422:
account," writes Hoffer, "the flood had destroyed all but a few loose papers of his data. It was a mystery how supposedly lost original data could reappear to enable him to add the number of cases to the 2001 paperback edition, then disappear once again when the committee of inquiry sought the data from him" (Hoffer, 153). One critic tried, unsuccessfully, to destroy penciled notes on yellow pads by submerging them in his bathtub, in order to prove that water damage would not have destroyed
Bellesiles' notes.
304:, the politics of the issue mattered less to historians "than the possibility that Bellesiles might have engaged in faulty, fraudulent, and unethical research." As critics subjected the historical claims of the book to close scrutiny, they demonstrated that much of Bellesiles' research, particularly his handling of probate records, was inaccurate and possibly fraudulent. This criticism included noting several serious errors in the tables published in the book, as well as in the
276:, an advocate of gun control, lent support to Cramer's charge when, in a 2004 examination of the Bellesiles case, he noted that influential members of the historical profession had "taken strong public stands on violence in our society and its relation to gun control." For instance, the academics solicited for
287:
According to Hoffer, Bellesiles energized this professional consensus by attempting to play "the professors against the NRA in a high-wire act of arrogant bravado." For instance, he replied to Heston’s criticism by telling the actor to earn a Ph.D. before criticizing the work of scholars. He pointed
253:
said that the book's research was “meticulous and thorough.” He wrote that
Bellesiles had "attacked the central myth behind the National Rifle Association's interpretation of the Second Amendment." Lane declared Bellesiles’ evidence so formidable that "if the subject were open to rational argument,"
433:
Bellesiles disputed these findings, claiming to have followed all scholarly standards and to have corrected all errors of fact known to him. Nevertheless, with his "reputation in tatters," Bellesiles issued a statement on
October 25, 2002, announcing the resignation of his professorship at Emory by
425:
The scholarly investigation confirmed that
Bellesiles' work had serious flaws, calling into question both its quality and veracity. The external report on Bellesiles concluded that "every aspect of his work in the probate records is deeply flawed" and called his statements in self-defense "prolix,
296:
endorsed a resolution condemning the alleged harassment. As Hoffer later wrote, Bellesiles was convinced that whether the entire profession agreed with "his stance on gun ownership (and I suspect most did), surely academic historians would not let their expertise be impugned by a rank and partisan
421:
In the initial hardcover edition of the book, Bellesiles did not give the total number of probate records which he had investigated, but the following year, after the "flood", Bellesiles included in the paperback edition the claim that he had investigated 11,170 probate records. "By his own
417:
As criticism increased and charges of scholarly misconduct were made, Emory
University conducted an internal inquiry into Bellesiles's integrity, appointing an independent investigative committee composed of three leading academic historians from outside Emory. Bellesiles failed to provide
551:, "I was took. The book is a fraud." Wills noted that Bellesiles "claimed to have consulted archives he didn't and he misrepresented those archives," although "he didn't have to do that," since "he had a lot of good, solid evidence." Wills added, "People get taken by very good con men."
493:. Bellesiles continued to defend the book's credibility and thesis, arguing that roughly three-quarters of the original book remained unchallenged. In a 2019 podcast interview with Daniel Gullotta, Bellesiles blamed the controversy on his decision not to publish his book through a
564:, offered a similar opinion: "It is entirely clear to me that he's made up a lot of these records. He's betrayed us. He's betrayed the cause. It's 100 percent clear that the guy is a liar and a disgrace to my profession. He's breached that trust." Historian
288:
out that Cramer was "a long time advocate of unrestricted gun ownership" while he was a scholar who had "certain obligations of accuracy that transcend current political benefit." After
Bellesiles said he had been flooded by hate mail, both the
364:
misreported the condition of guns described in probate records in a way that accommodated his thesis, as for instance, claiming that in
Providence records most guns were listed as old or broken when fewer than 10% were so
586:
As Hoffer concluded, "Bellesiles's condemnation by Emory
University, the trustees of the Bancroft Prizes, and Knopf provided the gun lobby with information to blast the entire history profession....Even though H-Law, the
599:
rushed to his side and stated principled objections to the politicization of history, they hesitated to ask the equally important question of whether he had manipulated them and betrayed their trust."
