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causing a small current to flow through the carbon. One of the plates, the diaphragm, vibrates in sympathy with incident sound waves, applying a varying pressure to the carbon. The changing pressure deforms the granules, causing the contact area between each pair of adjacent granules to change, and this causes the electrical resistance of the mass of granules to change. The changes in resistance cause a corresponding change in the current flowing through the microphone, producing the electrical signal. Carbon microphones were once commonly used in telephones; they have extremely low-quality sound reproduction and a very limited frequency response range but are very robust devices. The Boudet microphone, which used relatively large carbon balls, was similar to the granule carbon button microphones.
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its directional characteristics. Other elements such as the external shape of the microphone and external devices such as interference tubes can also alter a microphone's directional response. A pure pressure-gradient microphone is equally sensitive to sounds arriving from front or back but insensitive to sounds arriving from the side because sound arriving at the front and back at the same time creates no gradient between the two. The characteristic directional pattern of a pure pressure-gradient microphone is like a figure-8. Other polar patterns are derived by creating a capsule that combines these two effects in different ways. The cardioid, for instance, features a partially closed backside, so its response is a combination of pressure and pressure-gradient characteristics.
849:, have now been introduced that eliminate those concerns and even improve the effective dynamic range of ribbon microphones at low frequencies. Protective wind screens can reduce the danger of damaging a vintage ribbon, and also reduce plosive artifacts in the recording. Properly designed wind screens produce negligible treble attenuation. In common with other classes of dynamic microphone, ribbon microphones do not require phantom power; in fact, this voltage can damage some older ribbon microphones. Some new modern ribbon microphone designs incorporate a preamplifier and, therefore, do require phantom power, and circuits of modern passive ribbon microphones (i.e. those without the aforementioned preamplifier) are specifically designed to resist damage to the ribbon and
1316:(or nondirectional) microphone's response is generally considered to be a perfect sphere in three dimensions. In the real world, this is not the case. As with directional microphones, the polar pattern for an "omnidirectional" microphone is a function of frequency. The body of the microphone is not infinitely small and, as a consequence, it tends to get in its own way with respect to sounds arriving from the rear, causing a slight flattening of the polar response. This flattening increases as the diameter of the microphone (assuming it's cylindrical) reaches the wavelength of the frequency in question. Therefore, the smallest diameter microphone gives the best omnidirectional characteristics at high frequencies.
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response of a microphone can produce a desirable coloration of the sound. There is an international standard for microphone specifications, but few manufacturers adhere to it. As a result, comparison of published data from different manufacturers is difficult because different measurement techniques are used. Caution should be used in drawing any solid conclusions from this or any other published data, however, unless it is known that the manufacturer has supplied specifications in accordance with IEC 60268-4.
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1109:(ADC) circuits on the same CMOS chip making the chip a digital microphone and so more readily integrated with modern digital products. Major manufacturers producing MEMS silicon microphones are Wolfson Microelectronics (WM7xxx) now Cirrus Logic, InvenSense (product line sold by Analog Devices), Akustica (AKU200x), Infineon (SMM310 product), Knowles Electronics, Memstech (MSMx), NXP Semiconductors (division bought by Knowles), Sonion MEMS, Vesper, AAC Acoustic Technologies, and Omron.
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2103:, and too much "sensitivity" in terms of output level compromises the clipping level. There are two common measures. The (preferred) international standard is made in millivolts per pascal at 1 kHz. A higher value indicates greater sensitivity. The older American method is referred to a 1 V/Pa standard and measured in plain decibels, resulting in a negative value. Again, a higher value indicates greater sensitivity, so −60 dB is more sensitive than −70 dB.
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2076:, which more accurately represents the way we hear noise, but gives a figure some 11–14 dB higher. A quiet microphone typically measures 20 dBA SPL or 32 dB SPL 468-weighted. Very quiet microphones have existed for years for special applications, such the Brüel & Kjaer 4179, with a noise level around 0 dB SPL. Recently some microphones with low noise specifications have been introduced in the studio/entertainment market, such as models from
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the reflections from that surface have the same timing as the direct sound, thus giving the microphone a hemispherical polar pattern and improved intelligibility. Initially, this was done by placing an ordinary microphone adjacent to the surface, sometimes in a block of acoustically transparent foam. Sound engineers Ed Long and Ron
Wickersham developed the concept of placing the diaphragm parallel to and facing the boundary. While the patent has expired,
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telephone lines, power loss needed to be minimal so source and load impedances were matched. A downside to impedance matching is the 6 dB loss in signal that occurs as only half the voltage level appears at the pre-amplifier's input. Certain ribbon and dynamic microphones however are exceptions, due to the designers' assumption of a certain load impedance being part of the internal electro-acoustical damping circuit of the microphone.
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1716:. The microphone commonly consists of a magnetic (moving coil) transducer, contact plate and contact pin. The contact plate is placed directly on the vibrating part of a musical instrument or other surface, and the contact pin transfers vibrations to the coil. Contact microphones have been used to pick up the sound of a snail's heartbeat and the footsteps of ants. A portable version of this microphone has recently been developed. A
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been combined, sounds other than the intended source are greatly reduced, substantially increasing intelligibility. Other noise-canceling designs use one diaphragm that is affected by ports open to the sides and rear of the microphone, with the sum being a 16 dB rejection of sounds that are farther away. One noise-canceling headset design using a single diaphragm has been used prominently by vocal artists such as
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purpose since the fibers produce micro-turbulence and absorb energy silently. If not matted by wind and rain, the fur fibers are very transparent acoustically, but the woven or knitted backing can give significant attenuation. As a material, it suffers from being difficult to manufacture with consistency and is hard to keep in pristine condition on location. Thus there is an interest in moving away from its use.
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923:, which is a piezoelectric crystal that works as a transducer, both as a microphone and as a slimline loudspeaker component. Crystal microphones were once commonly supplied with vacuum tube (valve) equipment, such as domestic tape recorders. Their high output impedance matched the high input impedance (typically about 10 MΩ) of the vacuum tube input stage well. They were difficult to match to early
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887:, making long-distance phone calls possible in the era before vacuum tubes. Called a Brown's relay, these repeaters worked by mechanically coupling a magnetic telephone receiver to a carbon microphone: the faint signal from the receiver was transferred to the microphone, where it modulated a stronger electric current, producing a stronger electrical signal to send down the line.
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use by
Alexander Graham Bell for his telephone and Berliner became employed by Bell. The carbon microphone was critical in the development of telephony, broadcasting and the recording industries. Thomas Edison refined the carbon microphone into his carbon-button transmitter of 1886. This microphone was employed at the first radio broadcast ever, a performance at the New York
1342:(lobar) illustrates a number of these patterns. The microphone faces upwards in each diagram. The sound intensity for a particular frequency is plotted for angles radially from 0 to 360°. (Professional diagrams show these scales and include multiple plots at different frequencies. The diagrams given here provide only an overview of typical pattern shapes, and their names.)
1012:. They have proven especially useful in medical applications, such as allowing radiologists, staff and patients within the powerful and noisy magnetic field to converse normally, inside the MRI suites as well as in remote control rooms. Other uses include industrial equipment monitoring and audio calibration and measurement, high-fidelity recording and law enforcement.
1105:(microelectromechanical systems) microphone is also called a microphone chip or silicon microphone. A pressure-sensitive diaphragm is etched directly into a silicon wafer by MEMS processing techniques and is usually accompanied with an integrated preamplifier. Most MEMS microphones are variants of the condenser microphone design. Digital MEMS microphones have built-in
1366:). The cardioid family of microphones are commonly used as vocal or speech microphones since they are good at rejecting sounds from other directions. In three dimensions, the cardioid is shaped like an apple centered around the microphone, which is the "stem" of the apple. The cardioid response reduces pickup from the side and rear, helping to avoid feedback from the
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delays, and so can be considered the "purest" microphones in terms of low coloration; they add very little to the original sound. Being pressure-sensitive they can also have a very flat low-frequency response down to 20 Hz or below. Pressure-sensitive microphones also respond much less to wind noise and plosives than directional (velocity sensitive) microphones.
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greater extent. Increasing the thickness of the material improves wind attenuation but also begins to compromise high-frequency audio content. This limits the practical size of simple foam screens. While foams and wire meshes can be partly or wholly self-supporting, soft fabrics and gauzes require stretching on frames or laminating with coarser structural elements.
469:—capacitors were historically called condensers. The diaphragm acts as one plate of a capacitor, and audio vibrations produce changes in the distance between the plates. Because the capacitance of the plates is inversely proportional to the distance between them, the vibrations produce changes in capacitance. These changes in capacitance are used to measure the
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voltage. The voltage difference between the bias and the capacitor is seen across the series resistor. The voltage across the resistor is amplified for performance or recording. In most cases, the electronics in the microphone itself contribute no voltage gain as the voltage differential is quite significant, up to several volts for high sound levels.
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1961:. In this configuration the output impedance of the microphone should be negligible in comparison with the input impedance of the pre-amplifier (in practice a pre-amp impedance at least 10 times greater than the microphone impedance is recommended). By doing so, the signal is attenuated minimally and almost no power is used in the process.
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consists of a vibrating diaphragm and an electrified magnet with a spiral wire that wraps around it. The vibrating diaphragm alters the current of the magnet. These alterations of current, transmitted to the other end of the wire, create analogous vibrations of the receiving diaphragm and reproduce the word."
