370:
independent striplines are needed. At both ends the meanders are connected to detector electronics. These electronics convert the measured delays into X- (first layer) and Y-coordinates (second layer). Sometimes a hexagonal grid and 3 coordinates are used. This redundancy reduces the dead space-time by reducing the maximum travel distance and thus the maximum delay, allowing for faster measurements. The microchannel plate detector must not operate over around 60 degree
Celsius, otherwise it will degrade rapidly, bakeout without voltage has no influence.
272:). If the DC block is used in the outer conductor, it is aligned in parallel with the larger capacitor in the power supply. Assuming good screening, the only noise is due to current noise from the linear power regulator. Because the current is low in this application and space for large capacitors is available, and because the DC-block capacitor is fast, it is possible to have very low voltage noise, so that even weak MCP signals can be detected. Sometimes the preamplifier is on a potential (
177:(v-like) shape. In a chevron MCP, the electrons that exit the first plate start the cascade in the next plate. The angle between the channels reduces ion feedback in the device, as well as producing significantly more gain at a given voltage, compared to a straight channel MCP. The two MCPs can either be pressed together to preserve spatial resolution, or have a small gap between them to spread the charge across multiple channels, which further increases the gain.
1324:
296:
288:
268:, that is, a capacitor. Often it is chosen to only have 10-fold capacitance compared to the MCP-anode capacitance and is implemented as a plate capacitor. Rounded, electro-polished metal plates and the ultra high vacuum allow very high field strengths and high capacitance without a dielectric. The bias for the center conductor is applied via resistors hanging through the waveguide (see
361:
electrons through a 30 ÎĽm hole of a grounded sheet of aluminium. Behind that, a cylinder of the same size follows. The electron cloud induces a 300 ps negative pulse when entering the cylinder and a positive when leaving. After that another sheet, a second cylinder follows, and a last sheet follows. Effectively the cylinders are fused into the center-conductor of a
1348:
166:
1336:
27:
202:
144:
Although in many cases the collecting anode functions as the detecting element, the MCP itself can also be used as a detector. The discharging and recharging of the plate produced by the electron cascade, can be decoupled from the high voltage applied to the plate and measured, to directly produce a
136:
A particle or photon that enters one of the channels through a small orifice is guaranteed to hit the wall of the channel, due to the channel being at an angle to the plate. The impact starts a cascade of electrons that propagates through the channel, amplifying the original signal by several orders
303:
The gain of an MCP is very noisy, especially for single particles. With two thick MCPs (>1 mm) and small channels (< 10 ÎĽm), saturation occurs, especially at the ends of the channels after many electron multiplications have taken place. The last stages of the following semiconductor
360:
In a delay line detector the electrons are accelerated to 500 eV between the back of the last MCP and a grid. They then fly for 5 mm and are dispersed over an area of 2 mm. A grid follows. Each element has a diameter of 1 mm and consists of an electrostatic lens focusing arriving
369:
and ringing. These striplines meander across the anode to connect all cylinders, to offer each cylinder 50 Ω impedance, and to generate a position dependent delay. Because the turns in the stripline adversely affect the signal quality their number is limited and for higher resolutions multiple
323:
Because MCPs have a fixed charge that they can amplify in their life, the second MCP especially, has a lifetime problem. It is important to use thin MCPs, low voltage and instead of greater voltage, more sensitive and fast semiconductor amplifiers after the anode. (see:
124:
At non-relativistic energies, single particles generally produce effects too small to enable their direct detection. The microchannel plate functions as a particle amplifier, turning a single impinging particle into a cloud of electrons. By applying a strong
347:
limits the measurement of the time structure of the MCP signal. With fast amplification schemes, however, it is possible to have valuable information on the signal amplitude even at very low signal levels, yet not on the time structure information of the
398:
A 1 GHz real-time display CRT for an analog oscilloscope (the
Tektronix 7104) used a microchannel plate placed behind the phosphor screen to intensify the image. Without the plate, the image would be excessively dim, because of the electron-optical
140:
The electrons exit the channels on the opposite side of the plate, where they are collected on an anode. Some anodes are designed to allow spatially resolved ion collection, producing an image of the particles or photons incident on the plate.
672:
Westmacott, G.; Frank, M.; Labov, S. E.; Benner, W. H. (2000). "Using a superconducting tunnel junction detector to measure the secondary electron emission efficiency for a microchannel plate detector bombarded by large molecular ions".
232:
The anode is a 0.4 mm thick plate with an edge of 0.2 mm radius to avoid high field strengths. It is just large enough to cover the active area of the MCP, because the backside of the last MCP, and the anode, together act as a
148:
The gain of an MCP is very noisy, meaning that two identical particles detected in succession will often produce wildly different signal magnitudes. The temporal jitter resulting from the peak height variation can be removed by using a
710:
Gaire, B.; Sayler, A. M.; Wang, P. Q.; Johnson, N. G.; Leonard, M.; Parke, E.; Carnes, K. D.; Ben-Itzhak, I. (2007). "Determining the absolute efficiency of a delay line microchannel-plate detector using molecular dissociation".