405:
units as if his criticism applied to the militia in general. (Washington had noted that the three units were exceptions to the rule.) Cramer wrote, "It took me twelve hours of hunting before I found a
1048:
Unlike the initial wave of criticism, made primarily by non-academics or non-historians, professional historians conducted this investigation. The three historians were
Stanley Katz of Princeton,
409:
that was completely correct. In the intervening two years, I have spent thousands of hours chasing down
Bellesiles’s citations, and I have found many hundreds of shockingly gross falsifications."
200:
periods, that guns were seldom used then and that the average American's proficiency in use of firearms was poor. Bellesiles maintains that more widespread use and ownership of guns dated to the
272:
said things, and created a system of thought so comfortable for the vast majority of historians, that they didn’t even pause to consider the possibility that something wasn’t right." Historian
588:
1576:
1098:—but critics disputed the plausibility of Bellesiles' claim that the problem explained his missing research records. The waterline break at Emory occurred in April 2000, after
157:
to argue that during the early period of US history, guns were uncommon during peacetime and that a culture of gun ownership did not arise until the mid-nineteenth century.
225:
1297:
332:
1508:
1156:
Stanley N. Katz, Hannah H. Gray, and Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, "Report of the Investigative Committee in the Matter of Professor Michael Bellesiles," July 10, 2002
1113:
197:
426:
confusing, evasive, and occasionally contradictory." It concluded that "his scholarly integrity is seriously in question" and that he was in violation of the
789:
613:
683:
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264:, a history student, software engineer, gun enthusiast and early critic of Bellesiles, later argued that the reason "why historians swallowed
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478:
237:
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443:
168:'s Board of Trustees that Bellesiles had "violated basic norms of scholarship and the high standards expected of Bancroft Prize winners."
592:
293:
38:
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Critics also identified problems with Bellesiles's methods of citation. Cramer noted that Bellesiles had misrepresented a passage by
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Past Imperfect: Facts, Fictions, Fraud—American History from Bancroft and Parkman to Ambrose, Bellesiles, Ellis, and Goodwin
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to the Brady Campaign Legal Action Project Second Amendment Symposium, February 16, 2000, was posted by the pro-gun control
790:
Past Imperfect: Facts, Fictions, Fraud—American History from Bancroft and Parkman to Ambrose, Bellesiles, Ellis, and Goodwin
614:
Past Imperfect: Facts, Fictions, Fraud—American History from Bancroft and Parkman to Ambrose, Bellesiles, Ellis, and Goodwin
351:
773:
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reflected that it seemed historians had "ceased to read carefully and critically, even in the awarding of book prizes."
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193:
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did not have roots in the colonial and early national period but arose during the 1850s and 1860s. The book argues that
110:
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249:
145:
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article, namely, that they did not provide a total number of cases and gave percentages that "were clearly wrong."
361:
reported a national mean for gun ownership in 18th-century probate inventories that was mathematically impossible;
1095:
328:
645:
834:
Hoffer, 157-58. On February 16, 2000, Bellesiles had been a featured speaker at a symposium sponsored by the
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154:
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140:
354:; on this point, Bellesilles claimed he had actually consulted the more complete archives at nearby
1410:
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641:
165:
164:
in 2001, it later became the first work for which the prize was rescinded, following a decision of
634:"The Bancroft and Bellesiles (official announcement by the Columbia University Board of Trustees)"
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987:
498:
201:
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807:
Hoffer, 161: “systematically dismantles one of our most cherished and dangerous national myths.”
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268:
s preposterous claims so readily is that it fit into their political worldview so well...
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There was water damage to the building containing Bellesiles' office—as was reported in
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investigators with his research notes, claiming the notes were destroyed in a flood.
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had a 100% error rate in the cited gun-related homicide cases of seventeenth-century
369:
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37:
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The book garnered many enthusiastic professional reviews and won the prestigious
1233:
Statement of NEH Chairman Bruce Cole on Newberry Library Fellowship Award (2002)
1195:
Hoffer, 166. Emory accepted Bellesiles' resignation effective December 31, 2002.