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While a boundary microphone was initially implemented using an omnidirectional element, it is also possible to mount a directional microphone close enough to the surface to gain some of the benefits of this technique while retaining the directional properties of the element. Crown's trademark on this
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are the most highly directional of simple first-order unidirectional types. At low frequencies, they have the classic polar response of a hypercardioid, while at medium and higher frequencies an interference tube gives them an increased forward response. This is achieved by a process of cancellation
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between a fixed internal volume of air and the environment and responds uniformly to pressure from all directions, so it is said to be omnidirectional. A pressure-gradient microphone uses a diaphragm that is at least partially open on both sides. The pressure difference between the two sides produces
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The carbon microphone was the earliest type of microphone. The carbon button microphone (or sometimes just a button microphone), uses a capsule or button containing carbon granules pressed between two metal plates like the
Berliner and Edison microphones. A voltage is applied across the metal plates,
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Depending on the application, measurement microphones must be tested periodically (every year or several months, typically) and after any potentially damaging event, such as being dropped (most such microphones come in foam-padded cases to reduce this risk) or exposed to sounds beyond the acceptable
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male connector, rather than producing an analog output. Digital microphones may be used either with new equipment with appropriate input connections that conform to the AES42 standard, or else via a suitable interface box. Studio-quality microphones that operate in accordance with the AES42 standard
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Some microphones use other connectors, such as a 5-pin XLR, or mini XLR for connection to portable equipment. Some lavalier (or "lapel", from the days of attaching the microphone to the news reporter's suit lapel) microphones use a proprietary connector for connection to a wireless transmitter, such
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or are processed electronically. In dual diaphragm designs, the main diaphragm is mounted closest to the intended source and the second is positioned farther away from the source so that it can pick up environmental sounds to be subtracted from the main diaphragm's signal. After the two signals have
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Several approaches have been developed for effectively using a microphone in less-than-ideal acoustic spaces, which often suffer from excessive reflections from one or more of the surfaces (boundaries) that make up the space. If the microphone is placed in, or very close to, one of these boundaries,
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has several externally adjustable positions of the internal baffle, allowing the selection of several response patterns ranging from "figure-eight" to "unidirectional". Such older ribbon microphones, some of which still provide high-quality sound reproduction, were once valued for this reason, but a
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Ribbon microphones use a thin, usually corrugated metal ribbon suspended in a magnetic field. The ribbon is electrically connected to the microphone's output, and its vibration within the magnetic field generates the electrical signal. Ribbon microphones are similar to moving coil microphones in the
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Microphones containing active circuitry, such as most condenser microphones, require power to operate the active components. The first of these used vacuum-tube circuits with a separate power supply unit, using a multi-pin cable and connector. With the advent of solid-state amplification, the power
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in free air. On August 25, 2009, U.S. patent 7,580,533 issued for a
Particulate Flow Detection Microphone based on a laser-photocell pair with a moving stream of smoke or vapor in the laser beam's path. Sound pressure waves cause disturbances in the smoke that in turn cause variations in the amount
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are often portrayed in movies as spy gadgets because they can be used to pick up sound at a distance from the microphone equipment. A laser beam is aimed at the surface of a window or other plane surface that is affected by sound. The vibrations of this surface change the angle at which the beam is
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in the US. Although Edison was awarded the first patent (after a long legal dispute) in mid-1877, Hughes had demonstrated his working device in front of many witnesses some years earlier, and most historians credit him with its invention. The
Berliner microphone found commercial success through the
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the variations are, nor in what parts of the spectrum they occur. Note that commonly made statements such as "20 Hz–20 kHz" are meaningless without a decibel measure of tolerance. Directional microphones' frequency response varies greatly with distance from the sound source, and with the
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Various standard techniques are used with microphones used in sound reinforcement at live performances, or for recording in a studio or on a motion picture set. By suitable arrangement of one or more microphones, desirable features of the sound to be collected can be kept, while rejecting unwanted
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is made for hands-free operation. These small microphones are worn on the body. Originally, they were held in place with a lanyard worn around the neck, but more often they are fastened to clothing with a clip, pin, tape or magnet. The lavalier cord may be hidden by clothes and either run to an RF
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The cardioid is effectively a superposition of an omnidirectional (pressure) and a figure-8 (pressure gradient) microphone; for sound waves coming from the back, the negative signal from the figure-8 cancels the positive signal from the omnidirectional element, whereas, for sound waves coming from
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The wavelength of sound at 10 kHz is 1.4" (3.5 cm). The smallest measuring microphones are often 1/4" (6 mm) in diameter, which practically eliminates directionality even up to the highest frequencies. Omnidirectional microphones, unlike cardioids, do not employ resonant cavities as
833:. Though the symmetrical front and rear pickup can be a nuisance in normal stereo recording, the high side rejection can be used to advantage by positioning a ribbon microphone horizontally, for example above cymbals, so that the rear lobe picks up sound only from the cymbals. Crossed figure 8, or
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across the coil through electromagnetic induction. A single dynamic membrane does not respond linearly to all audio frequencies. For this reason, some microphones utilize multiple membranes for the different parts of the audio spectrum and then combine the resulting signals. Combining the multiple
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that modulates the frequency of the oscillator signal. Demodulation yields a low-noise audio frequency signal with a very low source impedance. The absence of a high bias voltage permits the use of a diaphragm with looser tension, which may be used to achieve wider frequency response due to higher
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Within the time frame of the capacitance change (as much as 50 ms at 20 Hz audio signal), the charge is practically constant and the voltage across the capacitor changes instantaneously to reflect the change in capacitance. The voltage across the capacitor varies above and below the bias
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Since turbulence at a surface is the source of wind noise, reducing gross turbulence can add to noise reduction. Both aerodynamically smooth surfaces, and ones that prevent powerful vortices being generated, have been used successfully. Historically, artificial fur has proved very useful for this
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Since all wind noise is generated at the first surface the air hits, the greater the spacing between the shield periphery and microphone capsule, the greater the noise attenuation. For an approximately spherical shield, attenuation increases by (approximately) the cube of that distance. With full
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In order to speak to larger groups of people, a need arose to increase the volume of the human voice. The earliest devices used to achieve this were acoustic megaphones. Some of the first examples, from fifth-century-BC Greece, were theater masks with horn-shaped mouth openings that acoustically
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over a range of frequencies (typically 20 Hz to 20 kHz), generally for perfectly on-axis sound (sound arriving at 0° to the capsule). Frequency response may be less informatively stated textually like so: "30 Hz–16 kHz ±3 dB". This is interpreted as meaning a nearly
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Different microphones can have vastly different impedances and this depends on the design. In passive microphones, this value relates closely to the impedance of the coil (or similar mechanism). In active microphones, this value describes the output impedance of its internal amplifier circuitry.
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During operation, light from a laser source travels through an optical fiber to illuminate the surface of a reflective diaphragm. Sound vibrations of the diaphragm modulate the intensity of light reflecting off the diaphragm in a specific direction. The modulated light is then transmitted over a
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The shielding material used – wire gauze, fabric or foam – is designed to have a significant acoustic impedance. The relatively low particle-velocity air pressure changes that constitute sound waves can pass through with minimal attenuation, but higher particle-velocity wind is impeded to a far
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In a plasma microphone, a plasma arc of ionized gas is used. The sound waves cause variations in the pressure around the plasma in turn causing variations in temperature which alter the conductance of the plasma. These variations in conductance can be picked up as variations superimposed on the
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to making a microphone. Over the years these microphones were developed by several companies, most notably RCA that made large advancements in pattern control, to give the microphone directionality. With television and film technology booming there was a demand for high-fidelity microphones and
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Sensitivity indicates how well the microphone converts acoustic pressure to an output voltage. A high sensitivity microphone creates more voltage and so needs less amplification at the mixer or recording device. This is a practical concern but is not directly an indication of the microphone's
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responses. Additionally, microphones are not uniformly sensitive to sound pressure and can accept differing levels without distorting. Although for scientific applications microphones with a more uniform response are desirable, this is often not the case for music recording, as the non-uniform
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A loudspeaker, a transducer that turns an electrical signal into sound waves, is the functional opposite of a microphone. Since a conventional speaker is similar in construction to a dynamic microphone (with a diaphragm, coil and magnet), speakers can actually work "in reverse" as microphones.
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noise level is the sound level that creates the same output voltage as the microphone does in the absence of sound. This represents the lowest point of the microphone's dynamic range, and is particularly important should you wish to record sounds that are quiet. The measure is often stated in
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Microphones are categorized by their transducer principle (condenser, dynamic, etc.) and by their directional characteristics (omni, cardioid, etc.). Sometimes other characteristics such as diaphragm size, intended use or orientation of the principal sound input to the principal axis (end- or
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developed a dynamic microphone based on the generation of electric current by moving a coil of wire to various depths in a magnetic field. This method of modulation was also the most enduring method for the technology of the telephone as well. Speaking of his device, Meucci wrote in 1857, "It
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Some microphones are intended for testing speakers, measuring noise levels and otherwise quantifying an acoustic experience. These are calibrated transducers and are usually supplied with a calibration certificate that states absolute sensitivity against frequency. The quality of measurement
1964:
The main alternative to impedance bridging is impedance matching which maximizes power transfer for a given source impedance. However, this has not been relevant since the early 20th century when amplifiers were very expensive and produced a lot of heat. To reduce the number of amplifiers in
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or T-power and DIN 45596 for phantom power. Since the 1980s, phantom power has become much more common, because the same input may be used for both powered and unpowered microphones. In consumer electronics such as DSLRs and camcorders, "plug-in power" is more common, for microphones using a
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Due to their good performance and ease of manufacture, hence low cost, the vast majority of microphones made today are electret microphones; a semiconductor manufacturer estimates annual production at over one billion units. They are used in many applications, from high-quality recording and
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to act as a microphone. A commercial product example is the Yamaha
Subkick, a 6.5-inch (170 mm) woofer shock-mounted into a 10" drum shell used in front of kick drums. Since a relatively massive membrane is unable to transduce high frequencies while being capable of tolerating strong
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microphone is similar to cardioid, but with a slightly larger figure-8 contribution, leading to a tighter area of front sensitivity and a smaller lobe of rear sensitivity. It is produced by combining the two components in a 3:1 ratio, producing nulls at 109.5°. This ratio maximizes the
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compliance. The RF biasing process results in a lower electrical impedance capsule, a useful by-product of which is that RF condenser microphones can be operated in damp weather conditions that could create problems in DC-biased microphones with contaminated insulating surfaces. The
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second optical fiber to a photodetector, which transforms the intensity-modulated light into analog or digital audio for transmission or recording. Fiber-optic microphones possess high dynamic and frequency range, similar to the best high fidelity conventional microphones.
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requirements were greatly reduced and it became practical to use the same cable conductors and connector for audio and power. During the 1960s several powering methods were developed, mainly in Europe. The two dominant methods were initially defined in German DIN 45595 as
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added. A sound wave caused the diaphragm to move, forcing a needle to move up and down in the water. The electrical resistance between the wire and the cup was then inversely proportional to the size of the water meniscus around the submerged needle. Elisha Gray filed a
1295:(SPL) is generated from that point. How the physical body of the microphone is oriented relative to the diagrams depends on the microphone design. For large-membrane microphones such as in the Oktava (pictured above), the upward direction in the polar diagram is usually
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equipment and were quickly supplanted by dynamic microphones for a time, and later small electret condenser devices. The high impedance of the crystal microphone made it very susceptible to handling noise, both from the microphone itself and from the connecting cable.
1001:. The distance between the microphone's light source and its photodetector may be up to several kilometers without need for any preamplifier or another electrical device, making fiber-optic microphones suitable for industrial and surveillance acoustic monitoring.
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or from a small battery. Power is necessary for establishing the capacitor plate voltage and is also needed to power the microphone electronics. Condenser microphones are also available with two diaphragms that can be electrically connected to provide a range of
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in pressure between front and back; since sound arriving from the side reaches front and back equally there is no difference in pressure and therefore no sensitivity to sound from that direction. In more mathematical terms, while omnidirectional microphones are
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The dynamic range of a microphone is the difference in SPL between the noise floor and the maximum SPL. If stated on its own, for example, "120 dB", it conveys significantly less information than having the self-noise and maximum SPL figures individually.
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1370:. Since these directional transducer microphones achieve their patterns by sensing pressure gradient, putting them very close to the sound source (at distances of a few centimeters) results in a bass boost due to the increased gradient. This is known as the
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use a comparatively low RF voltage, generated by a low-noise oscillator. The signal from the oscillator may either be amplitude modulated by the capacitance changes produced by the sound waves moving the capsule diaphragm, or the capsule may be part of a
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entirely enclose the microphone and protect its body as well. The latter is important because, given the extreme low-frequency content of wind noise, vibration induced in the housing of the microphone can contribute substantially to the noise output.
556:. A nearly constant charge is maintained on the capacitor. As the capacitance changes, the charge across the capacitor does change very slightly, but at audible frequencies it is sensibly constant. The capacitance of the capsule (around 5 to 100
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Early microphones did not produce intelligible speech, until
Alexander Graham Bell made improvements including a variable-resistance microphone/transmitter. Bell's liquid transmitter consisted of a metal cup filled with water with a small amount of
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to the microphone body, commonly known as "side fire" or "side address". For small diaphragm microphones such as the Shure (also pictured above), it usually extends from the axis of the microphone commonly known as "end fire" or "top/end address".
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Condenser microphones span the range from telephone mouthpieces through inexpensive karaoke microphones to high-fidelity recording microphones. They generally produce a high-quality audio signal and are now the popular choice in laboratory and
2091:(THD) figure usually quoted under max SPL is really a very mild level of distortion, quite inaudible especially on brief high peaks. Clipping is much more audible. For some microphones, the clipping level may be much higher than the max SPL.
