79:
fitting silicone cap-mats are preferred. Microplates can be stored at low temperatures for long periods, may be heated to increase the rate of solvent evaporation from their wells and can even be heat-sealed with foil or clear film. Microplates with an embedded layer of filter material were developed in the early 1980s by several companies, and today, there are microplates for just about every application in life science research which involves filtration, separation, optical detection, storage, reaction mixing, cell culture and detection of antimicrobial activity.
106:
669:. Subsequently, Dr. John Louis Sever modified the Hungarian design into a 96-well plate, which he published in 1962. However, common usage of the microplate began in the late 1980s when John Liner introduced a molded version. By 1990 there were more than 15 companies producing a wide range of microplates with different features. It was estimated that 125 million microplates were used in 2000 alone. The word "Microtiter" is a registered trademark of Thermo Electron OY (
420:
408:
396:
384:
38:
120:
to specifically handle microplates. These robots may be liquid handlers which aspirate or dispense liquid samples from and to these plates, or "plate movers" which transport them between instruments, plate stackers which store microplates during these processes, plate hotels for longer-term storage,
571:
The most recent addition to the ANSI SLAS microplate standards was the inclusion of a well bottom standard. The standard however specifies definitions and test methods only, for the "Microplate Well Bottom
Elevation (WBE)", "Well Bottom Elevation Variation (WBEV)", and "Intra-Well Bottom Elevation
485:
96-well plates have a 9 mm well-to-well spacing, 384-wells a 4.5 mm spacing, and 1536-wells a 2.25 mm spacing. An notable characteristic is that the well array is symmetrical when the plate is rotated 180˚ around its Z-axis (height axis). Therefore, scientific instruments which use
464:
Although a corner notch (aka chamfer) is shown at the A1 (top-left) corner in the ANSI SLAS drawings, and many microplates do implement this A1 corner notch, in actuality the "quantity and location of chamfers(s) is optional", so in practice the presence or absence of corner notches at additional
240:(SPE) plates, and even some advanced PCR plate designs, use multiple components and/or materials which are moulded separately and later assembled into a finished product. ELISA plates may now be assembled from twelve separate strips of eight wells, making it easier to only partially use a plate.
78:
Each well of a microplate typically holds somewhere between tens of nanolitres to several millilitres of liquid. They can also be used to store dry powder or as racks to support glass tube inserts. Wells can be either circular or square. For compound storage applications, square wells with close
654:
617:
Reservoir plates are also commercially available. Reservoir plates have columns of wells (as in 96-well, 24-well, etc. plates) that are fused into single wells, so that they provide additional volume for multichannel pipettes. Like deepwell plates or blocks, they often follow a
435:
An attempt at standardizing microplates was made by the
Society for Biomolecular Sciences with the ANSI-Standards (ANSI/SBS 1-2004, ANSI/SBS 2-2004, ANSI/SBS 3-2004, ANSI/SBS 4-2004). These standards have been updated to and are now known as the ANSI
606:
There are also deep well microplates sometimes called "blocks". Unlike plates of normal height, the ANSI SLAS 2-2004 height standard, does not define a standard height for deep well plates (blocks). Deepwell plates do typically follow a
121:
plate washers for processing plates, plate thermal sealers for applying heat seals, de-sealers for removing heat seals, or microplate incubators to ensure constant temperature during testing. Instrument companies have designed
227:
is also, albeit less commonly & rather expensively, used to construct microplates for special applications that require extreme resistance to organic solvents and/or the surface properties of glass, or the
61:, is a flat plate with multiple "wells" used as small test tubes. The microplate has become a standard tool in analytical research and clinical diagnostic testing laboratories. A very common usage is in the
181:(PP) is used for the construction of plates subject to wide changes in temperature, such as storage at −80 °C and thermal cycling. It has excellent properties for the long-term storage of novel chemical
75:. Some microplates have been manufactured with 3456 or 9600 wells, and an "array tape" product has been developed that provides a continuous strip of microplates embossed on a flexible plastic tape.
572:
Variation (IWBEV)", but it does not state a preferred value or limits for those dimensional definitions. Therefore all well bottom heights are currently proprietary implementations without a clear
689:(ANSI) on behalf of the SBS. The standards govern various characteristics of a microplate including well positioning (but not shape, depth, and diameter) as well as plate properties, which allows
685:(SBS), later known as Society for Biomolecular Sciences, began an initiative to create a standard definition of a microplate. A series of standards was proposed in 2003 and published by the
645:
of the ANSI/SLAS standards, so while most full-skirt PCR microplates may be ANSI/SLAS compliant, other deviations such as semi-skirted or others, are not compliant ANSI/SLAS standards.
