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people with a history of mental defects and other hereditary diseases. Social status also played a large role in selecting a candidate. Ideally, paired candidates and their families would be of equal social status, so some candidates had a hard time finding a mate if their family was not of a certain social status. Family lineage also affected the quality of candidates historically; for example, a candidate with samurai blood was more likely to be picked than one with ancestry from a different class, especially during the
Tokugawa era.
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1300:
84:
1040:), usually in the range of 22 to 30, but had shown little or no interest in seeking a partner on their own. Most commonly now, the decision to contact a marriage agency comes directly from the person who seeks a partner, and it is usually due to their lack of opportunity to meet a suitable spouse. Unlike in Western cultures, Japanese people very rarely talk to or trust strangers, thus the
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may only find satisfaction within the home as wives and mothers, with later generations more likely to place greater emphasis on the less traditional ideals of romantic love. Despite this, the number of
Japanese women pursuing careers and other avenues of fulfillment has increased, resulting in a falling rate of marriages within Japan.
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In 1995, women were reported as more inclined to seek a romantic relationship than men, with the inculturation of
Western ideals of true love, followed by marital and domestic bliss, at times seen as the cause for the discrepancy. Women in Japan were historically raised with the expectation that they
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marriages. The
National Institute of Population and Social Security Research in 2005 estimated that 6.2% of marriages in Japan were arranged, with younger generations estimated in 1995 to be more likely to pursue marriages preceded by romantic courtship instead. Though the Japanese term for romantic
1164:
in modern
Japanese society comes as a result of challenges in meeting new people. In recent decades, some companies have started offering various services to their employees as ways of helping them find potential partners. These services include marriage counseling and personal introductions, where
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were then brought to the home of the potential spouse's family for the son or daughter to scrutinize. The participant and their family examined the photos and short personal histories based on an investigation of social consideration. The education level and occupations of the potential candidate's
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for many single people who struggle to find a marriage partner, but might not want to go through a matchmaker. There have also been accounts of how parents pressure their unmarried children into arranged meetings that eventually lead to marriages, particularly with children who would assume family
452:
signified that the parties were brought together expressly for the purpose of marriage on the initiative of the parents, a friend of the family, or a go-between. It also meant that the initial criteria of selection were objective ones. The potential spouse and their family met with the go-between
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also played a large role. Many were fearful of the possibility that a potential candidate's blood was contaminated with diseases such as epilepsy, neurosis, or mental illness. The fear was so prevalent that the
Eugenic Protection Law of 1948 was passed to legalize sterilization and abortion for
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Men possess a greater degree of choice and freedom. Previously, a man who was not married by his 30s was considered untrustworthy by colleagues and employers, who believed that such men have not been conditioned to learn the fundamental principles of co-operation and responsibility. For males,
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introduces potential candidates, and potentially their families to each other depending on requirements. The second role, which is increasingly less common in modern Japan, is as a liaison for the families to avoid direct confrontation and differences in opinions between them by serving as an
700:. The introduction was often followed by small talk between the parents. Occasionally, the conversation shifted to one of the potential candidates. Toward the end of the meeting, the potential couple were often advised to go off to spend some time alone, in order to get better acquainted.
799:, the descendants of workers traditionally associated with trades involving blood, death, or uncleanness, such as leather-workers, shoe-menders, and butchers, since shoes were too dirty to be taken into the house, and meat was in the past forbidden by the Buddhist faith. During the
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introduction was successful, the potential couple went through a series of dates until a decision was reached. The decision was usually expressed at the couple's third meeting. If the potential couple chose to marry, they went through a formal marriage process known as
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occurs when groups of four or five men go out together with the same number of women to see how they all get along. This method has become more popular among university students and younger company workers since it is highly informal and does not involve parents.
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members may be identified by the region of the city where they live or by their street address, though it is getting increasingly rare and
Japanese people's views on shoes and beef among other things have changed significantly. Historically, a
1065:. In exceptional circumstances, though growing increasingly rare now, some parents send a candidacy picture to a future husband or go-between without their daughter's knowledge or consent. In general now, though, marriage agencies performing
1101:) implies that there are no constraints against selecting individuals whom one can marry, it is not always possible to classify a particular marriage as "love" or "arranged", as parental influence on potential spouses is present in both
1174:
to be treated as inferior. They are often compared to
Japanese Christmas cake: fresh up until the 25th of December but becoming less appetizing with every day past this date. A newer expression replaces Christmas cake with
784:— every 60th year — were thought to be bad luck. Women born during those years would often claim to have been born in the previous or following year. The belief was so widespread that in 1966, according to the
1058:
into casual conversation, to imply that both parents have consented for their daughter to meet eligible men. The daughter may be unaware that her parents have suggested her availability through the use of
371:
spread to other urban classes trying to emulate samurai customs. It became the practice for those seeking a union between families, and parents on both sides made all the decisions regarding marriage.
