Human migration - Knowledge (XXG)

1814:

must, out of necessity, move out of their usual habitation and enter into indispensable social relationships that are cooperative or antagonistic. Human beings also develop the tools and equipment to interact with nature to produce the desired food and security. The improved relationship (cooperative relationships) among human beings and improved technology further conditioned by the push and pull factors all interact together to cause or bring about migration and higher concentration of individuals into towns and cities. The higher the technology of production of food and security and the higher the cooperative relationship among human beings in the production of food and security and the reproduction of the human species, the higher would be the push and pull factors in the migration and concentration of human beings in towns and cities. Countryside, towns and cities do not just exist, but they do so to meet the basic human needs of food, security and the reproduction of the human species. Therefore, migration occurs because individuals search for food, sex and security outside their usual habitation. Social services in the towns and cities are provided to meet these basic needs for human survival and pleasure.

134: 809: 119: 306: 1875:

yet, somewhat paradoxically, the majority of migration governance has historically remained with individual states. Their policies and regulations on migration are typically made at the national level. For the most part, migration governance has been closely associated with State sovereignty. States retain the power of deciding on the entry and stay of non-nationals because migration directly affects some of the defining elements of a State. Comparative surveys reveal varying degrees of openness to migrants across countries, considering policies such as visa availability, employment prerequisites, and paths to residency.

319: 911: 1218:

onward to the European Union. Scholars note that EU countries also have identical migrant flows and therefore it is not clear (illogical or biased) why it is only migrants in non-EU countries that are labeled as transit migrants. It is also argued that the term "transit" glosses over the complexity and difficulty of migrant journeys: migrants face many types of violence while in transit; migrants often have no set end destination and must adjust their plan as they move (migrant journeys can take years and go through several stages).

1346:. In the short run, remittances may increase inequality, but in the long run, they may decrease it. There are two stages of migration for workers: first, they invest in human capital formation, and then they try to capitalise on their investments. In this way, successful migrants may use their new capital to provide better schooling for their children and better homes for their families. Successful high-skilled emigrants may serve as an example for neighbours and potential migrants who hope to achieve that level of success. 1299:. It can be said that areas with a shortage of labour but an excess of capital have a high relative wage while areas with a high labour supply and a dearth of capital have a low relative wage. Labour tends to flow from low-wage areas to high-wage areas. Often, with this flow of labour comes changes in the sending and the receiving country. Neoclassical economic theory best describes transnational migration because it is not confined by international immigration laws and similar governmental regulations. 229: 332: 1887:(Refugee Convention) are two significant examples notable for being widely ratified. Other migration conventions have not been so broadly accepted, such as the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, which still has no traditional countries of destination among its States parties. Beyond this, there have been numerous multilateral and global initiatives, dialogues and processes on migration over several decades. The 1201:, offer the following definition: Forced migration refers to the movements of refugees and internally displaced people (displaced by conflict) as well as people displaced by natural or environmental disasters, chemical or nuclear disasters, famine, or development projects. These different causes of migration leave people with one choice, to move to a new environment. Immigrants leave their beloved homes to seek a life in camps, spontaneous settlement, and countries of asylum. 2195:. International Organization for Migration, 2019. "The great majority of people in the world do not migrate across borders; much larger numbers migrate within countries (an estimated 740 million internal migrants in 2009)" (p. 19). "In 2019, there were an estimated 272 million international migrants globally (3.5% of the world’s population) .... it is evident that the vast majority of people continue to live in the countries in which they were born" (p. 21). 935: 5691: 1891:(Global Compact for Migration) is another milestone, as the first internationally negotiated statement of objectives for migration governance striking a balance between migrants' rights and the principle of States' sovereignty over their territory. Although it is not legally binding, the Global Compact for Migration was adopted by consensus in December 2018 at a United Nations conference in which more than 150 1079: 1055: 661: 1103: 1007: 1552: 959: 1031: 55: 983: 1178:"Push-pull factors" are the reasons that push or attract people to a particular place. "Push" factors are the negative aspects(for example wars) of the country of origin, often decisive in people's choice to emigrate. The "pull" factors are the positive aspects of a different country that encourages people to emigrate to seek a better life. For example, the government of 887: 5679: 1376:

climate, security and population density represent the natural determinants of human migration. The complicated migration is characterised by the speedy evolution and the emergence of new sub-determinants, notably earning, unemployment, networks, and migration policies. Osmosis theory explains analogically human migration by the biophysical phenomenon of

1247:, of violence, or to escape persecution. In 2014, the UN Refugee agency estimated that around 59.5 million people fell into this category. Other reasons people may move include to gain access to opportunities and services or to escape extreme weather. This type of movement, usually from rural to urban areas, may be classed as 118: 292:, there is no intention to settle in the new place, and only a few people have retained this form of lifestyle in modern times. Temporary movement for travel, tourism, pilgrimages, or the commute is also not regarded as migration, in the absence of an intention to live and settle in the visited places. 1363:

the outflow of migrant workers. Exporting capital-intensive goods from rich countries to developing countries also equalises income and employment conditions, thus slowing migration. In either direction, this theory can be used to explain migration between countries that are geographically far apart.

1321:

This theory states that migration flows and patterns cannot be explained solely at the level of individual workers and their economic incentives but that wider social entities must also be considered. One such social entity is the household. Migration can be viewed as a result of risk aversion from a

1262:

Relatives may help with job research and with accommodation. The geographical proximity of Africa to Europe and the long historical ties between Northern and Southern Mediterranean countries also prompt many to migrate. Whether a person decides to move to another country depends on the relative skill

1213:

Transit migration is a highly debated term with no official definition. The common understanding is that it describes immigrants who are in the process of moving to an end goal country. The term was first coined by the UN in 1990 to describe immigrants who were traveling through countries surrounding

1375:

osmosis theory studies the evolution of its natural determinants. In this theory migration is divided into two main types: simple and complicated. The simple migration is divided, in its turn, into diffusion, stabilisation and concentration periods. During these periods, water availability, adequate

1357:

looks at migration from a global perspective. It explains that interaction between different societies can be an important factor in social change. Trade with one country, which causes an economic decline in another, may create incentive to migrate to a country with a more vibrant economy. It can be

266:

are defined and described as persons who do not willingly relocate. The reasons for the refugees' migration usually involve war actions within the country or other forms of oppression, coming either from the government or non-governmental sources. Refugees are usually associated with people who must

1878:

Bilateral and multilateral arrangements are features of migration governance at an international level. There are several global arrangements in the form of international treaties in which States have reached an agreement on the application of human rights and the related responsibilities of States

1327:

occupations and an increase in workers' ability to learn about other locations before moving there, through both information technology and inexpensive travel. Other researchers find that the location-specific nature of housing is more important than moving costs in determining labour reallocation.

530:

Almost half of these migrants are women, one of the most significant migrant-pattern changes in the last half-century. Women migrate alone or with their family members and community. Even though female migration is largely viewed as an association rather than independent migration, emerging studies

1865:(2006): "suggests that the international migration of workers is necessary for the survival of industrialised economies... turns the conventional view of international migration on its head: it investigates how migration regulates labour markets, rather than labour markets shaping migration flows." 1362:

is controversial, and some argue that free trade can reduce migration between developing and developed countries. It can be argued that the developed countries import labour-intensive goods, which causes an increase in the employment of unskilled workers in the less developed countries, decreasing

1217:

The term "transit migration" has generated a lot of debate among migration scholars and immigration institutions. Some criticize it as a Eurocentric term that was coined to place responsibility of migrants on states outside the European Union; and also to pressure those states to prevent migration

1874:

By their very nature, international migration and displacement are transnational issues concerning the origin and destination States and States through which migrants may travel (often referred to as "transit" States) or in which they are hosted following displacement across national borders. And

1813:

The theory is that migration occurs because individuals search for food, sex and security outside their usual habitation; Idyorough (2008) believes that towns and cities are a creation of the human struggle to obtain food, sex and security. To produce food, security and reproduction, human beings

1204:

By the end of 2018, there were an estimated 67.2 million forced migrants globally – 25.9 million refugees displaced from their countries, and 41.3 million internally displaced persons that had been displaced within their countries for different reasons. In 2022, 6 million Ukrainian

1186:

Although the push-pull factors are opposed, both are sides of the same coin, being equally important. Although specific to forced migration, any other harmful factor can be considered a "push factor" or determinant/trigger factor, such examples being: poor quality of life, lack of jobs, excessive

172:

at both individual and household level, and with better access to migration networks, facilitating a possible second move. It has a high potential to improve human development, and some studies confirm that migration is the most direct route out of poverty. Age is also important for both work and

1312:

are needed to fill the lowest rung of the labour market because the native labourers do not want to do these jobs as they present a lack of mobility. This creates a need for migrant workers. Furthermore, the initial dearth in available labour pushes wages up, making migration even more enticing.

1307:

Dual labour market theory states that pull factors in more developed countries mainly cause migration. This theory assumes that the labour markets in these developed countries consist of two segments: the primary market, which requires high-skilled labour, and the secondary market, which is very

1159:

estimated that, as of 2010, 16.3 million or 7.6% of migrants qualified as refugees. This number grew to 19.5 million by 2014 (comprising approximately 7.9% of the total number of migrants, based on the figure recorded in 2013). At levels of roughly 3 percent the share of migrants among the world

376:

says that "while the North has experienced a higher absolute increase in the migrant stock since 2000 (32 million) compared to the South (25 million), the South recorded a higher growth rate. Between 2000 and 2013, the average annual rate of change of the migrant population in developing regions

656:

also gives statistics for top immigration destination countries and top emigration origin countries according to percentage of the population; the countries that appear at the top of those rankings are entirely different from the ones in the above rankings and tend to be much smaller countries.

1280:

Recent academic output on migration comprises mainly journal articles. The long-term trend shows a gradual increase in academic publishing on migration, which is likely to be related to the general expansion of academic literature production, and the increased prominence of migration research.

838:

At a microeconomic level, the value of a human mobility is largely recognized by firms. A 2021 survey by the Boston Consulting Group found that 72% of 850+ executives across several countries and industries believed that migration benefited their countries, and 45% considered globally diverse

1326:

can also have a broader effect on the economy of the sending country as a whole as they bring in capital. Recent research has examined a decline in US interstate migration from 1991 to 2011, theorising that the reduced interstate migration is due to a decline in the geographic specificity of

1177:

is based on the initiative and the free will of the person and is influenced by a combination of factors: economic, political and social: either in the migrants' country of origin (determinant factors or "push factors") or in the country of destination (attraction factors or "pull factors").

1122:

In addition to economic impacts, migrants also make substantial contributions in sociocultural and civic-political life. Sociocultural contributions occur in the following areas of societies: food/cuisine, sport, music, art/culture, ideas and beliefs; civic-political contributions relate to

1182:

periodically gives incentives to people who will migrate to live in villages close to the border with Azerbaijan. This is an implementation of a push strategy, and the reason people do not want to live near the border is security concerns given tensions and hostility because of Azerbaijan.

256:

are traditionally described as persons who change the country of residence for general reasons. These purposes may include better job opportunities or healthcare needs. This term is the most widely understood, as anyone changing their geographical location permanently is a migrant.