504:
Notably, the shape and diameter of the well is not standardized, and has several proprietary implementations. This causes difficulties with accessory cross-compatibility such as with
448:
The ANSI SLAS microplate standards define a footprint, and a bottom flange geometry. These footprints & flanges are generally rigorously followed by all microplate manufacterers:
678:
Other trade names for microplates include
Viewplate and Unifilter (introduced in the early 1990s by Polyfiltronics and sold by Packard Instrument, which is now part of PerkinElmer).
1119:
1137:
593:
The height of a standard microplate is also defined, however this is sometimes not followed by manufacturers, even if they follow the footprint and flange standards.
252:), plate heights, numbers of wells, well shapes, and well bottom heights, with some of these characteristics being more varied between manufacturers than others (see
141:, using materials such as polystyrene, polypropylene and cyclo-olefin for different temperature and chemical resistance needs. Glass is also a possible material, and
706:
1633:
1512:"Microtitrations in serology and virology – a citation-classic commentary on the use of spiral loops in serological and virological micro-methods by Takatsy, G."
1378:
2862:
2841:
774:
743:
129:
has also been developed which can perform quality control of microplate well contents, capable of identifying empty wells, filled wells and precipitate.
2951:
641:), and to come in a few different "skirt" types: full-skirt, half-skirt or semi-skirted, and unskirted or no-skirted. The skirt is analogous to the
1256:
2477:
1199:
702:
686:
477:
The well position is also standardized, but only for 96- , 384-, and 1536-well plates. These are generally well followed by manufacturers:
1281:
927:
Lindström, Sara; Larsson, Rolf; Svahn, Helene
Andersson (2008-03-01). "Towards high-throughput single cell/clone cultivation and analysis".
1532:
Takatsy G (1950). "Uj modszer sorozatos higitasok gyors es pontos elvegzesere" [A rapid and accurate method for serial dilutions].
1496:
803:
Lindström, Sara; Eriksson, Malin; Vazin, Tandis; Sandberg, Julia; Lundeberg, Joakim; Frisén, Jonas; Andersson-Svahn, Helene (2009-01-01).
465:
corners (i.e. the bottom-left) is a proprietary implementation which causes difficulties with accessory cross-compatibility such as with
496:
to implement to 24-wells by apply the same scaling factor as the 384- to 96-well transition, i.e. 24-wells have an 18 mm spacing.
1626:
769:
682:
2538:
1035:
Inglin, Raffael C. (2015). "High-throughput screening assays for antibacterial and antifungal activities of
Lactobacillus species".
698:
1162:
2515:
870:
Weibull, Emilie; Antypas, Haris; Kjäll, Peter; Brauner, Annelie; Andersson-Svahn, Helene; Richter-Dahlfors, Agneta (2014-09-01).
155:(PS) is the most common, and is used for high-clarity optical detection microplates. It can be coloured white by the addition of
1425:
248:
Microplates are produced with the same standardized footprint, but using a variety of formats (see table below), materials (see
1472:
1447:
1400:
1328:
1596:
980:"A universal platform for selection and high-resolution phenotypic screening of bacterial mutants using the nanowell slide"
2970:
2806:
2695:
2036:
1619:
1306:
2510:
82:
The enormous growth in studies of whole live cells has led to an entirely new range of microplate products which are "
2586:
2555:
2467:
1223:
125:
which can detect specific biological, chemical or physical events in samples stored in these plates. A specialized
770:<date>/url=http://www.genengnews.com/articles/chtitem.aspx?tid=2136 "Array Tape for Miniaturized Genotyping"
2710:
2041:
634:
210:
2112:
747:
637:
are designed to have a notably thinner wall thickness than standard ANSI/SLAS microplates (to allow for better
1715:
1072:"Monitoring of HTS compound library quality via a high-resolution image acquisition and processing instrument"
693:
between microplates, instrumentation and equipment from different suppliers, and is particularly important in
105:
2545:
2462:
1926:
1598:
An article about the invention of the microplate, published in G.I.T. Laboratory
Journal (accessed 06/10/10)
188:
31:
2148:
1896:
1865:
237:
214:
1551:
Sever, John Louis (1 March 1962). "Application of a
Microtechnique to Viral Serological Investigations".
1511:
505:
486:
microplates, can accept the plate in one of two rotated orientations - either "correct" or 180˚ rotated.
