708:, Lucca, Italy. Any process that leads to an increase or decrease in chemical/physical processes will subsequently impact the environment within that system. Air density within caves, which directly relates to the convection processes, is determined by the air temperature, humidity, and pressure. In enclosed cave environments, the introduction of bacteria, algae, plants, animals, or human interference can change any one of these factors therefore altering the microenvironment within the cave. There are over 750 caves worldwide that are available for people to visit. The constant human traffic through these cave environments can have a negative effect on the microclimates as well as on the geological and archeological findings. Factors that play into the deterioration of these environments include nearby deforestation, agriculture operations, water exploitation, mining, and tourist operations.
253:
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1206:(12.43 mi)) inland bakes in 36 °C (97 °F) heat. However, winter lows in the West are around 3–5 °C (5–9 °F) cooler than the coastal suburbs, and may provide mild to moderate frost. Within the city and surrounds, rainfall varies, from around 682.5 mm (26.87 in) in the far-west to 1,213.8 mm (47.79 in) at Observatory Hill (the east or the coast).
47:
965:, also has numerous microclimates. Coastal temperatures and weather conditions can differ considerably from areas located just 5–15 km (3.1–9.3 mi) inland. This is true in all seasons. Varying elevations are common throughout the city, and it is even possible to experience several microclimates while traveling on a single highway due to these changing elevations.
1183:, Jordan, has extreme examples of microclimate, and almost every neighbourhood exhibits its own weather. It is known among locals that some boroughs such as the northern and western suburbs are among the coldest in the city, and can be experiencing frost or snow whilst other warmer districts such as the city centre can be at much warmer temperatures at the same time.
955:, is also known for its microclimates. Especially notable are the differences between the downtown and river valley/flood plain regions and the areas to the west and north. This is largely due to an elevation difference within the city's boundaries of over 1,000 ft (300 m), but can also be somewhat attributed to the effects of the seasonal
190:
895:
can have a wide range of extremes in temperature. In the basins and valleys adjoining the coast, climate is subject to wide variations within short distances as a result of the influence of topography on the circulation of marine air. The San
Francisco Bay Area offers many varieties of climate within
1484:
Dredge, Jonathan & Fairchild, Ian & Harrison, Roy & Fernandez-Cortes, Angel & Sanchez-Moral, S. & Jurado, Valme & Gunn, John & Smith, Andrew & Spötl, Christoph & Mattey, David & Wynn, Peter & Grassineau, Nathalie. (2013). Cave aerosols: Distribution and
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areas are also subject to phenomena typical of a microclimate. The temperatures can vary as much as 36 °F (20 °C)) between inland areas and the coast, with a temperature gradient of over one degree per mile (1.6 km) from the coast inland. Hills and mountains can also block coastal air
1093:
The central west coast of
Portugal, similarly to California, has huge differences in summer temperatures from the surrounding inland regions. In less than 60 km (37 mi), average daily summer temperatures can vary through as much as 10 degrees Celsius/18 degrees Fahrenheit, from 21 °C
883:
is a city with various microclimates. Due to the city's varied topography and influence from the prevailing summer marine layer, weather conditions can vary by as much as 9 °F (5 °C) from block to block and a full 30 °F (17 °C) between the coastal fog belt and the heat island of
990:
is also known for its subtropical microclimate. It is most notable for its mild climatic effects on the area east and west of the lowlands of
Maryland and Delmarva. Having over 64,000 square miles (170,000 km) of water; (most of which is a mix of fresh and salt water) creates higher levels of
1205:
do not penetrate further inland. In summer, the coast averages at 25.9 °C (78.6 °F), while inland varies between 28 and 30 °C (82 and 86 °F), depending on the suburb. In extreme occasions, the Coast would have a temperature of 24 °C (75 °F), while a suburb 20 km
834:
The type of soil found in an area can also affect microclimates. For example, soils heavy in clay can act like pavement, moderating the near ground temperature. On the other hand, if soil has many air pockets, then the heat could be trapped underneath the topsoil, resulting in the increased
685:. In these dissolution environments, many species of flora and fauna find home. The mixture of water content within the cave atmosphere, air pressure, geochemistry of the cave rock as well as the waste product from these species can combine to make unique microclimates within cave systems.