273:

are associated with persons who also leave their country unwillingly, yet, who also do not do so under oppressing circumstances such as war or death threats. The motivation to leave the country for asylum seekers might involve an unstable economic or political situation or high

1392:

of water. According to the theory, according to the osmosis phenomenon, humans migrate from countries with less migration pressure to countries with high migration pressure. To measure the latter, the natural determinants of human migration replace the variables of the

1667:

Demographer Everett S. Lee's model divides factors causing migrations into two groups of factors: push and pull. Push factors are things that are unfavourable about the home area that one lives in, and pull factors are things that attract one to another host area.

1187:

pollution, hunger, drought or natural disasters. Such conditions represent decisive reasons for voluntary migration, the population preferring to migrate in order to prevent financially unfavorable situations or even emotional and physical suffering.

1308:

labour-intensive, requiring low-skilled workers. This theory assumes that migration from less developed countries into more developed countries results from a pull created by a need for labour in the developed countries in their secondary market.

1341:

Relative deprivation theory states that awareness of the income difference between neighbours or other households in the migrant-sending community is essential in migration. The incentive to migrate is a lot higher in areas with a high level of

3688:

The proximity of North Africa to southern Europe, the liberal mobility policies of most European countries, and the historical links between northern and southern Mediterranean countries are all key factors encouraging people to migrate to

1267:

when the host country shows a higher skill premium than the source country. On the other hand, negative selection occurs when the source country displays a lower skill premium. The relative skill premia define migrants selectivity.

311:

In recent decades, migration to nearly every Western country has risen sharply. The slopes of the tops of the differently-colored columns show the rate of percent increase in foreign-born people living in the respective

212:. People who flee to a different country due to political, religious, or other types of persecution in their home country can formally request shelter in the host country. These people are commonly referred to as an 156:

is the movement of people from one place to another, with intentions of settling, permanently or temporarily, at a new location (geographic region). The movement often occurs over long distances and from one

1322:

household that has insufficient income. In this case, the household needs extra capital that can be achieved through remittances sent back by family members who participate in migrant labour abroad. These

1789:. People were displaced from their home ground by other tribes trying to find land that essential flocks could graze, each group pushing the next further to the south and west, into the highlands of 133: 1251:. Sociology-cultural and ego-historical factors also play a major role. In North Africa, for example, emigrating to Europe counts as a sign of social prestige. Moreover, many countries were former 1272:

techniques display one method to measure the relative skill premium of a country. A number of theories attempt to explain the international flow of capital and people from one country to another.

3146: 1239:– generally from impoverished developing countries – migrates to obtain sufficient income for survival. Such migrants often send some of their income homes to family members in the form of 2839: 808: 3766:

Oiarzabal, P. J., & Reips, U.-D. (2012). Migration and diaspora in the age of information and communication technologies. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 38(9), 1333–1338.

5583: 3667: 3136:

McAuliffe, Kitimbo & Khadria, 2019, 'Reflections on migrations' contributions in an era of increasing disruption and disinformation', World Migration Report 2020, IOM: Geneva.

361:

also keeps a database on worldwide migration. Recent advances in research on migration via the Internet promise better understanding of migration patterns and migration motives.

1880: 3885:

draft paper presented in the international conference on "Crossing Boundaries: Youth, Migration, and Development", At Alakhawayn University in Ifran, Morocco – March 2–4, 2017

5151: 2888: 1485:

and others has led to a stronger conceptualisation of how migrants affect socio-political processes in their countries of origin. Much work also takes place in the field of

1525:

strategies. In this field, the majority of work has focused on immigration politics, viewing migration from the perspective of the country of destination. With regard to

4719: 1481:

allows us to understand the interplay between migrants, their countries of destination, and their countries of origins. In this framework, work on social remittances by

1295:

This migration theory states that the main reason for labour migration is wage difference between two geographic locations. These wage differences are usually linked to

1214:

Europe to end up in a European Union state. Another example of transit migrants is Central Americans who travel through Mexico in order to live in the United States.

368:

and North–North migration; in 2013, 38% of all migrants had migrated from developing countries to other developing countries, while 23% had migrated from high-income

1123:

participation in civic duties in the context of accepted authority of the State. It is in recognition of the importance of these remittances that the United Nations

2936: 2144: 861:(funds transferred by migrant workers to their home country) form a substantial part of the economy of some countries. The top ten remittance recipients in 2018. 4452: 3782:

Oiarzabal, P. J., & Reips, U.-D. (eds.) (2012). Migration and the Internet: Social networking and diasporas . Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 38(9).

2487: 1884: 5608: 5093: 5069: 5128: 3225:

As noted on p. xiii, the report presents migrant stocks for 2013, refugee numbers for 2014, remittance outflows for 2014, and remittance inflows for 2015.

5521: 1801:, or southwards, into the rich pastures of China. Bogumil Terminski uses the term "migratory domino effect" to describe this process in the context of 3701:

Baten, Jörg; Stolz, Yvonne Stolz (2012). "Brain drain, numeracy and skill premia during the era of mass migration: reassessing the Roy-Borjas model".

305: 3882: 5553: 5244: 3154: 2729: 2236: 1975:

migration ties between former colonies to former metropoles have been continuing. Todays independent countries have developed selective or targeted

348: 4610:

For example, a permanent population and a defined territory, as per article 1 of the 1933 Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States.

1243:, which have become an economic staple in a number of developing countries. People may also move or are forced to move as a result of conflict, of 5004: 4533: 4112: 3793: 2843: 2817: 2634: 2526: 2937:"SELECTED POPULATION PROFILE IN THE UNITED STATES 2017 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CT-PA CSA Chinese alone" 1777:

The modern field of climate history suggests that the successive waves of Eurasian nomadic movement throughout history have had their origins in

3205: 4330: 2056: 1983:, with the aim of boosting economies with skilled or relatively cheap new local labour, while discrimination and exploitation are often fed by 1497:

Political scientists have put forth a number of theoretical frameworks relating to migration, offering different perspectives on processes of

4699: 4674: 3734: 3403: 2966: 78: 73: 5211: 5024: 5011: 786: 3675: 3053: 5613: 4366: 4143: 3827: 1849: 771: 4322: 4918: 4825: 4582: 4380: 4157: 4126: 4052: 3994: 3923: 3547: 3360: 2760: 2392: 2230: 1394: 705: 681: 358: 4720:

Migration, Education and Translation: Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives on Human Mobility and Cultural Encounters in Education Settings

3565:

families may assume transnational morphologies with the strategic intent of ensuring economic survival or maximising social mobility.

1358:

argued that even after decolonisation, the economic dependence of former colonies remains on mother countries. However, this view of

5505: 5162: 5145: 4400:

Hirschman, Albert O. (January 1993). "Exit, Voice, and the Fate of the German Democratic Republic: An Essay in Conceptual History".

3895: 1599: 103: 5259: 3703: 3094: 1838: 1778: 1573: 700:, as large-scale Chinese immigration continues into New York, with the largest metropolitan Chinese population outside Asia, The 252:. Each category is defined broadly as the combination of circumstances that motivate a person to change their location. As such, 4620: 1477:

In the 21st century, as attention has shifted away from countries of destination, sociologists have attempted to understand how

5654: 5588: 3859: 3747:

IOM. 'Chapter 4: Migration research and analysis: Growth, reach and recent contributions.' World Migration Report 2020. p.127.

1896: 1124: 4932: 2602: 1195:

There are contested definitions of forced migration. However, the editors of a leading scientific journal on the subject, the

208:(such as a natural disaster or civil disturbance) may be described as displaced persons or, if remaining in the home country, 5725: 5603: 4976: 4887: 4179: 3237: 2944: 1577: 373: 4645:

IOM. 'Chapter 11: Recent developments in the global governance of migration: An update to the World Migration Report 2018.'

4597:

McAuliffe, M. and A.M. Goossens. 2018. "Regulating international migration in an era of increasing interconnectedness". In:

1971:

Only in the late stage of colonialism migration flows oriented towards the metropole instead of out or outside of it. After

4807:

Idyorough, Alamveabee E. "Sociological Analysis of Social Change in Contemporary Africa", Makurdi: Aboki Publishers, 2015.

3851: 843: 791: 4223: 2114: 1892: 1888: 1450: 248:

Depending on the goal and reason for relocation, migrants can be divided into three categories: migrants, refugees, and

5683: 365: 5628: 5618: 5531: 5437: 4463: 2988: 2940: 2089: 1425: 766: 209: 4649: 3751: 2782: 2479: 2345: 1562: 1466:), which examines the role of migration in fulfilling certain functions within each society, such as the decrease of 5735: 5500: 3365: 2669: 1915: 1829: 1372: 1281:

Migration and its research have further changed with the revolution in information and communication technologies.

701: 318: 35: 31: 1581: 1566: 5410: 5234: 4794: 4372: 3913: 3791:

Reips, U.-D., and L. Buffardi. 2012. "Studying migrants with the help of the Internet: Methods from psychology."

2865: 2030: 1997: 5715: 5415: 5204: 5148:, a UN Alliance of Civilisations online community on good practices of integration of migrants across the world 3235:

Czaika, Mathias; Haas, Hein de (2014). "The Globalization of Migration: Has the World Become More Migratory?".

1459: 1415: 665: 381: 289: 3384:"The Discourse of "Transit Migration" in Mexico and its "Blind Spot": Changing Realities and New Vocabularies" 3176: 2914: 5357: 4574: 4118: 3617:""The African family is large, very large" mobility and the flexibility of kinship – examples from Cameroon" 3539: 2045: 1533:

framework on '"voice" vs. "exit" to discuss how emigration affects the politics within countries of origin.

1506: 1440: 1385: 1244: 1197: 393: 5043: 2166: 1513:

has also become in the 21st century a growing field of interest, as scholars examine questions of diaspora

1155:) is difficult to make and partially subjective, as the motivators for migration are often correlated. The 5526: 5484: 5479: 5362: 5239: 4751: 3602: 3429:"Batallando con fronteras: estrategias migratorias en tránsito de participantes en caravanas de migrantes" 2002: 1617: 1498: 1446: 1290: 776: 751: 685: 353: 228: 5184: 2708: 2206: 5720: 5593: 5457: 5296: 4758: 3643: 2575: 2119: 2062: 2020: 2015: 731: 5140: 3915:

Nations Unbound: Transnational Projects, Postcolonial Predicaments, and Deterritorialized Nation-States

1127:

targets to substantially reduce the transaction costs of migrants remittances to less than 3% by 2030.

331: 3939:

Levitt, Peggy (1998). "Social Remittances: Migration Driven Local-Level Forms of Cultural Diffusion".

384:(mainly related to agriculture and tourism to urban places), or shifts of the population into cities ( 5623: 5578: 5546: 5541: 5467: 5442: 5398: 5169: 5078: 5054: 2099: 1980: 1938: 1833: 1354: 1336: 736: 716:

As of 2013, the top 15 migration corridors (accounting for at least two million migrants each) were:

693: 689: 620: 568: 5141:

Peykovska, P. Bulgaria on the Move. Migration, Refugees, Integration and Urbanisation... Sofia, 2022

68: 5730: 5694: 5472: 5303: 5254: 5197: 3815: 3590: 3027: 2050: 2040: 2035: 1942: 1914:

opens up distant territories and their people to migration, having dominated what is identified as

1530: 1424:

perspective, paying particular attention to how immigration affects and is affected by, matters of

1359: 1343: 1296: 847: 756: 726: 669: 205: 4068:

Adamson, Fiona B. (July 2006). "Crossing Borders: International Migration and National Security".