2138:
2016:
1728:
1113:
694:
109:
2434:
2094:
1936:
816:
671:
466:
72:
2122:
1931:
1846:
1783:
95:
576:
standard. This lack of standardization can cause difficulties with applications such as automated
203:. But, COC has a poor resistance to organic solvents & is incompatible with high temperatures.
2649:
2632:
2571:
2472:
2396:
2332:
2327:
2245:
2066:
1606:
1238:
1217:
960:
791:(subtitle) Processing hundreds of microplate equivalents without complex plate-handling equipment
638:
1603:
Dr. Gyula Takátsy, at the
Hungarian National Center of Epidemiology website (accessed 06/10/10)
86:
treated" especially for this work. The surfaces of these products are modified using an oxygen
2917:
2907:
2715:
2705:
2482:
2286:
2276:
2271:
2117:
2031:
2026:
1778:
1205:
1195:
1101:
1052:
1017:
999:
978:
Antypas, H.; Veses-Garcia, M.; Weibull, E.; Andersson-Svahn, H.; Richter-Dahlfors, A. (2018).
952:
944:
909:
891:
852:
834:
619:
608:
490:
182:
138:
419:
2255:
2220:
2210:
2202:
2177:
2161:
2071:
1978:
1881:
1773:
1560:
1091:
1083:
1044:
1007:
991:
936:
899:
883:
842:
824:
690:
662:
653:
192:
156:
87:
872:"Bacterial nanoscale cultures for phenotypic multiplexed antibiotic susceptibility testing"
779:
407:
395:
383:
2932:
2659:
2525:
2307:
2281:
2056:
1951:
718:
220:
68:
A microplate typically has 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, 384 or 1536 sample wells arranged in a 2:3
1353:
820:
2927:
2877:
2767:
2741:
2685:
2642:
2637:
2576:
2235:
2225:
1886:
1768:
1733:
1695:
1680:
1096:
1071:
1012:
904:
871:
847:
804:
538:
489:
Other variants like 24-well plates, are not considered in the standard, but there is a
142:
83:
2964:
2872:
2751:
2581:
2250:
2187:
1851:
1685:
666:
229:
209:(PC) is cheap and easy to mould and has been used for disposable microplates for the
206:
178:
964:
65:(ELISA), the basis of most modern medical diagnostic testing in humans and animals.
2912:
2700:
2664:
2591:
2487:
2457:
2452:
2380:
2215:
2001:
1956:
1873:
1841:
1824:
1803:
1793:
1723:
1705:
527:
164:
126:
122:
829:
2826:
2654:
2614:
2550:
2533:
2406:
2375:
2360:
2355:
2317:
2192:
2156:
2006:
1808:
1763:
1048:
577:
172:
152:
99:
91:
17:
1087:
709:(SLAS). Henceforth, the microplate standards are known as ANSI SLAS standards.
2831:
2821:
2772:
2690:
2502:
2347:
2322:
2182:
2061:
2021:
1991:
1946:
1921:
1891:
1788:
1690:
1642:
1601:
1564:
268:
196:
160:
1003:
948:
895:
838:
2922:
2720:
2370:
1983:
1798:
1758:
1700:
1209:
723:
200:
69:
1105:
1056:
1021:
956:
940:
913:
856:
2867:
2746:
2736:
2492:
2401:
2365:
2046:
1996:
1189:
887:
1191:
Microarrays & microplates : applications in biomedical sciences
37:
2887:
2882:
2680:
2337:
2312:
2302:
2230:
2051:
2011:
1611:
995:
979:
2240:
545:
224:
168:
805:"High-density microwell chip for culture and analysis of stem cells"
175:
biological assays. But, it has poor resistance to organic solvents.
2857:
2836:
1250:
1248:
117:
104:
62:
1131:
1129:
452:
Footprint standard (127.76 mm × 85.48 mm ± 0.5 mm)
191:(COC) are now being used to construct microplates which transmit
2411:
1710:
661:
The earliest microplate was created in 1951 by a
Hungarian, Dr.
534:
522:
Wells also have different geometries at the bottom of the well:
437:
2793:
2612:
2432:
2092:
1653:
1615:
511:
Wells within the microplate are available in different shapes:
1194:. Ye, S. (Shu), 1961-, Day, Ian N. M. Oxford, UK: BIOS. 2003.
541:
for square wells; improves aspiration of low liquid volumes)
526:
F-Bottom: flat bottom (compatible with through-well optical
145:
can be used with many other plastics such as polycarbonate.