979:
and other regions situated on the mountain slopes get over 2,000 millimetres (79 in) of precipitation a year on average, while other regions to the south get around 1,000 millimetres (39 in), although they are less than 40 kilometres (25 mi) away. Temperatures in the
852:
above the Bay Area is also well known for microclimates with significant differences of temperatures. The coastline typically has daytime temperatures of 17 and 19 °C (63 and 66 °F) during summer months along that coastline, but inland towns not far from the ocean such as
1905:"Comparisons of Annual Meanprecipations of Annual Meanprecipitation Gridded and Station Data: An Example from Istanbul, Turkey Yıllık Ortalama Gridlenmiş Yağış Verisi ve İstasyon Yağış Verisinin Karşılaştırılması, İstanbul Örneği – USTAOĞLU – Marmara Coğrafya Dergisi"
300:, microclimates are identified as statistically distinct conditions which occur and/or persist within a region. Microclimates can be found in most places but are most pronounced in topographically dynamic zones such as mountainous areas, islands, and coastal areas.
711:
The speleogenetic effect of normal caves tends to show a slow circulation of air. In unique conditions where acids are present, the effects of erosion and changes to the microenvironment can be drastically enhanced. One example is the effect of the presence of
735:), this acid starts to react with the calcium carbonate rock at much higher rates. The water involved in this reaction tends to have a high pH of 3 which renders the water almost unlivable for many bacteria and algae. An example of this can be found in the
403:
Microclimates can also refer to purpose-made environments, such as those in a room or other enclosure. Microclimates are commonly created and carefully maintained in museum display and storage environments. This can be done using passive methods, such as
1494:
Hoyos, M., Soler, V., Cañaveras, J. et al. Microclimatic characterization of a karstic cave human impact on microenvironmental parameters of a prehistoric rock art cave (Candamo Cave, northern Spain). Environmental
Geology 33, 231–242 (1998).
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activity, there would be no forest far away from coasts, as statistically, without any other influence, rainfall occurrence would decrease from the coast towards inland. Planting trees to fight drought has also been proposed in the context of
1354:
Pisello, Anna Laura; Saliari, Maria; Vasilakopoulou, Konstantina; Hadad, Shamila; Santamouris, Mattheos (2018). "Facing the urban overheating: Recent developments. Mitigation potential and sensitivity of the main technologies".
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exhibits a multitude of distinct microclimates because of its hilly topography and maritime influences. Within the city, average summer mean temperatures range from 20–24 °C (68–75 °F) depending on proximity to the
544:
1068:, with more significant differences on certain days. Rainfall also varies widely owing to the rain shadow of the hills in Istanbul, from around 600 millimeters (24 in) on the southern fringe at
439:. A source of a drop in temperature and/or humidity can be attributed to different sources or influences. Often a microclimate is shaped by a conglomerate of different influences and is a subject of
385:
practiced in northern temperate climates. Microclimates can be used to the advantage of gardeners who carefully choose and position their plants. Cities often raise the average temperature by
280:
conditions that differ from those in the surrounding areas, often slightly but sometimes substantially. The term may refer to areas as small as a few square meters or smaller (for example a
374:
argue that widespread use of solar collection can mitigate overheating of urban environments by absorbing sunlight and putting it to work instead of heating the foreign surface objects.