318:
508:, the candidates and their families were judged on a larger set of criteria aimed at determining the suitability and the balance of the marriage. These criteria are formally known in Japan as
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was arranged by the groom's family. Contrastingly, there were also standard provisions to turn down an offer or proposal with relatively little loss of face for the party being refused.
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1074:
In Japan, many women are stereotyped as looking for three attributes: height (specifically someone tall), high salary, and high education. This is commonly known as the "Three H's."
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or marriage agency forms the bridge as a trusted third party. At other times, the individual may ask friends or acquaintances to introduce potential spouses in a similar way.
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was an opportunity for the parents to survey the bride/groom as well as the couple themselves. The meeting began with an informal introduction between the two families by the
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family were historically the first aspects taken into consideration at that meeting. The potential mate and their mother then created a list of primary choices and asked the
587:, or detective agency. In rural areas, a common investigative method was to personally ask about the family of interest by questioning shopkeepers and neighbors through
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marriage was criticized for promoting patriarchal relationships with traditional power structures and distinct divisions of labor between males and females.
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have changed significantly. According to an estimate in 1998, between ten and thirty percent of all marriages that took place in Japan at that time were
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523:. They included level of education, income, occupation, physical attractiveness, religion, social standing, and hobbies. The participant's bloodline
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1181:, a dish of noodles to see out the year on the 31st, thus creating motivation for Japanese women after the age of 25 to seek help in the form of
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317:" but it can be described as a meeting opportunity with more serious considerations for the future as a process of courtship. According to the
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duties only discuss introductions and registration with their clients directly, thus removing involvement of parents entirely in many cases.
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often occupied dominant roles within the marriage, many of the men now registered with marriage agencies for help in finding a wife through
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between the two families would be cause of embarrassment when the two sides met. One method of investigation in urban Japan was through a
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provided, and still provides, a substantial amount of information regarding each candidate. The family researched the family lineage (
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classes, with the intention to form and protect strong military alliances among warlords to ensure mutual support. Later, during the
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occurred, the parties scrutinized each other's pictures to prevent future rejection, something which still occurs through online
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region, were commonly avoided as well. Descendants of people who were exposed to the radiation from the atomic bombs dropped on
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processes only involve the potential partners to be married; rarely these days are the families of these candidates involved.
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frequently included the name, age, health, education, occupation and marital status of all members of the candidate's family.
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matchmaking efforts within Japan, as part of the
Japanese governments efforts to increase the declining birth rate in Japan.
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marriage also makes an implicit statement about staying in the family business. While previously men who engaged in
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occurred when a potential male candidate attempted to catch a glimpse of the female in secret. The objective of the
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Family issues on marriage, divorce, and older adults in Japan : with special attention to regional variations
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were also avoided due to perceptions regarding possible child deformities and susceptibilities to rare diseases.
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611:("inquire variously and compare"). If all criteria were acceptable, the matchmaker arranged an interview for a
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is even consulted by the married couple after their wedding if they encounter problems in their married life.
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The idea of the cutoff age is taken quite seriously, with the tendency for women who remain unmarried past
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the employees can join a club that provides guidance and services to match them up with suitable partners.
1014:, a panel type game show which ran from 1993 to 1997 in Japan on TBS, that substituted for the role of the
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marriages are less common than they once were, they do still hold a place in popular media. One example is
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practices accounted for 69% of marriages in Japan; by 2010 the figure had dropped to 5.2%. Modern forms of
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introductions often came from the parents who felt that their son or daughter was of a marriageable age (
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were discriminated against for being "half-bloods" — i.e. not of full
Japanese ancestry. Also, the
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that states a Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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would gather information about the family in question by asking around and comparing responses through
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and screened the portfolios to eliminate any obviously inappropriate candidates. The photographs and
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Applbaum, Kalman D. "Marriage with the Proper Stranger: Arranged Marriage in Metropolitan Japan."