148:
Microplates are manufactured from a variety of materials:
1401:"ANSI SLAS 6-2012 - Well Bottom Elevation for Microplates"
1379:"ANSI SLAS 6-2012 - Well Bottom Elevation for Microplates"
1275:
1273:
1156:
1154:
1070:
Baillargeon P, Scampavia L, Einsteder R, Hodder P (2011).
642:
1163:"ANSI SLAS 1-2004 - Footprint Dimensions for Microplates"
1138:"ANSI SLAS 1-2004 - Footprint Dimensions for Microplates"
555:
Round wells in particular often come in a few diameters:
98:
to grow on the surface which would otherwise be strongly
27:
Flat plate with multiple "wells" used as small test tubes
1239:
Microplate
Standards Working Group – Published Standards
236:
Composite microplates, including filter bottom plates,
1448:"ANSI SLAS 2-2004 - Height Dimensions for Microplates"
1426:"ANSI SLAS 2-2004 - Height Dimensions for Microplates"
1282:"ANSI SLAS 3-2004 - Bottom Outside Flange Dimensions"
1257:"ANSI SLAS 3-2004 - Bottom Outside Flange Dimensions"
377:
There are also less common 192- and 768-well plates.
195:
light, allowing applications like protein assays via
2900:
2850:
2804:
2760:
2729:
2673:
2625:
2564:
2524:
2501:
2445:
2389:
2346:
2295:
2264:
2201:
2170:
2147:
2131:
2105:
1971:
1905:
1817:
1742:
1664:
1329:"ANSI SLAS 4-2004 - Well Positions for Microplates"
778:. Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. p. 22. Archived from
469:that may also implement the matching corner notch.
264:
261:
1307:"ANSI SLAS 4-2004 -Well Positions for Microplates"
1608:Official website publishing Microplate Standards
249:
707:Society for Laboratory Automation and Screening
1627:
41:Microtiter plates with 96, 384 and 1536 wells
8:
1118:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
775:Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News
548:; improves aspiration of low liquid volumes)
253:
2587:Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) instrument
1354:"Customer Drawing - 96 Well Microplate, PP"
1236:Society for Biomolecular Sciences (Hrsg.):
551:C-Bottom: bottom with minimal rounded edges
2814:
2801:
2790:
2622:
2609:
2442:
2429:
2102:
2089:
1661:
1650:
1634:
1620:
1612:
602:Microplate variants with increased heights
371:0.001 – 0.005; Usage in UHTS (Ultra HTS).
32:List of tectonic plates § Microplates
1095:
1011:
903:
846:
828:
665:, who machined six rows of 12 "wells" in
360:0.005 – 0.015; Usage in UHTS (Ultra HTS)
137:The most common manufacturing process is
2952:Instruments used in medical laboratories
652:
258:
185:and high resistance to organic solvents.
36:
2468:Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) device
735:
379:
2516:Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
1215:
1111:
705:(ALA) to form a new organisation, the
167:detection or black by the addition of
90:discharge to make their surfaces more
1184:
1182:
703:Association for Laboratory Automation
687:American National Standards Institute
597:Height (14.35 mm ± 0.76 mm)
444:Footprint & flange (standardized)
116:A number of companies have developed
7:
1473:"Height Dimensions for Microplates"
244:Formats and Standardization efforts
2511:Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
1037:Journal of Microbiological Methods
683:Society for Biomolecular Screening
232:transmission capability of quartz.
25:
1242:. retrieved am: 12 February 2009.
699:Society for Biomolecular Sciences
63:enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
2556:Thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA)
2366:Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
876:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
744:"Medical scientific instruments"
418:
406:
394:
382:
1519:Current Contents/Life Sciences
657:A commercial microplate washer
94:so that it becomes easier for
30:For the geographical use, see
1:
830:10.1371/journal.pone.0006997
473:Well position (standardized)
1049:10.1016/j.mimet.2015.04.011
544:U-Bottom: U-shaped bottom (
533:V-Bottom: V-shaped bottom (
133:Manufacture and composition
2987:
1510:Farkas E. (27 July 1992).
1088:10.1016/j.jala.2011.02.004
589:Standard microplate height
29:
2949:
2817:
2800:
2789:
2711:Time-domain reflectometer
2621:
2608:
2478:Liquid chromatograph (LC)
2441:
2428:
2101:
2088:
1660:
1649:
1565:10.4049/jimmunol.88.3.320
1553:The Journal of Immunology
768:Elaine May (2007-06-15).