1019:
and its surrounding metro area feature an extensive urban heat island, and influence from the
Atlantic Ocean. These factors cause it to be the northernmost major city in the US that
700:. This condensing water has been found to contribute to cave wall erosion and the formation of morphological features. Some examples of this can be found in the limestone walls of
652:
681:
are important geologic formations that can house unique and delicate geologic/biological environments. The vast majority of caves found are made of calcium carbonates such as
572:
755:
in his book not only climate influences the living plant but the opposite effect of the interaction of plants on their environment can also take place, and is known as
1784:
934:" or "May Grey", which sometimes gives overcast or foggy skies in the morning at the coast, but usually gives sunny skies by noon, during late spring and early summer.
810:
than opposite slopes and are therefore warmer for longer periods of time, giving the slope a warmer microclimate than the areas around the slope. The lowest area of a
991:
humidity and heat in the spring and summer months. An example of this effect is the survival of subtropical palm trees and plants such as water hyacinths in the area.
1448:
J. Racovec et al. Turbulent dissipation of the cold-air pool in a basin: comparison of observed and simulated development. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. 79, 195–213 (2002).
949:, experience rainfall of 18 in (460 mm) and 127 in (3,200 mm) per year, respectively, despite being just 60 mi (97 km) from each other.
1458:
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620:
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averages such temperatures, which is extremely hot for such northerly areas. At this parallel, the temperature at the coast is so cool that Willow Creek beats
857:, can be as hot as 34 °C (93 °F) in an average summer day, in spite of being just around 40 miles (64 km) inland. Even as far north as the
2237:
1904:
199:
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district for example, is typically warmer and sunnier than adjacent areas because the surrounding hills block some of the cool fog from the
Pacific.
976:
877:'s all-time record temperature on average 79 times per year. This is in spite of the areas being less than 50 miles (80 km) from each other.
396:
In an urban area, tall buildings create their own microclimate, both by overshadowing large areas and by channeling strong winds to ground level.
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35:
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759:. This effect has important consequences for forests in the midst of a continent; indeed, if forests were not creating their own clouds and
599:
485:
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1090:, located in Yorkshire, England, is known to have a number of microclimates because of the number of valleys surrounding the city centre.
692:
conditions the cave surfaces are exposed to the enclosed air (as opposed to submerged and interacting with water from the water table in
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The speleogenetic effect is an observed and studied process of air circulation within cave environments brought on by convection. In
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If the information is appropriate for the lead of the article, this information should also be included in the body of the article.
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415:, the coastal areas stay much milder during winter months, in contrast to the hotter summers. This is the case in places such as
807:
109:
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in parks absorb light and heat in leaves that a building roof or parking lot just radiates back into the air. Advocates of
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Microclimates exist, for example, near bodies of water which may cool the local atmosphere, or in heavy urban areas where
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sooner or harder than a nearby spot uphill, because cold air sinks, a drying breeze may not reach the lowest bottom, and
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wet winter with rare frosts, but inland areas that average several degrees warmer in summer have cold and snowy winters.
124:
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9a to 9b, its inland suburbs lie in zone 8b with isolated pockets of zone 8a, restricting the cultivation of cold-hardy
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Artificial reservoirs as well as natural ones create microclimates and often influence the macroscopic climate as well.
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a few miles. In the Bay Area, for example, the average maximum temperature in July is about 64 °F (18 °C) at
1317:
1193:, the climate is drier and significantly hotter with temperatures generally around 3–7 °C (5–13 °F) above
131:
1027:, with the city being in the 7a/7b/8a USDA zones, compared to nearby cities south of it, which feature lower zones.
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inland may be up to 10 °C (18 °F) warmer than the coast, while in winter they are several degrees colder.
1259:"Microclimates hold the key to spatial forest planning under climate change: Cyanolichens in temperate rainforest"
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98:
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contribution to speleothem geochemistry. Quaternary
Science Reviews. 63. 23–41. 10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.11.016
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455:(CAP) effect are Gstettneralm Sinkhole in Austria (lowest recorded temperature −53 °C (−63 °F)) and
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usually block the cool ocean breezes and fog. Southern
California has also a weather phenomenon called "
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Muñoz
Rebolledo, M. (2011). Paisajes del agua y trayectorias del arraigo en la Patagonia chilena. CA.