961:, is to provide introductions for people entering a new arrangement and to assist candidates. The
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would require a candidate to bring a family history to prove that they are not a member of the
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There are several methods for meeting potential spouses that differ from the structure of the
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are still practiced in Japan today by various marriage agencies; however, practices such as
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was a solemn practice and involved considerations that are not given as much weight by most
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637:-based services in Japan today. Although candidates rely on their photographs and resumes (
399:, the trend was to abandon the restrictive arranged-meetings system. In the 1930s and 40s,
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was, and still is, a casual meeting between the potential couple, though historically the
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303:, in which a woman and a man are introduced to each other to consider the possibility of
1775:"Omiai and Miai-gekkon, Arranged Marriages in Japan." Hanami Web. 2007. 6 Nov. 2007 <
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Historically, there was some amount of racial, class, and genetic discrimination in the
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1954:"Things Japanese: Omiai and Compa." Yamasa Student Network. 2007. 7 Nov. 2007 <
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321:, in 2005 it was estimated that around 6.2% of marriages in Japan are arranged via
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Modern Japan Through its Weddings: Gender, Person, and Society in Ritual Portrayal
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1929:"Marriage Woes: One in Three Japanese Men to Remain Single for Life | original"
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are seeking a balanced, loving relationship with mutual love between partners.
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1591:"Racing with Marriage - A Peculiar Trend of Modern Japan | Articles on Izanau"
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Geek in Japan: Discovering the Land of Manga, Anime, Zen, and the Tea Ceremony
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still serves in the role of go-between for potential marriage partners in the
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1956:
http://www.yamasa.org/acjs/network/english/newsletter/things_japanese_07.html
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in which contestants were introduced and screened for marriage possibility.
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1928:
1519:"Online Konkatsu and the Gendered Ideals of Marriage in Contemporary Japan"
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can be a family member, friend, or as is most common now, a marriage agency
1887:"5 reasons foreigners find it hard to become friends with Japanese people"
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and the parents of both parties would be present also. Historically the
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1132:(companion) is a method young people have adopted into modern society.
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1834:"Hanami Web - Taboos in Japan - things that should not be mentioned"
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once the preliminary list had been constructed. Vast differences in
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1975:
Yoshida, Ritsuko (Apr 1990). "Getting Married the Corporate Way".
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1778:"Hanami Web - Omiai and Miai-gekkon, Arranged Marriages in Japan"
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Reserved, Copyright © 2016-2020 Active Gaming Media All Rights.
31:
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1380:, National Institute of Population and Social Security Research
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is usually seen portrayed more in films and television dramas.
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intermediary for working out the details of the marriage. The
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The most widespread discrimination is against members of the
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was to prevent embarrassing denials based on appearances. The
386:, such as family bloodlines and class. Nowadays, this type of
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77:
36:
1818:"Japanese Calendar." japan-guide.com. 2007. 18 Oct. 2007 <
1245:). In China, 82% of first-tier-city dwellers had experienced
424:
responsibilities such as those inheriting a family business.
347:
in an arranged marriage with a strategic purpose, Tokyo, 1937
319:
National Institute of Population and Social Security Research
1683:
Love Match and Arranged Marriage; a Tokyo-Detroit Comparison
289:
as it is properly known in Japan with the honorific prefix
197:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
809:
status was sometimes a way of punishing criminals. Today,
417:
or 'spouse hunting' have also emerged as alternatives to
1703:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1989.
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is also common in Chinese-speaking countries, known as
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is expected to play a variety of roles throughout the
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traditional custom which relates closely to Western
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http://web-japan.org/trends98/honbun/ntj980729.html
1763:. London; New York: Routledge Curzon 3rd ed., 2003.
776:in the fifth cycle of the Japanese lunar calendar,
108:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1950:
1948:
685:determined the place and format of the meeting.
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1049:Sometimes, parents subtly interject the phrase
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1809:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1984.
1158:marriages are fairly low, the persistence of
8:
1635:City Life in Japan: A Study of a Tokyo Ward
1613:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1473:"Omiai | Marriage Matching Marriage Agency"
1428:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
4218:Marriage, unions and partnerships in Japan
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1807:Japanese Women: Constraint and Fulfillment
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465:often had photographs of candidates and a
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1517:Dalton, Emma; Dales, Laura (2016-01-02).
1390:Kumagai, Fumie, 1943- (14 October 2014).
973:process. The first is the bridging role,
788:, the birthrate in Japan took a 26% dip.
593:("inquiry of mouth"). More recently, the
459:) and examined all eligible persons. The
244:Learn how and when to remove this message
226:Learn how and when to remove this message
168:Learn how and when to remove this message
3227:Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates
1801:
1799:
1677:
1675:
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1637:. Richmond, Surrey: Japan Library, 1999.
1351:
1349:
357:emerged in 16th century Japan among the
1820:http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2272.html
1771:
1769:
1626:
1624:
1345:
270:, "matchmaking", literally "look meet")
1606:
1494:"Matchmakers in wings as singles rise"
1417:
1187:introductions from a marriage agency.
