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114:(MCP). It may be considered a 2-dimensional parallel array of very small continuous-dynode electron multipliers, built together and powered in parallel. Each microchannel is generally parallel-walled, not tapered or funnel-like. MCPs are constructed from lead glass and carry a resistance of 10 Ω between each electrode. Each channel has a diameter of 10-100 μm. The electron gain for one microchannel plate can be around 10-10 electrons.
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Microchannel plates are also used in night-vision goggles. As electrons hit the millions of channels, they release thousands of secondary electrons. These electrons then hit a phosphor screen where they are amplified and converted back into light. The resulting image patterns the original and allows
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Secondary electron emission begins when one electron hits a dynode inside a vacuum chamber and ejects electrons that cascade onto more dynodes and repeats the process over again. The dynodes are set up so that each time an electron hits the next one it will have an increase of about 100 electron
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materials. The electrodes have increasing resistance to allow secondary emission. Continuous dynodes use a negative high voltage in the wider end and goes to a positive near ground at the narrow end. The first device of this kind was called a
Channel Electron Multiplier (CEM). CEMs required 2-4
64:, or secondary electron emitters, in a single tube to remove secondary electrons by increasing the electric potential through the device. The electron multiplier can use any number of dynodes in total, which use a coefficient, σ, and created a gain of σ where n is the number of emitters.
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electron multipliers are often used as a detector of ions that have been separated by a mass analyzer of some sort. They can be the continuous-dynode type and may have a curved horn-like funnel shape or can have discrete dynodes as in a
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of still more electrons. This can be repeated a number of times, resulting in a large shower of electrons all collected by a metal anode, all having been triggered by just one.
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Tao, S., Chan, H., & van der Graaf, H. (2016). Secondary
Electron Emission Materials for Transmission Dynodes in Novel Photomultipliers: A Review. Materials, 9(12), 1017.
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Volts greater than the last dynode. Some advantages of using this include a response time in the picoseconds, a high sensitivity, and an electron gain of about 10 electrons.
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144:. Continuous dynode electron multipliers are also used in NASA missions and are coupled to a gas chromatography mass spectrometer (
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is applied between this metal plate and yet another, the emitted electrons will accelerate to the next metal plate and induce
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for better vision in the dark, while only using a small battery pack to provide a voltage for the MCP.
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Burroughs, E. G. (1969), "Collection
Efficiency of Continuous Dynode Electron Multiple Arrays",
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A continuous dynode system uses a horn-shaped funnel of glass coated with a thin film of
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In 1930, Russian physicist Leonid
Aleksandrovitch Kubetsky proposed a device which used
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can, when bombarded on secondary-emissive material, induce emission of roughly 1 to 3
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is a vacuum-tube structure that multiplies incident charges. In a process called
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Contrasting differences between discrete and continuous electron multipliers.
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Allen, James S. (1947), "An
Improved Electron Multiplier Particle Counter",
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Another geometry of continuous-dynode electron multiplier is called the
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Wiza, Joseph L. (1979), "Microchannel plate detectors",
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kilovolts in order to achieve a gain of 10 electrons.
261:. CERN. Institute for Nuclear Research of RAS: CERN.
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255:On the history of photomultiplier tube invention
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413:How Discrete Dynode Electron Multipliers work
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101:Continuous-dynode electron multiplier
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273:https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9121017
121:Microchannel plate with breakdown
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286:Review of Scientific Instruments
219:Review of Scientific Instruments
323:Nuclear Instruments and Methods
80:A discrete electron multiplier
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368:"Mass Spectrometer: Detector"
353:10.1016/0029-554X(79)90734-1
252:Lubsandorzhiev, B.K. (ed.).
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920:Analytical chemistry
706:Electron multiplier
675:Quadrupole ion trap
335:1979NucIM.162..587L
298:1969RScI...40...35B
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26:electron multiplier
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112:microchannel plate
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721:Faraday cup
660:Wien filter
481:MS software
199:(developer)
167:Faraday cup
131:Instruments
32:, a single
894:Categories
496:Ion source
204:References
192:Lucas cell
757:Hybrid MS
391:Photonics
339:CiteSeerX
177:Phototube
38:electrons
915:Electron
854:Category
699:Detector
690:Orbitrap
486:Acronyms
161:See also
40:. If an
34:electron
866:Commons
594:MALDESI
331:Bibcode
294:Bibcode
227:Bibcode
62:dynodes
52:History
772:IMS/MS
685:FT-ICR
655:Sector
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825:IRMPD
777:CE-MS
767:LC/MS
762:GC/MS
742:MS/MS
629:SELDI
589:MALDI
584:LAESI
524:DAPPI
259:(PDF)
146:GC-MS
830:NETD
795:BIRD
614:SIMS
609:SESI
544:EESI
539:DIOS
534:DESI
529:DART
514:APPI
509:APLI
504:APCI
460:Mass
372:NASA
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820:HCD
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747:QqQ
624:SSI
604:PTR
599:MIP
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559:FAB
554:ESI
349:doi
327:162
302:doi
235:doi
135:In
24:An
896::
639:TS
634:TI
619:SS
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569:GD
564:FD
549:EI
519:CI
389:.
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347:,
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