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2015:
The importance of place : geographical indications as a tool for local and regional development
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conditions). This air circulates water particles that condense on cave walls and formations such as
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The area in a developed industrial park may vary greatly from a wooded park nearby, as natural
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2018:
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1767:"Estimating Watershed Biodiversity: An Empirical Study of the Chesapeake Bay in Maryland, USA"
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absorb the sun's energy, heat up, and re-radiate that heat to the ambient air: the resulting
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1147:, a commune in Italy's Pescia Valley with a microclimate considered ideal for growing the
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Junko, Morimoto; Helena, Voinov; A., Wilson, Matthew; Robert, Costanza (14 July 2017).
1189:, Australia, has a microclimate occurring prominently in the warmer months. Inland, in
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Two main parameters to define a microclimate within a certain area are temperature and
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Local set of atmospheric conditions that differ significantly from the surrounding area
2091:, Jordan: Urban expansion, social polarisation and contemporary urban planning issues"
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and supports one of the largest gardens of southern
European plants north of the Alps.
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has summer highs of 33 °C (91 °F) with inland areas further north such as
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The terminology "micro-climate" first appeared in the 1950s in publications such as
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956:
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382:
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319:(UHI) is a kind of microclimate that is additionally driven by relative paucity of
393:, however, exposes plants to more extreme temperatures in both summer and winter.
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has a summer average of 27 °C (81 °F) with warm nights, whereas nearby
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for crops that cannot thrive in the broader area; this concept is often used in
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1991:
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284:, underneath a rock, or a cave) or as large as many square kilometers. Because
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1741:"Environment Canada splits Metro Vancouver into 5 weather forecast sub-areas"
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17:
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Potter, Robert B.; Khadija Darmame; Nasim Barham; Stephen Nortcliff (2008).
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in order to create a warm air flow penetration into a CAP is the following:
420:
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724:). When the oxidized hydrosulfuric acid chemically alters to sulfuric acid(
1935:"İstanbul Bölge Müdürlüğü'ne Bağlı İstasyonlarda Ölçülen Ekstrem Değerler"
1881:"Tenerife climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time"
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R. Geiger. The climate near the ground. Harvard University Press, 1957.
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is usually much warmer in summer than most of Los Angeles, because the
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is called "Miniature Continent" for its rich variety of microclimates.
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1574:"Make it rain: Planting forests could help drought-stricken regions"
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only 25 mi (40 km) inland, and 95 °F (35 °C) at
539:{\displaystyle \mathrm {Fr} ={\frac {v}{Nh}}\geq \mathrm {Fr} _{c},}
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around tall buildings are assessed as part of a microclimate study.
1937:[Extreme Values Measured in Istanbul Regional Directorate]
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where wind shelter and sunlight reflected off the river produces a
1941:(in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service. Archived from
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contains information that is not included elsewhere in the article
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has a microclimate in which palm trees and banana trees can grow.
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1333:
Climates in Miniature: a Study of Micro-climate and Environment
1561:
from the original on Mar 24, 2024 – via Oxford Academic.
1519:"How Forests Attract Rain: An Examination of a New Hypothesis"
389:, and a sheltered position can reduce the severity of winter.
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to 1,200 millimeters (47 in) on the northern fringe at
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Another contributing factor of microclimate is the slope or
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and temporal variation of the mean values of the describing
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Climates in Miniature: A Study of Micro-Climate Environment
2104:. www.journals.elsevier.com/habitat-international: 81–92.
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Journal of Geographic Information and Decision Analysis
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Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment
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Trends in Microclimate Control of Museum Display Cases
1994:(in European Portuguese). bestweather.org. 6 July 2020
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1992:"Coastal fogs, the climate of the central littoral"
1162:, Germany is a small area on the north bank of the
1129:has a microclimate. Further north along the coast,
377:A microclimate can offer an opportunity as a small
112:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1844:"Where Palm Trees Grow in a Finger of Switzerland"
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2013:van Caenegem, William; Cleary, Jen (2017-03-27).