1028:Historically, the initiative for the
7:
1274:, which was published in the 1940s.
955:, especially the traditional way of
569:) of each candidate provided by the
480:The families then sat down with the
106:adding citations to reliable sources
1595:Izanau | Jobs In Japan Made Simple
1357:Marriage ever-changing institution
649:process, an older custom known as
431:set aside ¥3 billion to help with
313:is sometimes mistranslated as an "
14:
1451:. Tuttle Publishing. p. 39.
655:(hidden look) was once employed.
499:to investigate the first choice.
427:In 2014, Japanese prime minister
52:This article has multiple issues.
16:Japanese relationship matchmaking
4185:
4184:
1298:
1284:
835:, an indigenous people from the
471:, a small personal history. The
184:
82:
41:
1983:: 171–175 – via ProQuest.
1107:and "love" marriages in Japan.
735:, in which a betrothal ceremony
93:needs additional citations for
60:or discuss these issues on the
23:. For the railway station, see
4167:Marriage in pre-Islamic Arabia
2235:Light skin in Japanese culture
1859:Lebra, Joyce C. (2019-03-20).
1761:Understanding Japanese society
1:
3776:Ghost marriage in South Sudan
2101:Blood type personality theory
2067:Japanese social concepts and
2015:Mccoy, Patrick (2014-08-30).
1685:. New York, Free Press, 1967.
1535:10.1080/10371397.2016.1148556
1264:is one of the main topics of
365:(1603–1868), the practice of
3151:Japanese blue collar workers
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2822:
2808:
2775:
2766:
2757:
2748:
2739:
2730:
2721:
2710:
2701:
2690:
2681:
2672:
2663:
2632:
2623:
2611:
2600:
2591:
2582:
2552:
2525:
2511:
2486:
2477:
2468:
2459:
2450:
2441:
2432:
2423:
2414:
2405:
2396:
2387:
2365:
2356:
2347:
2338:
2329:
2320:
2311:
2302:
2293:
2283:
2271:
2262:
2253:
2244:
2227:
2218:
2204:
2195:
2186:
2177:
2168:
2162:
2153:
2144:
2135:
2116:
2093:
2084:
1665:Marriage in Changing Japan.
1260:
1247:
1233:
1227:
1199:
1193:
1183:
1177:
1170:
1160:
1154:
1145:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1103:
1097:
1090:
1084:
1067:
1061:
1051:
1042:
1036:
1030:
1016:
1006:
997:
990:
975:
969:
963:
957:
951:
949:The general purpose of the
940:
926:
920:
914:
908:
902:
894:
877:
868:
853:
824:
818:
811:
805:
793:
778:
761:
745:
722:
715:
705:
696:
690:
681:
675:
669:
663:
657:
651:
645:
639:
633:
627:
613:
607:
601:
595:
589:
583:
577:
571:
565:
559:
545:
533:
510:
504:
495:
488:
482:
473:
467:
461:
455:
448:
439:
433:
419:
413:
407:
401:
388:
375:
367:
353:
323:
309:
291:
274:
257:
4239:
4223:Japanese words and phrases
1492:Ito, Masami (2011-11-01).
1152:Although current rates of
786:Japan Statistical Yearbook
709:(excuse, apology, refusal)
29:
18:
4180:
2657:
2212:Japanese political values
1667:London: Croom Helm, 1981.
1242:
982:
934:
918:, especially with modern
912:is not necessary for all
888:
755:Historical discrimination
739:
729:
527:
517:
283:
266:
1996:
1914:. 1998. 6 Nov. 2007 <
1082:Modern attitudes toward
30:Not to be confused with
3156:Japanese business terms
3128:Business card etiquette
2939:Japanese street fashion
1862:Women In Changing Japan
1805:Lebra, Takie Sugiyama.
1447:Garcia, Hector (2012).
3764:Chinese ghost marriage
2000:(in Chinese (China)).
1699:Edwards, Walter Drew.
1564:Mckisty (2016-09-16).
1225:A similar practice to
1222:
348:
206:by rewriting it in an
3188:Labor unions in Japan
2017:"The Makioka Sisters"
1220:Chengdu People's Park
1214:
338:
19:For the Go term, see
2076:Sociocultural values
1933:Tokyo Business Today
1324:Matrimonial websites
102:improve this article
21:Go terms § Miai
4005:Royal intermarriage
3707:Mystery of Crowning
3193:Lifetime employment
2545:Japanese honorifics
1741:34.1 (1995): 37-51.
