:
1392:
1377:
1347:
1316:
1301:
1241:
659:
1982:
1881:
1841:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1766:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1731:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1690:
1610:
1550:
1525:
1499:
1437:
1412:
1402:
1357:
1342:
1306:
1291:
1281:
1276:
1266:
1211:
2007:
120:
1871:
1851:
1846:
1831:
1826:
1816:
1801:
1771:
1761:
1736:
1680:
1670:
1605:
1585:
1575:
1447:
1422:
1367:
1362:
1352:
1311:
1216:
1951:
1179:
258:
243:
1866:
1796:
1665:
1645:
1580:
1555:
1540:
1427:
1372:
1261:
1256:
1246:
1231:
288:
Mexico recorded the largest trade balance deficit in the years 1946 and 1947, as a result of mass consumption during
2423:
2042:
335:
266:
1907:
1625:
1570:
1565:
1457:
1387:
1221:
261:(IMF) on December 31, 1945, a year after the inception of the IMF in 1944. As of 2022, Mexico has 11816.7 million
73:
2032:
300:
that was established without further financial support. Seeking financial assistance from both the IMF and the
270:
319:
313:
inflation rate of nearly 60% of its GDP. Recognizing Mexico's state of economic panic, secretary of finance
2037:
262:
246:(IMF). Mexico joined the IMF in 1945. As of 2022, Mexico has had 18 numbers of arraignment with the IMF.
355:
was extremely severe. At the same time, major organizations such as the International Monetary Fund, the
2099:
1987:
2089:
1045:"IMF Executive Board Approves New Two-Year US$ 50 Billion Flexible Credit Line Arrangement with Mexico"
314:
1015:"MF Executive Board Approves New Two-Year US$ 61 Billion Flexible Credit Line Arrangement with Mexico"
360:
876:
352:
1120:
686:
789:
617:
734:"The 1994 Mexican Economic Crisis : The Role of Government Expenditure and Relative Prices"
462:
280:
As of 2022, Mexico has had 18 numbers of arraignment with the IMF since its membership in 1945.
824:
781:
583:
539:
2094:
2084:
962:
847:
773:
575:
531:
348:
1965:
833:
2119:
711:
635:
492:
Financial Policies and the World Capital Market: The Problem of Latin American Countries
293:
519:
2417:
793:
535:
301:
274:
954:
1192:
289:
579:
572:
The International Monetary Fund in the Global Economy: Banks, Bonds, and Bailouts
439:"Executive Directors & Management Team | Who We Are | IMF Annual Report 2021"
62:
901:
520:"Mexico and the development of the practice of the International Monetary Fund"
356:
785:
543:
2022:
777:
925:
990:
1095:"IMF Executive Board Concludes 2019 Article IV Consultation with Mexico"
621:
758:
411:
1174:
967:
759:"The Mexican Peso Crisis: How Much Did We Know? When Did We Know It?"
254:
239:
1070:"IMF Says Mexico Credit Line May Be Cut From Current $ 74 Billion"
955:"NAFTA's Developmental Impact on Mexico: Assessment and prospects"
926:"U.S.-Mexico Economic Relations: Trends, Issues, and Implications"
297:
2123:
2059:
1963:
1190:
1145:
1992:
877:"IMF Survey: IMF Approves $ 47 Billion Credit Line for Mexico"
158:
56:
15:
902:"The global financial crisis and policy response in Mexico"
574:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–28,
991:"The Mexican Economy After the Global Financial Crisis"
568:"The International Monetary Fund in the global economy"
331:
role of international crisis manager in Latin America.
182:
608:
Felix, David (1990). "Latin America's Debt Crisis".