536:
521:
221:
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765:
580:
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555:
244:
883:
The Historian's Toolbox: A Student's Guide to the Theory and Craft of History
327:
purported to count guns in about a hundred wills from 17th- and 18th-century
447:
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had more than a 60% error rate in finding guns listed as part of estates in
340:
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in 2001. The book's thesis bore upon ongoing political controversies about
1419:
961:
577:
Historians in Trouble: Plagiarism, Fraud, and Politics in the Ivory Tower
571:
However, some scholars and commentators continued to defend Bellesilles.
525:
406:
734:"The historical profession's greatest modern scandal, two decades later"
1407:"Columbia's Board of Trustees Votes to Rescind the 2001 Bancroft Prize"
402:
383:
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991:
548:
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139:
is a discredited 2000 book by historian Michael A. Bellesiles about
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1315:
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year's end. In 2010 he published his first book since the scandal,
1143:
1459:
Lindgren J, Heather JL (2002). "Counting Guns in Early America".
1071:"Historian's Prizewinning Book on Guns is Embroiled in a Scandal"
208:
and a consequent reduction in price and improvement in accuracy.
1144:"'Pulped' Fiction: Michael Bellesiles and His Yellow Note Pads,"
535:
ceased to defend Bellesiles. The nationally prominent historian
284:"were ecstatic in part because the book knocked the gun lobby."
185:
188:
were uncommon during peacetime in the United States during the
497:. He also disputed claims that he had written the book with a
1420:"Fall From Grace: Arming America and the Bellesiles Scandal"
1531:
Scandals and Scoundrels: Seven Cases That Shook the Academy
766:"What Clayton Cramer Saw and (Nearly) Everyone Else Missed"
122:
350:
probate inventories, but these had been destroyed in the
458:
In 2002, the trustees of Columbia University rescinded
579:
that Bellesilles had been the victim of a politicized
31:
Arming America: The Origins of a National Gun Culture
1366:
2d ed. (Brooklyn, New York: Soft Skull Press, 2003)
1362:
Arming America: The Origins of a National Gun Culture
1348:
Arming America: The Origins of a National Gun Culture
1207:"Michael Bellesiles: Bartender, Writer, History Buff"
469:, the first such action in the history of the prize.
143:, an expansion of a 1996 article he published in the
136:
Arming America: The Origins of a National Gun Culture
489:
was republished in a revised and amended edition by
1316:
Quoted in article published at History News Network
120:
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368:miscited the counts of guns in nineteenth-century
226:Second Amendment to the United States Constitution
1244:Michael Bellesiles, "Weighed in an Even Balance"
258:called the book "a myth-busting tour-de-force."
240:, described the book's argument as "ludicrous."
978:(8). The Yale Law Journal Company, Inc.: 2195.
558:, who had reviewed the book positively in the
477:, did not renew Bellesiles' contract, and the
160:Although the book was awarded the prestigious
1577:Works about gun politics in the United States
481:withdrew its name from a fellowship that the
8:
1485:. Brooklyn: Soft Skull Press. Archived from
756:
754:
358:, but the committee also disputed this claim
204:, a period of widespread advance in firearm
30:
520:in the 18th and early 19th centuries were “
401:about the quality of three poorly prepared
36:
29:
1387:(New York: PublicAffairs, 2004): 141-171.
311:In two scholarly articles, law professor
836:Brady Center to Prevent Handgun Violence
501:agenda, claiming he had identified as a
436:1877: America's Year of Living Violently
1056:, emerita at the University of Chicago.
625:
776:from the original on January 28, 2015.
446:. In 2012 Bellesiles was working as a
442:while working as adjunct professor at
346:purported to count nineteenth-century
335:, but these did not exist because the
1173:"Amazing Disgrace | Inside Higher Ed"
1167:
1165:
1163:
1146:, History News Network, May 20, 2002.
1112:Mehegan, David (September 11, 2001).
711:: 614. September 2001. Archived from
547:, later said, in a 2005 interview on
479:National Endowment for the Humanities
430:'s standards of scholarly integrity.
238:National Rifle Association of America
7:
1263:Garry Wills review in New York Times
728:
726:
724:
722:
648:from the original on January 3, 2003
539:, who had enthusiastically reviewed
444:Central Connecticut State University
450:while continuing to write history.
413:Emory investigation and resignation
294:Organization of American Historians
1535:. University of California Press.