1235:

has increased the demand for workers in order to sustain national economies. Thus one category of

267:

unwillingly relocate as fast as possible; hence, such migrants will likely relocate undocumented.

54: 5598: 5536: 5324: 5313: 5291: 5286: 5275: 5109: 4937: 4511: 4503: 4433: 4425: 4347: 4303: 4204: 4093: 4026: 3956: 3648: 3594: 3458: 3409: 3254: 3119: 2889:"Malaysian man smuggled illegal Chinese immigrants into Brooklyn using Queen Mary 2: authorities" 2651: 2559: 2327: 2289: 2139: 2129: 2084: 2079: 1984: 1965: 1922: 1486: 1264: 1248: 1169: 820: 615: 558: 162: 4998: 3383: 2722: 2384: 2308: 5573: 5447: 5340: 5249: 4994: 4983: 4914: 4883: 4821: 4695: 4670: 4578: 4417: 4376: 4256: 4196: 4177:

Bauböck, Rainer (23 February 2006). "Towards a Political Theory of Migrant Transnationalism".

4153: 4122: 4085: 4048: 3990: 3964: 3919: 3543: 3450: 3399: 3356: 3111: 3063: 2756: 2563: 2388: 2281: 2226: 2134: 2067: 1463: 746: 741: 721: 142: 3089: 5649: 5644: 5430: 5425: 5308: 5264: 5059: 4493: 4409: 4339: 4295: 4287: 4246: 4238: 4188: 4077: 4038: 4030: 3948: 3798: 3767: 3638: 3628: 3598: 3489: 3440: 3391: 3312: 3246: 3103: 3007: 2997: 2677: 2643: 2372: 2319: 2271: 2218: 2124: 2109: 1958: 1954: 1930: 1862: 1478: 1433: 1398: 1236: 1152: 832: 781: 677: 275: 5420: 5173: 4898: 4653: 4323:"Authoritarian emigration states: Soft power and cross-border mobility in the Middle East" 4019:"The Migration-Security Nexus: International Migration and Security Before and After 9/11" 3755: 3477: 2786: 2588: 2104: 2072: 1945:

later continued or established the rule of the colonizers through migration, particularly

1918:. Colonialism globalized systems of migration and established ties effective until today. 1794: 1786: 1613: 761: 389: 279: 5083: 3428: 2464: 2438: 237: 5137:, a comprehensive interactive guide to modern migration issues, with maps and statistics 3732:

Jennissen, R. 2007. "Causality Chains in the International Migration Systems Approach."

2260:"Migrant workers and human rights: A critical study on India's COVID-19 lockdown policy" 1616:

have been proposed to describe human migration. The following was a standard list after

5664: 4910: 4601:(A. Triandafyllidou, ed.). Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham/Northampton, pp. 86–104. 4192: 2222: 2214: 1976: 1972: 1855: 1646: 1471: 1309: 812: 697: 563: 270: 178: 138: 5038: 3819: 347:, beginning in 2008, with a second edition appearing in 2011 and a third in 2016. The 5709: 5403: 5352: 5088: 5064: 4928: 4746: 4437: 4351: 4307: 3652: 3462: 3413: 3300: 3258: 3058: 2655: 2603:"United Nations Population Division | Department of Economic and Social Affairs" 2373: 2293: 2008: 1843: 1823: 1232: 828: 543: 249: 213: 169: 17: 4820:, Madrid / Frankfurt, Iberoamericana / Vervuert, Ediciones de Iberoamericana, 2009. 4515: 4208: 4097: 3123: 2331: 5452: 4990: 4547:

Environmentally-Induced Displacement. Theoretical Frameworks and Current Challenges

4386: 4163: 3560: 3002: 2983: 2501: 1911: 1482: 1443:, which aims to understand migration via face-to-face interactions on a micro-level 1429: 1381: 553: 385: 190: 4907:

Who We Are And How We Got Here – Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past

2606: 660: 4291: 4242: 4111:

Shachar, Ayelet; Bauboeck, Rainer; Bloemraad, Irene; Vink, Maarten, eds. (2017).

3984: 3802: 3771: 3531: 2681: 2647: 2630:"Migration and diaspora in the age of information and communication technologies" 392:). However, studies of worldwide migration patterns tend to limit their scope to 5335: 3395: 2276: 2259: 1907: 1798: 1551: 1502: 1323: 1269: 1259:

and who often provide important help for immigrants arriving in that metropole.

1255:. This means that many have relatives who live legally in the (former) colonial 1240: 940: 673: 640: 635: 535: 216:. If the application is approved, their legal classification changes to that of 198: 174: 39: 5179: 4081: 1205:

people fled their country; meanwhile, 3 million Syrian people fled in 3 years.

288:

movements usually are not regarded as migrations, as the movement is generally

278:. Thus, asylum seekers relocate predominantly to escape the degradation of the 5220: 4018: 3212: 3183: 2094: 2025: 1802: 1526: 1522: 1156: 1084: 858: 625: 340: 194: 43: 5097:. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 427–437. 4854:

The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World.

4752:

Guns, germs and steel. A short history of everybody for the last 13'000 years

4421: 4343: 4260: 4200: 4089: 3633: 3616: 3454: 3115: 3067: 2567: 2285: 1921:

While classic modern colonialism relied on the subjugation and rule of local

1899:(UNGA), by a vote among the Member States of 152 to 5 (with 12 abstentions). 30:

This article is about contemporary migration. For a historical overview, see

5390: 5073:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 403–410. 4727:

A Forgetful Nation: On Immigration and Cultural Density in the United States

4275: 4149: 4034: 2533:, p. xiii: "Factbook 2016 builds on the two previous editions of Factbooks". 2380: 1950: 1926: 1781:, which have expanded or contracted pastureland in Central Asia, especially 1421: 1256: 645: 583: 380:

Substantial internal migration can also take place within a country, either

339:

There exist many statistical estimates of worldwide migration patterns. The

165:(within a single country) is the dominant form of human migration globally. 122: 3968: 3317: 3273: 831:

have been largely positive. In 2015, migrants, who constituted 3.3% of the

5346: 4835:, Frankfurt & New York: Campus Verlag & St. Martin's Press, 2000. 4646: 3748: 3427:

Cantalapiedra, Eduardo Torre; Nava, Dulce María Mariscal (22 April 2020).

2779: 2670:"Studying migrants with the help of the Internet: Methods from psychology" 2349: 5462: 5385: 3445: 2323: 1962: 1790: 1782: 1633:

urban residents are often less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas.

1514: 1510: 1454: 1231:

Numerous causes impel migrants to move to another country. For instance,

1060: 816: 630: 186: 182: 146: 5134: 5102: 3107: 3012: 1630:

migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big-city destinations.

5156: 4507: 4429: 4299: 4251: 3960: 3250: 2751:

Thapan, M. (2008). "Series Introduction". In Palriwala; Uberoi (eds.).

1946: 1934: 1636:

families are less likely to make international moves than young adults.

1377: 1179: 1108: 1012: 652:

Besides these rankings, according to absolute numbers of migrants, the

548: 261: 217: 158: 126: 5103:

International Organization for Migration's World Migration Report 2020

3850:

Davis, Morris; Fisher, Jonas; Veracierto, Marcelo (29 November 2010).

5367: 4276:"The enfranchisement of citizens abroad: variations and explanations" 3912:

Basch, Linda; Schiller, Nina Glick; Blanc, Christina Szanton (2005).

2408: 1518: 1467: 1252: 1160:

population has remained remarkably constant over the last 5 decades.

988: 964: 605: 578: 573: 233: 5117: 4770:

What are they doing here? A critical guide to asylum and immigration

4498: 4481: 4413: 4043: 3989:. Kibworth, Leicestershire: Book Guild Publishing (published 2016). 3952: 3493: 5058: 2629: 712:, comprising an estimated 893,697 uniracial individuals as of 2017. 4873:

Migration without Borders, Essays on the Free Movements of People

3512: 3274:"More Armenian Border Villages Eligible For Tax Breaks, Subsidies" 3090:"Economics and Emigration: Trillion-Dollar Bills on the Sidewalk?" 1036: 916: 892: 807: 610: 600: 588: 330: 285: 241: 227: 4741:

Empires and Walls: Globalisation, Migration, and Colonial Control

5082: 1449:, which examines migration through the prism of competition for 1389: 709: 377:(2.3%) slightly exceeded that of the developed regions (2.1%)." 369: 5193: 4963:

International Handbook of Migration and Population Distribution

4812:

World Migration Report International Organization for Migration

4763:

Trails of Terror: Testimonies on the Current Immigration Debate

2866:"Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2011 Supplemental Table 2" 2840:"Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2012 Supplemental Table 2" 2818:"Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2013 Supplemental Table 2" 1420:

A number of social scientists have examined immigration from a

4802:

Cultures in Contact. World Migrations in the Second Millennium

3668:"The Key Drivers of North African Illegal Migration to Europe" 1545: 324:

Annual Net Migration Rate 2015–2020. Prediction by UN in 2019.

48: 5189: 5185:

Oral history of internal and external migration, a case study

2968:

People on the Move: Global Migration's Impact and Opportunity

2527:

Open Knowledge Repository: Migration and Remittances Factbook

1624:

every migration flow generates a return or counter migration.

1263:

premier of the source and host countries. One is speaking of

4818:

Migration and the Construction of National Identity in Spain

4528:

Guido Dorigo, and Waldo Tobler, "Push-pull migration laws."

4365:

Hollifield, James; Martin, Philip L.; Orrenius, Pia (2014).

3820:"Understanding the Long-Run Decline in Interstate Migration" 3332: 3301:"Migration – an Overview on Terminology, Causes and Effects" 2258:

Kumar, Shailendra; Choudhury, Sanghamitra (1 January 2021).

137:

Migrants and the monitoring Slovenian army at the border of

53: 4453:"Frontier theses: Exit, voice, and loyalty in East Germany" 3530:

Yeoh, Brenda S. A.; Huang, Shirlena; Lam, Theodora (2018).

2543: 2191: 1642:

large towns grow by migration rather than natural increase.

1436:. They have produced three main sociological perspectives: 4811: 173:

non-work migration. People may migrate as individuals, in

4621:"The CEO Agenda for an Era of Innovation Without Borders" 2465:"Migration vs. Immigration: Differences and Similarities" 2439:"Migration vs. Immigration: Differences and Similarities" 2307:

Coxhead, Ian; Cuong, Nguyen Viet; Vu, Linh Hoang (2015).

1743:

The feeling of having more political or religious freedom

3054:"A world of free movement would be $ 78 trillion richer" 2309:"Migration in Vietnam: New Evidence from Recent Surveys" 5123: 4571:

Labour Movement: How Migration Regulates Labour Markets

85: 5584:

International Conference on Population and Development

3478:"Transit migration: A blurred and politicised concept" 2842:. U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Archived from 1889:

Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration

5166: 5131:, up-to-date statistics on net immigration by country 3538:. Handbooks on Globalisation Series. Cheltenham, UK: 1147:(fleeing political conflict or natural disaster) and 846:, opening all borders could add $ 78 trillion to the 34:. For pre-modern history (Neolithic to AD 1800), see 4142:

Brettell, Caroline B.; Hollifield, James F. (2014).