1517:Sheil, Douglas; Murdiyarso, Daniel (2009-04-01).
459:in the US. The main criterion on the wind speed
1057:is known for its wide variety of microclimates.
408:, or with active microclimate control devices.
2130:"Sydney/Kingsford-Smith International Airport"
1076:. Furthermore, while the city itself lies in
654:— Froude number at the threshold wind speed.
8:
1783:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
941:is also an area known for microclimates, as
2210:Climate statistics for Australian locations
2163:Climate statistics for Australian locations
2134:Climate statistics for Australian locations
670:creates a unique microclimate environment.
75:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2045:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1799:"Learn – University of Maryland Extension"
839:Cities and regions known for microclimates
1649:Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet
1552:
1534:
1432:"Mikroklima – Definition – Wissenswertes"
900:on the coast, 87 °F (31 °C) at
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240:Learn how and when to remove this message
222:Learn how and when to remove this message
172:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1602:Gardening Resources, Cornell University
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798:of an area. South-facing slopes in the
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1863:"Gran Canaria, the Miniature Continen"
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1233:Regional climate levels in viticulture
908:, just 50 mi (80 km) inland.
835:possibility of frost at ground level.
431:Sources and influences on microclimate
36:Regional climate levels in viticulture
1968:"Bitki Soğuğa ve Sıcağa Dayanıklılık"
1760:
1758:
1497:https://doi.org/10.1007/s002540050242
1314:"6 Examples of an Urban Microclimate"
1222:Cities for Climate Protection program
1110:. This phenomenon is caused by local
1102:to around 31 °C (88 °F) in
7:
891:The region as a whole, known as the
411:Usually, if the inland areas have a
110:adding citations to reliable sources
2017:. Cham, Switzerland. p. 266.
782:Environmental impact of reservoirs
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34:use of the term microclimate, see
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1848:The St Kitts & Nevis Observer
1693:US Department of Commerce, NOAA.
1668:US Department of Commerce, NOAA.
1626:. Western Regional Climate Center
1320:from the original on Sep 2, 2023.
1312:Camus, John (November 12, 2017).
1217:Climate categories in viticulture
820:humidity lingers and precipitates
647:{\displaystyle \mathrm {Fr} _{c}}
358:(Thomas Bedford Franklin, 1955).
56:This article has multiple issues.
2110:10.1016/j.habitatint.2008.05.005
1406:Wanjohi, Wakuraya (2017-11-09).
1331:Thomas Bedford Franklin (2013).
1257:Ellis, C. J.; Eaton, S. (2021).
256:Microclimate on rock located in
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86:
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1645:"ECOSTRESS maps LA's hot spots"
1005:have favourable conditions for
802:and north-facing slopes in the
97:needs additional citations for
64:or discuss these issues on the
1:
1719:"Calgary's Gardening Climate"
975:also has many microclimates.
567:{\displaystyle \mathrm {Fr} }
350:, England, latitude 50° 15'N.
737:Grotta Grande del Vento cave
1861:Andy Mossak (1 June 2013).
1463:NASA Astrobiology Institute
1335:. Literary Licensing, LLC.
622:— depth of the valley, and
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2192:www.livingin-australia.com
1572:Evans, Kate (2012-07-23).
1001:on the southern shores of
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666:close to the surface in a
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1721:. Scarboro.ca. 2008-05-05
1408:"What Is A Microclimate?"