1926:
1895:
1699:
1513:
1325:
1204:
87:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
488:"Dollarization in Mexico: Causes and Consequences"
1121:"IMF says Mexico's policies are hurting growth"
494:, University of Chicago Press, pp. 71–106
2135:
1157:
172:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
96:"Mexico and the International Monetary Fund"
50:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2142:
2128:
2120:
2056:
1960:
1201:
1187:
1164:
1150:
1142:
463:"IMF Executive Directors and Voting Power"
236:Mexico and the International Monetary Fund
966:
347:Mexican peso, which resulted in a severe
223:Learn how and when to remove this message
205:Learn how and when to remove this message
147:Learn how and when to remove this message
1039:
1037:
1035:
712:"A Retrospective on the Mexican Bailout"
681:
679:
238:are the international relations between
561:
559:
557:
555:
553:
513:
511:
509:
507:
433:
431:
398:
2150:International Monetary Fund by country
2105:Visa requirements for Mexican citizens
822:
406:
404:
402:
2429:International Monetary Fund relations
7:
85:adding citations to reliable sources
566:Copelovitch, Mark S., ed. (2010),
369:Bank for International Settlements
328:Bank for International Settlements
176:include all significant viewpoints
14:
1068:Martin, Eric (20 November 2019).
757:Edwards, Sebastian (1998-01-01).
359:, and other major banks, such as
31:This article has multiple issues.
1950:
1473:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1227:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1173:
1119:Webber, Jude (11 October 2019).
163:
61:
20:
267:Rogelio Eduardo Ramirez de la O
72:needs additional citations for
39:or discuss these issues on the
660:"The Mexican 1982 debt crisis"
1:
953:Velut, Jean-Baptiste (2011).
580:10.1017/CBO9780511712029.002
536:10.1016/0305-750X(88)90081-2
2071:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
1180:Foreign relations of Mexico
518:Gold, Joseph (1988-10-01).
259:International Monetary Fund
244:International Monetary Fund
2445:
2043:Rio Grande border disputes
375:2009 increased credit line
2155:
2066:
2055:
1973:
1959:
1948:
1200:
1186:
832:Cite uses generic title (
486:Ortiz, Guillermo (1983),
989:Villarreal, M. Angeles.
342:1994 Mexican Peso Crisis
308:1982 Mexican Debt Crisis
778:10.1111/1467-9701.00117
271:Victoria Rodriguez Ceja
2179:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2076:Diplomatic missions of
2038:Colorado river dispute
710:Vá¡squez, Ian (2002).
263:Special Drawing Rights
2100:Visa policy of Mexico
1463:Saint Kitts and Nevis
1686:United Arab Emirates
610:World Policy Journal
412:"Mexico and the IMF"
320:Jacques de Larosière
81:improve this article
1483:Trinidad and Tobago
1333:Antigua and Barbuda
353:Mexican Peso Crisis
183:improve the article
2090:Castañeda Doctrine
1398:Dominican Republic
384:Current day Mexico
315:Jesus Silva Herzog
2424:Economy of Mexico
2411:
2410:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2051:
2050:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1237:Equatorial Guinea
589:978-0-521-19433-4
530:(10): 1127–1142.
524:World Development
233:
232:
225:
215:
214:
207:
187:discuss the issue
157:
156:
149:
131:
54:
2436:
2324:Papua New Guinea
2144:
2137:
2130:
2121:
2095:Estrada Doctrine
2085:Mexican diaspora
2057:
1961:
1954:
1918:Papua New Guinea
1287:Sahrawi Republic
1202:
1188:
1178:
1177:
1166:
1159:
1152:
1143:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1041:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1011:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1000:
995:
986:
980:
979:
977:
975:
970:
968:10.4000/ideas.71
950:
944:
943:
941:
939:
930:
922:
916:
915:
913:
911:
906:
897:
891:
890:
888:
887:
873:
867:
866:
864:
862:
852:
844:
838:
837:
830:
828:
820:
818:
817:
808:"Redirecting..."