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basket windshields there is an additional pressure chamber effect, first explained by Joerg Wuttke, which, for two-port (pressure gradient) microphones, allows the shield and microphone combination to act as a high-pass acoustic filter.
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of a permanent magnet, is attached to the diaphragm. When sound enters through the windscreen of the microphone, the sound wave moves the diaphragm. When the diaphragm vibrates, the coil moves in the magnetic field, producing a varying
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in the United States, which most commonly calibrate using the reciprocity primary standard. Measurement microphones calibrated using this method can then be used to calibrate other microphones using comparison calibration techniques.
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A contact microphone picks up vibrations directly from a solid surface or object, as opposed to sound vibrations carried through air. One use for this is to detect sounds of a very low level, such as those from small objects or
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Some microphone designs combine several principles in creating the desired polar pattern. This ranges from shielding (meaning diffraction/dissipation/absorption) by the housing itself to electronically combining dual membranes.
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There are two main categories of condenser microphones, depending on the method of extracting the audio signal from the transducer: DC-biased microphones, and radio frequency (RF) or high frequency (HF) condenser microphones.
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is a variant of the contact microphone that picks up speech directly from a person's throat, which it is strapped to. This lets the device be used in areas with ambient sounds that would otherwise make the speaker inaudible.
1424:"Figure-8" or bi-directional microphones receive sound equally from both the front and back of the element. Most ribbon microphones are of this pattern. In principle they do not respond to sound pressure at all, only to the
2286:– the terms are interchangeable) provide a method of reducing the effect of wind on microphones. While pop-screens give protection from unidirectional blasts, foam "hats" shield wind into the grille from all directions, and
1112:
More recently, since the 2010s, there has been increased interest and research into making piezoelectric MEMS microphones which are a significant architectural and material change from existing condenser style MEMS designs.
682:(lapel mic) use to built-in microphones in small sound recording devices and telephones. Prior to the proliferation of MEMS microphones, nearly all cell-phone, computer, PDA and headset microphones were electret types.
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for a version using a brass rod instead of the needle. Other minor variations and improvements were made to the liquid microphone by
Majoranna, Chambers, Vanni, Sykes, and Elisha Gray, and one version was patented by
882:
Unlike other microphone types, the carbon microphone can also be used as a type of amplifier, using a small amount of sound energy to control a larger amount of electrical energy. Carbon microphones found use as early
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signals correctly is difficult; designs that do this are rare and tend to be expensive. On the other hand, there are several designs that are more specifically aimed towards isolated parts of the audio spectrum. The
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applications. The inherent suitability of this technology is due to the very small mass that must be moved by the incident sound wave compared to other microphone types that require the sound wave to do more work.
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of off-axis waves entering the longitudinal array of slots. A consequence of this technique is the presence of some rear lobes that vary in level and angle with frequency and can cause some coloration effects.
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in 1903. These were the first working microphones, but they were not practical for commercial application. The famous first phone conversation between Bell and Watson took place using a liquid microphone.
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microphones may be measured with different sound sources and distances, but there is no standard and therefore no way to compare data from different models unless the measurement technique is described.
1748:) does with radio waves. Typical uses of this microphone, which has unusually focused front sensitivity and can pick up sounds from many meters away, include nature recording, outdoor sporting events,
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allows direct connection to PCs. Electronics in these microphones powered over the USB connection performs preamplification and ADC before the digital audio data is transferred via the USB interface.
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to amplify sound from acoustic musical instruments, to sense drum hits, for triggering electronic samples, and to record sound in challenging environments, such as underwater under high pressure.
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quality, and in fact the term sensitivity is something of a misnomer, "transduction gain" being perhaps more meaningful, (or just "output level") because true sensitivity is generally set by the
975:
microphone converts acoustic waves into electrical signals by sensing changes in light intensity, instead of sensing changes in capacitance or magnetic fields as with conventional microphones.
2068:, which is the equivalent loudness of the noise on a decibel scale frequency-weighted for how the ear hears, for example: "15 dBA SPL" (SPL means sound pressure level relative to 20
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A microphone's directionality or polar pattern indicates how sensitive it is to sounds arriving at different angles about its central axis. The polar patterns illustrated above represent the
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transducers responding to the gradient along an axis normal to the plane of the diaphragm. This also has the effect of inverting the output polarity for sounds arriving from the back side.
697:(PCs), sometimes called multimedia microphones, use a 3.5 mm plug as usually used for stereo connections; the ring, instead of carrying the signal for a second channel, carries power.
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and Røde that advertise noise levels between 5–7 dBA. Typically this is achieved by altering the frequency response of the capsule and electronics to result in lower noise within the
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microphone is similar to a hyper-cardioid, except there is more front pickup and less rear pickup. It is produced with about a 5:3 ratio, with nulls at 126.9°. This ratio maximizes the
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of laser light reaching the photodetector. A prototype of the device was demonstrated at the 127th Audio
Engineering Society convention in New York City from 9 through October 12, 2009.
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1381:
By combining the two components in different ratios, any pattern between omni and figure-8 can be achieved, which comprise the first-order cardioid family. Common shapes include:
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flat, linear, plot between the stated frequencies, with variations in amplitude of no more than plus or minus 3 dB. However, one cannot determine from this information how
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1760:. Parabolic microphones are not typically used for standard recording applications, because they tend to have a poor low-frequency response as a side effect of their design.
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Low impedance is considered under 600 Ω. Medium impedance is considered between 600 Ω and 10 kΩ. High impedance is above 10 kΩ. Owing to their built-in
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A Sony parabolic reflector, without a microphone. The microphone would face the reflector surface and sound captured by the reflector would bounce towards the microphone.
845:
good low-frequency response could be obtained only when the ribbon was suspended very loosely, which made them relatively fragile. Modern ribbon materials, including new
2363:"Dead cat" and a "dead kitten" windscreens. The dead kitten covers a stereo microphone for a DSLR camera. The difference in name is due to the size of the enclosure.
3606:
3129:
1957:, signals are generally transferred as varying voltages and this is also the case for microphones. To obtain the highest signal amplitude one uses a method called
1953:
must be known. Impedance is a frequency-dependent electrical characteristic, measured in ohms (Ω), that relates voltage to current. When not concerned with
2173:
1416:
Three such cardioid microphones/hydrophones could be orthogonally oriented as a collocated triad to improve the gain and also create a steerable beam pattern.
1135:
applies, so the resulting microphone has the same impairments as a single-driver loudspeaker: limited low- and high-end frequency response, poorly controlled
840:
Other directional patterns are produced by enclosing one side of the ribbon in an acoustic trap or baffle, allowing sound to reach only one side. The classic
2021:
Because of differences in their construction, microphones have their own characteristic responses to sound. This difference in response produces non-uniform
986:
immunity). The fiber-optic microphone design is therefore ideal for use in areas where conventional microphones are ineffective or dangerous, such as inside
4919:
3439:
1374:. The SM58 has been the most commonly used microphone for live vocals for more than 50 years demonstrating the importance and popularity of cardioid mics.
4509:
4299:
3217:
1708:
to a nearby receiver connected to the sound system, but it can also use infrared waves if the transmitter and receiver are within sight of each other.
230:") that used a metallic strip attached to a vibrating membrane that would produce intermittent current. Better results were achieved in 1876 with the "
4334:
1935:. Since 2005, professional-quality microphones with USB connections have begun to appear, designed for direct recording into computer-based software.
919:—the ability of some materials to produce a voltage when subjected to pressure—to convert vibrations into an electrical signal. An example of this is
829:
below) pattern because the ribbon is open on both sides. Also, because the ribbon has much less mass it responds to the air velocity rather than the
278:
1920: inch mini) TRS (tip, ring and sleeve) stereo (also available as TS mono) mini phone plug on prosumer camera, recorder and computer microphones.
3552:
502:, such as cardioid, omnidirectional, and figure-eight. It is also possible to vary the pattern continuously with some microphones, for example, the
2949:
2916:
5030:
646:
in 1962. The externally applied charge used for a conventional condenser microphone is replaced by a permanent charge in an electret material. An
2807:
2123:
microphones is often referred to using the designations "Class 1," "Type 2," etc., which are references not to microphone specifications but to
2000:, defines a digital interface for microphones. Microphones conforming to this standard directly output a digital audio stream through an XLR or
1171:
low-frequency transients, the speaker is often ideal for picking up the kick drum while reducing bleed from the nearby cymbals and snare drums.
2138:
or sound power measurements require pressure-gradient measurements, which are typically made using arrays of at least two microphones, or with
3005:
4980:
4117:
3414:
2860:
Fagen, M.D. A History of
Engineering and Science in the Bell System: The Early Years (1875–1925). New York: Bell Telephone Laboratories, 1975
2329:
2177:
1041:
of the reflected beam. The former implementation is a tabletop experiment; the latter requires an extremely stable laser and precise optics.
4068:
5568:
3770:
Sena, E. De; Hacihabiboglu, H.; Cvetkovic, Z. (January 2012). "On the Design and Implementation of Higher Order Differential Microphones".
1143:. In practical use, speakers are sometimes used as microphones in applications where high bandwidth and sensitivity are not needed such as
997:
Fiber-optic microphones are robust, resistant to environmental changes in heat and moisture, and can be produced for any directionality or
564:
to tens of GΩ) form a filter that is high-pass for the audio signal, and low-pass for the bias voltage. Note that the time constant of an
3714:
3483:
1093:
2771:
604:
MKH series of microphones use the RF biasing technique. A covert, remotely energized application of the same physical principle called
5023:
2165:
2151:
3088:
4529:
3819:
3751:
2879:
2680:
1612:
1594:
1528:
1478:
411:
1763:
A stereo microphone integrates two microphones in one unit to produce a stereophonic signal. A stereo microphone is often used for
982:
Fiber-optic microphones do not react to or influence any electrical, magnetic, electrostatic or radioactive fields (this is called
1378:
the front, the two add to each other. However, in low frequencies a cardioid microphone behaves as an omnidirectional microphone.
5604:
5594:
4344:
3693:
3674:
2164:
measurement microphones. This service is offered by some microphone manufacturers and by independent certified testing labs. All
837:, stereo recording is gaining in popularity, and the figure-eight response of a ribbon microphone is ideal for that application.
187:
4002:, Long, Edward M. & Wickersham, Ronald J., "Pressure recording process and device", published 1982-11-30
3169:
943:
are generally piezoelectric devices that contact the strings passing over the saddle. This type of microphone is different from
4514:
2979:
2607:
1260:
3885:"A Triad of Cardioid Sensors in Orthogonal Orientation and Spatial Collocation – Its Spatial-Matched-Filter-Type Beam-Pattern"
242:– the diaphragm was attached to a conductive rod in an acid solution. These systems, however, gave a very poor sound quality.
5609:
4292:
2697:
1954:
1572:
1412:
microphone has no null points. It is produced with about 7:3 ratio with 3–10 dB level between the front and back pickup.
1102:
1088:
393:
3550:
Akino, Hiroshi; Shimokawa, Hirofumi; Kikutani, Tadashi; Green, Jackie (April 2014). "On the Study of the Ionic Microphone".
2111:
4023:
3461:
1697:
transmitter in a pocket or clipped to a belt (for mobile use), or run directly to the mixer (for stationary applications).
5558:
4699:
4324:
3939:"Cardioid microphones/hydrophones in a collocated and orthogonal triad—A steerable beamformer with no beam-pointing error"
3610:
1180:
867:
534:
maintained across the capacitor plates changes with the vibrations in the air, according to the capacitance equation (C =
2554:
5599:
5426:
5397:
4894:
4719:
4636:
4560:
4398:
3137:
2225:
1836:
3.5 mm phone plug connector. Phantom, T-power and plug-in power are described in international standard IEC 61938.