211:polymerase chain reaction
2546:Melting-point apparatus
1927:Cryogenic storage dewar
1497:"Reservoir Microplates"
431:Standardization efforts
2483:Mass spectrometer (MS)
2473:Gas chromatograph (GC)
1222:: CS1 maint: others (
941:10.1002/elps.200700536
672:U.S. Trademark 754,087
658:
643:footprint & flange
625:height of 44 mm.
614:height of 44 mm.
238:solid phase extraction
113:
42:
2858:Acid-resistant gloves
2539:differential scanning
695:laboratory automation
656:
633:Microplates used for
584:Well Bottom Elevation
567:Well Bottom Elevation
110:Liquid handling robot
108:
40:
2971:Laboratory equipment
2435:Analytical chemistry
1937:Laminar flow cabinet
1643:Laboratory equipment
1043:(July 2015): 26–29.
888:10.1128/JCM.01161-14
199:measurements at 280
2807:Personal protective
1716:Meker–Fisher burner
1578:Manns, Roy (1999).
821:2009PLoSO...4.6997L
506:microplate cap mats
2650:Function generator
2633:Bench power supply
2572:Analytical balance
2333:Ostwald viscometer
2328:Graduated cylinder
2067:Inoculation needle
1580:Microplate History
1352:Bio-One, Greiner.
996:10.1039/c8lc00190a
659:
639:thermal conduction
580:needle injection.
114:
49:, also known as a
43:
2958:
2957:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2918:Fire extinguisher
2908:Biosafety cabinet
2896:
2895:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2716:Transistor tester
2706:Spectrum analyzer
2604:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2296:Measuring devices
2118:Soxhlet extractor
2084:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2032:Spectrophotometer
2027:Pipeclay triangle
1779:Mortar and pestle
1201:978-1-85996-074-5
990:(12): 1767–1777.
537:for round wells,
375:
374:
139:injection molding
16:(Redirected from
2978:
2815:
2802:
2791:
2696:Network analyzer
2623:
2610:
2443:
2430:
2103:
2090:
2072:Inoculation loop
1942:Microtiter plate
1882:Test tube holder
1774:Magnetic stirrer
1662:
1651:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1613:
1584:
1583:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1534:Kiserl. Orvostud
1529:
1523:
1522:
1516:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1477:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1452:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1405:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1358:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1333:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1286:
1277:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1252:
1243:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1221:
1213:
1186:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1167:
1158:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1133:
1124:
1123:
1117:
1109:
1099:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1015:
975:
969:
968:
935:(6): 1219–1227.
924:
918:
917:
907:
882:(9): 3310–3317.
867:
861:
860:
850:
832:
800:
794:
793:
788:
787:
765:
759:
758:
756:
755:
746:. Archived from
740:
701:merged with the
691:interoperability
674:
422:
410:
398:
386:
259:
213:(PCR) method of
193:near-ultraviolet
157:titanium dioxide
51:microtiter plate
21:
18:Microtiter plate
2986:
2985:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2937:
2933:Solvent cabinet
2892:
2863:Eyewash station
2846:
2811:
2809:equipment (PPE)
2808:
2796:
2777:
2756:
2725:
2669:
2660:Pulse generator
2626:Control devices
2617:
2596:
2560:
2526:Thermochemistry
2520:
2497:
2437:
2416:
2385:
2342:
2308:Conical measure
2291:
2260:
2197:
2166:
2143:
2127:
2097:
2076:
2057:Test tube brush
1967:
1952:Picotiter plate
1915:
1901:
1897:Lab drying rack
1856:Extension clamp
1832:
1813:
1752:
1738:
1674:
1656:
1645:
1640:
1593:
1588:
1587:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1514:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1430:
1428:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1383:
1381:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1311:
1309:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1279:
1278:
1271:
1261:
1259:
1254:
1253:
1246:
1235:
1231:
1214:
1202:
1188:
1187:
1180:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1160:
1159:
1152:
1142:
1140:
1135:
1134:
1127:
1110:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1034:
1033:
1029:
977:
976:
972:
929:Electrophoresis
926:
925:
921:
869:
868:
864:
802:
801:
797:
785:
783:
767:
766:
762:
753:
751:
742:
741:
737:
732:
724:Nanotiter plate
719:Picotiter plate
715:
697:. In 2010, the
670:
651:
631:
604:
591:
569:
502:
475:
467:microplate lids
462:
455:Flange standard
446:
433:
426:
423:
414:
411:
402:
399:
390:
387:
266:
246:
135:
55:microwell plate
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2984:
2982:
2974:
2973:
2963:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2928:Safety cabinet
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2888:Safety goggles
2885:
2883:Safety glasses
2880:
2878:Nitrile gloves
2875:
2873:Medical gloves
2870:
2865:
2860:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2818:
2812:
2805:
2798:
2797:
2794:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2768:Alligator clip
2764:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2742:Soldering iron
2739:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2686:Logic analyzer
2683:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2643:Voltage source
2640:
2638:Current source
2629:
2627:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2577:Colony counter
2574:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2530:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2507:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2449:
2447:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2352:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2216:Vacuum (Dewar)
2213:
2207:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2153:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2109:
2107:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1986:
1981:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1887:Test tube rack
1884:
1879:
1876:
1871:
1868:
1863:
1862:Funnel support
1860:
1857:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1769:Liquid whistle
1766:
1761:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1734:Vacuum dry box
1731:
1726:
1721:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1696:Heating mantle
1693:
1688:
1683:
1681:Alcohol burner
1677:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1631:
1624:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1592:
1591:External links
1589:
1586:
1585:
1570:
1559:(3): 320–329.