464:; Kelleher, J.F.; Vallerga, J.V.; Siegmund, O.H.W.; Feller, W.B. (28 September 2011). "High-Resolution Strain Mapping Through Time-of-Flight Neutron Transmission Diffraction with a Microchannel Plate Neutron Counting Detector".
137:
of magnitude, depending on the electric field strength and the geometry of the microchannel plate. After the cascade, the microchannel takes time to recover (or recharge) before it can detect another signal.
1068:
108:
material (most often glass) 0.5 to 2mm thick with a regular array of tiny tubes (microchannels) leading from one face to the other. The microchannels are typically 5-20
1251:
1246:
998:
264:
The typical 500 volts between the backside of the last MCP and the anode cannot be fed directly into the preamplifier; the inner or the outer conductor needs a
249:
conducts this around the edge of the anode plate. A torus is the optimum compromise between low capacitance and short path and for similar reasons, usually no
1103:
1053:
1241:
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914:
261:
can be used. To save space and make the impedance match less critical, the taper is often reduced to a small 45° cone on the backside of the anode plate.
1078:
1352:
1269:
1159:
316:. That means that the MCP and the preamplifier are used in the linear region (space charge negligible) and the pulse shape is assumed to be due to an
1236:
978:
1304:
205:
A microchannel plate within a
Finnigan MAT 900 sector mass spectrometer position-and-time-resolved-ion-counting (PATRIC) scanning array detector
1294:
1058:
983:
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988:
217:
to the acceleration optics (for electron detection), each MCP, the gap between the MCPs, the backside of the last MCP, and the collector (
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Most modern MCP detectors consist of two microchannel plates with angled channels, rotated 180° from each other - producing a shallow
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This is an assembly of three microchannel plates with channels aligned in a Z shape. Single MCPs can have gain up to 10,000 (40
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153:. Thusly employed, MCPs are capable of measuring particle arrival times with high resolution, making them ideal detectors for
1289:
1274:
771:
1384:
1279:
1226:
624:
Matsuura, S.; Umebayashi, S.; Okuyama, C.; Oba, K. (1985). "Characteristics of the newly developed MCP and its assembly".
575:
S-O Flyckt and C. Marmonier, Photomultiplier Tubes — Principles and
Applications. Photonis, Brive, France, 2002, page 1-20
1200:
882:
1309:
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116:). Plates are often round disks, but can be cut to any shape from sizes 10mm up to 200mm. They may also be curved.
402:
MCP detectors are often employed in instrumentation for physical research, and they can be found in devices such as
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365:. The sheets minimize cross talk between the layers and adjacent lines in the same layer, which would lead to
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96:. Because a microchannel plate detector has many separate channels, it can provide spatial resolution.
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253:(Markor) is placed into this region. After a 90° turn of the torus it is possible to attach a large
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in diameter, parallel to each other and enter the plate at a small angle to the surface (8-13° from
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amplifier chain also go into saturation. A pulse of varying length, but stable height and a low
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Fast MCP electronics featuring a high voltage UHV capacitor (the grey line from bottom to top)
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1038:
814:
767:
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758:
Richards, P.; Lees, J. (2002). "Functional proteomics using microchannel plate detectors".
574:
461:
339:), pulses overlap. In this case, a high impedance (slow, but less noisy) amplifier and an
336:
210:
299:
Almost as fast MCP electronics featuring a high voltage UHV capacitor and minimum ceramic
810:
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are used. Since the output signal from the MCP is generally small, the presence of the
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391:, which amplify visible and invisible light to make dark surroundings visible to the
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795:
Michael
Lampton (November 1, 1981). "The Microchannel Image Intensifier".
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129:
across the MCP, each individual microchannel becomes a continuous-dynode
89:
88:, as both intensify single particles or photons by the multiplication of
61:
695:
10.1002/1097-0231(20001015)14:19<1854::AID-RCM102>3.0.CO;2-M
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10.1002/1615-9861(200203)2:3<256::AID-PROT256>3.0.CO;2-K
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Tremsin, A.S.; McPhate, J.B.; Steuwer, A.; Kockelmann, W.;
189:) but this system can provide gain more than 10 million (70
31:
Schematic diagram of the operation of a microchannel plate
544:
Wolfgang Göpel; Joachim Hesse; J. N. Zemel (2008-09-26).
245:
positive charge in the backside metalization. A hollow
241:
slows down the signal. The positive charge in the MCP
145:
signal corresponding to a single particle or photon.
1260:
1209:
1173:
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969:
331:With high count rates or slow detectors (MCPs with
276:) and gets its power through a low-power isolation
257:. A taper permits minimizing the radius so that an
36:
312:. The jitter can be further reduced by means of a
499:Wiza, J. (1979). "Microchannel plate detectors".