1367:
1198:
983:
605:
154:
Several types of microphone are used today, which employ different methods to convert the air pressure variations of a
5223:
5165:
4914:
4329:
2761:
Wile, Frederic Willam 1926 Emile Berliner: Maker of the Microphone, The Bobbs-Merrill Company Publishers, Indianapolis
1568:
1464:
1179:
The inner elements of a microphone are the primary source of differences in directivity. A pressure microphone uses a
1106:
959:
389:
20:
1557:
3389:
1704:
transmits the audio as a radio or optical signal rather than via a cable. It usually sends its signal using a small
1248:
1236:
670:; a static charge is embedded in an electret by the alignment of the static charges in the material, much the way a
5402:
4661:
4570:
1779:
1775:) for stereophonic recording. Some such microphones have an adjustable angle of coverage between the two channels.
1009:
991:
944:
936:
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where it would be impractical to configure two separate condenser microphones in a classic X-Y configuration (see
1576:
1561:
1030:
reflected, and the motion of the laser spot from the returning beam is detected and converted to an audio signal.
853:
by phantom power. Also there are new ribbon materials available that are immune to wind blasts and phantom power.
382:
5216:
4884:
4782:
4762:
4603:
4428:
4367:
4285:
3323:, Alexander Paritsky and Alexander Kots, "Small Optical Microphone/Sensor", published October 8, 2002
2134:; they exhibit an omnidirectional response, limited only by the scattering profile of their physical dimensions.
2088:
2073:
1997:
1894: in (6.35 mm) TS (tip and sleeve) phone connector. Harmonica microphones commonly use a high impedance
1140:
1132:
920:
841:
763:
4041:
Multimedia Systems – Guide to the Recommended Characteristics of Analogue Interfaces to Achieve Interoperability
2127:. A more comprehensive standard for the description of measurement microphone performance was recently adopted.
5614:
5533:
5446:
5419:
5390:
5153:
5005:
4975:
1371:
1210:
766:. They are robust, relatively inexpensive and resistant to moisture. This, coupled with their potentially high
1158:
However, there is at least one practical application that exploits those weaknesses: the use of a medium-size
731:
303:. In 1923, the first practical moving coil microphone was built. The Marconi-Sykes magnetophone, developed by
3274:
5476:
5471:
5359:
5332:
4393:
3743:
Eargle's The Microphone Book: From Mono to Stereo to Surround – A Guide to Microphone Design and Application
3248:
1907:
1881:
686:
639:
2608:"An Early History of the Telephone: 1664–1866: Robert Hooke's Acoustic Experiments and Acoustic Inventions"
1844:
3151:
2926:
1272:
821:
sense that both produce sound by means of magnetic induction. Basic ribbon microphones detect sound in a
5366:
4651:
4565:
2957:
2500:
2156:
To take a scientific measurement with a microphone, its precise sensitivity must be known (in volts per
1391:
1222:
685:
Unlike other capacitor microphones, they require no polarizing voltage, but often contain an integrated
235:
167:
144:
96:
3191:
2625:
2047:
geometry of the sound source. IEC 60268-4 specifies that frequency response should be measured in
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3320:
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3950:
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2414:
1973:
1950:
1832:
1794:. Many noise-canceling microphones combine signals received from two diaphragms that are in opposite
1733:
1292:
1044:
A new type of laser microphone is a device that uses a laser beam and smoke or vapor to detect sound
767:
208:
163:
3107:
2442:, dating to the 1920s, for the abbreviated casual name—following the same orthographic principle as
493:
Condenser microphones require a power source, provided either via microphone inputs on equipment as
441:
5228:
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4248:
3013:
2528:
2242:
2212:
2139:
1816:
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2077:
2034:
1958:
1944:
1787:
1075:
998:
932:
340:
295:
with RCA Varacoustic MI-6203 ribbon microphones broadcast to troops overseas during World War II.
175:
159:
136:
3862:
2555:"Everyone is blasting Trump for writing 'mike' instead of 'mic' — but here's why Trump is right"
1193:
Microphone polar sensitivity. Microphone is parallel to the page facing upwards in each diagram.
4200:
5376:
5240:
5138:
5050:
4714:
4598:
4575:
4436:
4113:
3966:
3815:
3747:
3718:
2875:
2676:
2419:
2228:(e.g. military use to locate the source(s) of artillery fire). Aircraft location and tracking.
2124:
2072:). The lower the number the better. Some microphone manufacturers state the noise level using
1786:
cockpits where they are normally installed as boom microphones on headsets. Another use is in
1741:
1717:
1705:
1288:
964:
862:
804:
694:
643:
319:
261:
253:
104:
84:
4267:
2017:
A comparison of the far field on-axis frequency response of the Oktava 319 and the Shure SM58
5211:
5102:
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4641:
4486:
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4316:
4308:
3958:
3904:
3779:
3561:
3294:
3240:
3069:
3052:
Sessler, G.M.; West, J.E. (1962). "Self-Biased Condenser Microphone with High Capacitance".
2778:
2455:
2198:
2169:
2060:
1988:
Neumann D-01 digital microphone and Neumann DMI-8 8-channel USB Digital Microphone Interface
1430:
1058:
1026:
1021:
916:
871:
712:
706:
671:
596:
486:
54:
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1993:
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2135:
1768:
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1434:
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655:
635:
288:
108:
1740:
to collect and focus sound waves onto a microphone receiver, in much the same way that a
1033:
In a more robust and expensive implementation, the returned light is split and fed to an
3954:
3900:
3290:
3236:
3065:
2672:
Oliver Heaviside: The Life, Work, and Times of an Electrical Genius of the Victorian Age
2013:
809:
5436:
5337:
5107:
5090:
4899:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4808:
4626:
4621:
4357:
4103:
2218:
2160:). Since this may change over the lifetime of the device, it is necessary to regularly
1745:
1034:
951:, which use magnetic induction, rather than mechanical coupling, to pick up vibration.
830:
782:
778:
746:
347:
336:
327:
323:
299:
In 1916, E.C. Wente of Western Electric developed the next breakthrough with the first
269:
227:
215:
100:
32:
3938:
3690:
3671:
3511:
1984:
1976:, condenser microphones typically have an output impedance between 50 and 200 Ω.
1637:
The interference tube of a shotgun microphone. The capsule is at the base of the tube.
1433:
transducers responding to pressure from any direction, bi-directional microphones are
1338:
A unidirectional microphone is primarily sensitive to sounds from only one direction.
5583:
5538:
5508:
5324:
5250:
5203:
5148:
5143:
5095:
4986:
4955:
4656:
4590:
4534:
4504:
4441:
4418:
4352:
3791:
3532:
3488:
3306:
3177:
2666:
2579:
Montgomery, Henry C. (1959). "Amplification and High Fidelity in the Greek Theater".
2231:
2157:
2022:
2001:
1865:
1804:
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1296:
1148:
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1065:
972:
846:
834:
792:
651:
609:
584:
494:
332:
312:
292:
273:
179:
140:
112:
3978:
2983:
2836:
2271:
2249:
Typically, an array is made up of omnidirectional microphones distributed about the
1782:
is a highly directional design intended for noisy environments. One such use is in
449:
207:
was the first to experiment with a medium other than air with the invention of the "
5414:
5302:
5285:
5280:
5058:
4729:
4689:
4631:
4524:
4494:
4451:
4373:
3916:
2921:
2351:
is being used on the left. An open-cell foam windscreen is being used on the right.
1800:
1323:
Areas of application: studios, old churches, theaters, on-site TV interviews, etc.
895:
523:
470:
245:
204:
200:
183:
148:
132:
2701:
1625:
433:
346:
During the second half of the 20th century, development advanced quickly with the
284:
28:
4243:
4107:
3809:
3741:
3273:
Paritsky, Alexander; Kots, A. (1997). Shladov, Itzhak; Rotman, Stanley R (eds.).
2670:
322:
was introduced, another electromagnetic type, believed to have been developed by
260:
The first microphone that enabled proper voice telephony was the (loose-contact)
5513:
5481:
5384:
5344:
5307:
5275:
5117:
4970:
4965:
4924:
4909:
4833:
4818:
4777:
4734:
4550:
4017:
2611:
2238:
2161:
2116:
2100:
2087:
The clipping level is an important indicator of maximum usable level, as the 1%
2081:
2069:
1633:
1546:
1350:
1136:
1004:
Fiber-optic microphones are used in very specific application areas such as for
987:
850:
813:
774:
735:
716:
371:
304:
239:
92:
3884:
2376:
1362:
microphone, so named because the sensitivity pattern is "heart-shaped" (i.e. a
630:
First patent on foil electret microphone by G. M. Sessler et al. (pages 1 to 3)
612:
and used to bug the US Ambassador's residence in Moscow between 1945 and 1952.
315:
and Herbert Holman who released the HB1A and was the best standard of the day.
5528:
5245:
5175:
5170:
4960:
4950:
4767:
4555:
4519:
4383:
4230:
Mic It!: Microphones, Microphone Techniques, and Their Impact on the Final Mix
3783:
3654:
3244:
2396:
2372:
2319:
2266:
1932:
1152:
1005:
924:
739:
720:
601:
565:
355:
351:
155:
124:
76:
3908:
1122:
electrical supply to the plasma. This is an experimental form of microphone.
5523:
5518:
5502:
5431:
5270:
5122:
5085:
5015:
4580:
4499:
4133:
3565:
3275:"Fiber optic microphone as a realization of fiber optic positioning sensors"
2402:
2250:
2026:
1764:
1757:
1163:
1045:
689:
that does require power. This preamplifier is frequently phantom powered in
171:
116:
88:
36:
4039:
3970:
5461:
5112:
5047:
4772:
4749:
4739:
4679:
4466:
3512:"OMRON to Launch Mass-Production and Supply of MEMS Acoustic Sensor Chip"
2390:
2254:
2131:
2051:
conditions (very far away from the source) but this is seldom practical.
1949:
When choosing a pre-amplifier for a certain microphone, the microphone's
1783:
1363:
1228:
1167:
1144:
884:
647:
128:
4272:
4268:
Microphone sensitivity conversion—dB re 1 V/Pa and transfer factor mV/Pa
461:, invented at Western Electric in 1916 by E. C. Wente, is also called a
5295:
5233:
5187:
4868:
4613:
4262:
2895:
2592:
2314:
2038:
1791:
1291:
that produce the same signal level output in the microphone if a given
545:
531:
503:
396: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4273:
Searchable database of specs and component info from 1000+ microphones
3962:
3298:
3073:
2917:"1931 Harry F. Olson and Les Anderson, RCA Model 44 Ribbon Microphone"
2454:, which came into use among sound engineers in the 1960s. In 2010 the
580:
5409:
5182:
3130:"AKG D 112 – Large-diaphragm dynamic microphone for bass instruments"
2204:
1753:
1713:
1159:
795:
D112, for example, is designed for bass response rather than treble.
634:
An electret microphone is a type of condenser microphone invented by
425:
side-address) of the microphone are used to describe the microphone.
4175:
1852:
4277:
1155:
peripherals, or when conventional microphones are in short supply.