1543:
1524:
1502:
1488:
1463:
1438:
1416:
1391:
1369:
1344:
1319:
1297:
1269:
1244:
1229:
1200:
1178:
1150:
1125:
1082:(3): 197–203.
1062:
1027:
970:
919:
862:
795:
760:
734:
733:
731:
728:
727:
726:
721:
714:
711:
650:
647:
630:
627:
603:
600:
599:
598:
590:
587:
586:
585:
568:
565:
564:
563:
560:
553:
552:
549:
542:
539:square pyramid
531:
520:
519:
516:
501:
498:
483:
482:
481:Well Positions
474:
471:
461:
458:
457:
456:
453:
445:
442:
432:
429:
428:
427:
424:
417:
415:
412:
405:
403:
400:
393:
391:
388:
381:
373:
372:
369:
366:
362:
361:
358:
355:
351:
350:
347:
344:
340:
339:
336:
333:
329:
328:
325:
322:
318:
317:
314:
311:
307:
306:
303:
300:
296:
295:
292:
289:
285:
284:
279:
273:
272:
263:
245:
242:
234:
233:
218:
217:amplification.
204:
186:
176:
143:vacuum forming
134:
131:
96:adherent cells
84:tissue culture
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2983:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2953:
2948:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2842:Safety shower
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2803:
2799:
2792:
2788:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2753:
2752:Wire stripper
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2607:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2582:Spiral plater
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2446:Compositional
2444:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2427:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:Balance brush
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1964:Weighing dish
1963:
1961:Weighing boat
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1852:Burette clamp
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1686:Bunsen burner
1684:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1637:
1632:
1630:
1625:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1582:(2 ed.).
1581:
1574:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1547:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1528:
1525:
1520:
1513:
1506:
1503:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1474:
1467:
1464:
1449:
1442:
1439:
1427:
1420:
1417:
1402:
1395:
1392:
1380:
1373:
1370:
1355:
1348:
1345:
1330:
1323:
1320:
1308:
1301:
1298:
1283:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1258:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1233:
1230:
1225:
1219:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1164:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1139:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1115:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1031:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
984:Lab on a Chip
981:
974:
971:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
923:
920:
915:
911:
906:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
866:
863:
858:
854:
849:
844:
840:
836:
831:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
799:
796:
792:
782:on 2009-02-24
781:
777:
776:
771:
764:
761:
750:on 2011-02-06
749:
745:
739:
736:
729:
725:
722:
720:
717:
716:
712:
710:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
681:In 1996, the
679:
676:
673:
668:
664:
663:Gyula Takátsy
655:
648:
646:
644:
640:
636:
628:
626:
624:
622:
615:
613:
611:
601:
596:
595:
594:
588:
583:
582:
581:
579:
575:
566:
561:
558:
557:
556:
550:
547:
543:
540:
536:
532:
530:measurements)
529:
525:
524:
523:
517:
514:
513:
512:
509:
507:
499:
497:
495:
493:
487:
480:
479:
478:
472:
470:
468:
459:
454:
451:
450:
449:
443:
441:
439:
430:
421:
416:
409:
404:
397:
392:
385:
380:
378:
370:
367:
364:
363:
359:
356:
353:
352:
348:
345:
342:
341:
337:
334:
331:
330:
326:
323:
320:
319:
315:
312:
309:
308:
304:
301:
298:
297:
293:
290:
287:
286:
283:
280:
278:
275:
274:
270:
260:
257:
255:
254:below section
251:
250:above section
243:
241:
239:
231:
230:ultraviolet C
226:
222:
219:
216:
212:
208:
207:Polycarbonate
205:
202:
198:
194:
190:
189:Cyclo-olefins
187:
184:
180:
179:Polypropylene
177:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
151:
150:
149:
146:
144:
140:
132:
130:
128:
124:
123:plate readers
119:
111:
107:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
80:
76:
74:
71:
66:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
39:
33:
19:
2913:Fire blanket
2851:Eye and hand
2837:Rubber apron
2701:Oscilloscope
2665:Potentiostat
2592:Plate reader
2488:pH indicator
2458:CHN analyzer
2453:AutoAnalyzer
2246:Round-bottom
2139:Boston round
2002:Filter paper
1957:Refrigerator
1941:
1874:Retort stand
1842:Clamp holder
1838:Beaker clamp
1804:Vortex mixer
1799:Stirring rod
1794:Static mixer
1724:Teclu burner
1579:
1573:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1537:
1533:
1527:
1518:
1505:
1491:
1479:. Retrieved
1471:SLAS, ANSI.