3728: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3718: 1941:

supplanted the subjugated local indigenous peoples.

1881:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

1380:. In this respect, the countries are represented by 595:

In the same year, the top countries of origin were:

5637: 5562: 5514: 5493: 5376: 5322: 5273: 5227: 4224:"Comparing and theorizing state–diaspora relations" 3883:"The Evolution of the Human Migration Determinants" 3361:"Forced Migration and the Anthropological Response" 3305:

Logos Universality Mentality Education Novelty: Law

696:, and Brooklyn are thriving as traditionally urban 4840:Childhood and Migration. From Experience to Agency 4833:Women and Migration. Anthropological Perspectives 4530:Annals of the Association of American Geographers 3896:"Osmosis: the Unifying Theory of Human Migration" 2165:Society, National Geographic (14 December 2010). 1529:processes, political scientists have expanded on 5146:Integration: Building Inclusive Societies (IBIS) 5124:iom.int International Organisation for Migration 3028:"When Innovation Has No Borders, Culture Is Key" 1895:participated and, later that same month, in the 4871:Pécoud, Antoine and Paul de Guchteneire (Eds): 2205:Razum, Oliver; Samkange-Zeeb, Florence (2017). 1949:. Settler colonies relied on the attraction of 1627:the majority of migrants move a short distance. 5152:The importance of migrants in the modern world 4718:Anderson, Vivienne. and Johnson, Henry. (eds) 2207:"Populations at Special Health Risk: Migrants" 2145:Timeline of maritime migration and exploration 1706:Desire for more political or religious freedom 372:countries to other high-income countries. The 335:The number of migrants in the world, 1960–2015 5205: 4368:Controlling Immigration: A Global Perspective 4222:Délano, Alexandra; Gamlen, Alan (July 2014). 4117:. Oxford Handbooks in Law. Oxford, New York: 2755:. New Delhi: Sage Publications. p. 359. 1885:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 531:argue complex and manifold reasons for this. 8: 4956:No-Nonsense Guide to International Migration 4852:Miller, Mark & Castles, Stephen (1993). 4732:Brettell, Caroline B.; Hollifield, James F. 4145:Migration Theory: Talking across Disciplines 3900:Revue Algérienne d’Economie et du Management 3852:"The Role of Housing in Labour Reallocation" 3644:11245.1/2cabfab4-2255-41ec-8133-4a2498454ae7 3507: 3505: 3503: 5609:United Nations world population conferences 2984:"Migration, Diversity, and Economic Growth" 2709:"International Migration 2013 (wall chart)" 2529:". World Bank Group. Retrieved 2019-08-11; 2211:International Encyclopedia of Public Health 1580:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1517:, state-diaspora relations, out-of-country 181:. There are four major forms of migration: 5522:Population and housing censuses by country 5212: 5198: 5190: 5135:Stalker's Guide to International Migration 3576:Jason de Parle, "A Good Provider Leaves", 863: 168:Migration is often associated with better 5110:OECD International Migration Outlook 2007 4933:"A Brand-New Version of Our Origin Story" 4866:OECD International Migration Outlook 2007 4775:Hanlon, Bernadette and Vicino, Thomas J. 4497: 4250: 4042: 3642: 3632: 3595:Filipinos in the United States of America 3444: 3316: 3206:"Migration and Remittances Factbook 2016" 3177:"Migration and Remittances Factbook 2011" 3011: 3001: 2780:Migration and migrants: A global overview 2703: 2701: 2668:Reips, U.-D., & Buffardi, L. (2012). 2275: 1600:Learn how and when to remove this message 104:Learn how and when to remove this message 5245:Estimates of historical world population 5165:" by Sarah Oberbichler, Newseye projet ( 4882:, Yash Publishing House, Bikaner, 2010. 4849:, New York and London: Routledge, 2005. 4772:, Birmingham (UK): Venture Press, 2007. 2730:International Organization for Migration 2531:Migrations and Remittances Factbook 2016 1685:Conscription (draft young men into army) 1489:of migrants into destination-societies. 659: 398: 351:(IOM) has published ten editions of the 349:International Organisation for Migration 132: 117: 5005:Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 4958:, New Internationalist, 2nd ed., 2008. 4779:, New York and London: Routledge, 2014. 4599:Handbook of Migration and Globalisation 3794:Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 3749:https://www.iom.int/wmr/2020/chapter/04 3536:Handbook of Migration and Globalisation 3532:"Transnational family dynamics in Asia" 2806:Migration and Remittances Factbook 2016 2695:, p. 11 (reflecting figures from 2013). 2693:Migration and Remittances Factbook 2016 2674:Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 2635:Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 2628:Oiarzabal, P. J.; Reips, U.-D. (2012). 2554: 2552: 2157: 873:Remittance (in billions of US dollars) 38:. For specific types of migration, see 5163:Return migration between 1850 and 1950 4789:Harzig, Christiane, and Dirk Hoerder. 4331:International Political Science Review 3388:New Migration Patterns in the Americas 3377: 3375: 3088:Clemens, Michael A. (September 2011). 2982:Bove, Vincenzo; Elia, Leandro (2017). 2868:. U.S. Department of Homeland Security 2820:. U.S. Department of Homeland Security 2584: 2573: 2057:Linguistic Diversity in Space and Time 827:The impacts of human migration on the 296:Migration patterns and related numbers 4669:. Cambridge Medford (Mass.): Polity. 3735:Population Research and Policy Review 3299:Tataru, Georgiana (14 January 2020). 2801: 2799: 2774: 2772: 2264:Social Sciences & Humanities Open 1222:Contemporary labor migration theories 204:People moving from their home due to 161:to another (external migration), but 7: 5678: 5012:Review of Economics of the Household 4647:World Migration Report 2020. p. 291. 3278:«Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» ռադիոկայան 3272:Badalian, Susan (16 February 2021). 2502:"International migrant stock, total" 2480:"The Force Shaping Western Politics" 2433: 2431: 2429: 2239:from the original on 14 October 2022 1856:Zelinsky's Mobility Transition Model 1578:adding citations to reliable sources 343:has published three editions of its 27:Movement of people for their benefit 5614:Voluntary Human Extinction Movement 5157:Mass migration as a travel business 3828:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis 3333:"Welcome | Forced Migration Review" 2915:"Chinese New Year 2012 in Flushing" 1850:theory of intervening opportunities 1297:geographic labour demand and supply 364:Structurally, there is substantial 67:the image captions in this article 4862:, Paris: OECD Publications, 2004. 4193:10.1111/j.1747-7379.2003.tb00155.x 4114:The Oxford Handbook of Citizenship 3941:The International Migration Review 3534:. In Triandafyllidou, Anna (ed.). 3211:(3rd ed.). Washington, D.C.: 3182:(2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: 2971:. McKinsey Global Institute. 2016. 2490:from the original on 12 June 2024. 2223:10.1016/B978-0-12-803678-5.00345-3 1395:second principle of thermodynamics 1135:Migration is usually divided into 835:, contributed 9.4% of global GDP. 654:Migration and Remittances Factbook 400:International migrants, 1970–2015 359:United Nations Statistics Division 345:Migration and Remittances Factbook 25: 5506:Population and Development Review 4868:, Paris: OECD Publications, 2007. 4692:Guest Workers Or Colonized Labor? 4667:Migration Studies and Colonialism 4665:Mayblin, Lucy (26 January 2021). 3496:– via Wiley Online Library. 3476:Düvell, Frank (26 October 2010). 2917:. QueensBuzz.com. 25 January 2012 2478:Leonhardt, David (12 June 2024). 2167:"Introduction to Human Migration" 839:employees a strategic advantage. 706:largest ethnic Chinese population 5690: 5689: 5677: 5554:Population concern organizations 5260:Projections of population growth 4810:IOM World Migration Report, see 3704:Explorations in Economic History 3369:. Vol. 16, No. 1, 2003, pp. 1–19 3095:Journal of Economic Perspectives 1839:Radiation law for human mobility 1550: 1317:New economics of labor migration 1101: 1077: 1053: 1029: 1005: 981: 957: 933: 909: 885: 317: 304: 5655:Human impact on the environment 5589:Population Action International 4804:, Duke University Press, 2002. 3860:Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago 1957:and increasingly outnumbering, 1897:United Nations General Assembly 1125:Sustainable Development Goal 10 5604:United Nations Population Fund 4977:International Migration Review 4895:The Suffering of the Immigrant 4842:, Bielefeld: Transcript, 2005. 4793:(John Wiley & Sons, 2013) 4768:Fell, Peter and Hayes, Debra. 4694:. Boulder (Colo.): Routledge. 4180:International Migration Review 4023:Migration, Citizenship, Ethnos 3517:United Nations Population Fund 3238:International Migration Review 3003:10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.08.012 1925:by small groups of conquering 1509:. The political importance of 1131:Voluntary and forced migration 374:United Nations Population Fund 1: 4961:White, Micheal (Ed.) (2016). 4690:Gonzalez, Gilbert G. (2013). 4549:. CEDEM, Université de Liège. 4321:Tsourapas, Gerasimos (2018). 4274:Lafleur, Jean-Michel (2014). 3986:Reframing Migrant Integration 3382:Basok, Tanya (26 July 2018). 2723:"World Migration Report 2018" 2560:"World Migration Report 2020" 1987:opposition to such policies. 1691:Political fear of persecution 844:Centre for Global Development 752:Russian Federation–Kazakhstan 742:Kazakhstan–Russian Federation 5044:Resources in other libraries 4777:Global Migration: The Basics 4722:. New York: Routledge, 2020. 4292:10.1080/13510347.2014.979163 4243:10.1016/j.polgeo.2014.05.005 3803:10.1080/1369183X.2012.698208 3772:10.1080/1369183X.2012.698202 2887:John Marzulli (9 May 2011). 2682:10.1080/1369183X.2012.698208 2648:10.1080/1369183X.2012.698202 2209:. In Quah, Stella R. (ed.). 2115:Religion and human migration 1893:United Nations Member States 1879:in specific areas. The 1966 1285:Neoclassical economic theory 670:Brooklyn Chinatowns (布鲁克林華埠) 232:Migrants on a truck between 210:internally-displaced persons 125:migrants being processed in 5629:World Population Foundation 5619:World Population Conference 5532:World population milestones 4880:The Philosophy of Evolution 4713:Sources and further reading 4545:Terminski, Bogumil (2012). 