4934:
4904:
2313:
2270:
2110:
2065:
2012:
1983:
1851:
1843:
1723:
1632:
1624:
1349:
1092:
958:
894:
866:
808:
745:
730:
625:
579:
557:
549:
448:
440:
432:
283:
244:
120:
80:
27:
3462:"Knowles Completes Acquisition of NXP's Sound Solutions Business"
5486:
5380:
4704:
4093:
Robertson, A. E.: "Microphones" Illiffe Press for BBC, 1951–1963
3415:"Cirrus Logic Completes Acquisition of Wolfson Microelectronics"
2181:
1684:, but there are other makers who employ this technique as well.
553:
5019:
4281:
3484:"MEMS Microphone Will Be Hurt by Downturn in Smartphone Market"
3089:"Integrated Circuits for High Performance Electret Microphones"
3006:"Bell Laboratories and The Development of Electrical Recording"
2458:’s style guide altered its standard spelling for the term from
162:, which uses a coil of wire suspended in a magnetic field; the
5466:
5290:
4471:
3440:"Analog Devices to Sell Microphone Product Line to InvenSense"
3192:"Brown Type G Telephone Relay Owned by Edwin Howard Armstrong"
2257:
that records and interprets the results into a coherent form.
2215:(notably telephones, speech recognition systems, hearing aids)
1923:
1884:
on less expensive musician's microphones, using an unbalanced
1540:
1485:
1444:
561:
365:
308:
2203:
A microphone array is any number of microphones operating in
2005:
are now available from a number of microphone manufacturers.
1904: inch TS connection to be run through guitar amplifiers.
1326:
An example of a nondirectional microphone is the round black
693:
and studio applications. Monophonic microphones designed for
674:
is made by aligning the magnetic domains in a piece of iron.
1807:. A few noise-canceling microphones are throat microphones.
4813:
3772:
IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing
773:
Dynamic microphones use the same dynamic principle as in a
719:(valve) amplifier. They remain popular with enthusiasts of
182:
material. Microphones typically need to be connected to a
60:
3883:
Wong, Kainam; Nnonyelu, Chibuzo; Wu, Yue (February 2018).
1037:, which detects movement of the surface by changes in the
211:" made of stretched wire with a cup attached at each end.
4138:(Technical report). IEC. September 12, 2018. 60268-4:2018
4069:"Should I Match Impedances of My Microphone to My Mixer?"
3937:
Nnonyelu, Chibuzo; Wong, Kainam; Wu, Yue (January 2019).
3390:"Comparing MEMS and Electret Condenser (ECM) Microphones"
2130:
Measurement microphones are generally scalar sensors of
1354:
University Sound US664A dynamic supercardioid microphone
473:. The assembly of fixed and movable plates is called an
3152:"Local firms strum the chords of real music innovation"
2411:– computer accessory for disabling internal microphone.
1506:
4263:
Info, Pictures and Soundbytes from vintage microphones
3837:"Ask the Doctors: The Physics of Mid-Side (MS) Miking"
3218:"Piezoelectric Microphone Built on Circular Diaphragm"
568:
equals the product of the resistance and capacitance.
3156:
Mass High Tech: The Journal of New England Technology
63:
1860:
The most common connectors used by microphones are:
1405:; the energy ratio between front and rear radiation.
1346:
Cardioid, hypercardioid, supercardioid, subcardioid
87:. Microphones are used in many applications such as
16:
Device that converts sound into an electrical signal
5551:
5495:
5454:
5445:
5323:
5259:
5202:
5131:
5066:
5057:
4943:
4877:
4801:
4748:
4670:
4612:
4589:
4543:
4485:
4427:
4343:
4315:
3808:Benesty, Jacob; Jingdong, Chen (October 23, 2012).
3633:"Understanding different microphone polar patterns"
1880: inch (sometimes referred to as 6.35 mm)
1790:on loud concert stages for vocalists involved with
1501:
may be too technical for most readers to understand
57:
39:, multi-impedance "Small Unidyne" dynamic from 1951
4112:. Milwaukee: Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 66.
3811:Study and Design of Differential Microphone Arrays
158:to an electrical signal. The most common are the
2721:
2719:
4063:
4061:
4059:
3943:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
3715:"History – The evolution of an audio revolution"
2980:"History – The evolution of an audio revolution"
2801:
2799:
2772:"David Edward Hughes: Concertinist and Inventor"
311:studios in London. This was improved in 1930 by
1358:The most common unidirectional microphone is a
560:) and the value of the bias resistor (100
2084:curve while broadband noise may be increased.
826:
499:
5564:History of computing hardware (1960s–present)
5031:
4293:
3279:10th Meeting on Optical Engineering in Israel
8:
4135:Sound System Equipment – Part 4: Microphones
3054:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
2470:in spelling the past participle of the verb
2172:at a national measurement institute such as
2037:diagram plots the microphone sensitivity in
931:Piezoelectric transducers are often used as
4920:Professional Lighting and Sound Association
2728:The Worldwide History of Telecommunications
2322:in front of a large-diaphragm condenser mic
1575:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1479:Learn how and when to remove these messages
5451:
5063:
5038:
5024:
5016:
4510:Comparison of analog and digital recording
4300:
4286:
4278:
1162:placed closely in front of a "kick drum" (
587:C451B small-diaphragm condenser microphone
453:Inner workings of the condenser microphone
437:Inside the Oktava 319 condenser microphone
4109:Audio Engineering for Sound Reinforcement
3814:. Springer Science & Business Media.
3347:. Valley Forge Publishing. Archived from
2501:"How Should 'Microphone' be Abbreviated?"
1613:Learn how and when to remove this message
1595:Learn how and when to remove this message
1529:Learn how and when to remove this message
1513:, without removing the technical details.
412:Learn how and when to remove this message
300:
3672:History & Development of Microphone.
3553:Journal of the Audio Engineering Society
3091:. National Semiconductor. Archived from
2950:"Time Capsule: History of Electro-Voice"
2872:The Emergence of Broadcasting in Britain
2653:Alexander Graham Bell: An Inventive Life
2211:Systems for extracting voice input from
2491:
2431:
2393:– transducer for sound within the earth
2325:
1191:
608:was devised by Soviet Russian inventor
226:built an early sound transmitter (the "
3889:IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing
3216:Lee, Woon Seob; Lee, Seung S. (2008).
3010:Stokowski.org (Leopold Stokowski site)
2529:"Is a Microphone a 'Mic' or a 'Mike'?"
2450:—is now often supplanted by the newer
2275:Microphone with its windscreen removed
2115:An AKG C214 condenser microphone with
1848:Samson microphone with a USB connector
750:Inner workings of a dynamic microphone
715:is a condenser microphone that uses a
264:. This was independently developed by
131:and other electronic devices, such as
4981:New Interfaces for Musical Expression
4176:"Joerg Wuttke – Microphones and Wind"
3863:"Directional Patterns of Microphones"
3803:
3801:
3765:
3763:
3740:Rayburn, Ray A. (November 12, 2012).
3581:"Yamaha SubKick – The Tape Op Review"
1511:make it understandable to non-experts
825:(also called figure-eight, as in the
770:, makes them ideal for on-stage use.
99:for concert halls and public events,
7:
5569:List of pioneers in computer science
3110:. Practical Creative Media Education
2241:for localized acoustic detection of
1629:An Audio-Technica shotgun microphone
1573:adding citations to reliable sources
394:adding citations to reliable sources
326:, who applied the concept used in a
127:broadcasting. They are also used in
4044:(Technical report). IEC. 61938:2013
3196:National Museum of American History
2925:. September 1, 2006. Archived from
1339:
822:
654:material that has been permanently
3364:"15 Best Microphones for Computer"
3341:"Case Study: Can You Hear Me Now?"
2152:Measurement microphone calibration
1856:Electronic symbol for a microphone
742:(dynamic cardioid type) microphone
234:" design in early telephones from
14:
4530:Reel-to-reel audio tape recording
3607:"How a Cardioid Microphone Works"
3362:Goulde, Berg (February 9, 2017).
2553:Abadi, Mark (November 20, 2017).
1460:This article has multiple issues.
777:, only reversed. A small movable
203:. In 1665, the English physicist
199:amplified the voice of actors in
4999:
4156:IEC Standard 61672 and ANSI S1.4
2982:. Shure Americas. Archived from
2896:"The Marconi-Sykes Magnetophone"
2808:"A Brief History of Microphones"
2375:
2356:
2340:
2328:
1545:
1490:
1449:
1271:
1259:
1247:
1235:
1221:
1209:
1197:
552:and V = potential difference in
370:
53:
4515:Experimental musical instrument
4244:The Invention of the Microphone
4018:Crown Audio. Tech Made Simple.
3835:Berners, Dave (December 2005).
3702:Introduction to Sound Recording
3442:(Press release). Analog Devices
3388:Rose, Bruce (January 8, 2019).
2837:"The History of the Microphone"
2527:Okrent, Arika (July 20, 2015).
2399:– transducer for sound in water
2207:. There are many applications:
2009:Measurements and specifications
1668:are still active trademarks of
1468:or discuss these issues on the
1097:MEMS microphone Akustica AKU230
874:double button carbon microphone
381:needs additional citations for
4020:The Crown Differoid Microphone
3028:"Electromechanical Transducer"
1175:Capsule design and directivity
1089:Microelectromechanical systems
994:(MRI) equipment environments.
520:DC-biased condenser microphone
143:, and other purposes, such as
103:production, live and recorded
1:
5559:History of computing hardware
4700:Electronic musical instrument
4239:. Taylor & Francis, 2004.
3106:Institute BV Amsterdam, SAE.
2626:"Who Invented the Telephone?"
2499:Zimmer, Ben (July 29, 2010).
5427:Network interface controller
5006:Record production portal
4895:Institute of Broadcast Sound
2347:Two recordings being made—a
2226:acoustic source localization
1980:Digital microphone interface
1811:Stereo microphone techniques
1688:Application-specific designs
947:commonly visible on typical
5224:Refreshable braille display
5166:Refreshable braille display
4915:Musical Electronics Library
4252:, July 13, 1878, p. 16
4246:", historical perspective,
2651:MacLeod, Elizabeth (1999).
2438:The long-standard spelling
2224:Locating objects by sound:
2168:is ultimately traceable to
1996:standard, published by the
1868:on professional microphones
1840:Connectors and connectivity
1107:analog-to-digital converter
967:1140 fiber-optic microphone
231:
166:, which uses the vibrating
21:Microphone (disambiguation)
5633:
4662:Sound reinforcement system
4571:Sound reinforcement system
4073:Shure Service & Repair
3681:Lloyd Microphone Classics.
3579:Crane, Larry (July 2004).
2655:. Toronto: Kids Can Press.
2474:(rather than the ungainly
2264:
2196:
2149:
1942:
1910:(sometimes referred to as
1814:
1780:noise-canceling microphone
1652:
1266:Bi-directional or Figure-8
1086:
1056:
1019:
992:magnetic resonance imaging
860:
802:
704:
619:
307:, became the standard for
214:In 1856, Italian inventor
178:, which uses a crystal of
18:
4995:
4885:Audio Engineering Society
4783:Software effect processor
4763:Digital audio workstation
4604:Digital signal processing
4368:Digital audio workstation
4106:; Foreman, Chris (2002).
3784:10.1109/TASL.2011.2159204
3696:October 16, 2007, at the
3245:10.1016/j.sna.2008.02.001
2726:Huurdeman, Anton (2003).
2675:. JHU Press. p. 67.
2405:– plasma-based microphone
2335:Various microphone covers
2089:total harmonic distortion
2074:ITU-R 468 noise weighting
1998:Audio Engineering Society
921:potassium sodium tartrate
842:RCA Type 77-DX microphone
816:using a ribbon microphone
764:electromagnetic induction
222:In 1861, German inventor
186:before the signal can be
4976:Professional audio store
4878:People and organizations
4864:Sound recording engineer
3909:10.1109/TSP.2017.2773419
3746:. Taylor & Francis.