1121:The coastal areas in the
413:humid continental climate
362:Examples of microclimates
2258:Regional climate effects
1885:www.climatestotravel.com
1817:"More than Just the Bay"
1674:National Weather Service
1578:CIFOR-ICRAF Forests News
1536:10.1525/bio.2009.59.4.12
1191:Sydney's western suburbs
1114:created by the northern
2065:Stadt Frankfurt-am-Main
1620:"Climate Of California"
1009:despite being in inner
600:Brunt–Väisälä frequency
344:Lost Gardens of Heligan
1465:. 2010. Archived from
1459:"Permafrost in Hawaii"
928:Santa Monica Mountains
893:San Francisco Bay Area
704:; a thermal cave near
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441:microscale meteorology
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338:thrive in a protected
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2214:Bureau of Meteorology
2167:Bureau of Meteorology
2138:Bureau of Meteorology
2098:Habitat International
1831:Ciudad y arquitectura
1263:Global Change Biology
1168:Mediterranean climate
1084:plants to the coasts.
763:with their efficient
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2206:"Badgerys Creek AWS"
1695:"Climate of Hawai'i"
1135:Jerez de la Frontera
1078:USDA hardiness zones
1003:General Carrera Lake
963:Halifax, Nova Scotia
939:Big Island of Hawaii
808:more direct sunlight
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276:) is a local set of
106:improve this article
1850:. December 4, 2020.
1743:. DH News Vancouver
1670:"San Diego Climate"
1436:wetter-freizeit.com
1369:2018WIREE...7E.294P
1275:2021GCBio..27.1915E
1158:(Nice) district of
924:San Fernando Valley
863:41st parallel north
850:Northern California
804:Southern Hemisphere
800:Northern Hemisphere
2188:"Sydney's Climate"
2089:Ever-growing Amman
1141:being even hotter.
861:valley around the
765:evapotranspiration
751:As pointed out by
747:Plant microclimate
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2024:978-3-319-53073-4
1803:extension.umd.edu
1283:10.1111/gcb.15514
1160:Frankfurt-am-Main
1100:São Pedro de Moel
1025:humid subtropical
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591:{\displaystyle N}
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472:{\displaystyle v}
317:urban heat island
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1269:(9): 1915–1926.
1254:
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1175:Asia and Oceania
1094:(70 °F) in
953:Calgary, Alberta
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723:
662:The presence of
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2012:
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1995:
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1915:on 4 March 2016
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1833:, (147), 44-49.
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1699:www.weather.gov
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1608:on Aug 2, 2016.
1598:"Microclimates"
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1213:
1199:Eastern Suburbs
1177:
1034:
977:North Vancouver
846:
841:
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806:are exposed to
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2077:
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2005:
1983:
1972:www.mgm.gov.tr
1959:
1948:on 24 May 2011
1926:
1909:marmara.edu.tr
1896:
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1754:
1739:Kenneth Chan.
1731:
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1529:(4): 341–347.
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1469:on 2014-12-17.
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884:downtown. The
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391:Roof gardening
379:growing region
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264:, South Africa
262:Sunrise-on-Sea
248:
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212:September 2020
196:
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121:"Microclimate"
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1026:
1023:describes as
1022:
1018:
1017:New York City
1015:
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989:
986:
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982:Fraser Valley
978:
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898:Half Moon Bay
894:
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881:San Francisco
879:
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859:Klamath River
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789:
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775:
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770:afforestation
766:
762:
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757:plant climate
754:
753:Rudolf Geiger
746:
744:
742:
741:Ancona, Italy
738:
715:
714:sulfuric acid
709:
707:
703:
702:Grotta Giusti
699:
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576:Froude number
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453:cold air pool
447:Cold air pool
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123: –
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117:Find sources:
111:
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100:
95:This article
93:
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84:
83:
78:
76:
69:
68:
63:
62:
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42:
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19:
18:Microclimates
2217:. Retrieved
2209:
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2170:. Retrieved
2162:
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1971:
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1943:the original
1929:
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1913:the original
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1899:
1888:. Retrieved
1884:
1875:
1866:
1856:
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1838:
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1793:
1779:cite journal
1770:
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1734:
1723:. Retrieved
1713:
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1698:
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1673:
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1624:Wrcc.dri.edu
1623:
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1606:the original
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1577:
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1411:
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1229:and micronet
1049:Gran Canaria
999:Los Antiguos
947:Hilo, Hawaii
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902:Walnut Creek
867:Willow Creek
833:
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750:
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687:
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548:
450:
434:
410:
402:
398:Wind effects
395:
383:permaculture
376:
372:solar energy
365:
355:
353:
342:area in the
302:
273:
270:microclimate
269:
267:
236:
218:
209:
200:lead section
198:
168:
159:
149:
142:
135:
128:
116:
104:Please help
99:verification
96:
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65:
59:
58:Please help
55:
32:viticultural
2070:24 November
1919:12 February
1363:(4): e294.