908:
8:
19:
326:Secondary emission#Special amplifying tubes
915:
901:
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883:Microchannel Plate Principles of Operation
169:Dual microchannel plate detector schematic
25:
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675:Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry
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383:application of microchannel plates is in
104:A microchannel plate is a slab made from
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237:with 2 mm separation - and large
225:of the electrons and in this way, the
60:) is used to detect single particles (
18:
587:Gemmeke, Hartmut (11 November 1998).
7:
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626:IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science
16:Detection single parties and photons
1347:
14:
819:10.1038/scientificamerican1181-62
221:). The last voltage dictates the
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1323:
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713:Review of Scientific Instruments
613:Internet Archive Wayback Machine
478:10.1111/j.1475-1305.2011.00823.x
501:Nuclear Instruments and Methods
314:constant fraction discriminator
151:constant fraction discriminator
84:). It is closely related to an
1:
531:10.1016/0029-554X(79)90734-1
308:leading edge is sent to the
1186:Microchannel plate detector
888:NASA's Imagine the Universe
441:Nanochannel glass materials
20:Microchannel plate detector
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589:"Memo on photomultiplier"
310:time to digital converter
24:
1201:Langmuir–Taylor detector
646:10.1109/TNS.1985.4336854
547:Sensors, Optical Sensors
385:image intensifier tubes
280:and outputs its signal
1145:Quadrupole mass filter
719:(2): 024503–024503–5.
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292:
206:
170:
869:U.S. patent 4,780,395
862:U.S. patent 7,990,032
855:U.S. patent 4,153,855
848:U.S. patent 3,979,621
841:U.S. patent 7,420,147
834:U.S. patent 5,265,327
827:U.S. patent 5,565,729
552:John Wiley & Sons
298:
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213:is used to apply 100
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1385:Laboratory equipment
593:web.physics.utah.edu
389:night vision goggles
1181:Electron multiplier
1150:Quadrupole ion trap
811:1981SciAm.245e..62L
798:Scientific American
725:2007RScI...78b4503G
687:2000RCMS...14.1854W
638:1985ITNS...32..350M
513:1979NucIM.162..587L
431:Night vision device
356:Delay line detector
335:screen or discrete
131:electron multiplier
86:electron multiplier
45:Electron multiplier
21:
1400:Physical chemistry
408:mass spectrometers
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155:mass spectrometers
94:secondary emission
54:microchannel plate
1375:Mass spectrometry
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924:Mass spectrometry
733:10.1063/1.2671497
681:(19): 1854–1861.
561:978-3-527-26772-9
554:. pp. 260–.
436:Image intensifier
421:Particle detector
367:signal dispersion
255:coaxial waveguide
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1155:Penning trap
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103:
100:Basic design
57:
53:
51:
1353:WikiProject
1196:Faraday cup
1135:Wien filter
956:MS software
381:mass-market
278:transformer
239:capacitance
227:pulse-width
181:Z stack MCP
161:Chevron MCP
110:micrometers
78:ultraviolet
1369:Categories
971:Ion source
760:Proteomics
742:2097/43729
598:5 November
447:References
274:off ground
251:dielectric
243:influences
1232:Hybrid MS
517:CiteSeerX
486:136775629
393:human eye
363:stripline
352:signals.
282:optically
235:capacitor
106:resistive
90:electrons
62:electrons
1329:Category
1174:Detector
1165:Orbitrap
961:Acronyms
788:44466566
780:11921441
751:17578132
703:11006596
654:37395966
415:See also
404:electron
350:wideband
333:phosphor
270:bias tee
266:DC block
70:neutrons
1341:Commons
1069:MALDESI
807:Bibcode
721:Bibcode
683:Bibcode
634:Bibcode
509:Bibcode
399:design.
175:chevron
74:photons
1247:IMS/MS
1160:FT-ICR
1130:Sector
786:
778:
749:
701:
652:
558:
519:
484:
466:Strain
306:jitter
114:normal
82:X-rays
72:) and
1300:IRMPD
1252:CE-MS
1242:LC/MS
1237:GC/MS
1217:MS/MS
1104:SELDI
1064:MALDI
1059:LAESI
999:DAPPI
784:S2CID
650:S2CID
482:S2CID
247:torus
219:anode
215:volts
1305:NETD
1270:BIRD
1089:SIMS
1084:SESI
1019:EESI
1014:DIOS
1009:DESI
1004:DART
989:APPI
984:APLI
979:APCI
935:Mass
776:PMID
747:PMID
699:PMID
600:2023
556:ISBN
406:and
379:The
328:,).
92:via
68:and
66:ions
1310:SID
1295:HCD
1290:ETD
1285:EDD
1280:ECD
1275:CID
1227:AMS
1222:QqQ
1099:SSI
1079:PTR
1074:MIP
1054:ICP
1034:FAB
1029:ESI
815:doi
803:245
768:doi
737:hdl
729:doi
691:doi
642:doi
527:doi
505:162
474:doi
387:of
341:ADC
193:).
58:MCP
1371::
1114:TS
1109:TI
1094:SS
1049:IA
1044:GD
1039:FD
1024:EI
994:CI
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