2870:Hennessy, Brian (2005).
2730:. John Wiley & Sons.
2606:McVeigh, Daniel (2000).
2253:of a space, linked to a
2221:and related technologies
1662:Pressure Zone Microphone
592:RF condenser microphones
467:electrostatic microphone
331:greater directionality.
279:Metropolitan Opera House
135:, for recording sounds,
47:, colloquially called a
5605:Computing input devices
5595:19th-century inventions
5333:Central processing unit
4394:Microphone preamplifier
3841:Universal Audio WebZine
3717:. Shure. Archived from
3566:10.17743/jaes.2014.0013
3533:"MEMS Mics Taking Over"
3225:Sensors and Actuators A
2806:Robjohns, Hugh (2001).
2107:Measurement microphones
1678:Phase Coherent Cardioid
1394:(or directivity index).
1126:Speakers as microphones
915:uses the phenomenon of
544:), where Q = charge in
4335:Electronic and digital
3655:"Types of microphones"
2323:
2276:
2166:microphone calibration
2119:
2049:plane progressive wave
2018:
1989:
1857:
1849:
1729:
1638:
1630:
1355:
1098:
968:
937:Saddle-mounted pickups
904:
875:
817:
760:moving-coil microphone
751:
743:
662:. The name comes from
631:
588:
454:
446:
438:
296:
257:
188:recorded or reproduced
97:public address systems
40:
5610:Television technology
4075:. Shure. May 23, 2022
4026:May 10, 2012, at the
3677:July 4, 2008, at the
3170:"Boudet's Microphone"
3140:on February 27, 2010.
2986:on September 15, 2012
2824:on November 25, 2010.
2698:"David Edward Hughes"
2614:on September 3, 2003.
2581:The Classical Journal
2317:
2274:
2114:
2016:
1987:
1855:
1847:
1727:
1636:
1628:
1353:
1153:video game voice chat
1096:
962:
945:magnetic coil pickups
898:
870:
812:
749:
734:
629:
583:
548:, C = capacitance in
526:with a fixed charge (
452:
445:Audio-Technica AT3035
444:
436:
335:responded with their
287:
248:
236:Alexander Graham Bell
31:
4793:Software synthesizer
4758:Digital audio editor
4544:Playback transducers
4404:Multitrack recording
3613:on December 12, 2016
2960:on December 12, 2008
2815:Microphone Data Book
2784:on December 31, 2013
2415:Microphone connector
2140:hot-wire anemometers
1734:parabolic microphone
1569:improve this section
1293:sound pressure level
781:, positioned in the
768:gain before feedback
656:electrically charged
506:NT2000 or CAD M179.
463:capacitor microphone
459:condenser microphone
390:improve this article
301:condenser microphone
164:condenser microphone
19:For other uses, see
5600:American inventions
4249:Scientific American
4237:The Microphone Book
3955:2019ASAJ..145..575N
3901:2018ITSP...66..895W
3368:Microphone top gear
3291:1997SPIE.3110..408P
3237:2008SeAcA.144..367L
3180:on August 22, 2015.
3174:Machine-History.com
3158:. February 8, 2008.
3095:on August 19, 2010.
3066:1962ASAJ...34.1787S
2704:on November 1, 2019
2234:original recordings
1817:Microphone practice
1796:electrical polarity
1773:microphone practice
1738:parabolic reflector
1702:wireless microphone
1694:lavalier microphone
1670:Crown International
1655:Boundary microphone
1642:Shotgun microphones
1039:optical path length
988:industrial turbines
933:contact microphones
885:telephone repeaters
758:(also known as the
691:sound reinforcement
622:Electret microphone
514:DC-biased condenser
305:Captain H. J. Round
266:David Edward Hughes
250:David Edward Hughes
224:Johann Philipp Reis
4844:Re-recording mixer
4647:Keyboard amplifier
4363:Binaural recording
4232:. CRC Press, 2014.
3585:RecordingHacks.com
2835:Schwertly, Scott.
2506:The New York Times
2466:, while retaining
2409:Microphone blocker
2383:Electronics portal
2324:
2277:
2125:sound level meters
2120:
2059:The self-noise or
2035:frequency response
2019:
1990:
1959:impedance bridging
1945:Impedance bridging
1939:Impedance bridging
1858:
1850:
1788:live event support
1730:
1639:
1631:
1392:directivity factor
1356:
1099:
1076:Reginald Fessenden
1010:noise cancellation
999:impedance matching
969:
909:crystal microphone
905:
903:crystal microphone
876:
818:
756:dynamic microphone
752:
744:
695:personal computers
632:
616:Electret condenser
589:
455:
447:
439:
341:shotgun microphone
318:Also in 1923, the
297:
291:, Jack Brown, and
258:
232:liquid transmitter
176:contact microphone
160:dynamic microphone
145:ultrasonic sensors
137:speech recognition
41:
35:microphone, model
5577:
5576:
5547:
5546:
5477:Analog audio jack
5198:
5197:
5013:
5012:
4819:Guitar technician
4715:Music workstation
4599:Digital recording
4576:Speaker enclosure
4495:8-track cartridge
4437:Phonograph record
4119:978-0-634-04355-0
3963:10.1121/1.5087697
3843:. Universal Audio
3691:Proximity Effect.
3661:. April 12, 2019.
3605:Bartlett, Bruce.
3492:. August 23, 2009
3351:on July 15, 2011.
3299:10.1117/12.281371
3087:Van Rhijn, Arie.
3074:10.1121/1.1909130
3060:(11): 1787–1788.
3016:on June 21, 2023.
2948:Kahn, Al (1953).
2929:on March 24, 2008
2420:Nominal impedance
2170:primary standards
1792:live performances
1742:parabolic antenna
1718:throat microphone
1706:radio transmitter
1623:
1622:
1615:
1605:
1604:
1597:
1539:
1538:
1531:
1483:
1340:The diagram above
1289:polar coordinates
1027:Laser microphones
863:Carbon microphone
805:Ribbon microphone
644:Bell laboratories
522:, the plates are
422:
421:
414:
350:bringing out the
320:ribbon microphone
262:carbon microphone
254:carbon microphone
209:lovers' telephone
105:audio engineering
85:electrical signal
5622:
5452:
5103:Optical trackpad
5068:Pointing devices
5064:
5040:
5033:
5026:
5017:
5004:
5003:
5002:
4890:Goji Electronics
4829:Monitor engineer
4788:Software sampler
4695:Electronic drums
4672:Electronic music
4642:Guitar amplifier
4487:Analog recording
4447:Compact cassette
4409:Music production
4317:Music technology
4309:Music technology
4302:
4295:
4288:
4279:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4201:"Rycote Cyclone"
4197:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4186:
4172:
4166:
4163:
4157:
4154:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4130:
4124:
4123:
4100:
4094:
4091:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4080:
4065:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4036:
4030:
4015:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4003:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3805:
3796:
3795:
3767:
3758:
3757:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3721:on July 16, 2012
3711:
3705:
3688:
3682:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3635:. March 28, 2015
3629:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3609:. Archived from
3602:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3547:
3541:
3540:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3254:on July 17, 2013
3253:
3247:. Archived from
3222:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3176:. Archived from
3166:
3160:
3159:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3136:. Archived from
3126:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3012:. Archived from
3002:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2956:. Archived from
2945:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2874:. Southerleigh.
2867:
2861:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2817:. Archived from
2812:
2803:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2783:
2777:. Archived from
2776:
2768:
2762:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2723:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2700:. Archived from
2693:
2687:
2686:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2630:Inventors Digest
2622:
2616:
2615:
2610:. Archived from
2603:
2597:
2596:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2559:Business Insider
2550:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2496:
2479:
2456:Associated Press
2436:
2385:
2380:
2379:
2360:
2344:
2332:
2318:Singer and disc
2199:Microphone array
2061:equivalent input
1919:
1918:
1914:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1767:applications or
1618:
1611:
1600:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1580:
1549:
1541:
1534:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1514:
1494:
1493:
1486:
1475:
1453:
1452:
1445:
1403:front-back ratio
1372:proximity effect
1275:
1263:
1251:
1239:
1225:
1213:
1201:
1059:Water microphone
1022:Laser microphone
949:electric guitars
941:acoustic guitars
917:piezoelectricity
913:piezo microphone
872:Western Electric
713:valve microphone
707:Valve microphone
701:Valve microphone
672:permanent magnet
597:resonant circuit
543:
542:
538:
487:recording studio
417:
410:
406:
403:
397:
374:
366:
70:
69:
66:
65:
62:
59:
5632:
5631:
5625:
5624:
5623:
5621:
5620:
5619:
5615:Sound recording
5580:
5579:
5578:
5573:
5543:
5491:
5441:
5319:
5313:USB flash drive
5262:
5255:
5194:
5127:
5081:Game controller
5076:Graphics tablet
5053:
5044:
5014:
5009:
5000:
4998:
4991:
4939:
4873:
4839:Record producer
4824:Mixing engineer
4797:
4744:
4710:MIDI controller
4685:Circuit bending
4666:
4608:
4585:
4561:Monitor speaker
4539:
4481:
4429:Recording media
4423:
4414:Music sequencer
4399:Monitor speaker
4345:Sound recording
4339:
4311:
4306:
4259:
4225:
4223:Further reading
4220:
4219:
4209:
4207:
4199:
4198:
4194:
4184:
4182:
4174:
4173:
4169:
4164:
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4155:
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4141:
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4131:
4127:
4120:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4092:
4088:
4078:
4076:
4067:
4066:
4057:
4047:
4045:
4038:
4037:
4033:
4028:Wayback Machine
4016:
4012:
4005:
3998:
3997:
3993:
3983:
3981:
3936:
3935:
3931:
3921:
3919:
3882:
3881:
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3799:
3769:
3768:
3761:
3754:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3724:
3722:
3713:
3712:
3708:
3698:Wayback Machine
3689:
3685:
3679:Wayback Machine
3670:
3666:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3638:
3636:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3616:
3614:
3604:
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3465:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3445:
3443:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3423:
3421:
3419:MarketWatch.com
3413:
3412:
3408:
3398:
3396:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3372:
3370:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3339:Karlin, Susan.
3338:
3337:
3333:
3326:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3272:
3271:
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3257:
3255:
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3004:
3003:
2999:
2989:
2987:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2963:
2961:
2954:ProSoundWeb.com
2947:
2946:
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2834:
2833:
2829:
2821:
2810:
2805:
2804:
2797:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2774:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2756:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2725:
2724:
2717:
2707:
2705:
2696:Estreich, Bob.