1466:
1454:. Retrieved
1446:SLAS, ANSI.
1441:
1429:. Retrieved
1424:SLAS, ANSI.
1419:
1407:. Retrieved
1399:SLAS, ANSI.
1394:
1382:. Retrieved
1377:SLAS, ANSI.
1372:
1360:. Retrieved
1347:
1335:. Retrieved
1327:SLAS, ANSI.
1322:
1310:. Retrieved
1305:SLAS, ANSI.
1300:
1288:. Retrieved
1280:SLAS, ANSI.
1260:. Retrieved
1255:SLAS, ANSI.
1237:
1232:
1190:
1169:. Retrieved
1161:SLAS, ANSI.
1141:. Retrieved
1136:SLAS, ANSI.
1114:cite journal
1079:
1075:
1065:
1040:
1036:
1030:
987:
983:
973:
932:
928:
922:
879:
875:
865:
815:(9): e6997.
812:
808:
798:
790:
784:. Retrieved
780:the original
773:
763:
752:. Retrieved
748:the original
738:
680:
677:
660:
632:
620:
616:
609:
605:
592:
573:
570:
559:6.96 mm
554:
528:plate reader
521:
510:
503:
491:
488:
484:
476:
463:
460:Corner notch
447:
434:
376:
281:
276:
247:
235:
165:luminescence
159:for optical
147:
136:
127:plate reader
115:
112:for 96 wells
81:
77:
67:
58:
54:
50:
46:
44:
2901:Other items
2827:Face shield
2674:Measurement
2655:Galvanostat
2615:Electronics
2565:Other items
2551:Thermometer
2534:Calorimeter
2463:Colorimeter
2407:Gas syringe
2390:Other items
2318:Eye dropper
2193:Watch glass
2178:Evaporating
2157:Cold finger
1972:Other items
1878:Screw clamp
1870:Pinch clamp
1859:Flask clamp
1809:Wash bottle
1764:Homogenizer
1076:J Lab Autom
578:autosampler
562:8.3 mm
546:half sphere
518:Square well
440:standards.
349:0.03 – 0.1
282:arrangement
173:fluorescent
153:Polystyrene
100:hydrophobic
92:hydrophilic
70:rectangular
2832:Respirator
2773:Test probe
2691:Multimeter
2503:Microscopy
2323:Eudiometer
2287:Separatory
2256:Volumetric
2221:Erlenmeyer
2149:Condensers
2113:Dean–Stark
2062:Wire brush
2022:Microscope
2017:Centrifuge
1992:Cork borer
1947:Petri dish
1922:Agar plate
1909:Containers
1892:Wire gauze
1729:Water bath
1691:Desiccator
1499:. Agilent.
786:2008-07-06
754:2011-02-06
730:References
515:Round well
500:Well shape
338:0.1 – 0.3
327:0.5 – 1.5
197:absorbance
161:absorbance
47:microplate
2923:Fume hood
2868:Glove box
2721:Voltmeter
2106:Apparatus
2095:Glassware
1984:Autoclave
1979:Aspirator
1932:Incubator
1866:Iron ring
1789:Sonicator
1759:Chemostat
1701:Hot plate
1521:(30): 10.