1203:sea breezes
1149:Sorana bean
1082:subtropical
1043:Switzerland
1007:agriculture
995:Chile Chico
943:Kailua-Kona
915:Los Angeles
761:water cycle
698:speleothems
457:Peter Sinks
290:statistical
278:atmospheric
2247:Categories
2219:19 January
2172:19 January
2115:2014-02-02
1977:2021-04-28
1890:2020-06-09
1725:2014-02-02
1704:2023-08-09
1679:2023-08-09
1654:2023-08-09
1630:2014-02-02
1583:2020-02-09
1523:BioScience
1417:2022-09-02
1412:WorldAtlas
1341:B00T3N7MTW
1316:. Sotoga.
1244:References
1195:Sydney CBD
1164:River Main
1125:region of
1041:region in
973:metro area
932:June Gloom
886:Noe Valley
830:Soil types
706:Monsummano
664:permafrost
406:silica gel
336:Tree ferns
327:Background
321:vegetation
298:parameters
282:garden bed
132:newspapers
61:improve it
2159:"Penrith"
2143:27 August
2041:cite book
2033:980874944
1747:March 21,
1545:0006-3568
1393:134267596
1385:2041-840X
1299:231437285
1123:Andalusia
1112:upwelling
1066:Black Sea
1011:Patagonia
969:Vancouver
919:San Diego
683:limestone
516:≥
421:Vancouver
67:talk page
2253:Agronomy
1559:Archived
1554:85905766
1318:Archived
1291:33421251
1211:See also
1104:Santarém
1074:Bahçeköy
1061:Istanbul
1055:Tenerife
971:and its
957:Chinooks
865:between
855:Lakeport
844:Americas
690:phreatic
437:humidity
419:, where
348:Cornwall
309:concrete
162:May 2015
30:For the
2061:"Nizza"
1998:10 July
1952:27 July
1365:Bibcode
1271:Bibcode
1238:Terroir
1227:Mesonet
1139:Seville
1116:Nortada
1096:Peniche
824:freezes
822:, then
658:Craters
574:is the
425:oceanic
423:has an
313:asphalt
294:spatial
286:climate
146:scholar
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1543:
1391:
1383:
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1187:Sydney
1145:Sorana
1118:winds.
1070:Florya
1039:Ticino
1032:Europe
1021:Köppen
875:Eureka
871:Eureka
796:aspect
790:Slopes
694:vadose
668:crater
598:— the
549:where
387:zoning
311:, and
148:
141:
134:
127:
119:
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1946:(PDF)
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1549:S2CID
1389:S2CID
1295:S2CID
1181:Amman
1156:Nizza
1131:Cádiz
1127:Spain
1108:Tomar
1088:Leeds
906:Tracy
816:frost
712:hydro
679:Caves
674:Caves
368:flora
346:, in
305:brick
153:JSTOR
139:books
2221:2014
2174:2014
2145:2014
2072:2023
2047:link
2029:OCLC
2019:ISBN
2000:2021
1954:2010
1921:2016
1785:link
1749:2020
1541:ISSN
1381:ISSN
1337:ASIN
1287:PMID
1197:and
1154:The
1037:The
997:and
945:and
937:The
917:and
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869:and
812:glen
776:Dams
340:dell
272:(or
125:news
2106:doi
1531:doi
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1106:or
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288:is
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