1631:Dore, Ronald Philip
1568:. Oxon: Routledge.
1365:, November 3, 2009.
1271:The Makioka Sisters
1266:Jun'ichirō Tanizaki
3871:Marriage allowance
3501:Widow conservation
3278:Types of marriages
3198:Management culture
2618:Sitting positions
1994:杜园春 (2017-07-04).
1961:2014-06-03 at the
1910:"Tying the Knot."
1223:
1207:In other countries
906:process. Though a
801:Tokugawa shogunate
770:Japan-born Koreans
688:Historically, the
502:In more selective
349:
208:encyclopedic style
195:is written like a
4213:Arranged marriage
4200:
4199:
3934:
3933:
3921:Mixed-orientation
3771:Widow inheritance
3450:Marriage in Islam
3440:Clerical marriage
3244:
3243:
3109:
3108:
2154:Hara hachi bun me
2124:Celibacy syndrome
2002:China Youth Daily
1872:978-1-000-01107-4
1681:Blood, Robert O.
1575:978-1-315-48919-3
1458:978-1-4629-0629-1
1403:978-981-287-185-5
1314:Arranged marriage
1024:Selection process
774:year of the Horse
315:arranged marriage
254:
253:
246:
236:
235:
228:
178:
177:
170:
152:
75:
4230:
4188:
4187:
4162:Mail-order bride
3739:
3609:Marriageable age
3423:Eastern Orthodox
3271:
3264:
3257:
3248:
3236:
3222:
3183:
3174:
3165:
3146:
3137:
3098:
3089:
3080:
3071:
3063:
3054:
3045:
3035:
3026:
3017:
3008:
2997:
2980:
2971:
2962:
2953:
2934:
2914:
2912:Yamato nadeshiko
2900:
2894:
2885:
2871:Net cafe refugee
2866:
2852:
2843:
2834:
2825:
2811:
2792:
2778:
2769:
2760:
2751:
2742:
2733:
2724:
2713:
2704:
2693:
2684:
2675:
2666:
2655:
2635:
2626:
2614:
2603:
2594:
2585:
2576:
2555:
2540:Honorific speech
2535:Dining etiquette
2528:
2514:
2489:
2480:
2471:
2462:
2453:
2444:
2435:
2426:
2417:
2408:
2399:
2390:
2368:
2359:
2350:
2341:
2332:
2323:
2314:
2305:
2296:
2286:
2274:
2265:
2256:
2247:
2230:
2221:
2207:
2198:
2189:
2180:
2171:
2165:
2156:
2147:
2138:
2119:
2096:
2087:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2038:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1997:82%一线城市受访者有过相亲经历
1991:
1985:
1984:
1972:
1966:
1952:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1925:
1919:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1856:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1836:. Archived from
1829:
1823:
1816:
1810:
1803:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1780:. Archived from
1773:
1764:
1757:
1742:
1735:
1704:
1697:
1686:
1679:
1668:
1661:
1638:
1628:
1619:
1618:
1612:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1523:Japanese Studies
1514:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1504:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1423:
1415:
1387:
1381:
1379:
1372:
1366:
1353:
1334:Culture of Japan
1308:
1303:
1302:
1294:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1263:
1250:
1244:
1236:
1230:
1202:
1196:
1186:
1180:
1173:
1163:
1157:
1148:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1106:
1100:
1093:
1087:
1070:
1064:
1062:"onegai shimasu"
1057:
1054:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1019:
1009:
1000:
993:
987:
985:
984:
978:
972:
966:
960:
954:
945:
943:
937:
936:
929:
923:
917:
911:
905:
899:
897:
891:
890:
880:
871:
856:
827:
821:
814:
808:
798:
783:
764:
750:
748:
742:
741:
734:
732:
731:
725:
718:
708:
699:
693:
684:
678:
672:
666:
660:
654:
648:
643:) in the modern
642:
636:
630:
616:
610:
604:
598:
592:
586:
580:
574:
568:
562:
548:
538:
536:
530:
529:
522:
520:
519:
513:
507:
498:
491:
485:
476:
470:
464:
458:
451:
442:
436:
422:
416:
410:
404:
391:
378:
370:
356:
351:The practice of
326:
312:
294:
288:
286:
285:
279:
271:
269:
268:
262:
249:
242:
231:
224:
220:
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188:
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180:
173:
166:
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151:
110:
86:
78:
67:
45:
44:
37:
4238:
4237:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4203:
4202:
4201:
4196:
4176:
4145:
4125:
4062:
4009:
3957:
3930:
3882:
3842:
3796:
3734:
3728:
3685:
3637:Sister exchange
3623:
3597:
3389:
3329:Serial monogamy
3285:Legal scenarios
3280:
3275:
3245:
3240:
3105:
2918:
2876:Parasite single
2786:
2651:Types of people
2646:
2640:Other positions
2570:
2519:Bowing in Japan
2502:
2493:
2372:
2366:Yamato-damashii
2106:Brother complex
2071:
2065:
2035:
2034:
2025:
2023:
2021:The Japan Times
2014:
2013:
2009:
1998:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1977:Japan Quarterly
1974:
1973:
1969:
1963:Wayback Machine
1953:
1946:
1937:
1935:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1912:Trends in Japan
1909:
1905:
1896:
1894:
1893:. 14 March 2014
1885:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1843:
1841:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1817:
1813:
1804:
1797:
1787:
1785:
1776:
1774:
1767:
1758:
1745:
1736:
1707:
1698:
1689:
1680:
1671:
1662:
1641:
1629:
1622:
1605:
1599:
1597:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1502:
1500:
1498:The Japan Times
1491:
1490:
1486:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1416:
1404:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1354:
1347:
1342:
1319:Shotgun wedding
1304:
1297:
1290:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1257:
1209:
1150:
1120:. For example,
1080:
1055:
1026:
988:, in which the
979:
931:
885:
882:
864:
859:
831:Members of the
757:
736:
726:
713:If the initial
711:
623:
555:
524:
514:
384:Japanese people
363:Tokugawa period
333:
280:
263:
250:
239:
238:
237:
232:
221:
215:
212:
204:help improve it
201:
189:
185:
174:
163:
157:
154:
111:
109:
99:
87:
46:
42:
35:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4236:
4234:
4226:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4205:
4204:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4135:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4096:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4079:
4073:
4071:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4019:
4017:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3986:Middle Eastern
3978:
3967:
3965:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3950:
3944:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3858:
3852:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3804:
3802:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3778:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3745:
3743:
3736:
3733:Circumstantial
3730:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3719:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3693:
3691:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3662:
3661:
3654:
3644:
3639:
3633:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3605:
3603:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3534:
3527:
3520:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3442:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3403:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3321:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3299:
3294:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3266:
3259:
3251:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3229:
3224:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3176:
3167:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3139:
3130:
3125:
3119:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3091:
3082:
3073:
3056:
3047:
3037:
3019:
3010:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2989:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2973:
2964:
2946:
2936:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2907:
2902:
2887:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2859:
2854:
2845:
2836:
2827:
2818:
2813:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2780:
2771:
2762:
2753:
2744:
2735:
2726:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2686:
2677:
2658:
2652:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2628:
2616:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2596:
2578:
2564:
2559:
2558:
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2537:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2516:
2506:
2504:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2482:
2473:
2464:
2455:
2446:
2437:
2428:
2419:
2410:
2401:
2392:
2382:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2361:
2352:
2343:
2334:
2325:
2316:
2307:
2298:
2289:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2267:
2258:
2249:
2239:Mental states
2237:
2232:
2223:
2214:
2209:
2200:
2191:
2182:
2178:Ichi-go ichi-e
2173:
2158:
2149:
2140:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2112:
2110:Sister complex
2103:
2098:
2089:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2056:
2049:
2041:
2033:
2032:
2007:
1986:
1967:
1944:
1920:
1903:
1878:
1871:
1851:
1824:
1811:
1795:
1765:
1743:
1705:
1687:
1669:
1639:
1620:
1581:
1574:
1556:
1509:
1484:
1464:
1457:
1439:
1402:
1382:
1367:
1355:Ito, Masami, "
1344:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1306:Society portal
1295:
1279:
1276:
1256:
1253:
1208:
1205:
1178:toshikoshisoba
1149:
1141:
1079:
1076:
1052:onegai shimasu
1025:
1022:
941:kekkonsōdansho
881:
874:
863:
860:
858:
849:
803:, demotion to
756:
753:
710:
702:
622:
619:
554:
551:
543:Historically,
446:Historically,
332:
329:
252:
251:
234:
233:
192:
190:
183:
176:
175:
90:
88:
81:
76:
50:
49:
47:
40:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4235:
4224:
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4193:
4192:
4183:
4182:
4179:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4148:
4142:
4141:
4140:Mariage blanc
4137:
4136:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4101:
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4097:
4095:
4092:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4065:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4043:International
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4012:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3960:
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3941:
3937:
3927:
3924:
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3909:
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3900:
3897:
3896:
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3892:
3891:
3889:
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3869:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3859:
3857:
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3853:
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3849:
3845:
3839:
3836:
3834:
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3829:
3826:
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3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3799:
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3123:Black company
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2802:Herbivore men
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2196:Ishin-denshin
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2018:
2011:
2008:
2004:. p. 07.