3396:10.1007/978-3-319-89384-6_4 2941:United States Census Bureau 2791:World Migration Report 2020 2753:Women and Migration in Asia 2277:10.1016/j.ssaho.2021.100130 2192:World Migration Report 2020 2171:National Geographic Society 2090:Most recent common ancestor 1824:Zipf's inverse distance law 1331:Relative deprivation theory 5752: 5501:Population and Environment 4847:Migration in World History 4791:What is migration history? 4784:How Migration Really Works 4451:Brubacker, Rogers (1990). 4082:10.1162/isec.2006.31.1.165 3482:Population Space and Place 3366:Journal of Refugee Studies 1830:Gravity model of migration 1767:Better chances of marrying 1645:migration stage by stage ( 1620:'s proposal in the 1880s: 1413: 1405:Social-scientific theories 1373:history of human migration 1334: 1288: 1167: 1143:. The distinction between 772:India–United Arab Emirates 737:Ukraine–Russian Federation 727:Russian Federation–Ukraine 702:New York metropolitan area 413:of the world's population 74:Knowledge (XXG) guidelines 36:Pre-modern human migration 32:History of human migration 29: 5673: 5411:Human population planning 5235:Demographics of the world 5039:Resources in your library 4816:Kleiner-Liebau, Désirée. 4373:Stanford University Press 3983:Hack-Polay, Dieu (2013). 3615:Geschiere, Peter (2020). 3416:– via SpringerLink. 2346:"Migrations country wise" 2031:Feminisation of migration 1998:Demographics of the world 1721:War or threat of invasion 1655:migration and technology. 1639:most migrants are adults. 1470:and the consolidation of 819:camping by the roadside, 792:Philippines–United States 777:West Bank and Gaza–Jordan 664:Typical grocery store on 5416:Compulsory sterilization 4875:(Berghahn Books, 2007). 4860:Migration for Employment 4480:Lee, Everett S. (1966). 4344:10.1177/0192512118759902 3634:10.1177/1466138120938076 2375:Encyclopedia of the City 2213:(2nd ed.). Oxford: 1740:Better living conditions 1718:Poor chances of marrying 1652:urban, rural difference. 1460:structural functionalism 1416:Sociology of immigration 1303:Dual labor market theory 815:, Drought refugees from 536:immigration destinations 534:As of 2019, the top ten 382:seasonal human migration 5358:Malthusian growth model 5118:Migration Policy Centre 5094:Encyclopædia Britannica 5070:Encyclopædia Britannica 4991:International Migration 4575:Oxford University Press 4569:Bauder, Harald (2006). 4482:"A Theory of Migration" 4119:Oxford University Press 4035:10.1057/9781403984678_6 3540:Edward Elgar Publishing 2316:SSRN Electronic Journal 2046:International migration 1861:Bauder's regulation of 1809:Food, sex, and security 1521:processes, and states' 1507:international relations 1468:despair and aimlessness 1462:(based on the ideas of 1441:symbolic interactionism 1386:semipermeable membranes 1245:human-rights violations 1198:Forced Migration Review 394:international migration 5485:Zero population growth 5480:Sustainable population 5404:Malthusian catastrophe 5363:Overshoot (population) 5240:Demographic transition 5113:(subscription service) 4901:, Polity Press, 2004. 4759:De La Torre, Miguel A. 4743:, Leiden: Brill, 2014. 4070:International Security 4029:US. pp. 103–119. 4017:Faist, Thomas (2006). 3902:Vol. 08, N°: 02 (2017) 3603:Samoans in New Zealand 2583:Cite journal requires 2544:World Migration Report 2003:Early human migrations 1618:Ernst Georg Ravenstein 1447:social conflict theory 1291:Neoclassical economics 1276:Research contributions 824: 713: 354:World Migration Report 336: 280:quality of their lives 245: 150: 130: 59: 5726:Demographic economics 5594:Population Connection 5458:Mere addition paradox 5297:Physiological density 5079:Gadow, Hans Friedrich 5055:Williams, Henry Smith 4905:Reich, David (2018). 4878:Purohit, A. K. (ed.) 4739:Chaichian, Mohammad. 2371:Caves, R. W. (2004). 2120:Replacement migration 2063:Immigration to Europe 2021:Existential migration 2016:Environmental migrant 1955:promise of settlement 1384:, the borders by the 811: 663: 411:Migrants as a % 334: 231: 136: 121: 57: 18:Migration (sociology) 5624:World Population Day 5579:Church of Euthanasia 5468:Non-identity problem 5443:Political demography 5399:Human overpopulation 5060:"Civilization" 4765:, Orbis Books, 2009. 3816:Schulhofer-Wohl, Sam 3446:10.21670/ref.2005047 3433:Estudios Fronterizos 3318:10.18662/lumenlaw/24 2676:, 38(9), 1405–1424. 2409:"What is a refugee?" 2324:10.2139/ssrn.2752834 2217:. pp. 591–598. 2100:Political demography 1939:indentured servitude 1870:Migration governance 1834:friction of distance 1785:and to its west the 1574:improve this section 1397:used to measure the 1355:World-systems theory 1350:World systems theory 1337:Relative deprivation 1241:economic remittances 757:Afghanistan–Pakistan 722:Mexico–United States 621:Syrian Arab Republic 569:United Arab Emirates 388:) or out of cities ( 86:improve this article 5473:Reproductive rights 5304:Population dynamics 5255:Population momentum 4838:Knörr, Jacqueline. 4831:Knörr, Jacqueline. 4469:on 24 January 2013. 4231:Political Geography 3591:Moroccans in France 3390:. pp. 85–107. 3157:on 27 November 2020 3108:10.1257/jep.25.3.83 2947:on 14 February 2020 2846:on 22 December 2014 2506:The World Bank Data 2352:on 11 February 2016 2051:Illegal immigration 2041:Humanitarian crisis 2036:Genographic Project 1943:Settler colonialism 1755:Attractive climates 1752:Better medical care 1658:economic condition. 1537:Historical theories 1360:international trade 1344:economic inequality 1175:Voluntary migration 1164:Voluntary migration 1149:voluntary migration 1137:voluntary migration 782:India–United States 747:China–United States 401: 206:forced displacement 69:may require cleanup 5599:Population Matters 5314:Population pyramid 5292:Population density 5287:Population decline 5180:Story of migration 5172:2023-06-13 at the 5167:https://newseye.eu 5129:CIA World Factbook 4938:The New York Times 4893:Abdelmalek Sayad. 4845:Manning, Patrick. 4736:(Routledge, 2000) 4652:2019-12-21 at the 4625:United States – EN 4532:73.1 (1983): 1-17 4027:Palgrave Macmillan 3754:2021-01-18 at the 3251:10.1111/imre.12095 3147:"Goal ten targets" 2785:2021-01-18 at the 2562:. 2 January 2019. 2484:The New York Times 2140:Space colonization 2130:Separation barrier 2085:Migration in China 2080:Migrant literature 1985:ethnic nationalist 1966:indigenous peoples 1953:migrants with the 1923:indigenous peoples 1903:Migration programs 1531:Albert Hirschman's 1388:and the humans by 1265:positive selection 1249:internal migration 1170:Free State Project 825: 821:Blythe, California 787:India–Saudi Arabia 714: 616:Russian Federation 559:Russian Federation 408:Number of migrants 399: 337: 246: 163:internal migration 151: 131: 60: 5736:Genetic genealogy 5703: 5702: 5574:7 Billion Actions 5448:Population ethics 5341:Carrying capacity 5250:Population growth 5084:"Migration" 5025:Library resources 4984:Migration Letters 4931:(20 April 2018). 4701:978-1-61205-447-6 4676:978-1-5095-4293-2 4627:. 5 February 2022 3797:38(9):1405–1424. 3405:978-3-319-89383-9 3357:Colson, Elizabeth 2989:World Development 2467:. 27 August 2020. 2135:Snowbird (person) 2068:List of diasporas 1737:Job opportunities 1700:Natural disasters 1694:Poor medical care 1688:Famine or drought 1682:Few opportunities 1610: 1609: 1602: 1493:Political science 1237:economic migrants 1209:Transit migration 1120: 1119: 842:According to the 528: 527: 114: 113: 106: 16:(Redirected from 5743: 5693: 5692: 5681: 5680: 5650:Green Revolution 5431:Two-child policy 5426:One-child policy 5349: 5309:Population model 5265:World population 5214: 5207: 5200: 5191: 5098: 5086: 5074: 5062: 4954:Stalker, Peter. 4949: 4947: 4945: 4924: 4856:Guilford Press. 4786:, Penguin, 2023. 4734:Migration Theory 4729:, Duke UP, 2005. 4706: 4705: 4687: 4681: 4680: 4662: 4656: 4643: 4637: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4617: 4611: 4608: 4602: 4595: 4589: 4588: 4566: 4560: 4557: 4551: 4550: 4542: 4536: 4526: 4520: 4519: 4501: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4468: 4462:. Archived from 4457: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4397: 4391: 4390: 4371:(3rd ed.). 4362: 4356: 4355: 4327: 4318: 4312: 4311: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4254: 4228: 4219: 4213: 4212: 4174: 4168: 4167: 4139: 4133: 4132: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4065: 4059: 4058: 4046: 4014: 4008: 4007: 4005: 4003: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3936: 3930: 3929: 3909: 3903: 3892: 3886: 3879: 3873: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3856: 3847: 3841: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3824: 3811: 3805: 3789: 3783: 3780: 3774: 3764: 3758: 3745: 3739: 3730: 3713: 3712: 3698: 3692: 3691: 3685: 3683: 3674:. Archived from 3663: 3657: 3656: 3646: 3636: 3612: 3606: 3599:Koreans in Japan 3587: 3581: 3574: 3568: 3567: 3558: 3556: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3509: 3498: 3497: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3448: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3379: 3370: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3337:www.fmreview.org 3329: 3323: 3322: 3320: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3269: 3263: 3262: 3232: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3215:. pp. 19–20 3210: 3202: 3196: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3181: 3173: 3167: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3153:. Archived from 3143: 3137: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3085: 3079: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3062:. 13 July 2017. 3050: 3044: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3024: 3018: 3017: 3015: 3005: 2979: 2973: 2972: 2963: 2957: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2943:. Archived from 2933: 2927: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2911: 2905: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2884: 2878: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2862: 2856: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2836: 2830: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2814: 2808: 2803: 2794: 2776: 2767: 2766: 2748: 2742: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2727: 2719: 2713: 2712: 2705: 2696: 2690: 2684: 2666: 2660: 2659: 2642:(9): 1333–1338. 