1350:(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000)
1205:Jen Matteis (September 17, 2012).
686:from the original on May 27, 2015.
149:. Bellesiles, then a professor at
25:
1527:Robin, Ron Thedore (2004-10-01).
960:; Bellesiles, Michael A. (2002).
531:Historians who initially admired
485:had granted Bellesiles. In 2003,
1509:"Why Footnotes Matter: Checking
1114:"New doubts about gun historian"
925:"Counting Guns in Early America"
508:trying to dispute the idea that
182:gun culture in the United States
1476:Bellesiles, Michael A. (2003).
709:The Journal of American History
428:American Historical Association
290:American Historical Association
232:advocates criticized it. Actor
1096:Emory University's daily paper
923:; Heather, Justin Lee (2002).
787:Hoffer, Peter Charles (2004).
1:
1461:William & Mary Law Review
932:William & Mary Law Review
1592:Bancroft Prize-winning works
1303:Journal of American History
966:and the Bellesiles Scandal"
561:Journal of American History
306:Journal of American History
250:Journal of American History
146:Journal of American History
1618:
1479:Weighed in an Even Balance
254:the debate would be over.
1326:quoted in Hoffer, 169-70.
1253:, Soft Skull Press (2003)
300:In the end, according to
280:by Bellesiles’ publisher
35:
1602:Literature controversies
512:was an inherent part of
454:Aftermath of the scandal
352:1906 earthquake and fire
236:, then-president of the
1288:, C-SPAN (Jan. 2, 2005)
689:(subscription required)
616:by Peter Charles Hoffer
317:Northwestern University
1597:Bancroft Prize winners
1587:Soft Skull Press books
1567:2000 non-fiction books
1383:Peter Charles Hoffer,
1298:Roger Lane, review of
1177:www.insidehighered.com
1050:Laurel Thatcher Ulrich
1016:(September 23, 2000).
343:(i.e., without wills);
297:amateur like Cramer."
1582:Alfred A. Knopf books
1275:Garry Wills Interview
1124:on September 13, 2001
644:. December 13, 2002.
48:Michael A. Bellesiles
27:Discredited 2000 book
18:Michael A. Bellesiles
1413:. December 16, 2002.
1342:Editions of the Book
1069:(December 8, 2001).
900:History News Network
880:Robert C. Williams,
770:History News Network
638:History News Network
575:claimed in his book
503:Burkean conservative
348:San Francisco County
274:Peter Charles Hoffer
141:American gun culture
1418:Lindgren J (2002).
1411:Columbia University
1142:Jerome Sternstein,
1030:on October 17, 2000
1018:"Shots in the Dark"
886:(Armonk, New York:
851:Potowmack Institute
764:(January 6, 2003).
740:. 18 September 2019
670:(October 1, 2000).
642:Columbia University
589:Omohundro Institute
356:Contra Costa County
166:Columbia University
155:fabricated research
32:
1505:Cramer, Clayton E.
1280:2012-03-13 at the
1249:2008-10-30 at the
1075:The New York Times
1014:Cramer, Clayton E.
962:"Fall from Grace:
845:2001-04-20 at the
762:Cramer, Clayton E.
680:The New York Times
1572:Academic scandals
1409:(Press release).
609:Confirmation bias
399:George Washington
302:Robert C Williams
247:'s review in the
132:
131:
81:Publication place
16:(Redirected from
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1430:(8): 2195–2249.
1424:Yale Law Journal
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1401:. July 10, 2002.
1399:Emory University
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495:university press
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862:Hoffer, 159-60.
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471:Alfred A. Knopf
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391:Plymouth Colony
323:Bellesiles had
321:Arming America,
282:Alfred A. Knopf
266:Arming America'
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533:Arming America
522:mass murderers
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460:Arming America
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319:noted that in
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270:Arming America
262:Clayton Cramer
218:Bancroft Prize
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178:Arming America
176:The thesis of
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1561:Categories
1496:2009-01-07
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928:(abstract)
744:2021-09-05
621:References
595:, and the
581:witch hunt
573:Jon Wiener
556:Roger Lane
554:Historian
506:Republican
329:Providence
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89:Pages
53:Genre
1550:2013
1537:ISBN
1465:SSRN
1448:SSRN
1368:ISBN
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