804:
798:
797:
763:
754:
748:
747:
745:
744:
730:
724:
723:
707:
701:
700:
698:
697:
683:
674:
673:
671:
670:
656:
650:
649:
647:
646:
632:
626:
625:
605:
599:
598:
597:
596:
563:
548:
547:
515:
502:
501:
500:
499:
483:
477:
476:
474:
473:
459:
453:
452:
450:
449:
435:
426:
425:
423:
422:
408:
349:financial crisis
336:1982 debt crisis
228:
221:
210:
203:
199:
196:
190:
167:
166:
159:
152:
145:
141:
138:
132:
130:
89:
65:
57:
46:
24:
23:
16:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2151:
2148:
2118:
2109:
2062:
2047:
1969:
1955:
1938:
1922:
1891:
1695:
1509:
1321:
1196:
1182:
1172:
1170:
1140:
1139:
1129:
1127:
1125:Financial Times
1118:
1117:
1113:
1103:
1101:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1078:
1076:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1053:
1051:
1043:
1042:
1033:
1023:
1021:
1013:
1012:
1008:
998:
996:
993:
988:
987:
983:
973:
971:
952:
951:
947:
937:
935:
928:
924:
923:
919:
909:
907:
904:
900:Sidaoui, Jose.
899:
898:
894:
885:
883:
875:
874:
870:
860:
858:
850:
846:
845:
841:
831:
821:
815:
813:
806:
805:
801:
761:
756:
755:
751:
742:
740:
732:
731:
727:
709:
708:
704:
695:
693:
685:
684:
677:
668:
666:
658:
657:
653:
644:
642:
634:
633:
629:
607:
606:
602:
594:
592:
590:
565:
564:
551:
517:
516:
505:
497:
495:
485:
484:
480:
471:
469:
461:
460:
456:
447:
445:
437:
436:
429:
420:
418:
410:
409:
400:
395:
386:
377:
344:
310:
294:Banco de Mexico
286:
252:
229:
218:
217:
216:
211:
200:
194:
191:
180:
168:
164:
153:
142:
136:
133:
90:
88:
78:
66:
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
2442:
2440:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2416:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2379:United Kingdom
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2124:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2073:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1983:United Nations
1980:
1978:European Union
1974:
1971:
1970:
1964:
1957:
1956:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1887:United Kingdom
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1742:Czech Republic
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1208:
1206:
1198:
1197:
1191:
1184:
1183:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1161:
1154:
1146:
1138:
1137:
1111:
1086:
1060:
1031:
1006:
981:
945:
917:
892:
868:
839:
811:heinonline.org
799:
749:
725:
702:
675:
651:
636:"IMF-Timeline"
627:
616:(4): 733–771.
600:
588:
549:
503:
478:
454:
427:
397:
396:
394:
391:
385:
382:
376:
373:
343:
340:
309:
306:
285:
284:Mexico in 1948
282:
251:
248:
231:
230:
213:
212:
171:
169:
162:
155:
154:
69:
67:
60:
55:
29:
28:
26:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2441:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2384:United States
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2133:
2131:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2058:
2054:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1489:
1488:United States
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1126:
1122:
1115:
1112:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1087:
1075:
1074:Bloomberg.com
1071:
1064:
1061:
1050:
1046:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1020:
1016:
1010:
1007:
992:
985:
982:
969:
964:
960:
956:
949:
946:
934:
927:
921:
918:
903:
896:
893:
882:
878:
872:
869:
856:
849:
843:
840:
835:
826:
812:
809:
803:
800:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
766:World Economy
760:
753:
750:
739:
735:
729:
726:
721:
717:
713:
706:
703:
692:
688:
682:
680:
676:
665:
661:
655:
652:
641:
637:
631:
628:
623:
619:
615:
611:
604:
601:
591:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
562:
560:
558:
556:
554:
550:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
514:
512:
510:
508:
504:
493:
489:
482:
479:
468:
464:
458:
455:
444:
440:
434:
432:
428:
417:
413:
407:
405:
403:
399:
392:
390:
383:
381:
374:
372:
370:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
341:
339:
337:
334:Prior to the
332:
329:
323:
321:
316:
307:
305:
303:
302:United States
299:
295:
291:
283:
281:
278:
276:
275:Latin America
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
249:
247:
245:
241:
237:
227:
224:
209:
206:
198:
188:
184:
178:
177:
170:
161:
160:
151:
148:
140:
129:
126:
122:
119:
115:
112:
108:
105:
101:
98: –
97:
93:
92:Find sources:
86:
82:
76:
75:
70:This article
68:
64:
59:
58:
53:
51:
44:
43:
38:
37:
32:
27:
18:
17:
2288:
1997:
1966:Multilateral
1651:Saudi Arabia
1490:
1297:South Africa
1128:. Retrieved
1124:
1114:
1102:. Retrieved
1098:
1089:
1077:. Retrieved
1073:
1063:
1052:. Retrieved
1048:
1022:. Retrieved
1018:
1009:
997:. Retrieved
984:
972:. Retrieved
958:
948:
936:. Retrieved
932:
920:
908:. Retrieved
895:
884:. Retrieved
880:
871:
859:. Retrieved
857:. April 2009
854:
842:
814:. Retrieved
810:
802:
769:
765:
752:
741:. Retrieved
737:
728:
719:
716:Cato Journal
715:
705:
694:. Retrieved
690:
667:. Retrieved
663:
654:
643:. Retrieved
639:
630:
613:
609:
603:
593:, retrieved
571:
527:
523:
496:, retrieved
491:
481:
470:. Retrieved
466:
457:
446:. Retrieved
442:
419:. Retrieved
415:
387:
378:
365:
345:
333:
324:
311:
287:
279:
253:
235:
234:
219:
201:
192:
173:
143:
134:
124:
117:
110:
103:
91:
79:Please help
74:verification
71:
47:
40:
34:
33:Please help
30:
2354:South Korea
2259:Ivory Coast
2209:El Salvador
1988:Coffee Club
1913:New Zealand
1877:Switzerland
1822:Netherlands
1641:Philippines
1601:South Korea
1596:North Korea
1521:Afghanistan
1468:Saint Lucia
1408:El Salvador
1252:Ivory Coast
1130:11 December
974:11 December
938:11 December
881:www.imf.org
772:(1): 1–30.
640:www.imf.org
443:www.imf.org
361:J.P. Morgan
290:World War 2
257:joined the
2418:Categories
2274:Kazakhstan
2164:Azerbaijan
2033:World Bank
1934:Yugoslavia
1812:Luxembourg
1591:Kazakhstan
1546:East Timor
1536:Bangladesh
1531:Azerbaijan
1383:Costa Rica
1272:Mozambique
1104:3 December
1079:3 December
1054:2022-07-23
1024:3 December
999:3 December
910:3 December
886:2017-06-06
816:2017-06-06
743:2022-07-23
696:2022-07-23
669:2017-06-06
645:2022-07-23
595:2022-07-23
498:2022-07-23
472:2022-07-23
448:2022-07-23
421:2022-07-23
393:References
357:World Bank
292:, causing
107:newspapers
36:improve it
2394:Venezuela
2359:Sri Lanka
2309:Nicaragua
2239:Indonesia
2224:Guatemala
2159:Argentina
2080:in Mexico
2061:Diplomacy
2023:Rio Group
1968:relations
1903:Australia