2625: 2619: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2609:on 21 April 2023 2605:. Archived from 2599: 2593: 2592: 2586: 2581: 2579: 2571: 2556: 2547: 2540: 2534: 2523: 2517: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2498: 2492: 2491: 2475: 2469: 2468: 2461: 2455: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2445:. 27 August 2020 2443:thewordpoint.com 2435: 2424: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2405: 2399: 2398: 2378: 2368: 2362: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2348:. Archived from 2342: 2336: 2335: 2313: 2304: 2298: 2297: 2279: 2255: 2249: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2202: 2196: 2188: 2182: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2162: 2125:Return migration 2110:Refugee roulette 1931:forced migration 1916:modern migration 1612:Certain laws of 1605: 1598: 1594: 1591: 1585: 1554: 1546: 1479:transnationalism 1434:social structure 1399:osmotic pressure 1191:Forced migration 1153:labour migration 1141:forced migration 1107: 1105: 1104: 1083: 1081: 1080: 1059: 1057: 1056: 1035: 1033: 1032: 1011: 1009: 1008: 987: 985: 984: 963: 961: 960: 939: 937: 936: 915: 913: 912: 891: 889: 888: 864: 833:world population 799:Economic impacts 762:Afghanistan–Iran 732:Bangladesh–India 694:Manhattan (紐約華埠) 402: 357:since 1999. The 321: 308: 109: 102: 98: 95: 89: 49: 21: 5751: 5750: 5746: 5745: 5744: 5742: 5741: 5740: 5716:Human migration 5706: 5705: 5704: 5699: 5669: 5633: 5567: 5565: 5558: 5510: 5489: 5438:Overconsumption 5421:Family planning 5378: 5372: 5345: 5329: 5326: 5318: 5280: 5277: 5269: 5223: 5218: 5174:Wayback Machine 5077: 5053: 5050: 5049: 5048: 5033: 5032: 5030:Human migration 5028: 5021: 4972: 4943: 4941: 4927: 4921: 4904: 4899:Pierre Bourdieu 4800:Hoerder, Dirk. 4782:de Haas, Hein. 4715: 4710: 4709: 4702: 4689: 4688: 4684: 4677: 4664: 4663: 4659: 4654:Wayback Machine 4644: 4640: 4630: 4628: 4619: 4618: 4614: 4609: 4605: 4596: 4592: 4585: 4568: 4567: 4563: 4559:Idyorough, 2008 4558: 4554: 4544: 4543: 4539: 4527: 4523: 4499:10.2307/2060063 4479: 4478: 4474: 4466: 4460:Migration World 4455: 4450: 4449: 4445: 4414:10.2307/2950657 4399: 4398: 4394: 4383: 4364: 4363: 4359: 4325: 4320: 4319: 4315: 4280:Democratization 4273: 4272: 4268: 4226: 4221: 4220: 4216: 4176: 4175: 4171: 4160: 4141: 4140: 4136: 4129: 4110: 4109: 4105: 4067: 4066: 4062: 4055: 4016: 4015: 4011: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3982: 3980: 3976: 3953:10.2307/2547666 3938: 3937: 3933: 3926: 3911: 3910: 3906: 3893: 3889: 3880: 3876: 3866: 3864: 3854: 3849: 3848: 3844: 3834: 3832: 3822: 3813: 3812: 3808: 3790: 3786: 3781: 3777: 3765: 3761: 3756:Wayback Machine 3746: 3742: 3731: 3716: 3700: 3699: 3695: 3681: 3679: 3678:on 14 July 2015 3665: 3664: 3660: 3614: 3613: 3609: 3588: 3584: 3575: 3571: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3542:. p. 416. 3529: 3528: 3524: 3511: 3510: 3501: 3494:10.1002/psp.631 3475: 3474: 3470: 3426: 3425: 3421: 3406: 3381: 3380: 3373: 3355: 3351: 3341: 3339: 3331: 3330: 3326: 3298: 3297: 3293: 3283: 3281: 3271: 3270: 3266: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3218: 3216: 3208: 3204: 3203: 3199: 3189: 3187: 3179: 3175: 3174: 3170: 3160: 3158: 3145: 3144: 3140: 3135: 3131: 3087: 3086: 3082: 3072: 3070: 3052: 3051: 3047: 3037: 3035: 3026: 3025: 3021: 2981: 2980: 2976: 2965: 2964: 2960: 2950: 2948: 2935: 2934: 2930: 2920: 2918: 2913: 2912: 2908: 2898: 2896: 2886: 2885: 2881: 2871: 2869: 2864: 2863: 2859: 2849: 2847: 2838: 2837: 2833: 2823: 2821: 2816: 2815: 2811: 2804: 2797: 2787:Wayback Machine 2777: 2770: 2763: 2750: 2749: 2745: 2735: 2733: 2725: 2721: 2720: 2716: 2707: 2706: 2699: 2691: 2687: 2667: 2663: 2627: 2626: 2622: 2612: 2610: 2601: 2600: 2596: 2582: 2572: 2558: 2557: 2550: 2541: 2537: 2524: 2520: 2510: 2508: 2500: 2499: 2495: 2477: 2476: 2472: 2463: 2462: 2458: 2448: 2446: 2437: 2436: 2427: 2417: 2415: 2407: 2406: 2402: 2395: 2370: 2369: 2365: 2355: 2353: 2344: 2343: 2339: 2311: 2306: 2305: 2301: 2257: 2256: 2252: 2242: 2240: 2233: 2204: 2203: 2199: 2189: 2185: 2175: 2173: 2164: 2163: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2105:Queer migration 2073:Jewish diaspora 1993: 1905: 1872: 1820: 1811: 1795:Pannonian Plain 1787:Altai Mountains 1779:climatic cycles 1775: 1770: 1727: 1679:Not enough jobs 1665: 1606: 1595: 1589: 1586: 1571: 1555: 1544: 1539: 1495: 1472:social networks 1418: 1412: 1407: 1369: 1352: 1339: 1333: 1319: 1310:Migrant workers 1305: 1293: 1287: 1278: 1229: 1224: 1211: 1193: 1172: 1166: 1133: 1102: 1100: 1078: 1076: 1054: 1052: 1030: 1028: 1006: 1004: 982: 980: 958: 956: 934: 932: 910: 908: 886: 884: 876:Percent of GDP 856: 806: 801: 796: 767:China–Hong Kong 650: 593: 390:suburbanisation 329: 328: 327: 326: 325: 322: 314: 313: 309: 298: 226: 154:Human migration 110: 99: 93: 90: 83: 72:to comply with 61: 58:link={{{link}}} 47: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5749: 5747: 5739: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5708: 5707: 5701: 5700: 5698: 5697: 5687: 5674: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5667: 5665:Sustainability 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5641: 5639: 5638:Related topics 5635: 5634: 5632: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5570: 5568: 5563: 5560: 5559: 5557: 5556: 5551: 5550: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5529: 5527:Largest cities 5524: 5518: 5516: 5512: 5511: 5509: 5508: 5503: 5497: 5495: 5491: 5490: 5488: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5476: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5434: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5408: 5407: 5406: 5396: 5388: 5382: 5380: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5347:I = P × A × T 5343: 5338: 5332: 5330: 5323: 5320: 5319: 5317: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5300: 5299: 5289: 5283: 5281: 5274: 5271: 5270: 5268: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5231: 5229: 5225: 5224: 5219: 5217: 5216: 5209: 5202: 5194: 5188: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5143: 5138: 5132: 5126: 5121: 5114: 5106: 5099: 5089:Chisholm, Hugh 5075: 5065:Chisholm, Hugh 5047: 5046: 5041: 5035: 5034: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5019:External links 5017: 5016: 5015: 5008: 5001: 4987: 4980: 4971: 4968: 4967: 4966: 4959: 4952: 4951: 4950: 4929:Diamond, Jared 4920:978-1101870327 4919: 4911:Pantheon Books 4902: 4891: 4876: 4869: 4863: 4857: 4850: 4843: 4836: 4829: 4826:978-8484894766 4814: 4808: 4805: 4798: 4787: 4780: 4773: 4766: 4756: 4744: 4737: 4730: 4723: 4714: 4711: 4708: 4707: 4700: 4682: 4675: 4657: 4638: 4612: 4603: 4590: 4584:978-0195180886 4583: 4561: 4552: 4537: 4521: 4472: 4443: 4408:(2): 173–202. 4402:World Politics 4392: 4382:978-0804787352 4381: 4357: 4338:(3): 400–416. 4313: 4286:(5): 840–860. 4266: 4214: 4187:(3): 700–723. 4169: 4159:978-1317805984 4158: 4134: 4128:978-0198805854 4127: 4103: 4076:(1): 165–199. 4060: 4054:978-1349532650 4053: 4009: 3996:978-1911320319 3995: 3974: 3947:(4): 926–948. 3931: 3925:978-1135307035 3924: 3904: 3887: 3874: 3842: 3818:(April 2012). 3814:Kaplan, Greg; 3806: 3784: 3775: 3759: 3740: 3738:26(4):411–436. 3714: 3693: 3658: 3627:(3): 335–354. 3607: 3582: 3580:, 22 Apr 2007. 3578:New York Times 3569: 3549:978-1785367519 3548: 3522: 3499: 3488:(4): 415–427. 3468: 3435:(in Spanish). 3419: 3404: 3371: 3349: 3324: 3291: 3264: 3245:(2): 283–323. 3227: 3197: 3168: 3138: 3129: 3080: 3045: 3019: 2974: 2958: 2928: 2906: 2879: 2857: 2831: 2809: 2795: 2768: 2762:978-0761936756 2761: 2743: 2714: 2711:. UNFPA. 2013. 2697: 2685: 2661: 2620: 2594: 2585:|journal= 2548: 2535: 2518: 2493: 2470: 2456: 2425: 2400: 2394:978-0415252256 2393: 2363: 2337: 2299: 2250: 2232:978-0128037089 2231: 2215:Academic Press 2197: 2183: 2156: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2147: 2142: 2137: 2132: 2127: 2122: 2117: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2097: 2092: 2087: 2082: 2077: 2076: 2075: 2065: 2060: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2018: 2013: 2005: 2000: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1977:foreign worker 1973:decolonization 1904: 1901: 1871: 1868: 1867: 1866: 1863:labour markets 1859: 1853: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1827: 1819: 1816: 1810: 1807: 1774: 1773:Climate cycles 1771: 1769: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1734: 1726: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1715:Discrimination 1713: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1697:Loss of wealth 1695: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1676: 1664: 1661: 1660: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1647:step migration 1643: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1614:social science 1608: 1607: 1558: 1556: 1549: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1494: 1491: 1475: 1474: 1464:Émile Durkheim 1457: 1444: 1414:Main article: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1368: 1367:Osmosis theory 1365: 1351: 1348: 1335:Main article: 1332: 1329: 1318: 1315: 1304: 1301: 1289:Main article: 1286: 1283: 1277: 1274: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1210: 1207: 1192: 1189: 1165: 1162: 1132: 1129: 1118: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1098: 1094: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1074: 1070: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1050: 1046: 1045: 1042: 1039: 1026: 1022: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1002: 998: 997: 994: 991: 978: 974: 973: 970: 967: 954: 950: 949: 946: 943: 930: 926: 925: 922: 919: 906: 902: 901: 898: 895: 882: 878: 877: 874: 871: 868: 855: 852: 813:Dorothea Lange 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 794: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 754: 749: 744: 739: 734: 729: 724: 718: 690:Queens (法拉盛華埠) 668:in one of the 649: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 597: 592: 591: 586: 581: 576: 571: 566: 564:United Kingdom 561: 556: 551: 546: 540: 526: 525: 522: 519: 515: 514: 511: 508: 504: 503: 500: 497: 493: 492: 489: 486: 482: 481: 478: 475: 471: 470: 467: 464: 460: 459: 456: 453: 449: 448: 445: 442: 438: 437: 434: 431: 427: 426: 423: 420: 416: 415: 409: 406: 323: 316: 315: 310: 303: 302: 301: 300: 299: 297: 294: 276:rates of crime 271:Asylum seekers 250:asylum seekers 225: 222: 214:asylum seekers 139:Gornja Radgona 112: 111: 64: 62: 