2695:
2694:
2690:
2683:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2635:
2633:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2563:
2561:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2537:
2535:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2511:
2509:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2482:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2381:
2374:
2371:
2364:
2361:
2352:
2345:
2336:
2333:
2269:
2263:
2201:
2195:
2180:in Germany and
2154:
2148:
2136:Sound intensity
2109:
2011:
1982:
1947:
1941:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1900:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1882:phone connector
1876:
1872:
1871:
1842:
1833:Tonaderspeisung
1828:
1819:
1813:
1769:field recording
1754:law enforcement
1690:
1657:
1651:
1619:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1566:
1550:
1535:
1524:
1518:
1515:
1507:help improve it
1504:
1495:
1491:
1454:
1450:
1443:
1422:
1348:
1336:
1314:omnidirectional
1310:
1308:Omnidirectional
1279:
1276:
1267:
1264:
1255:
1252:
1243:
1240:
1231:
1226:
1217:
1214:
1205:
1204:Omnidirectional
1202:
1190:
1188:Polar patterns
1177:
1128:
1119:
1091:
1085:
1061:
1055:
1024:
1018:
1008:monitoring and
957:
893:
865:
859:
807:
801:
738:singing into a
729:
709:
703:
636:Gerhard Sessler
624:
618:
578:
540:
536:
535:
516:
431:
418:
407:
401:
398:
387:
375:
364:
289:Humphrey Bogart
268:in England and
196:
174:plate; and the
109:sound recording
56:
52:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5630:
5629:
5626:
5618:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5582:
5581:
5575:
5574:
5572:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5555:
5553:
5549:
5548:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5499:
5497:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5458:
5456:
5449:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5439:
5437:Expansion card
5434:
5429:
5424:
5423:
5422:
5417:
5407:
5406:
5405:
5395:
5394:
5393:
5388:
5374:
5364:
5363:
5362:
5357:
5347:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5338:Microprocessor
5329:
5327:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5317:
5316:
5315:
5310:
5300:
5299:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5278:
5273:
5267:
5265:
5257:
5256:
5254:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5237:
5236:
5226:
5221:
5220:
5219:
5208:
5206:
5204:Output devices
5200:
5199:
5196:
5195:
5193:
5192:
5191:
5190:
5180:
5179:
5178:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5157:
5156:
5146:
5141:
5135:
5133:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5108:Pointing stick
5105:
5100:
5099:
5098:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5072:
5070:
5061:
5055:
5054:
5045:
5043:
5042:
5035:
5028:
5020:
5011:
5010:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4989:
4984:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4947:
4945:
4944:Related topics
4941:
4940:
4938:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4900:Lejaren Hiller
4897:
4892:
4887:
4881:
4879:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4859:Sound operator
4856:
4854:Sound follower
4851:
4849:Sound designer
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4809:Audio engineer
4805:
4803:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4754:
4752:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4676:
4674:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4627:Bass amplifier
4624:
4622:Mixing console
4618:
4616:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4601:
4595:
4593:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4547:
4545:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4491:
4489:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4433:
4431:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4365:
4360:
4358:Mixing console
4355:
4349:
4347:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4321:
4319:
4313:
4312:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4297:
4290:
4282:
4276:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4258:
4257:External links
4255:
4254:
4253:
4240:
4235:Eargle, John.
4233:
4228:Corbett, Ian.
4224:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4192:
4167:
4158:
4149:
4125:
4118:
4095:
4086:
4055:
4031:
4010:
3991:
3949:(1): 575–588.
3929:
3895:(4): 895–906.
3875:
3854:
3827:
3820:
3797:
3778:(1): 162–174.
3759:
3752:
3732:
3706:
3700:Geoff Martin,
3683:
3664:
3646:
3624:
3597:
3571:
3560:(4): 254–264.
3542:
3524:
3503:
3475:
3453:
3431:
3406:
3394:CUIDevices.com
3380:
3354:
3331:
3312:
3265:
3231:(2): 367–373.
3208:
3183:
3161:
3143:
3121:
3098:
3079:
3044:
3019:
2997:
2971:
2940:
2908:
2887:
2880:
2862:
2853:
2827:
2795:
2763:
2754:
2742:"David Hughes"
2733:
2715:
2688:
2681:
2667:Nahin, Paul J.
2658:
2643:
2632:. July 1, 2017
2617:
2598:
2587:(6): 242–245.
2571:
2545:
2519:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2406:
2400:
2394:
2387:
2386:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2362:
2355:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2327:
2262:
2259:
2247:
2246:
2235:
2229:
2222:
2219:Surround sound
2216:
2197:Main article:
2194:
2191:
2150:Main article:
2147:
2144:
2108:
2105:
2010:
2007:
1981:
1978:
1955:power transfer
1943:Main article:
1940:
1937:
1928:
1927:
1921:
1905:
1869:
1841:
1838:
1827:
1824:
1815:Main article:
1812:
1809:
1746:satellite dish
1689:
1686:
1653:Main article:
1650:
1647:
1621:
1620:
1603:
1602:
1553:
1551:
1544:
1537:
1536:
1519:September 2023
1498:
1496:
1489:
1484:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1421:
1420:Bi-directional
1418:
1414:
1413:
1406:
1399:super-cardioid
1395:
1387:hyper-cardioid
1347:
1344:
1335:
1334:Unidirectional
1332:
1309:
1306:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1234:
1232:
1227:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1196:
1194:
1189:
1186:
1176:
1173:
1149:walkie-talkies
1127:
1124:
1118:
1115:
1087:Main article:
1084:
1081:
1057:Main article:
1054:
1051:
1035:interferometer
1020:Main article:
1017:
1014:
956:
953:
892:
891:Piezoelectric
889:
861:Main article:
858:
855:
831:sound pressure
823:bi-directional
803:Main article:
800:
797:
783:magnetic field
779:induction coil
728:
725:
705:Main article:
702:
699:
620:Main article:
617:
614:
577:
574:
515:
512:
500:polar patterns
430:
427:
420:
419:
378:
376:
369:
363:
360:
348:Shure Brothers
328:ribbon speaker
324:Harry F. Olson
270:Emile Berliner
228:Reis telephone
216:Antonio Meucci
195:
192:
113:two-way radios
101:motion picture
79:that converts
33:Shure Brothers
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5628:
5627:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5556:
5554:
5550:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5509:Parallel port
5507:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5494:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5459:
5457:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5444:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5412:
5411:
5408:
5404:
5401:
5400:
5399:
5396:
5392:
5389:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5369:
5368:
5365:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5339:
5336:
5335:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5326:
5325:Computer case
5322:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5305:
5304:
5301:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5268:
5266:
5264:
5258:
5252:
5251:Graphics card
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5205:
5201:
5189:
5186:
5185:
5184:
5181:
5177:
5174:
5173:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5155:
5152:
5151:
5150:
5149:Graphics card
5147:
5145:
5144:Image scanner
5142:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5130:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5073:
5071:
5069:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5059:Input devices
5056:
5052:
5049:
5041:
5036:
5034:
5029:
5027:
5022:
5021:
5018:
5008:
5007:
4994:
4988:
4987:Vehicle audio
4985:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4956:High fidelity
4954:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4942:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4876:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4800:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4747:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4673:
4669:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4615:
4611:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4592:
4591:Digital audio
4588:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4542:
4536:
4535:Tape recorder
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4505:Cassette deck
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4484:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4442:Magnetic tape
4440:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4426:
4420:
4419:Outboard gear
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4353:Audio channel
4351:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4342:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4303:
4298:
4296:
4291:
4289:
4284:
4283:
4280:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4256:
4251:
4250:
4245:
4241:
4238:
4234:
4231:
4227:
4226:
4222:
4206:
4202:
4196:
4193:
4181:
4177:
4171:
4168:
4162:
4159:
4153:
4150:
4137:
4136:
4129:
4126:
4121:
4115:
4111:
4110:
4105:
4099:
4096:
4090:
4087:
4074:
4070:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4056:
4043:
4042:
4035:
4032:
4029:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4014:
4011:
4001:
3995:
3992:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3933:
3930:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3879:
3876:
3864:
3858:
3855:
3842:
3838:
3831:
3828:
3823:
3821:9783642337529
3817:
3813:
3812:
3804:
3802:
3798:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3766:
3764:
3760:
3755:
3753:9781136118135
3749:
3745:
3744:
3736:
3733:
3720:
3716:
3710:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3692:
3687:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3673:
3668:
3665:
3660:
3656:
3650:
3647:
3634:
3628:
3625:
3612:
3608:
3601:
3598:
3586:
3582:
3575:
3572:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3554:
3546:
3543:
3538:
3534:
3528:
3525:
3513:
3507:
3504:
3491:
3490:
3489:Seeking Alpha
3485:
3479:
3476:
3463:
3457:
3454:
3441:
3435:
3432:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3395:
3391:
3384:
3381:
3369:
3365:
3358:
3355:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3335:
3332:
3322:
3316:
3313:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3269:
3266:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3219:
3212:
3209:
3197:
3193:
3187:
3184:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3165:
3162:
3157:
3153:
3147:
3144:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3125:
3122:
3109:
3108:"Microphones"
3102:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3083:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3048:
3045:
3033:
3029:
3023:
3020:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2998:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2972:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2944:
2941:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2912:
2909:
2897:
2891:
2888:
2883:
2881:9780955140808
2877:
2873:
2866:
2863:
2857:
2854:
2842:
2838:
2831:
2828:
2820:
2816:
2809:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2780:
2773:
2767:
2764:
2758:
2755:
2743:
2737:
2734:
2729:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2703:
2699:
2692:
2689:
2684:
2682:9780801869099
2678:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2662:
2659:
2654:
2647:
2644:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2613:
2609:
2602:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2575:
2572:
2560:
2556:
2549:
2546:
2534:
2530:
2523:
2520:
2512:September 10,
2508:
2507:
2502:
2495:
2492:
2485:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2343:
2338:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2273:
2268:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2232:High fidelity
2230:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2213:ambient noise
2210:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2200:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2126:
2118:
2113:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2096:
2092:
2090:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2054:
2053:Close talking
2050:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2015:
2008:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1986:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1925:
1922:
1909:
1906:
1883:
1870:
1867:
1866:XLR connector
1863:
1862:
1861:
1854:
1846:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1825:
1823:
1818:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1805:Janet Jackson
1802:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1750:eavesdropping
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1695:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1656:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1635:
1627:
1617:
1614:
1599:
1596:
1588:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1554:This section
1552:
1548:
1543:
1542:
1533:
1530:
1522:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1499:This section
1497:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1447:
1446:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1419:
1417:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1352:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1315:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1297:perpendicular
1294:
1290:
1287:of points in
1286:
1274:
1269:
1262:
1257:
1254:Hypercardioid
1250:
1245:
1242:Supercardioid
1238:
1233:
1230:
1224:
1219:
1212:
1207:
1200:
1195:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1125:
1123:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1095:
1090:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1066:sulfuric acid
1060:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1028:
1023:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1002:
1000:
995:
993:
989:
985:
980:
976:
974:
966:
965:Optoacoustics
961:
954:
952:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
929:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
902:
897:
890:
888:
886:
880:
873:
869:
864:
856:
854:
852:
848:
847:nanomaterials
843:
838:
836:
835:Blumlein pair
832:
828:
824:
815:
811:
806:
798:
796:
794:
789:
784:
780:
776:
771:
769:
765:
761:
757:
748:
741:
737:
733:
726:
724:
722:
718:
714:
708:
700:
698:
696:
692:
688:
683:
681:
675:
673:
669:
665:
664:electrostatic
661:
657:
653:
652:ferroelectric
649:
645:
641:
637:
628:
623:
615:
613:
611:
610:Leon Theremin
607:
603:
598:
593:
586:
582:
575:
573:
569:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
533:
529:
525:
521:
513:
511:
507:
505:
501:
496:
495:phantom power
491:
488:
482:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
451:
443:
435:
428:
426:
416:
413:
405:
395:
391:
385:
384:
379:This section
377:
373:
368:
367:
361:
359:
357:
353:
349:
344:
342:
338:
337:Academy Award
334:
333:Electro-Voice
329:
325:
321:
316:
314:
313:Alan Blumlein
310:
306:
302:
294:
293:Lauren Bacall
290:
286:
282:
280:
275:
274:Thomas Edison
271:
267:
263:
256:in the 1870s.