1807:Lithuania
1661:Sri Lanka
1656:Singapore
1636:Palestine
1561:Indonesia
1505:Venezuela
1443:Nicaragua
1418:Guatemala
1338:Argentina
1195:relations
1193:Bilateral
794:154136985
786:1467-9701
544:0305-750X
195:June 2017
137:June 2017
42:talk page
2404:Zimbabwe
2369:Thailand
2364:Tanzania
2339:Portugal
2319:Pakistan
2294:Mongolia
2204:Djibouti
2184:Cambodia
1862:Slovenia
1857:Slovakia
1837:Portugal
1777:Holy See
1727:Bulgaria
1676:Thailand
1631:Pakistan
1621:Mongolia
1616:Malaysia
1478:Suriname
1453:Paraguay
1433:Honduras
1393:Dominica
1378:Colombia
1348:Barbados
1326:Americas
1317:Zimbabwe
1302:Tanzania
1242:Ethiopia
825:cite web
664:Rabobank
622:40209191
242:and the
174:may not
2399:Vietnam
2389:Uruguay
2374:Ukraine
2344:Romania
2314:Nigeria
2304:Myanmar
2299:Morocco
2264:Jamaica
2234:Iceland
2229:Hungary
2219:Grenada
2174:Bolivia
2169:Belarus
2028:UNECLAC
1896:Oceania
1882:Ukraine
1842:Romania
1792:Ireland
1787:Iceland
1782:Hungary
1767:Germany
1757:Finland
1752:Estonia
1747:Denmark
1732:Croatia
1722:Belgium
1717:Belarus
1712:Austria
1707:Andorra
1691:Vietnam
1611:Lebanon
1551:Georgia
1526:Armenia
1500:Uruguay
1438:Jamaica
1413:Grenada
1403:Ecuador
1358:Bolivia
1343:Bahamas
1307:Tunisia
1292:Senegal
1282:Nigeria
1277:Namibia
1267:Morocco
1212:Algeria
861:26 July
250:History
181:Please
121:scholar
2349:Serbia
2334:Poland
2289:Mexico
2279:Malawi
2214:Greece
2189:Canada
1927:Former
1872:Sweden
1852:Serbia
1847:Russia
1832:Poland
1827:Norway
1817:Monaco
1802:Latvia
1772:Greece
1762:France
1737:Cyprus
1700:Europe
1681:Turkey
1671:Taiwan
1606:Kuwait
1586:Jordan
1576:Israel
1448:Panama
1423:Guyana
1368:Canada
1363:Brazil
1353:Belize
1312:Uganda
1217:Angola
1205:Africa
792:
784:
620:
586:
542:
255:Mexico
240:Mexico
123:
116:
109:
102:
94:
2269:Japan
2254:Italy
2199:China
2194:Chile
2003:USMCA
1867:Spain
1797:Italy
1666:Syria
1646:Qatar
1581:Japan
1556:India
1541:China
1493:Texas
1428:Haiti
1373:Chile
1262:Libya
1257:Kenya
1247:Ghana
1232:Egypt
994:(PDF)
961:(1).
959:IDEAS
929:(PDF)
905:(PDF)
851:(PDF)
790:S2CID
762:(PDF)
618:JSTOR
269:with
128:JSTOR
114:books
2329:Peru
2284:Mali
2249:Iraq
2244:Iran
1908:Fiji
1626:Oman
1571:Iraq
1566:Iran
1514:Asia
1458:Peru
1388:Cuba
1222:Chad
1132:2019
1106:2019
1081:2019
1026:2019
1001:2019
976:2019
940:2019
912:2019
863:2023
834:help
782:ISSN
722:(3).
584:ISBN
540:ISSN
298:peso
100:news
2018:OEI
2013:OAS
2008:NIC
1998:IMF
1993:G20
1099:IMF
1049:IMF
1019:IMF
963:doi
933:FAS
855:IMF
774:doi
738:IMF
691:IMF
576:doi
532:doi
467:IMF
416:IMF
185:or
83:by
2420::
2078:/
1123:.
1097:.
1072:.
1047:.
1034:^
1017:.
957:.
931:.
879:.
853:.
829::
827:}}
823:{{
788:.
780:.
770:21
768:.
764:.
736:.
720:21
718:.
714:.
689:.
678:^
662:.
638:.
612:.
582:,
570:,
552:^
538:.
528:16
526:.
522:.
506:^
490:,
465:.
441:.
430:^
414:.
401:^
277:.
45:.
2143:e
2136:t
2129:v
1495:)
1491:(
1165:e
1158:t
1151:v
1134:.
1108:.
1083:.
1057:.
1028:.
1003:.
978:.
965::
942:.
914:.
889:.
865:.
836:)
819:.
796:.
776::
746:.
699:.
672:.
648:.
624:.
614:7
578::
546:.
534::
475:.
451:.
424:.
226:)
220:(
208:)
202:(
197:)
193:(
189:.
179:.
150:)
144:(
139:)
135:(
125:·
118:·
111:·
104:·
77:.
52:)
48:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