52: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5748: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5696: 5688: 5686: 5685: 5676: 5675: 5672: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5645:Bennett's law 5643: 5642: 5640: 5636: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5566:organizations 5561: 5555: 5552: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5534: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5519: 5517: 5513: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5492: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5450: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5413: 5412: 5409: 5405: 5402: 5401: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5393: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5383: 5381: 5375: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5353:Kaya identity 5351: 5348: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5321: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5298: 5295: 5294: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5272: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5232: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5215: 5210: 5208: 5203: 5201: 5196: 5195: 5192: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5175: 5171: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5136: 5133: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5119: 5115: 5112: 5111: 5107: 5105: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5052: 5051: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5018: 5014: 5013: 5009: 5007: 5006: 5002: 5000: 4996: 4993: 4992: 4988: 4986: 4985: 4981: 4979: 4978: 4974: 4973: 4969: 4964: 4960: 4957: 4953: 4940: 4939: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4925: 4922: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4903: 4900: 4897:, Preface by 4896: 4892: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4874: 4870: 4867: 4864: 4861: 4858: 4855: 4851: 4848: 4844: 4841: 4837: 4834: 4830: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4813: 4809: 4806: 4803: 4799: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4785: 4781: 4778: 4774: 4771: 4767: 4764: 4760: 4757: 4754: 4753: 4748: 4747:Jared Diamond 4745: 4742: 4738: 4735: 4731: 4728: 4725:Behdad, Ali. 4724: 4721: 4717: 4716: 4712: 4703: 4697: 4693: 4686: 4683: 4678: 4672: 4668: 4661: 4658: 4655: 4651: 4648: 4642: 4639: 4626: 4622: 4616: 4613: 4607: 4604: 4600: 4594: 4591: 4586: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4565: 4562: 4556: 4553: 4548: 4541: 4538: 4535: 4531: 4525: 4522: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4476: 4473: 4465: 4461: 4454: 4447: 4444: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4396: 4393: 4388: 4384: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4369: 4361: 4358: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4332: 4324: 4317: 4314: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4270: 4267: 4262: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4225: 4218: 4215: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4181: 4173: 4170: 4165: 4161: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4146: 4138: 4135: 4130: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4115: 4107: 4104: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4064: 4061: 4056: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4013: 4010: 3998: 3992: 3988: 3987: 3981:For example: 3978: 3975: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3935: 3932: 3927: 3921: 3918:. Routledge. 3917: 3916: 3908: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3891: 3888: 3884: 3878: 3875: 3862: 3861: 3853: 3846: 3843: 3830: 3829: 3821: 3817: 3810: 3807: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3795: 3788: 3785: 3779: 3776: 3773: 3769: 3763: 3760: 3757: 3753: 3750: 3744: 3741: 3737: 3736: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3715: 3710: 3706: 3705: 3697: 3694: 3690: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3662: 3659: 3654: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3611: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3589:For example, 3586: 3583: 3579: 3573: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3551: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3526: 3523: 3518: 3514: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3500: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3472: 3469: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3423: 3420: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3378: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3367: 3362: 3358: 3353: 3350: 3338: 3334: 3328: 3325: 3319: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3295: 3292: 3280:(in Armenian) 3279: 3275: 3268: 3265: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3239: 3231: 3228: 3214: 3207: 3201: 3198: 3185: 3178: 3172: 3169: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3142: 3139: 3133: 3130: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3102:(3): 83–106. 3101: 3097: 3096: 3091: 3084: 3081: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3060: 3059:The Economist 3055: 3049: 3046: 3034:. 6 June 2022 3033: 3029: 3023: 3020: 3014: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2990: 2985: 2978: 2975: 2970: 2969: 2962: 2959: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2932: 2929: 2916: 2910: 2907: 2894: 2890: 2883: 2880: 2867: 2861: 2858: 2845: 2841: 2835: 2832: 2819: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2802: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2781: 2775: 2773: 2769: 2764: 2758: 2754: 2747: 2744: 2731: 2724: 2718: 2715: 2710: 2704: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2686: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2665: 2662: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2636: 2631: 2624: 2621: 2608: 2604: 2598: 2595: 2590: 2577: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2555: 2553: 2549: 2546: 2545: 2539: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2522: 2519: 2507: 2503: 2497: 2494: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2474: 2471: 2466: 2460: 2457: 2444: 2440: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2414: 2410: 2404: 2401: 2396: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2377: 2376: 2367: 2364: 2351: 2347: 2341: 2338: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2310: 2303: 2300: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2278: 2273: 2270:(1): 100130. 2269: 2265: 2261: 2254: 2251: 2238: 2234: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2201: 2198: 2194: 2193: 2187: 2184: 2172: 2168: 2161: 2158: 2151: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2136: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2116: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2101: 2098: 2096: 2093: 2091: 2088: 2086: 2083: 2081: 2078: 2074: 2071: 2070: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2058: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2010: 2009:El Inmigrante 2006: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1995: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1929:people, soon 1928: 1924: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1883:and the 1951 1882: 1876: 1869: 1864: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1847: 1845: 1844:Buffer theory 1842: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1821: 1817: 1815: 1808: 1806: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1772: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1735: 1733: 1731: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1703:Death threats 1702: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1677: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1663:Push and Pull 1662: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1621: 1619: 1615: 1604: 1601: 1593: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1569: 1568: 1564: 1559:This section 1557: 1553: 1548: 1547: 1541: 1536: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1492: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1437: 1435: 1432:, as well as 1431: 1427: 1423: 1417: 1409: 1404: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1374: 1371:Based on the 1366: 1364: 1361: 1356: 1349: 1347: 1345: 1338: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1302: 1300: 1298: 1292: 1284: 1282: 1275: 1273: 1271: 1266: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1233:globalization 1226: 1221: 1219: 1215: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1200: 1199: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1154: 1151:(economic or 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1130: 1128: 1126: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1075: 1072: 1071: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1003: 1000: 999: 995: 992: 990: 979: 976: 975: 971: 968: 966: 955: 952: 951: 947: 944: 942: 931: 928: 927: 923: 920: 918: 907: 904: 903: 899: 896: 894: 883: 880: 879: 875: 872: 869: 866: 865: 862: 860: 853: 851: 849: 845: 840: 836: 834: 830: 829:world economy 822: 818: 814: 810: 804:World economy 803: 798: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 719: 717: 711: 707: 704:contains the 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 682:New York City 679: 675: 671: 667: 662: 658: 655: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 598: 596: 590: 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 544:United States 542: 541: 539: 537: 532: 523: 520: 517: 516: 512: 509: 506: 505: 501: 498: 495: 494: 490: 487: 484: 483: 479: 476: 473: 472: 468: 465: 462: 461: 457: 454: 451: 450: 446: 443: 440: 439: 435: 432: 429: 428: 424: 421: 418: 417: 414: 410: 407: 404: 403: 397: 395: 391: 387: 383: 378: 375: 371: 367: 362: 360: 356: 355: 350: 346: 342: 333: 320: 307: 295: 293: 291: 287: 283: 281: 277: 272: 268: 265: 264: 260:In contrast, 258: 255: 251: 243: 239: 235: 230: 223: 221: 219: 215: 211: 207: 202: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 171: 170:human capital 166: 164: 160: 155: 148: 144: 140: 135: 128: 124: 120: 116: 108: 105: 97: 87: 81: 80: 75: 71: 70: 63: 56: 51: 50: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 5721:Anthropology 5682: 5659: 5494:Publications 5453:Antinatalism 5391: 5368:World3 model 5228:Major topics 5116: 5108: 5101: 5092: 5068: 5029: 5010: 5003: 4989: 4982: 4975: 4965:. Springer. 