2003:
1999:
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1865:. Routledge.
1864:
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1840:on 2007-11-03
1839:
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1784:on 2013-07-24
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1759:Hendry, Joy.
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1663:Hendry, Joy.
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1399:
1396:. Singapore.
1395:
1394:
1386:
1383:
1378:(in Japanese)
1376:
1375:健康と出産に関する全国調査
1371:
1368:
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1267:
1262:
1255:In literature
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1012:Wedding Bells
1008:
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992:
977:
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947:
942:
928:
924:parties. The
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579:
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567:
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553:Investigation
552:
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245:
230:
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216:November 2011
209:
205:
199:
198:
193:This article
191:
182:
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172:
169:
161:
150:
147:
143:
140:
136:
133:
129:
126:
122:
119: –
118:
114:
113:Find sources:
107:
103:
97:
96:
91:This article
89:
85:
80:
79:
74:
72:
65:
64:
59:
58:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
26:
22:
4189:
4157:Dishu system
4138:
4023:Human–animal
3995:Same-surname
3785:
3670:
3656:
3590:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3543:
3536:
3529:
3522:
3515:
3496:Self-uniting
3476:
3460:Nikah mut'ah
3361:Nikah mut'ah
3203:Nenko system
3115:Work culture
2905:Yakuza ranks
2782:
2566:
2503:social norms
2281:
2280:
2024:. Retrieved
2020:
2010:
1989:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1936:. Retrieved
1932:
1923:
1911:
1906:
1895:. Retrieved
1890:
1881:
1861:
1854:
1842:. Retrieved
1838:the original
1827:
1814:
1806:
1786:. Retrieved
1782:the original
1760:
1738:
1700:
1682:
1664:
1634:
1598:. Retrieved
1594:
1584:
1566:Jinsei Annai
1565:
1559:
1526:
1522:
1512:
1501:. Retrieved
1497:
1487:
1476:. Retrieved
1467:
1448:
1442:
1392:
1385:
1370:
1360:
1292:Japan portal
1269:
1258:
1224:
1215:
1189:
1167:
1151:
1113:
1109:
1081:
1073:
1048:
1027:
1011:
1004:Even though
1003:
948:
884:A matchmaker
883:
866:Today, most
865:
862:Participants
830:
790:
785:
767:
758:
712:
687:
624:
621:Introduction
556:
542:
501:
479:
445:
426:
394:
373:
350:
275:
258:
255:
240:
222:
213:
194:
164:
155:
145:
138:
131:
124:
112:
100:Please help
95:verification
92:
68:
61:
55:
54:Please help
51:
25:Miai Station
4077:Concubinage
4048:Interracial
4038:Interethnic
4033:Inter-caste
3971:Consanguine
3899:Watta satta
3848:Convenience
3702:Handfasting
3491:Scientology
3465:Nikah 'urfi
3307:Nikah 'urfi
3208:Office lady
3006:Netto-uyoku
2923:Subcultures
2850:Kyōiku mama
2787: [
2571: [
2562:Gift-giving
1891:Japan Today
1529:(1): 1–19.
1362:Japan Times
1143:Gender and
851:Modern-day
833:Ainu people
723:miai kekkon
625:Before the
608:toriawaseru
602:kikiawaseru
397:Pacific War
339:Wedding of
307:. The term
301:matchmaking
4207:Categories
4069:monogamous
4058:Morganatic
4053:Interfaith
3976:Avunculate
3948:Common-law
3866:Green card
3833:Tongyangxi
3749:Posthumous
3690:Ceremonial
3681:Tongyangxi
3538:Prajapatya
3341:Remarriage
3181:Kyariaūman
2944:Genderless
2809:Hikikomori
2592:Giri choco
2378:Aesthetics
2312:Omotenashi
2026:2020-10-19
1938:2020-10-19
1897:2020-10-19
1844:2017-09-27
1788:2017-09-27
1600:2020-10-17
1503:2020-10-17
1478:2020-10-17
1340:References
1329:Matchmaker
1218:corner in
1056:("please")
429:Shinzo Abe
395:After the
128:newspapers
57:improve it
4114:Polyandry
4028:Hypergamy
3876:Predatory
3818:Hypergamy
3801:Financial
3717:Las Vegas
3697:Betrothal
3652:Abduction
3574:Ayyavazhi
3566:Paishacha
3545:Gandharva
3416:Josephite
3406:Christian
3394:Religious
3356:Hollywood
3351:Temporary
3302:Customary
3213:Salaryman
3144:Ho-Ren-Sō
3033:Akiba-kei
2864:Otokonoko
2749:Burakumin
2499:Etiquette
2469:Wabi-sabi
2406:Jo-ha-kyū
2303:Nemawashi
2294:Mottainai
2205:Isagiyosa
1739:Ethnology
1551:147632293
1543:1037-1397
1420:cite book
1412:894231777
1171:tekireiki
1078:Attitudes
1037:tekireiki
976:hashikake
857:practices
841:Hiroshima
825:burakumin
812:burakumin
806:burakumin
795:burakumin
765:process.
