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Traditionally each Mi'kmaq district had its own independent government. Those governments were composed of a chief and a council. The council included the band chiefs, elders, and other important leaders. The role of the councils was similar to those of any independent government and included the
818:
in 1876, which resulted in the loss of autonomous governance among the First
Nations. The Mi'kmaq had said that they never conceded sovereignty of their traditional lands. Some analysts have advanced legal arguments that the Peace and Friendship treaties legitimized the takeover of the land by
869:(historians reading the wampum belts), and a Council of women. The Grand Council was headed by a grand chief who was one of the district chiefs, generally the Unamaꞌkik chief. Succession was hereditary. The seat of the Grand Council was generally on Unamaꞌkik (
826:(or Grand Council) was limited to functioning solely as a spiritual and dialogue forum. The Mi'kmaq and other First Nations were required to elect representatives for their governments. In 2020, however, by agreement with the
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to end hostilities and encourage cooperation between the
Wabanaki nations and the British. They wanted to ensure the survival of the Mi'kmaq people, whose numbers had dwindled to a few thousand from disease and starvation.
800:(1763). After the latter, when France ceded its territories east of the Mississippi River to Britain, the British claimed Mi'kma'ki as their possession by conquest. The defeated Mi'kmaq signed the
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ability to make laws, establish a justice system, divide the common territory among the people for hunting and fishing, make war, and search for peace.
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The eight districts are the following: (names are spelled in the Franci-Smith orthography, followed by the
Listuguj orthography in parens):
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830:, the Grand Council was authorized to consult on behalf of the Mi'kmaq First Nations and all First Nations in the province.
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991:"Miꞌkmawey Mawioꞌmi: Changing Roles of the Miꞌkmaq Grand Council From the Early Seventeenth Century to the Present"
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We Were Not The
Savages: A Miꞌkmaq Perspective on the Collision Between European and Native American Civilizations
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in 1867 united the colonies, establishing four provinces. The
Dominion of Canada passed the
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repeated wars between France and
Britain in North America in the 17th and 18th centuries
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Following
European contact, Mi'kma'ki was colonized by the French and British in modern
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865:(captains), or the district chiefs. The Grand Council also included elders,
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being separately represented as an eighth district, formerly joined with
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and is divided into seven geographical and traditional districts with
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is composed of the traditional and current territories, or
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The power held within Mi'kma'ki faded further after the
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101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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777:. It still functions as the capital today in the
726:are one of the confederated entities within the
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1036:Harold Franklin, McGee Jr (13 August 2008).
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
738:Each district was autonomous, headed by a
294:
252:
822:For more than 100 years, until 2020, the
241:Learn how and when to remove this message
223:Learn how and when to remove this message
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
186:This article includes a list of general
989:McMillan, Leslie Jane (December 1996).
953:
535:
300:Seven Districts of Miꞌkmaꞌki excluding
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360:Sante' Mawio'mi / Mi'kmawey Mawio'mi
99:adding citations to reliable sources
192:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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1146:Former countries in North America
45:This article has multiple issues.
27:National territory of the Mi'kmaq
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86:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
756:, or Grand Chief, to form the
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910:Sipekni'katik (Sugapune'gati)
802:Peace and Friendship Treaties
752:, a women's council, and the
943:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing
846:(Cape Breton Island) in 1857
996:. Dalhousie University: 219
895:Eskikewa'kik (Esge'gewa'gi)
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480:• Exclusion from the
312:Confederated Districts of
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493:• First Treaty with
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1098:Paul, Daniel N. (2000).
1106:. Fernwood Publishing.
938:Grand Council (Mi'kmaq)
907:Siknikt (Signigtewa'gi)
904:Kespukwitk (Gespugwitg)
810:Confederation of Canada
685:people, in what is now
263:Pre-contact–1867 (as a
207:more precise citations.
1017:Cite journal requires
966:Cape Breton University
847:
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744:. He would meet with
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334:Common languages
1079:Intercontinental Cry
892:(Epegwitg aq Pigtug)
861:was composed of the
828:Government of Canada
728:Wabanaki Confederacy
722:. Mi'kma'ki and the
526:unrecognized country
524:1867–Current (as an
467:• Contact with
381:• unknown-1611
271:unrecognized country
269:1867–Current (as an
95:improve this article
962:"Miꞌkmaw Time Line"
457:• Established
1042:Historica Canadian
871:Cape Breton Island
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763:Mi'kmawey Mawio'mi
703:inter-Nation forum
499:Anglo–Wabanaki War
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482:Treaty of Utrecht
413:• 1842-1869
403:• 1818-1842
393:• 1792-1818
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112: –
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1082:. Retrieved
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1047:26 September
1045:. Retrieved
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1010:cite journal
1000:26 September
998:. Retrieved
971:26 September
969:. Retrieved
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693:and eastern
674:
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587:• 2016
577:• 1900
567:• 1750
557:• 1500
397:Francis Peck
237:
219:
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191:
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93:Please help
88:verification
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
796:(1715) and
786:Nova Scotia
754:Kji Sagamaw
687:Nova Scotia
518:1867 (as a
461:Pre-contact
367:Kji Sagamaw
205:introducing
110:"Mi'kma'ki"
1125:Categories
1084:2 December
949:References
922:(Gtaqamg).
916:(Unama'gi)
834:Governance
815:Indian Act
537:Population
512:Indian Act
497:after the
469:John Cabot
356:Government
345:Demonym(s)
188:references
121:newspapers
50:improve it
1075:"Miꞌkmaq"
1062:Paul 2000
1038:"Miꞌkmaq"
920:Ktaqamkuk
914:Unama'kik
877:Districts
844:Unamaꞌkik
819:Britain.
781:reserve.
774:Unama'kik
681:, of the
675:Mi'gma'gi
671:Mi'kma'ki
658:Mi'kma'ki
328:Unamaꞌkik
257:Mi'kma'ki
56:talk page
18:Miꞌkmaꞌki
927:See also
886:Epekwitk
863:keptinaq
779:Potlotek
718:Unama'ki
712:Taqamkuk
663:Wabanaki
644:Language
600:Currency
314:Wabanaki
302:Taqamkuk
1131:Mi'kmaq
933:Mi'kmaq
794:Utrecht
741:Sagamaw
734:History
683:Mi'kmaq
679:country
654:Country
514:, 1876
510:•
444:History
427:Sagamaw
350:Mi'kmaq
320:Capital
201:improve
135:scholar
1110:
899:Kespek
890:Piktuk
746:Wampum
699:Canada
695:Quebec
634:People
624:Person
614:Canada
591:58,763
447:
439:
431:
371:
309:Status
190:, but
137:
130:
123:
116:
108:
994:(PDF)
867:putus
798:Paris
769:Mniku
581:4,000
571:3,000
561:4,500
520:State
436:Putus
324:Mniku
265:State
142:JSTOR
128:books
1108:ISBN
1086:2016
1049:2017
1023:help
1002:2017
973:2017
761:(or
628:L'nu
504:1725
487:1713
474:1497
288:Flag
114:news
888:aq
873:).
673:or
97:by
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1040:.
1014::
1012:}}
1008:{{
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