4962: 4955: 4942:. Retrieved 4936: 4906: 4894: 4879: 4872: 4865: 4859: 4853: 4846: 4839: 4832: 4817: 4801: 4790: 4783: 4776: 4769: 4762: 4750: 4740: 4733: 4726: 4691: 4685: 4666: 4660: 4641: 4629:. Retrieved 4624: 4615: 4606: 4598: 4593: 4570: 4564: 4555: 4546: 4540: 4529: 4524: 4492:(1): 47–57. 4489: 4485: 4475: 4464:the original 4459: 4446: 4405: 4401: 4395: 4387:Google Books 4385:– via 4367: 4360: 4335: 4329: 4316: 4283: 4279: 4269: 4234: 4230: 4217: 4184: 4178: 4172: 4164:Google Books 4162:– via 4144: 4137: 4113: 4106: 4073: 4069: 4063: 4022: 4012: 4000:. Retrieved 3985: 3977: 3944: 3940: 3934: 3914: 3907: 3899: 3890: 3877: 3865:. Retrieved 3858: 3845: 3833:. Retrieved 3826: 3809: 3792: 3787: 3778: 3762: 3743: 3733: 3708: 3702: 3696: 3687: 3680:. Retrieved 3676:the original 3671: 3661: 3624: 3620: 3610: 3585: 3577: 3572: 3564: 3561:Google Books 3559:– via 3553:. Retrieved 3535: 3525: 3516: 3485: 3481: 3471: 3436: 3432: 3422: 3387: 3364: 3352: 3340:. Retrieved 3336: 3327: 3311:(2): 10–29. 3308: 3304: 3294: 3282:. Retrieved 3277: 3267: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3217:. Retrieved 3200: 3188:. Retrieved 3186:. p. 18 3171: 3161:23 September 3159:. Retrieved 3155:the original 3150: 3141: 3132: 3099: 3093: 3083: 3071:. Retrieved 3057: 3048: 3036:. Retrieved 3031: 3022: 3013:11566/263676 2993: 2987: 2977: 2967: 2961: 2949:. Retrieved 2945:the original 2931: 2919:. Retrieved 2909: 2897:. Retrieved 2892: 2882: 2870:. Retrieved 2860: 2848:. Retrieved 2844:the original 2834: 2822:. Retrieved 2812: 2805: 2790: 2789:." Ch. 2 in 2752: 2746: 2734:. Retrieved 2732:. p. 15 2717: 2692: 2688: 2673: 2664: 2639: 2633: 2623: 2611:. Retrieved 2607:the original 2597: 2576:cite journal 2542: 2538: 2530: 2521: 2511:29 September 2509:. Retrieved 2505: 2496: 2483: 2473: 2459: 2447:. Retrieved 2442: 2416:. Retrieved 2412: 2403: 2374: 2366: 2354:. Retrieved 2350:the original 2340: 2315: 2302: 2267: 2263: 2253: 2241:. Retrieved 2210: 2200: 2190: 2186: 2174:. Retrieved 2170: 2160: 2055: 2007: 1979:policies or 1970: 1951:metropolitan 1927:metropolitan 1920: 1912:colonization 1906: 1877: 1873: 1818:Other models 1812: 1776: 1761:Family links 1730:Pull factors 1729: 1728: 1712:Poor housing 1672:Push factors 1671: 1670: 1666: 1611: 1596: 1587: 1572:Please help 1560: 1496: 1483:Peggy Levitt 1476: 1422:sociological 1419: 1382:animal cells 1370: 1353: 1340: 1320: 1306: 1294: 1279: 1261: 1230: 1216: 1212: 1203: 1196: 1194: 1185: 1174: 1173: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1134: 1121: 857: 841: 837: 826: 715: 684:'s multiple 653: 651: 594: 554:Saudi Arabia 533: 529: 412: 386:urbanisation 379: 363: 352: 344: 338: 284: 269: 262: 259: 253: 247: 203: 191:colonization 179:large groups 175:family units 167: 153: 152: 115: 100: 91: 79:succinctness 77: 66: 5377:Society and 5336:Biocapacity 4300:2268/181007 4252:2440/102448 3621:Ethnography 3513:"Migration" 3342:16 November 3073:10 February 2996:: 227–239. 2736:26 November 2613:9 September 2383:. pp. 2012:– 2005 film 1908:Colonialism 1848:Stouffer's 1799:Mesopotamia 1503:citizenship 1487:integration 1324:remittances 1270:Age heaping 1145:involuntary 941:Philippines 859:Remittances 854:Remittances 708:outside of 674:Long Island 641:Afghanistan 636:Philippines 521:243,700,236 510:221,714,243 499:191,269,100 488:172,703,309 477:160,801,752 466:152,563,212 455:113,206,691 444:101,983,149 366:South–South 199:immigration 94:August 2023 88:if you can. 40:Immigration 5731:Demography 5710:Categories 5564:Events and 5379:population 5325:Population 5276:Population 5221:Population 4888:8186882359 4486:Demography 4002:12 January 3894:Djelti S, 3881:Djelti S, 3711:: 205–220. 3672:Fanack.com 3555:29 October 3213:World Bank 3184:World Bank 3032:BCG Global 2951:27 January 2895:. New York 2893:Daily News 2449:22 October 2243:11 October 2152:References 2095:Offshoring 2026:Expatriate 1959:displacing 1947:settlement 1933:, through 1805:invasion. 1803:Sea People 1542:Ravenstein 1527:emigration 1523:soft power 1257:metro pole 1168:See also: 1157:World Bank 1085:Bangladesh 686:Chinatowns 666:8th Avenue 626:Bangladesh 433:90,368,010 422:84,460,125 341:World Bank 312:countries. 224:Definition 195:emigration 123:Venezuelan 76: for 44:Emigration 5660:Migration 5537:6 billion 4999:1468-2435 4438:145574536 4422:1086-3338 4352:158085638 4308:143524485 4261:0962-6298 4237:: 43–53. 4201:0197-9183 4150:Routledge 4090:0162-2889 3653:221039801 3463:219100760 3455:2395-9134 3414:158975397 3259:144759565 3116:0895-3309 3068:0013-0613 2656:144246309 2568:1561-5502 2418:12 August 2381:Routledge 2294:234161193 2286:2590-2911 2176:12 August 1749:Education 1746:Enjoyment 1709:Pollution 1561:does not 1511:diasporas 1455:resources 1430:ethnicity 1410:Sociology 848:world GDP 646:Indonesia 584:Australia 149:, in 2015 5695:Category 5463:Natalism 5386:Eugenics 5170:Archived 5081:(1911). 5057:(1911). 4970:Journals 4944:23 April 4650:Archived 4516:46976641 4209:55880642 4098:57567184 4044:2043/686 3969:12294302 3752:Archived 3666:Fanack. 3219:25 March 3190:25 March 3124:59507836 2921:14 April 2899:14 April 2872:14 April 2850:14 April 2824:14 April 2783:Archived 2488:Archived 2332:34975118 2237:Archived 1991:See also 1981:programs 1832:and the 1791:Anatolia 1783:Mongolia 1764:Industry 1758:Security 1590:May 2020 1515:activism 1499:security 1253:colonies 1227:Overview 1061:Pakistan 870:Country 817:Oklahoma 698:enclaves 678:New York 631:Pakistan 290:seasonal 263:refugees 254:migrants 218:refugees 187:conquest 183:invasion 147:Slovenia 65:Some of 5684:Commons 5327:ecology 5278:biology 5091:(ed.). 5067:(ed.). 4755:, 1997. 4631:20 June 4508:2060063 4430:2950657 3961:2547666 3689:Europe. 3682:14 July 3038:20 June 1963:killing 1935:slavery 1797:, into 1724:Disease 1582:removed 1567:sources 1378:osmosis 1180:Armenia 1109:Vietnam 1013:Nigeria 549:Germany 286:Nomadic 159:country 129:in 2018 127:Ecuador 84:Please 5394:genics 5027:about 4997: 4917: 4886: 4824: 4795:online 4698: 4673: 4581: 4534:online 4514: 4506: 4436: 4428: 4420: 4379: 4350: 4306: 4259: 4207: 4199: 4156: 4125: 4096: 4088: 4051: 3993: 3967: 3959: 3922: 3867:18 May 3835:18 May 3651: 3546: 3461: 3453: 3412: 3402: 3257: 3122: 3114: 3066: 2778:IOM. " 2759: 2654: 2566: 2391: 2356:7 June 2330: 2292: 2284: 2229: 1858:(1971) 1852:(1940) 1826:(1956) 1793:, the 1519:voting 1505:, and 1106: 1082: 1058: 1034: 1010: 989:France 986: 965:Mexico 962: 938: 914: 890: 823:, 1936 606:Mexico 579:Canada 574:France 244:(2007) 234:Niamey 177:or in 143:Styria 5515:Lists 5087:. In 5063:. In 4512:S2CID 4504:JSTOR 4467:(PDF) 4456:(PDF) 4434:S2CID 4426:JSTOR 4348:S2CID 4326:(PDF) 4304:S2CID 4227:(PDF) 4205:S2CID 4094:S2CID 3957:JSTOR 3855:(PDF) 3823:(PDF) 3649:S2CID 3459:S2CID 3410:S2CID 3284:1 May 3255:S2CID 3209:(PDF) 3180:(PDF) 3120:S2CID 2726:(PDF) 2652:S2CID 2413:UNHCR 2328:S2CID 2312:(PDF) 2290:S2CID 1451:power 1116:6.35 1092:5.73 1068:6.57 1044:8.43 1037:Egypt 1020:5.84 996:0.96 972:1.54 948:9.14 924:0.50 917:China 900:2.80 893:India 867:Rank 611:China 601:India 589:Italy 538:were: 524:3.3% 513:3.2% 502:2.9% 491:2.8% 480:2.8% 469:2.9% 458:2.3% 447:2.3% 436:2.2% 425:2.3% 242:Niger 238:Kouré 4995:ISSN 4946:2018 4915:ISBN 4884:ISBN 4822:ISBN 4696:ISBN 4671:ISBN 4633:2022 4579:ISBN 4418:ISSN 4377:ISBN 4257:ISSN 4197:ISSN 4154:ISBN 4123:ISBN 4086:ISSN 4049:ISBN 4004:2020 3991:ISBN 3965:PMID 3920:ISBN 3869:2019 3863:: 50 3837:2019 3831:: 58 3684:2015 3557:2018 3544:ISBN 3451:ISSN 3400:ISBN 3344:2022 3286:2021 3221:2019 3192:2019 3163:2020 3151:UNDP 3112:ISSN 3075:2019 3064:ISSN 3040:2022 2953:2019 2923:2016 2901:2016 2874:2016 2852:2016 2826:2016 2757:ISBN 2738:2019 2615:2014 2589:help 2564:ISSN 2513:2017 2451:2020 2420:2023 2389:ISBN 2358:2014 2282:ISSN 2245:2022 2227:ISBN 2178:2023 1910:and 1565:any 1563:cite 1453:and 1428:and 1426:race 1390:ions 1139:and 710:Asia 518:2015 507:2010 496:2005 485:2000 474:1995 463:1990 452:1985 441:1980 430:1975 419:1970 405:Year 370:OECD 236:and 193:and 42:and 5392:Dys 4494:doi 4410:doi 4340:doi 4296:hdl 4288:doi 4247:hdl 4239:doi 4189:doi 4078:doi 4039:hdl 4031:doi 3949:doi 3799:doi 3768:doi 3639:hdl 3629:doi 3601:or 3490:doi 3441:doi 3392:doi 3313:doi 3247:doi 3104:doi 3008:hdl 2998:doi 2678:doi 2644:doi 2385:461 2320:doi 2272:doi 2219:doi 1961:or 1937:or 1576:by 688:in 672:on 240:in 5712:: 4935:. 4913:. 4909:. 4761:, 4749:, 4623:. 4577:. 4573:. 4510:. 4502:. 4488:. 4484:. 4458:. 4432:. 4424:. 4416:. 4406:45 4404:. 4375:. 4346:. 4336:39 4334:. 4328:. 4302:. 4294:. 4284:22 4282:. 4278:. 4255:. 4245:. 4235:41 4233:. 4229:. 4203:. 4195:. 4185:37 4183:. 4152:. 4148:. 4121:. 4092:. 4084:. 4074:31 4072:. 4047:. 4037:. 4025:. 4021:. 3963:. 3955:. 3945:32 3943:. 3898:, 3857:. 3825:. 3717:^ 3709:49 3707:. 3686:. 3670:. 3647:. 3637:. 3625:21 3623:. 3619:. 3597:, 3593:, 3563:. 3515:. 3502:^ 3486:18 3484:. 3480:. 3457:. 3449:. 3439:. 3437:21 3431:. 3408:. 3398:. 3386:. 3374:^ 3363:. 3359:, 3335:. 3307:. 3303:. 3276:. 3253:. 3243:48 3241:. 3149:. 3118:. 3110:. 3100:25 3098:. 3092:. 3056:. 3030:. 3006:. 2994:89 2992:. 2986:. 2939:. 2891:. 2798:^ 2771:^ 2728:. 2700:^ 2672:, 2650:. 2640:38 2638:. 2632:. 2580:: 2578:}} 2574:{{ 2551:^ 2504:. 2486:. 2482:. 2441:. 2428:^ 2411:. 2387:. 2379:. 2326:. 2318:. 2314:. 2288:. 2280:. 2266:. 2262:. 2235:. 2225:. 2169:. 1968:. 1732:: 1674:: 1649:). 1501:, 1401:. 1113:14 1097:10 1089:18 1065:20 1041:20 1017:22 993:25 969:34 945:34 921:67 897:80 850:. 692:, 680:. 676:, 396:. 282:. 220:. 201:. 189:, 185:, 145:, 141:, 5547:8 5542:7 5213:e 5206:t 5199:v 5176:) 5161:" 4948:. 4923:. 4890:. 4828:. 4797:. 4704:. 4679:. 4635:. 4587:. 4518:. 4496:: 4490:3 4440:. 4412:: 4389:. 4354:. 4342:: 4310:. 4298:: 4290:: 4263:. 4249:: 4241:: 4211:. 4191:: 4166:. 4131:. 4100:. 4080:: 4057:. 4041:: 4033:: 4006:. 3971:. 3951:: 3928:. 3871:. 3839:. 3801:: 3770:: 3655:. 3641:: 3631:: 3605:. 3519:. 3492:: 3465:. 3443:: 3394:: 3346:. 3321:. 3315:: 3309:7 3288:. 3261:. 3249:: 3223:. 3194:. 3165:. 3126:. 3106:: 3077:. 3042:. 3016:. 3010:: 3000:: 2955:. 2925:. 2903:. 2876:. 2854:. 2828:. 2793:. 2765:. 2740:. 2680:: 2658:. 2646:: 2617:. 2591:) 2587:( 2570:. 2525:" 2515:. 2453:. 2422:. 2397:. 2360:. 2334:. 2322:: 2296:. 2274:: 2268:3 2247:. 2221:: 2180:. 1603:) 1597:( 1592:) 1588:( 1584:. 1570:. 1073:9 1049:8 1025:7 1001:6 977:5 953:4 929:3 905:2 881:1 197:/ 107:) 101:( 96:) 92:( 82:. 46:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index