640:rirekisho
590:kuchikiki
584:kooshinjo
489:rirekisho
474:rirekisho
468:rirekisho
345:Hiro Saga
158:June 2010
63:talk page
4191:Category
4119:Polygyny
4109:Polygamy
4000:Homogamy
3963:Endogamy
3940:De facto
3926:Sororate
3916:Sologamy
3894:Exchange
3856:Lavender
3781:Levirate
3629:Arranged
3559:Rakshasa
3472:Levirate
3411:Catholic
3378:Putative
3373:Voidable
3366:Wedlease
3346:Same-sex
3336:Marriage
3324:Monogamy
3297:Covenant
3234:Zaibatsu
3172:Keiretsu
3069:Shotacon
3043:moe zoku
3015:Omorashi
2932:Bōsōzoku
2841:Jouhatsu
2767:Chūnibyō
2740:Bishōnen
2339:Tsundoku
2245:Fudōshin
2228:Kotodama
2136:Gekokujō
1959:Archived
1609:cite web
1278:See also
1248:xiangqin
1234:xiangqin
1216:xiangqin
845:Nagasaki
837:Hokkaidō
780:hinoeuma
706:Kotowari
440:konkatsu
414:konkatsu
305:marriage
297:Japanese
4172:Walking
4131:Sexless
4015:Exogamy
3953:Plaçage
3759:Germany
3712:Wedding
3676:Shotgun
3511:Vivaaha
3486:Natural
3445:Islamic
3312:Plaçage
3220:Shinise
3163:Karoshi
3078:Reki-jo
3061:Lolicon
3052:Fujoshi
3040:Figure
2992:Visual
2960:Ganguro
2797:Freeter
2731:Bishōjo
2711:Sukeban
2682:Shizoku
2550:Manual
2512:Aizuchi
2330:Sontaku
2321:Shuhari
2272:Zanshin
2263:Shoshin
2169:tatemae
2117:Bushido
1239:Chinese
359:samurai
331:History
295:, is a
202:Please
142:scholar
4104:Bigamy
4099:Plural
3981:Cousin
3808:Boston
3787:Yibbum
3754:France
3658:Raptio
3647:Forced
3517:Brahma
3478:Yibbum
3455:Misyar
3433:Quaker
3428:Mormon
3401:Jewish
3099:fandom
2987:Lolita
2969:Gyaruo
2892:Senpai
2883:Sensei
2832:Ikemen
2823:Iemoto
2758:Chikan
2702:Banchō
2691:Heimin
2673:Kazoku
2612:Kamiza
2526:Dogeza
2460:Shibui
2433:Miyabi
2415:Kawaii
2254:Mushin
2219:Kaizen
2187:Ikigai
2145:Hansei
2069:values
1869:
1572:
1549:
1541:
1455:
1410:
1400:
1241::
1098:ren'ai
1095:love (
1043:nakōdo
1017:nakōdo
998:nakōdo
991:nakōdo
964:nakōdo
952:nakōdo
927:nakōdo
909:nakōdo
895:nakōdo
878:Nakōdo
819:nakōdo
697:nakōdo
682:nakōdo
676:nakōdo
664:kagemi
658:Kagemi
652:kagemi
596:nakōdo
578:iegara
572:nakōdo
566:iegara
560:nakōdo
511:iegara
496:nakōdo
483:nakōdo
462:nakōdo
456:nakōdo
381:modern
144:
137:
130:
123:
117:"Miai"
115:
4150:Other
4082:Group
3906:Heqin
3887:Other
3838:Trial
3823:Naked
3813:Flash
3742:Death
3735:basis
3722:Proxy
3666:Heqin
3642:Flash
3614:Child
3592:Manus
3584:Yogic
3579:Vedic
3552:Asura
3531:Arsha
3524:Daiva
3506:Hindu
3319:Fleet
3292:Civil
3135:Haken
3024:Otaku
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