1218:cite book
1004:1473-0197
949:0173-0835
896:1098-660X
839:1932-6203
183:compounds
59:multiwell
2965:Category
2822:Lab coat
2747:Tweezers
2737:Heat gun
2493:pH meter
2402:Bell jar
2282:Dropping
2236:Florence
2226:Fernbach
2188:Syracuse
2047:Scoopula
1997:Crucible
1706:Lab oven
1540:: 393–7.
1481:20 April
1456:20 April
1431:20 April
1409:20 April
1384:20 April
1362:21 April
1337:20 April
1312:20 April
1290:20 April
1262:20 April
1210:51032550
1171:20 April
1143:20 April
1106:21609702
1057:25937247
1022:29781496
965:25258352
957:18288779
914:24989602
857:19750008
809:PLOS ONE
713:See also
623:standard
621:de facto
612:standard
610:de facto
574:de facto
494:standard
492:de facto
425:384-well
316:0.5 – 3
2761:General
2681:Ammeter
2381:Thistle
2338:Pipette
2313:Cuvette
2303:Burette
2272:Büchner
2265:Funnels
2251:Schlenk
2231:Fleaker
2211:Büchner
2132:Bottles
2052:Spatula
2042:Stopper
2012:Forceps
1912:Storage
1829:Holders
1749:Shakers
1720:Striker
1668:Heaters
1655:General
1097:3417353
1013:5996734
905:4313156
848:2736590
817:Bibcode
649:History
535:conical
413:96-well
401:48-well
389:24-well
2795:Safety
2397:Beaker
2376:Thiele
2361:Cragie
2356:Drying
2277:Hirsch
2241:Retort
2203:Flasks
2171:Dishes
2162:Liebig
2123:Kipp's
2037:Splint
1847:Tripod
1825:Clamps
1821:Stands
1784:Shaker
1746:Mixers
1671:Dryers
1208:
1198:
1104:
1094:
1055:
1020:
1010:
1002:
963:
955:
947:
912:
902:
894:
855:
845:
837:
667:Lucite
629:Skirts
305:2 – 4
294:2 – 5
277:number
265:volume
225:quartz
169:carbon
118:robots
88:plasma
73:matrix
2730:Tools
2348:Tubes
2183:Petri
1515:(PDF)
1476:(PDF)
1451:(PDF)
1404:(PDF)
1357:(PDF)
1332:(PDF)
1285:(PDF)
1166:(PDF)
961:S2CID
368:48×72
357:32×48
346:16×24
262:wells
221:Glass
2412:Vial
2371:Test
2007:File
1711:Kiln
1483:2023
1458:2023
1433:2023
1411:2023
1386:2023
1364:2023
1339:2023
1314:2023
1292:2023
1264:2023
1224:link
1206:OCLC
1196:ISBN
1173:2023
1145:2023
1120:link
1102:PMID
1053:PMID
1018:PMID
1000:ISSN
953:PMID
945:ISSN
910:PMID
892:ISSN
853:PMID
835:ISSN
438:SLAS
365:3456
354:1536
335:8×12
171:for
1561:doi
1092:PMC
1084:doi
1045:doi
1041:114
1008:PMC
992:doi
937:doi
900:PMC
884:doi
843:PMC
825:doi
675:.)
635:PCR
343:384
324:6×8
313:4×6
302:3×4
291:2×3
256:).
223:or
215:DNA
163:or
57:or
45:A
2967::
1557:88
1555:.
1536:.
1517:.
1272:^
1247:^
1220:}}
1216:{{
1204:.
1181:^
1153:^
1128:^
1116:}}
1112:{{
1100:.
1090:.
1080:16
1078:.
1074:.
1051:.
1039:.
1016:.
1006:.
998:.
988:18
986:.
982:.
959:.
951:.
943:.
933:29
931:.
908:.
898:.
890:.
880:52
878:.
874:.
851:.
841:.
833:.
823:.
811:.
807:.
789:.
772:.
508:.
332:96
321:48
310:24
299:12
271:)
269:mL
201:nm
102:.
53:,
1635:e
1628:t
1621:v
1567:.
1563::
1538:5
1485:.
1460:.
1435:.
1413:.
1388:.
1366:.
1341:.
1316:.
1294:.
1266:.
1226:)
1212:.
1175:.
1147:.
1122:)
1108:.
1086::
1059:.
1047::
1024:.
994::
967:.
939::
916:.
886::
859:.
827::
819::
813:4
757:.
288:6
267:(
34:.
20:)
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