255:
251:
247:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
220:
217:
212:
210:
206:
202:
201:amphitheaters
193:
191:
189:
185:
181:
180:piezoelectric
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
152:
150:
149:knock sensors
146:
142:
138:
134:
133:mobile phones
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
68:
50:
46:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
5415:Power MOSFET
5398:Power supply
5367:Data storage
5303:Flash memory
5281:Optical disc
5263:data storage
5160:
4997:
4730:Sound module
4690:Drum machine
4632:Effects unit
4525:Player piano
4452:Compact disc
4388:
4374:Effects unit
4247:
4236:
4229:
4208:. Retrieved
4204:
4195:
4183:. Retrieved
4180:FilmeBase.pt
4179:
4170:
4161:
4152:
4140:. Retrieved
4134:
4128:
4108:
4104:Eargle, John
4098:
4089:
4077:. Retrieved
4072:
4046:. Retrieved
4040:
4034:
4019:
4013:
3994:
3982:. Retrieved
3946:
3942:
3932:
3920:. Retrieved
3892:
3888:
3878:
3866:. Retrieved
3857:
3845:. Retrieved
3840:
3830:
3810:
3775:
3771:
3742:
3735:
3723:. Retrieved
3719:the original
3709:
3701:
3686:
3667:
3658:
3649:
3637:. Retrieved
3627:
3617:February 12,
3615:. Retrieved
3611:the original
3600:
3588:. Retrieved
3584:
3574:
3557:
3551:
3545:
3536:
3527:
3517:November 24,
3515:. Retrieved
3506:
3494:. Retrieved
3487:
3478:
3466:. Retrieved
3456:
3446:November 27,
3444:. Retrieved
3434:
3422:. Retrieved
3418:
3409:
3397:. Retrieved
3393:
3383:
3371:. Retrieved
3367:
3357:
3349:the original
3345:RT-Image.com
3344:
3334:
3315:
3282:
3278:
3268:
3256:. Retrieved
3249:the original
3228:
3224:
3211:
3199:. Retrieved
3195:
3186:
3178:the original
3173:
3164:
3155:
3146:
3138:the original
3133:
3124:
3112:. Retrieved
3101:
3093:the original
3082:
3057:
3053:
3047:
3035:. Retrieved
3031:
3022:
3014:the original
3009:
3000:
2988:. Retrieved
2984:the original
2974:
2964:February 14,
2962:. Retrieved
2958:the original
2953:
2943:
2931:. Retrieved
2927:the original
2922:Mix Magazine
2920:
2911:
2899:. Retrieved
2890:
2871:
2865:
2856:
2844:. Retrieved
2840:
2830:
2819:the original
2814:
2788:December 17,
2786:. Retrieved
2779:the original
2766:
2757:
2747:December 17,
2745:. Retrieved
2736:
2727:
2708:December 30,
2706:. Retrieved
2702:the original
2691:
2671:
2661:
2652:
2646:
2634:. Retrieved
2629:
2620:
2612:the original
2601:
2584:
2580:
2574:
2564:February 13,
2562:. Retrieved
2558:
2548:
2538:February 13,
2536:. Retrieved
2533:Mental Floss
2532:
2522:
2510:. Retrieved
2504:
2494:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2348:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2261:Windscreens
2248:
2243:subcutaneous
2202:
2187:
2155:
2129:
2121:
2097:
2093:
2086:
2070:micropascals
2058:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2032:
2020:
1991:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1948:
1929:
1859:
1829:
1820:
1801:Garth Brooks
1777:
1762:
1731:
1710:
1699:
1691:
1681:
1677:
1676:approach is
1674:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1641:
1640:
1609:
1591:
1585:January 2023
1582:
1567:Please help
1555:
1525:
1516:
1500:
1476:
1469:
1463:
1462:Please help
1459:
1425:
1423:
1415:
1410:sub-cardioid
1409:
1402:
1398:
1386:
1380:
1376:
1359:
1357:
1337:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1302:
1282:
1178:
1157:
1129:
1120:
1111:
1100:
1062:
1043:
1032:
1025:
1003:
996:
981:
977:
970:
930:
912:
908:
906:
881:
877:
839:
819:
772:
762:) works via
759:
755:
753:
710:
687:preamplifier
684:
676:
667:
663:
659:
633:
591:
590:
576:RF condenser
570:
527:
519:
517:
508:
492:
483:
478:
474:
471:audio signal
466:
462:
458:
456:
423:
408:
399:
388:Please help
383:verification
380:
345:
317:
298:
259:
221:
213:
205:Robert Hooke
197:
184:preamplifier
153:
93:hearing aids
72:
48:
44:
42:
25:
5590:Microphones
5514:Serial port
5505:(IEEE 1394)
5482:DisplayPort
5472:Thunderbolt
5345:Motherboard
5308:Memory card
5276:Floppy disk
5118:Touchscreen
4971:Music store
4966:Home cinema
4925:Robert Moog
4910:Max Mathews
4834:Piano tuner
4802:Professions
4778:Scorewriter
4735:Synthesizer
4551:Loudspeaker
3984:February 1,
3922:February 1,
3285:: 408–409.
2636:December 1,
2472:to mic/mike
2284:windshields
2280:Windscreens
2239:beamforming
2237:3D spatial
2176:in the UK,
2146:Calibration
2117:shock mount
2101:noise floor
2082:A-weighting
1908:3.5 mm
1756:, and even
1216:Subcardioid
1141:sensitivity
1137:directivity
1133:Reciprocity
973:fiber-optic
955:Fiber-optic
851:transformer
814:Edmund Lowe
775:loudspeaker
736:Patti Smith
717:vacuum tube
252:invented a
240:Elisha Gray
5584:Categories
5261:Removable
5246:Sound card
5176:Sound chip
5171:Sound card
5161:Microphone
5051:components
4961:Home audio
4951:Audiophile
4768:GarageBand
4614:Live music
4556:Headphones
4520:Phonograph
4389:Microphone
4384:Headphones
4330:Electrical
4325:Mechanical
4205:Rycote.com
4000:US 4361736
3496:August 23,
3424:August 21,
3321:US 6462808
3032:Britannica
2841:Ethos3.com
2486:References
2397:Hydrophone
2320:pop filter
2267:Pop filter
2265:See also:
1933:radio pack
1465:improve it
1328:eight ball
1139:, and low
1046:vibrations
1006:infrasound
925:transistor
740:Shure SM58
721:tube sound
602:Sennheiser
566:RC circuit
429:Condenser
402:April 2023
156:sound wave
125:television
117:megaphones
89:telephones
77:transducer
45:microphone
5524:PS/2 port
5519:Game port
5432:Fax modem
5271:Disk pack
5123:Trackball
5086:Light pen
4725:Sequencer
4652:PA system
4581:Subwoofer
4566:PA system
4500:Amplifier
4462:Hard disk
4379:Equalizer
4165:IEC 61094
3792:206602089
3659:MicSpeech
3590:April 11,
3464:. Knowles
3399:March 27,
3373:March 20,
3307:110338054
3258:March 28,
2990:April 13,
2933:April 10,
2403:Ionophone
2292:zeppelins
2251:perimeter
2162:calibrate
2027:frequency
1974:amplifier
1951:impedance
1765:broadcast
1758:espionage
1556:does not
1471:talk page
1181:diaphragm
1164:bass drum
1145:intercoms
660:polarized
606:the Thing
362:Varieties
343:in 1963.
339:-winning
281:in 1910.
172:capacitor
168:diaphragm
129:computers
5503:FireWire
5496:Obsolete
5462:Ethernet
5241:Speakers
5139:Keyboard
5113:Touchpad
5048:computer
4773:ProTools
4750:Software
4740:Theremin
4680:Chiptune
4637:Foldback
4467:MiniDisc
4142:July 19,
4079:June 27,
4048:July 19,
4024:Archived
3979:73422758
3971:30710946
3868:July 30,
3847:July 30,
3725:July 30,
3694:Archived
3675:Archived
3639:April 4,
3201:June 15,
3114:March 7,
2901:June 18,
2669:(2002).
2391:Geophone
2369:See also
2255:computer
2132:pressure
2039:decibels
1826:Powering
1822:sounds.
1784:aircraft
1649:Boundary
1441:Shotgun
1368:monitors
1364:cardioid
1360:cardioid
1229:Cardioid
1168:drum set
899:Vintage
727:Dynamic
680:lavalier
648:electret
640:Jim West
546:coulombs
83:into an
5552:Related
5455:Current
5296:Blu-ray
5234:Plotter
5229:Printer
5212:Monitor
5188:Softcam
5096:Optical
4869:Tape op
4720:Sampler
4210:June 3,
4185:June 3,
3951:Bibcode
3917:3298960
3897:Bibcode
3537:EETimes
3468:July 5,
3287:Bibcode
3233:Bibcode
3134:AKG.com
3062:Bibcode
3037:June 2,
2593:3294133
2448:bicycle
2296:baskets
2189:level.
2078:Neumann
1915:⁄
1899:⁄
1889:⁄
1875:⁄
1736:uses a
1714:insects
1577:removed
1562:sources
1505:Please
1166:) in a
984:EMI/RFI
901:Astatic
827:diagram
788:voltage
539:⁄
532:voltage
530:). The
518:With a
479:capsule
475:element
194:History
75:, is a
5410:MOSFET
5350:Memory
5217:Screen
5183:Webcam
5046:Basic
4983:(NIME)
4657:Reverb
4116:
4006:
3977:
3969:
3915:
3818:
3790:
3750:
3327:
3305:
2878:
2846:May 9,
2679:
2591:
2294:, and
2288:blimps
2245:sounds
2205:tandem
2193:Arrays
2158:pascal
2044:smooth
1744:(e.g.
1435:vector
1431:scalar
1426:change
1160:woofer
1117:Plasma
1071:caveat
1053:Liquid
990:or in
857:Carbon
799:Ribbon
668:magnet
550:farads
524:biased
119:, and
71:), or
5529:eSATA
5447:Ports
5132:Other
5091:Mouse
4935:STEIM
4930:SMPTE
4905:IRCAM
4370:(DAW)
3975:S2CID
3913:S2CID
3788:S2CID
3303:S2CID
3252:(PDF)
3221:(PDF)
2822:(PDF)
2811:(PDF)
2782:(PDF)
2775:(PDF)
2589:JSTOR
2476:miced
2468:miked
2426:Notes
2349:blimp
2066:dB(A)
2023:phase
1994:AES42
1931:as a
1864:Male
1285:locus
1278:Lobar
1016:Laser
650:is a
554:volts
170:as a
121:radio
81:sound
5487:HDMI
5403:SMPS
5391:SSHD
5385:NVMe
5381:SATA
5360:BIOS
4705:MIDI
4477:Opus
4212:2024
4187:2024
4144:2023
4114:ISBN
4081:2022
4050:2023
3986:2021
3967:PMID
3924:2021
3870:2013
3849:2013
3816:ISBN
3748:ISBN
3727:2013
3641:2020
3619:2015
3592:2023
3519:2009
3498:2009
3470:2011
3448:2015
3426:2014
3401:2023
3375:2023
3283:3110
3260:2023
3203:2022
3116:2014
3039:2024
2992:2013
2966:2023
2935:2013
2903:2018
2876:ISBN
2848:2023
2790:2012
2749:2012
2710:2013
2677:ISBN
2638:2022
2566:2024
2540:2024
2514:2010
2460:mike
2446:for
2444:bike
2440:mike
2282:(or
2182:NIST
2025:and
1992:The
1803:and
1664:and
1560:any
1558:cite
1408:The
1103:MEMS
1101:The
1083:MEMS
963:The
754:The
666:and
638:and
504:Røde
457:The
356:SM57
354:and
352:SM58
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